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Fire protection considerations for software and data has to be made for computer suites
and also for servers, personal computers etc. found in offices.
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Fire detection is delayed when the air conditioning system transports smoke away
from smouldering computer equipment during the initial phase of the fire when
the smoke is highly diluted
Fire Protection
Statistics show that most fires involving computer hardware start in the computer cabinets.
A typical fire is of the smouldering variety caused by overheating of overloaded or faulty
electrical components. If the smouldering fire goes undetected, or if the electrical power is
not shut down, the heat of the electrical component can ignite combustible material in the
vicinity. The fire then spreads, fanned by the computers cooling equipment.
Fire protection should include:
Portable fire-fighting equipment carbon dioxide extinguishers should be provided near
the computer installation.
Hose-reels or water type extinguishers should be considered for protecting paper
storage areas. Hose-reels outside the computer room are advantageous in fighting
external fire which threatens the room.
Automatic fire detectors of a type which will detect a fire during its earliest stage.
Isonisation type detectors are most suitable for detecting clean burning fires BS 6266
recommends an equal number of these and optical detectors in the computer room.
Other considerations regarding the selection and installation of smoke detectors
An unusually high density of detectors is appropriate to the concentration of valuable
machinery which is easily damaged by even small amounts of smoke.
They should be installed in any air spaces where fire may spread undetected eg:
ceilings and floors.
Avoid aerodynamically dead zones created by the location of air conditioning ducts or
conformation of the room.
Detectors are usually arranged symmetrically but they should be at least 1,5 m from
fresh air flows.
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Under floor detectors should be: easily accessible, positioned to prevent dust from
initiating false alarms; and positioned with consideration to air flows.
Detectors in the air conditioning ducts will protect: the air conditioning plant rooms;
return-air system; and the supply air system.
Approximately 20 detectors per zone.
Acceptance testing is essential when the effects of the air conditioning and positioning
of
furniture upon the detectors are not predictable. SABS 0139 details the positioning of
the
appropriate test fires used in these situations.
After installation by competent persons, a maintenance contract will ensure that regular
inspections are conducted.
Coincidence switching two separate signals are received before activation of the
extinguishing system. This reduces the possibility of unwanted discharges.
Additional functions performed when detectors operate: sound alarms; stop fans;
close air conditioning dampers; isolate power supplies. A manual shut down
conducted in a predictable manner may be essential in some cases.
An annunciator board should be positioned outside the computer room.
Sprinkler Systems
The following considerations apply:
Many computer suites throughout the world are protected by sprinklers.
Sprinklers will normally be selected if the rest of the building is sprinklered.
Provided adequate precautions are taken against accidental activation, sprinklers offer
a viable alternative to total flooding especially where large volumes are concerned.
A typical system
A good concept utilises addressable smoke detectors inside computer cabinets. Having
detected smoke within a cabinet, pre-programmed de-energisation of the cabinet is
initiated. (See Fig. 1)
When an electrical component overheats (T1 > 100C) and produces smoke, an
addressable smoke detector installed in the cabinet must respond to smoke density (DI) at
instant (a) Fig.2) typical for a smouldering fire.
At instant (a), a control device initiates shut down of the power supply to the cabinet a
pre-programmed measure, allowing the computer to operate without the particular cabinet
being energised.
Also at (a), an audio-visual pre-alarm is initiated in the room; available operators will then
be able to extinguish the fire.
If, however, the fire is not extinguished and the flames spread (T 2 > 400C), ceiling
mounted detectors will respond to smoke density (D2) (Fig.2) and total flooding of the room
will be initiated.
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Fire Precautions
A high standard of housekeeping is essential to ensure the safety of computer installations.
Before staff leave premises after working hours they should check the following:
all doors and hatches between rooms are closed
waste paper removed
ancillary equipment unplugged from sockets
master switches in OFF position
automatic fire extinguishing system on automatic control
all records returned to storerooms and safes
doors locked
Finally, concise evacuation and damage control plans should be compiled and regular
practices of evacuations conducted.
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Remarks and
recommendations
With ventilation:
Tape stores
Electrical distribution boards
emergency power supplies
Peripheral
stores, etc.
Corridors
rooms:
offices,
Note: For coincidence systems, minimum recommended coverage areas should be used.
References:
Fire Protection for electronic data processing installations
British Standard Code of Practice BS 6266: 1982
Standard for the protection of Electronic Computer/Data processing equipment Code 75, NFPA
Fire Prevention No. 173, FPA UK
Information Bulletin, Siemens Ltd
Fire Protection Handbook, NFPA
Code of Practice for the Prevention, automatic detection and extinguishing of fire in buildings, SABS
0139
Published by
Fire Protection Association of Southern Africa
(Incorporated Association not for Gain)
(Reg.No. 73/00022/08)
P O Box 15467
Impala Park
1472
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