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INFORMATION IN THE TABLE BELOW AND IN THE TABLES ON PAGES 3-5 MAY BE USEFUL IN ANSWERING
THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION OF THE EXAMINATION.
-2-
Half-reaction
-
F2 ( g) + 2 e
2F
2+
Co
Au(s)
2 Cl -
O2 (g) + 4 H + + 4 e -
2 H 2 O(l )
Br2 (l ) + 2 e
2 Br -
2 Hg2+ + 2 e -
Hg2+ + 2 e -
Hg22+
Hg(l )
Ag(s)
2 Hg(l )
Fe 2+
2 I-
Cu(s)
Cu(s)
Cu+
Sn 4+ + 2 e -
Sn 2+
S(s) + 2 H + + 2 e -
Co
3+
Au
+e
+ 3e
3+
Cl2 (g ) + 2 e
Ag + e
+
Hg2
Fe
+e
3+
+ 2e
2+
I 2 (s) + 2 e -
Cu+ + e Cu
2+
+ 2e
Cu
2+
+e
H 2S(g )
Pb
+ 2e
H2 (g)
2+
Pb(s)
Sn
2+
+ 2e
Sn(s)
Ni(s)
+ 2e
Co(s)
+ 2e
Cd(s)
Cr 2+
Fe 2+ + 2 e -
Fe(s)
Cr(s)
Zn(s)
H 2 ( g ) + 2 OH -
Mn(s)
Al(s)
Be(s)
Mg(s)
Na(s)
Ca(s)
Sr(s)
Ba(s)
Rb(s)
2H + 2e
Ni
+ 2e
2+
Co
2+
Cd
2+
Cr
Cr
+e
3+
+ 3e
3+
Zn
2+
+ 2e
2 H 2 O(l ) + 2 e
Mn 2+ + 2 e Al
+ 3e
3+
Be
+ 2e
2+
Mg
2+
Na + e
Sr
2+
Ba
+ 2e
2+
Rb + e
+ 2e
+ 2e
2+
+ 2e
Ca
K(s)
Cs(s)
Li(s)
K +e
+
Cs + e
Li + e
-3-
2.87
1.82
1.50
1.36
1.23
1.07
0.92
0.85
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.53
0.52
0.34
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.00
0.13
0.14
0.25
0.28
0.40
0.41
0.44
0.74
0.76
0.83
1.18
1.66
1.70
2.37
2.71
2.87
2.89
2.90
2.92
2.92
2.92
3.05
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E = hv
c = lv
h
l=
p = mu
mu
-2.178 10 -18
En =
joule
n2
Equilibrium Constants
[A - ]
[HA]
K a (weak acid)
K b (weak base)
K w (water)
K p (gas pressure)
[HB+ ]
[B]
pK a = - log K a , pK b = - log K b
pOH = pK b + log
K p = K c ( RT )
u = velocity
n = principal quantum number
m = mass
Dn
energy
frequency
wavelength
momentum
EQUILIBRIUM
[H + ][A - ]
Ka =
[HA]
[OH - ][HB+ ]
Kb =
[B]
K w = [OH ][H + ] = 1.0 10 -14 @ 25DC
= K a Kb
pH = pK a + log
=
=
=
=
K c (molar concentrations)
S D = standard entropy
H D = standard enthalpy
THERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS
S D products - S D reactants
DH D = DHfD products - DH fD reactants
ED
T
n
m
q
c
Cp
DS D =
DG D =
DG D = DH D - T D S D
= - RT ln K = -2.303 RT log K
= -n E D
Ea = activation energy
k = rate constant
A = frequency factor
ln [A ] t - ln [A]0 = - kt
1
1
= kt
[A] t [A]0
ln k =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
()
- Ea 1
+ ln A
R T
-4-
n a
P + 2 (V - nb) = nRT
V
2
PA = Ptotal X A , where X A =
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + ...
m
n=
M
moles A
total moles
K = D C + 273
PV
PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1
T2
m
D=
V
3kT
3RT
urms =
=
M
m
1 2
KE per molecule = mu
2
3
KE per mole = RT
2
M2
r1
=
M1
r2
molarity, M = moles solute per liter solution
molality = moles solute per kilogram solvent
DT f = iK f molality
DTb = iK b molality
p = iMRT
A = abc
P
V
T
n
D
m
u
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
pressure
volume
temperature
number of moles
density
mass
velocity
urms
KE
r
M
p
i
Kf
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
root-mean-square speed
kinetic energy
rate of effusion
molar mass
osmotic pressure
vant Hoff factor
molal freezing-point depression constant
Kb
A
a
b
c
Q
I
q
t
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
OXIDATION-REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Q=
I =
[C] c [D] d
a
[A] [B]
, where a A + b B c C + d D
q
t
D Ecell = Ecell
log K =
RT
D - 0.0592 log Q @ 25D C
ln Q = Ecell
n
n
nE D
0.0592
-5-
Ka at 298 K
HOCl
2.9 10-8
HOBr
2.4 10- 9
(i) Which of the two acids is stronger, HOCl or HOBr ? Justify your answer in terms of Ka .
(ii) Draw a complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for the acid that you identified in part (a)(i).
(iii) Hypoiodous acid has the formula HOI. Predict whether HOI is a stronger acid or a weaker acid than
the acid that you identified in part (a)(i). Justify your prediction in terms of chemical bonding.
(b) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs between hypochlorous acid and water.
(c) A 1.2 M NaOCl solution is prepared by dissolving solid NaOCl in distilled water at 298 K. The hydrolysis
HOCl(aq) + OH(aq) occurs.
reaction OCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) Write the equilibrium-constant expression for the hydrolysis reaction that occurs between OCl -(aq)
and H2O(l).
(ii) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at 298 K for the hydrolysis reaction.
(iii) Calculate the value of [OH -] in the 1.2 M NaOCl solution at 298 K .
-6-
(d) A buffer solution is prepared by dissolving some solid NaOCl in a solution of HOCl at 298 K. The pH of
the buffer solution is determined to be 6.48.
(i) Calculate the value of [H3O+] in the buffer solution.
(ii) Indicate which of HOCl(aq) or OCl(aq) is present at the higher concentration in the buffer solution.
Support your answer with a calculation.
2. A student was assigned the task of determining the molar mass of an unknown gas. The student measured the
mass of a sealed 843 mL rigid flask that contained dry air. The student then flushed the flask with the unknown
gas, resealed it, and measured the mass again. Both the air and the unknown gas were at 23.0C and 750. torr.
The data for the experiment are shown in the table below.
Volume of sealed flask 843 mL
Mass of sealed flask and dry air 157.70 g
Mass of sealed flask and unknown gas 158.08 g
(a) Calculate the mass, in grams, of the dry air that was in the sealed flask. (The density of dry air is 1.18 g L1
at 23.0C and 750. torr.)
(b) Calculate the mass, in grams, of the sealed flask itself (i.e., if it had no air in it).
(c) Calculate the mass, in grams, of the unknown gas that was added to the sealed flask.
(d) Using the information above, calculate the value of the molar mass of the unknown gas.
After the experiment was completed, the instructor informed the student that the unknown gas was carbon
dioxide (44.0 g mol1).
(e) Calculate the percent error in the value of the molar mass calculated in part (d).
(f) For each of the following two possible occurrences, indicate whether it by itself could have been responsible
for the error in the students experimental result. You need not include any calculations with your answer.
For each of the possible occurrences, justify your answer.
Occurrence 1: The flask was incompletely flushed with CO2(g), resulting in some dry air remaining
in the flask.
Occurrence 2: The temperature of the air was 23.0C, but the temperature of the CO2(g) was lower than
the reported 23.0C.
(g) Describe the steps of a laboratory method that the student could use to verify that the volume of the rigid
flask is 843 mL at 23.0C. You need not include any calculations with your answer.
-7-
2 Cl
Cl2
Step 2
slow
Step 3
fast
Step 4
CH3Cl + Cl CH2Cl2 + H
fast
Step 5
H + Cl HCl
fast equilibrium
fast
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this part only.
Do not turn to the other part of the test until you are told to do so.
-8-
(a) A sample of solid iron(III) oxide is reduced completely with solid carbon.
(i) Balanced equation:
(ii) What is the oxidation number of carbon before the reaction, and what is the oxidation number of
carbon after the reaction is complete?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
-9-
(ii) Indicate whether the resulting solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Solid mercury(II) oxide decomposes as it is heated in an open test tube in a fume hood.
(i) Balanced equation:
(ii) After the reaction is complete, is the mass of the material in the test tube greater than, less than, or
equal to the mass of the original sample? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
YOU MAY USE THE SPACE BELOW FOR SCRATCH WORK, BUT ONLY EQUATIONS
THAT ARE WRITTEN IN THE ANSWER BOXES PROVIDED WILL BE GRADED.
-10-
Reaction
Equation
D
DH 298
D
DS298
D
DG298
CO(g) + H (g)
C(s) + H2O(g)
2
+131 kJ mol-1
+91 kJ mol-1
CO(g) + H O(g)
CO2(g) + H2(g)
2
+41 kJ mol-1
+29 kJ mol-1
C(s) + CO (g)
2 CO(g)
2
5. Answer the following questions using the information related to reactions X, Y, and Z in the table above.
(a) For reaction X, write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp .
(b) For reaction X, will the equilibrium constant, Kp , increase, decrease, or remain the same if the temperature
rises above 298 K ? Justify your answer.
(c) For reaction Y at 298 K, is the value of Kp greater than 1, less than 1, or equal to 1? Justify your answer.
(d) For reaction Y at 298 K, which is larger: the total bond energy of the reactants or the total bond energy of
the products? Explain.
(e) Is the following statement true or false? Justify your answer.
On the basis of the data in the table, it can be predicted that reaction Y will occur more rapidly than
reaction X will occur.
(f) Consider reaction Z at 298 K.
(i) Is S for the reaction positive, negative, or zero? Justify your answer.
(ii) Determine the value of H for the reaction.
(iii) A sealed glass reaction vessel contains only CO(g) and a small amount of C(s). If a reaction occurs
and the temperature is held constant at 298 K, will the pressure in the reaction vessel increase,
decrease, or remain the same over time? Explain.
-11-
STOP
END OF EXAM
-12-