A problem well

understood is a
problem half solved.

LEGAL APTITUDE
ORIENTATION BOOKLET

LEGAL APTITUDE BOOKLETS

Legal reasoning Orientation booklets 01, 02 and 03 are designed to provide
readers a detailed introduction to Indian law.
The detailed contents for booklets are as mentioned below

Introduction to Legal Reasoning

Law and Classification of Laws

Torts

Contracts

Criminal Laws

Constitutional Law

Other Important laws (Corporate, Business, Economic etc.)

Legal Aptitude Test I

Legal Aptitude Test II and III

Legal Reasoning Test IV and V

PTEducation, Allrights reserved.

[Please ensure you are thorough with the content before you attempt the
tests.]
If you have any queries, please write to us at pthq@PTeducation.com

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Introduction to legal reasoning

Legalreasoningisatechniquetosolvealegalproblem.Thesolutionofalegalproblemliesintheapplicationoftheprinciplesoflaw
toascertainedfacts.Thus,legalreasoninginvolvesapplicationofgivenlegalprinciplestothefactualsituationandinordertoarrive
atthemostappropriateanswer.
Generally,alegalreasoningquestionconsistsof
(1) Afactualsituationoralegalproblem.
(2) Alegalprincipleorruletobeapplied.
(3) Alternativesolutions(normally34innumber).
Theexamineehastomarkthe mostappropriateanswerandnotmerelythecorrectone.Itis importanttogothroughallthe
alternativescarefully,beforepickingoneasthe"right"answer.

Illustration
Principle:Apersonisguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder,iftheactbywhichthedeathiscausedisdonewithinan
intentionofcausingdeath.
Facts:AnilandPrakashareplayinghideandseek.Anilhidesbehindabush.Amar,whoisonaprowltohuntforrabbits,observing
somemovementnearthebushandassumingarabbitwashidingthere,firesandkillsAnil.AmardoesnotknowthatAnilwashiding
behindthebush.ThepoliceprosecuteAmarformurder.
(a) Amarwouldnotbeliableformurder,ashedidnothavetheintentiontokillAnil.
(b) Amarwouldbeliableformurder,becauseheshouldhavetakencaretofindoutthetargetbeforeshooting.
(c) Amarwouldnotbeliableformurder,becauseitwouldbetoomuchtoexpecthimtoidentifythetargetbeforeshooting.
(NLSIUEntranceExam.2001)
Youcanbreakupthelegalprincipleintodifferentpartstounderstanditbetterandthenapplyittothegivensituation.Inthis
example,thedifferentpartsofthelegalprinciplemaybe:
(1) Personguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder
(2) Actbywhichthedeathiscaused
(3) Donewithintentionofcausingdeath.
Itisveryclearthatintentionofcausingdeathisamusttoholdapersonguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder.Inthegiven
case,AmarhadnointentiontokillAnil.So,youcansafelymark(a)intheanswer.Further,itisimportanttonotethatyoumustnot
deviatefromthelegalprinciplegiven.Youhavetoavoidoptionslike(b)whichadvocatesreasonablecare,asitisnotmentioned
anywhereinthelegalprinciple.
Theproblemsoflegalreasoninggenerallypertaintothelawoftorts,contracts,crime,constitutionetc.Astudentwhoisawareof
thelegalprinciplescansolvetheproblemfasterandmoreaccurately.
Importanceinlawentranceexamination
LegalreasoningholdsthekeytotheentranceexaminationofNationalLawSchoolsandDelhiUniversity'sFacultyofLaw.Itformsan
importantpartofthequestionpaperduetotheverynatureofthissubject.UnliketheothersectionsonEnglish,reasoningand
generalknowledge,legalreasoningproblemstestthelegalsenseandaptitudeoftheentrants.
Legalreasoningisallaboutthinkinglikealawyerinagivensituation.Legalreasoningisuniquelyimportantasnoentrantstudieslaw
beforeenteringalawschool.Apriorknowledgeofsomelegalprinciplesandtheircorrectapplicationisnecessarytosolvelegal
reasoningquestions.Generally,thereisnegativemarkinginthissectioninentranceexamsofNationalLawSchoolsandtheDU.
Therefore,asoundknowledgeoflegalprinciplesisamustbeforeansweringaquestion.
LawsandClassificationofLaws
Lawmaybebestdefinedas"rulesofhumanconduct".Whentheserulesapplywithinnationalboundaries,theyareknownasnational
law,whilerulesofconductbetweennationsareknownasinternationallaw.Torts,contracts,criminallaws,constitutionallaws,
corporatelaws,businesslawsandeconomiclawsareallpartofnationallaws.
ThemostfundamentalsourceofalllawsinIndiaistheIndianConstitutiontowhichalllawsmustconform.
Lawsmaybedividedintocivillawsandcriminallaws.Thebasicdistinctionbetweencivilandcriminallawsisthatcivillawsinvolve
restorationoftherightsofprivateparties,whilecriminallawsdealwithconductwhichisharmfultothesocietyatlarge.
Lawscanalsobeclassifiedintopubliclawsandprivatelaws.Whilepubliclawdealswithrelationsbetweenastateanditssubjects,
privatelawregulatesrelationsamongsubjects.Examplesofpubliclawsareconstitutionallaw,administrativelawandcriminallaw.
Examplesofprivatelawsaretorts,contracts,companylaw,tenancylaw,etc.

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Law of Torts
Tortmeanswrong.Buteverywrongisnotatort.Awrongmaybeacivilwrongoracriminalwrong.Tortisacivilwrongorprivate
wrongi.e.awrongagainstprivateindividuals.Acriminalwrongisapublicwrongoraviolationofpubliclawamountingtoanoffence
againstthestate.Criminalwrongsaretakencareofbycriminallaw(e.g.IndianPenalCode).Lawoftortsdealswithcivilwrongsor
privatewrongs.Further,acivilwrongisredressedorcompensatedbydamageorcompensation.Suchdamagemaybepredetermined
or fixed.
If,underanagreement,AagreestopayRs.100toBifhebreaksthecontract,damagesforthebreachofcontractisfixedtobe
Rs.100only.Suchdamagesarecalledliquidateddamages.But,incaseoftorts,damagesareunliquidated,i.e.notfixedornot
predetermined.Thisisbecauseoftheverynatureofthewrongfallingunderthelawoftorts.
Youcan'tfixacertainsumascompensationfordifferentactsofnegligence,nuisanceordefamation.Thequantumofcompensation
shalldifferaccordingtofactsandcircumstances.
Essentialsofatort
Generally,atortconsistsofsomeactoromissionbythedefendantortortfeasororwrongdoer,withoutreasonablecause,whichhas
causedsomeharmorinjurytotheplaintiff.Theessentialstoconstituteatortare:
1 . Awrongfulactoromissiondonebydefendant.
2 . Somedamageorharmorinjurysufferedbyplaintiff.
3 . Somelegalremedyisthereforcausingsuchinjury.
Twomaxims
Twoimportantmaximshelpindeterminingliabilityunderthelawoftorts.Theseare
1 . Damnumsineinjuria
2 . Injuriasinedamnum
Damnumsineinjuria
Damnummeans"damage"or"harm".Sinemeans"without".Injuriameans"injury"or"legalinjury",i.e.infringementofsomelegal
right.Thus,thefirstmaximDamnumsineinjuriameans"damagewithoutinjury".Itmeans,inagivencase,apersonmayhave
sufferedsomedamageorharmbutnoinjuryorviolationoflegalright.Insuchacase,noactionwilllieunderthelawoftorts.
Because,causingdamageorharm,howeversubstantialitmaybe,isnotactionableunlessthereisinjuriaorinfringementofsome
legalrightofthedependent.
Thus,ifIownasweetsshopandyouopenasimilarsweetsshopinadjacentbuilding,Imaysufferbigdamageorharmorlossdue
toafallinthenumberofcustomers.ButIcannotsueyoufortortasthereisnoinjuria,thereisnoviolationofmylegalright.
IntheGloucesterGrammarSchoolcase,aschoolmastersetuparivalschoolintheneighbourhoodoftheplaintiff,forcinghimto
reducefeesfrom40penceto12penceperstudentandtherebycausingbigmonetarylosstohim.Thecourtheldthattheplaintiff
hadnoremedyforlosssufferedbecausethedefendantwasexercisinghisownlegalrightandnoinjuriaorinfringementoflegalright
ofthedefendanthadtakenplace.
IntheMogulSteamshipCo.case,anumberofshippingcompaniesjoinedtogether,offeredmuchlessfreightandtheplaintiff
companywasforcedtomoveoutoftheteacarryingtrade.TheHouseofLordsheldthatthedefendantshadexercisedtheirown
legalrightandnolegalinjurywascausedtotheplaintiffthoughithadsufferedgreatmonetaryloss.
Injuriasinedamnum
Thesecondmaxim,injuriasinedamnum,meansinjurywithoutdamages.Itmeansplaintiffhassufferedinjury.Hislegalrightis
infringedorviolated.But,nodamageorharmiscausedtohim.Still,theplaintiffcansueistortbecauselawoftortprotectsaperson
frominjuriai.e.legalinjuryorinfringementofsomelegalmight.Whetheranyharmiscausedornot,isimmaterial.
IncelebratedcaseofAshbyv.White,theplaintiffwasaqualifiedvoterataparliamentaryelection.Defendant,areturningofficer
wrongfullyrefusedtotenderhisvote.Thecandidate,forwhomtheplaintiffwantedtovote,wonbyabigmargin.Itappearedthat
theplaintiffsufferednoharmorlossordamage.Yet,thedefendantwasheldliable.Plaintiffwasawardeddamages.
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Lawoftortshasbeenthemostimportantareafortestinglegalreasoningability.Thedifferentlegalprinciplesandconceptsunder
thelawoftorts,whichareimportantforsolvinglegalreasoningproblemsarementionedbelow.Studentsareadvisedtogothrough
thosepagesandlearnthelawfirstbeforeansweringthequestionsonlegalreasoningbasedonthelawoftorts.
1 .

Principle:Nolegalremedyexistsforaninjurycausedbyanact,forwhichonehasconsented.
Facts:Aneesh,acricketenthusiast,purchasesatickettowatchtheonedayinternationalcricketmatchbetweenIndiaand
Australia,organisedbytheBoardofControlforCricketinIndia(BCCI).AsheisabsorbedinwatchingtheexploitsofSachin
Tendulkar,aballstruckforasixbythelatterhitsAneeshonhisbodyandinjureshim.AneeshsuesBCCIforreimbursementof
themedicalbillhepaidfortreatmentoftheinjury.
(a) Aneeshshouldbecompensatedashepurchasedthetickettogetentertainmentandnottogetinjured.
(b) Aneeshwouldloseashevoluntarilyexposedhimselftotherisk.
(c) BCCIisliableasitdidnotensurethatthespectatorswereprotectedfromtherisksofsuchinjuries.(NLSIU,2001)

2 .

Principle:Amasterisliableforthewrongscommittedbytheservantinthecourseofhisemployment.
Facts:AmitworksasaclerkinapharmaceuticalcompanyBioPharmaLtd.Heisrequiredtotakestockofthegoodssuppliedand
maintaintheaccountsofthecompany.Bharat,afriendofAmit,fromtheneighbouringvillage,cametomeetAmitintheoffice.
SinceBharatdidnothaveanyotheracquaintanceinthecity,hegaveRs.10,000thathehadwithhimtoAmitforsafekeeping.
WhenBharatreturnedtotheofficethenextmorningtocollectthemoney,helearntthatAmithaddisappearedwithhismoney.
BharatbroughtalegalactionagainstBioPharmaLtd.fortherecoveryofthemoney.
(a) BioPharmaLtd.,wouldbeliable,sinceAmitreceivedthemoneywhilebeingintheoffice.
(b) BioPharmaLtd.,wouldnotbeliable,asBharathadnobusinesstransactionswiththecompany.
(c) BioPharmaLtd.,wouldnotbeliable,assafekeepingofmoneywasnotpartofAmit'sduty.(NLSIU,2001)

3 .

Principle: Anoccupierisliabletoatrespasserinrespectofsomewilfulactintendedtocauseharmordonewithreckless
disregard.
Facts:AfarmhousebelongingtoNarayanhaditsfencingelectrified.Theobjectwastoensurethatthefarmwassecuredfrom
anywildanimalsinthevicinity.Therewasaclearwarningabouttheelectrifiedfencing.Acricketball,hitfromanearbyplay
ground,fellwithinthefarm.Viren,acoachconductingasummercampforschoolchildren,attemptedtojumpthefenceto
retrievetheballandgotinjuredonaccountoftheelectricshock.VirenfiledasuitagainstNarayanforrelief.
(a) Narayanwillnotbeliable,becauseVirenwasatrespasser.
(b) Narayanwillnotbeliable,becausehehadgivensufficientwarningaboutelectricfence.
(c) Narayanwillbeliable,becausehemusthavetakennoteoftheadjacentplayground.(NLSIU,2001)

4 .

Principle:Acarelesspersonbecomesliableforhisnegligencewhenheowedadutyofcaretoothers.
Facts:Asthebuswasleavingtheplatform,Baburushedandboardedthebuskeepingthedooropen.Inder,whowasstanding
attheedgeoftheplatform,washitbythedoorofthemovingbusandwasinjured.IndertakesBabutocourtdemanding
monetarycompensation.
(a) BabuisliabletoInderfornothavingtakencaretoclosethedoorofthemovingbus.
(b) BabuisnotliabletoInder,asitwasthedutyoftheconductorofthebustoclosethedoor.
(c) BabuisnotliabletoInder,asitwasthedutyofthelattertotakesufficientcare,whilestandingontheplatform,asnot
toexposeoneselftosuchaccidentalharm.(NLSIU,2001)

DIRECTIONS:Followingquestionsarebasedonthegivenlegalprinciple.Youcanselecttheanswerfromfollowingcodes.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Aisliablefortortofnegligence.
Aisnotliablefortortofnegligence.
Factsofthecasegiveinsufficientevidence.
Noneofthese.

LegalPrinciple:Inactionfornegligence,followingessentialsmustbefulfilled.
(a) That"A"oweddutyofcaretotheplaintiff.
(b) That"A"madeabreachofthatduty.
(c) Plaintiffsuffereddamagesasaconsequencethereof.
5 .

Facts:Awasthemanufacturerofgingerbeer.Theplaintiffpurchasedabottleofthisgingerbeerfromaretailerforhislady
friend.Someofthecontentswerepouredinatumblerandsheconsumedthesame.Whentheremainingcontentsofthebottle
werepouredintohertumbler,thedecomposedbodyofsnailfloatedoutwithhergingerbeer.Herhealthseriouslysufferedby
drinkingthecontaminatedcontents.Thebottlewasofdarkopaqueglassandclosedwithametalcap,sothatcontentscouldnot
beascertainedbyinspection.

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6 .

Facts:Aboardedatrainwhichhadjuststartedmovingbutkeptthedoorofthecarriageopen.Thedooropenedoutside.The
plaintiff,aporter,whowasstandingontheedgeoftheplatformwashitbythedoorandinjured.

7.

Principle:Whenapersonconsentstotheinflictionofsomeharmuponhimself,hehasnoremedyintort.
Facts:Theplaintiffwasatamotorcarracebeingheldonatrackownedbyacompany.Duringtheracetherewasacollision
betweentwocars,oneofwhichwasthrownamongthespectators,therebyinjuringtheplaintiff.Plaintifffiledasuitagainstthe
company.
(a) Companyisliable.
(b) Companyisnotliable.
(c) Companyisnotliablebecauseplaintiffimpliedlytooktheriskofinjury.
(d) Companyisnotliablebecauseitowednodutyofcaretotheplaintiff.

8 .

Principle:Thereisnoliabilityintortincasesofinevitableaccidents.
Facts:Twostrangerstookaliftinajeep.Duringthejourney,oneoftheboltsthatfastenedtherightfrontwheelgaveway.
Thetwostrangerssufferedseriousinjuriesintheaccident,resultinginthedeathofoneofthem.Thesurvivorfiledasuit
againstjeepownerforcompensation.
(a) Jeepownerisliable.
(B) Jeepownerisnotliablebecauseitwasaninevitableaccidentandthedefectinjeepwasnotapparent.

9 .

Principle:Anemployerisresponsibleforanyaccidentorlosscausedtohisemployees,duringthecourseofemployment.
Facts:JohnrunsEmpireCircus.Thecircushasaverypopularshowcalled''MotorCycleinGlobe''.TwomotorcyclistsRohitand
Mohitdrivetheirmotorcycleswithintheglobeincompletedarkness.Duringoneshow,anaccidenthappens.Themotorcycleof
RohitandMohitcollidewitheachother.RohitdiesintheaccidentwhileMohitloseshisleg.Theirparentsclaimcompensation
fromJohnthemanagerandproprietorofEmpireCircus.
(a) Johnisnotliabletopayanycompensation,becausetherewasnofaultofhimintheaccident.
(b) Johnisnotliabletopaybuthemaypayifhethinksso.
(c) Johnisliabletopaybecauseheistheemployerandtheaccidentoccurredduringthecourseofemployment.
(d) Noneoftheabove.

10. Principle:Acarelesspersonbecomesliableforhisnegligencewhenheowesadutytotakecareofanother.
Facts:Neelam,whosehusbandhadbeenkilledinamotoraccident,filesanappealthroughhercounselclaimingenhanced
compensation.Thecaseremainedonthedailylistofthecourtfortwoweeksandthenithasdismissedondefault.Thecounsel
ofNeelamis
(a) liabletoNeelamfornothavingtakencaretoenquirethedailylist.
(b) notliabletoNeelamasitwasthedutyofthecourtofinformNeelam.
(c) notliablebecauseitwasthedutyofNeelamtotakecare.
(d) Both(b)and(c)arecorrect.
11. Principle:Aprincipalshallbeliableforanydamagecausedbytheagentinthecourseofemployment.Thescopeofanagent's
authorityisconditionednotonlybythepowerconferredbytheprincipal,butbythereasonablepublicperceptionofsuch
authority.
Facts:Fortisisawellknownhospital,offeringspecialisedfacilities.Whenapatientcomestothehospital,thegeneralphysician
examineshimandrefershimtotherelevantspecialist.ThebrochureofhospitaldescribesallthedoctorsasdoctorsofFortis.
But,infact,allofthemincludingthegeneralphysicianareindependentpeople,usingthehospital'sfacilitiesundercontractual
arrangements.
Madan,havinggonethroughthebrochure,cametothehospitalseekingacureforararekindofdisease.Hewasadmittedinto
thehospitalandoperateduponforsomeheartproblem.Amongthevariousdocumentshesignedatthetimeofadmission,there
wasaforminwhichFortisdisclaimedliabilityforthenegligenceofanydoctor.Madansignedallthedocumentsmechanicallyas
mostofthepatientstendtodounderthoseagonisingcircumstances.Duetothenegligenceofoperatingsurgeon,Madandied.
WhenhiskithandkinfiledasuitagainstFortisallegingnegligence,Fortisresistedtheclaimonthebasisofthedocument,signed
byMadan.
(a) Fortisshallnotbeliable,sincethecontractsignedbyMadan,exempteditfromanyliability.
(b) Fortisshallnotbeliable,sinceitisnotreallyinapositiontocontrolthespecialistsurgeoninthecourseofacomplicated
operation.
(c) Fortisshallbeliable,becauseMadanwasdrawnintothehospitalbyitsbrochure,describingthevariousfacilitiesavailable.
(NLSIU,2002)
12. Principle: Anemployershallbeliabletotheinjuriescausedtohisemployeebythenegligenceofafellowemployeeinthe
courseofemployment.
SahilandAkhileshweretwoemployeesworkinginthetextilefactoryofGhanshyamdas.Oneday,Sahilcametothefactoryin
aninebriatedstateandhishandswerenotsteadywhileoperatingthemachine.Asaresult,Akhilesh,whojusthappenedtogo
nearthemachineforsomework,gotinjured.HefiledasuitagainstGhanshyamdasforcompensation.
(a) Ghanshyamdaswillbeliable,becauseAkhileshwasinjuredbySahil'sactinthecourseofemployment.
(b) Ghanshyamdaswillnotbeliable,becausehewasnotresponsibleforSahil'sinebriatedcondition
(c) Ghanshyamdaswillnotbeliable,becauseAkhileshhimselfshouldhavebeencarefulwhilegoingnearSahil.(NLSIU1995)

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Law of Contract
LawsrelatingtocontractsarecontainedintheIndianContractAct,1872.Contractsarefundamentaltohumanbehaviourina
societyaseverydayweenterintoagreementsofsomesortortheotherinourdaytodaylife.Lawofcontractisatthecoreofall
commercialactivitiesand,hence,itisoneofthemosttestedareasinlawentranceexamination.Normally,4to5questionsareasked
ineverylawentranceexam,basedontheprinciplesofthelawofcontract.Studentsareadvisedtolearnthebasicprinciplesofthe
lawofcontractbeforeansweringthequestionsthatfollow.
ThequestionsarebasedonpreviousquestionpapersofNLSIU,BangaloreNUJS,Kolkataand,DelhiUniversity.
1 .

Principle:Acontractisanagreementenforceablebylaw.
Facts: SmitainvitedNikitatoherhousefordinner.Nikitaacceptedtheinvitationbutlaterdidnotgo.OnNikita'sfailureto
attend,SmitafiledasuitagainstNikitaforthepriceofnonconsumedfood.Canthisagreementbeenforcedbylaw?
(a) Thisagreementcannotbeenforcedasitisjustasocialagreement.
(b) ThisagreementcanbeenforcedasSmitacanrecoverthepriceofnonconsumedfood.
(c) ThisagreementcannotbeenforcedasNikitadidnotaccepttheinvitationinwriting.(NUJS,2000)

2 .

Principle:Aminor'sagreementisabsolutelyvoid.
Facts:Rajesh,aged16,isastampcollector.HeisparticularlyanxioustogetararestampbelongingtoChirag,whoagreesin
writingtosellittoRajeshforRs.100,butsubsequentlyrefusestodeliverittoRajeshthoughRajeshpaysRs.100.Rajeshnow
wantstosueChirag.Willhesucceed?
(a) RajeshcannotsucceedasChiragisnotliable.
(b) RajeshcansucceedashehaspaidRs.100forthestamp.
(c) RajeshcansucceedasChiragagreedinwritingtosellthestamp.(NUJS,2000)

3 .

Principle: Acontractwithoutconsiderationisvoid.When,atthedesireofoneparty,theotherpartydoessomething,the
considerationissaidtoflowfromthelattertotheformer.
Facts:Ahousewasonfireandachildwastrappedinsidethehouse.Everyonewasshoutingforhelp.Abraveonlooker,hearing
theshrieksofchild,wentinsidethehouseandbroughtitout.Thegratefulfatherofthechildpromisedtopaytherescuer
Rs.10,000.Subsequentlyherenegedonthepromise.Therescuersuedhimforthebreach.
(a) Thefatherofthechildmustpayfortheservicerenderedbytherescuer.
(b) Therescuerisnotentitledtothepayment,sincehehadactedonhisown.
(c) Commercialconsiderationcannotbeappliedtohumanitarianinstincts.(NLSIU,2002)

4 .

Principle: When theparties toan agreementagreeonthesame thingin thesame sense,there arisesa legallybinding
obligationbetweenthem.
Facts: SameerGallerywasawellknownantiqueshopinthecity.Sheela,whohadpenchantforcollectingarticlesofrare
beauty,wastakenupbyanintricatelydesignedflowervaseintheshop.Theshopkeeperexplainedtoherthevasebelonged
totheVijaynagarEmpireperiodandalthoughverydelicate,itwasquitestrongandnoteasilybreakable.Sheelasaidthatshe
wasattractedtoitonlyfortheaestheticpleasureitgaveheranditsothercharacteristicswereimmaterialtoherandbought
thepiece.Shelaterdiscoveredthatitwasnotaperiodpieceandnoticeditdevelopingcracksaswell.Sheproceededagainst
theproprietorofSameerGalleryformonetaryrelief.
(a) SameerGallerymustcompensateSheela,sinceboththecharacteristicsattributedtothearticlewereprovedwrong.
(b) SameerGalleryneednotcompensate,sinceSheelawasunconcernedaboutwhatwasattributedtothearticle.
(d) Theproprietormustcompensateherforirresponsiblestatementsmadebyhim.(NLS IU,2001)

5 .

Principle:Ifboththepartiesagreeuponthesamethinginthesamesense,thepartiesareboundbytheiragreement.
Facts:SunnywrotetoKapilofferingtosellhishorseforRs.20000.Kapilwroteback,''Iagreetopurchaseyourblackhorsefor
Rs.20000.''
(a) Thepartiesareboundbytheiragreementastheyagreeonthepriceandalsoonthegoodsforsale.
(b) Thepartiesarenotfoundbytheagreementastheobjectisuncertain.
(c) Thepartiesareboundbytheiragreementasthecolourofthehorseisonlyaquestionofdetail.(NLSIU,2001)

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6 .

Principle1: Noconsideration,nocontract.
Principle2:Considerationissomethingdoneornotdoneatthedesireofanotherparty.
Principle3:Considerationmusthavevalueintheeyeoflaw.
Facts:InnovativeEducationTrustmanagesaschoolnamedBharatVidayaniketan.Raman,theparentofastudentintheschool
suggestedtothetrustthatitcouldbuildanewlibrarybuildingforwhichhewouldbearapartofthecost.Theschoolauthorities
acceptedthesuggestionandstartedconstructionofthebuilding.Raman,whosufferedalossinbusiness,nowrefusestopay
themoneyhehadofferedearlier.
(a) Ramanisnotliabletopayasthebuildingwasforthebenefitoftheschoolandhehadnothingtodowithitbywayof
enjoymentandbenefit.
(b) HeisliabletopayasRaman'schildisastudentinthesameschool.
(c) Ramanisliabletopaybecause,baseduponhispromise,theschoolauthoritiesstartedconstructionofthebuilding.
(NLSIU,2000)

7.

Principle1:Acceptanceofanofferiscompletewhentheacceptanceisputintothecourseoftransmissionsoastobeoutof
thepoweroftheacceptor.
Principle2:Acceptance,oncecompleted,makestheagreementbindingonboththeparties.
Facts:PacceptsQ'sofferofhismotorcarforRs.4lakh.Theacceptancewasputintoanemail.Unfortunately,whentheemail
wastransmitted,thereweredistortions,asaresultofwhich,QisnotinapositiontoreallyreadwhatPhadwritten.
(a) Boththepartiesareboundtoperformtheirpartoftheagreement.
(b) Nobodyisboundtoperformtheagreement.
(c) PisboundtoperformtheagreementbutnotQ.
(d) QisboundtoperformtheagreementbutnotP.(NLSIU,2000)

8 .

Principle:Agreements,themeaningofwhichisnotcertainorisnotcapableofbeingmadecertain,arevoid.
Facts:RohitagreestosellSalim''onethousandmoundsofriceatapricetobefixedbyPrem.''IstheagreementbetweenRohit
andSalimvoid?
(a) Yes.
(b) No,becausethepricecanbemadecertainbyPrem.
(c) Yes?,becauseRohithasnotfixedtheprice.

9 .

Principle:Apersonwhoisusuallyofsoundmind,butoccasionallyofunsoundmind,maynotmakeacontractwhenheisof
unsoundmind.Apersonwhoisusuallyofunsoundmind,butoccasionallyofsoundmind,maymakeacontractwhenheisof
soundmind.
Facts:Mayur,apatientinalunaticasylum,is,atintervals,ofsoundmind.CanMayurcontractatintervals?
(a) Yes,becauseheisahumanbeing.
(b) No.
(c) Yes,becauseheisofsoundmindduringthoseintervals.Whodecidesifheissoundataparticularinterval?How?

10. Principle:Whereboththepartiestoanagreementareunderamistakeastoamatteroffactessentialtotheagreement,the
agreementisvoid.
Facts:KartikagreestobuyfromArifacertainhorse.Itturnsoutthatthehorsewasdeadatthetimeofthebargain,though
neitherpartywasawareofit.IstheagreementbetweenKartikandArifvoid?
(a) Yes,becauseKartikandArifwerefriends.
(b) Yes,becauseKartikandArifwereunderamistakeastoamatteroffact,whichisessentialtotheagreement.
(c) No,becauseKartikwasinformedofthehorsebeingdead.
(d) No,becauseArifwasinformedofthefact.
11. Principle:Apersontowhommoneyhasbeenpaid,oranythingdelivered,bymistakeorundercoercionmustrepayorreturn
it.
Facts:MohiniandHemajointlyowe100rupeestoMegha.MohinialonepaystheamounttoMegha.Hemanotknowingofthis
fact,pays100rupeesagaintoMegha.IsMeghaboundtorepayHema?
(a) No.
(b) Yes,MohiniandGitaarefriends.
(c) Factsarenotclear.
(d) Yes,becauseHemahaspaidMeghaundermistakeorunknowingly.

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12. Principle: Anagreementisacontractifitismadebythefreeconsentofthepartiescompetenttocontract,foralawful

considerationandwithalawfulobject,andtheyarenotherebyexpresslydeclaredtobevoid.
Facts: SunilagreestosellSarthakahouseworthRs.100000forRs.1000.IstheagreementbetweenSunilandSarthak,a
contract?
(a) No,becausetheconsiderationisinadequate.
(b) No,becauseSarthakhasplayedfoulonSunil.
(c) Yes,becauseinadequacyofconsiderationdoesnotmakeanagreementvoid.
(d) No,becausethereisnofreeandexpressconsent.
13. Principle: Whereapersonlawfullydoesanythingforanotherperson,ordeliversanythingtohim,notintendingtodoso
gratuitously,andsuchanotherpersonenjoysthebenefitthereof,thelatterisboundtomakecompensationtotheformerinthe
respect,ortorestore,thethingsodoneordelivered.
Facts:Pramod,atradesman,leavesgoodsatArvind'shousebymistake.Arvindtreatsthegoodsashisownandusesit.Is
ArvindboundtorepayPramod?
(a) No,becausePramodandArvindarefriends.
(b) Yes,becausePramodneverintendedtoleavethegoodsatArvind'shouse,butleftthembecauseofamistake.
(c) No,becausePramodleftthegoodsatArvind'shouseduetohisownfault.
14. Principle:Inthecaseofalternativepromises,onebranchofwhichislegalandtheotherillegal,thelegalbranchalonecanbe
enforced.
Facts:MahendraandSurendraagreethatMahendrashallpaySurendraRs.1,000forwhichSurendrashallafterwardsdeliver
toMahendrariceorsmuggledopium.Whichisavalidcontract?
(a) Todeliversmuggledopium
(b) Todeliverrice
(c) Both(a)and(b)
15. Principle:Contingentcontractstodoornottodoanything,ifanuncertainfutureeventhappens,cannotbeenforcedbylaw
unlessanduntilthateventhashappened.Iftheeventbecomesimpossible,suchcontractsbecomevoid.
Facts:PrateekcontractstopayDiwakarasumofmoneywhenDiwakarmarriesAnita.Anitadieswithoutgettingmarriedto
Diwakar.HasthecontractbetweenPrateekandDiwakarbecomevoid?
(a) No.
(b) Yes,Diwakarcanmarrysomeotherperson.
(c) Yes,becausetheeventhasbecomeimpossible.
16. Principle: Apersonwhorightfullyrescindsacontractisentitledtocompensationforanydamagewhichhehassustained
throughthenonfulfilmentofthecontract.
Facts:Meghna,asingercontractswithHarsh,themanagerofthetheatre,tosingathistheatrefortwonightseveryweek
duringthenexttwomonths.Heengagestopayher100rupeesforeachnight'sperformance.Onthesixthnight,Meghna
wilfully absents herself from the theatre and Harsh, in consequence, rescinds the contract. Is Harsh entitled to claim
compensation?
(a) Yes,becausehehassufferedloss.
(b) No.
(c) Yes,becausehehasrightfullyrescindedthecontract.
17. Principle:Aperson,whoisinterestedinthepaymentofmoneywhichanotherisboundbylawtopayandwhothereforepays
it,isentitledtobereimbursedbytheother.
Facts: HarbansholdalandinBengal, onaleasegrantedbySatish,thezamindar. Therevenuepayableby Satishtothe
governmentbeinginarrears,hislandisadvertisedforsalebythegovernment.SalewillalsoterminatetheleaseofHarbans.
Topreventthesaleandtheconsequentterminationofhisownlease,HarbanspaysthegovernmentthesumduefromSatish.
IsSatishboundtomakegoodtoHarbanstheamountsopaid?
(a) No.
(b) Yes.
(c) DependsuponSatish'swish.

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Criminal Laws
Criminallawdealswiththeactsofcrimeandpunishmentsprovidedtherefor.ItiscontainedmainlyundertheIndianPenalCode,1860
(IPC).TheIPCclassifiescertainactstobecrimesoroffencesandmakesthempunishable,generallywithimprisonment.
TheCodeofCriminalProcedure,1973(Cr.P.C.)laysdowntheprocedureofthecourtdealingwithanoffenceunderIPC.
Legalreasoningofalawentrantistestedintheareaofcriminallawtoappreciatehisunderstandingoftheprinciplesofacriminalact.
Thelegalprinciplesgenerallycomefromsomespecificcrimeslikecheating,theft,culpablehomicide,murder,criminaltrespass,
extortion,kidnapping,rashandnegligentact,etc.
Studentsareadvisedtogothroughthebasicprinciplesofcriminallawbeforeansweringthequestionsgivenbelow.
1 .

Principle:EverypersonwhocommitsanoffenceintheterritoryofIndiashallbeguiltywithinthemeaningofIndianPenal
Code.
Facts:John,acitizenofFrancecommitsmurderinMadras.Inthiscase
(a)

John,isnotguiltybecauseheisnotacitizenofIndia

(b)

JohnisguiltyofmurderbecauseeverypersonwhetherheisacitizenofIndiaornot,isliableifhecommitsonoffencein
India.

(c)
2 .

Johnisliablebuthecan'tbetriedinIndia.

Principle:AnIndiancitizen,ifhecommitsanoffencewithinthemeaningofIndianPenalCodeinanyothercountry,willstillbe
liabletobetriedinIndia.
Facts:Avinash,acitizenofIndia,commitsamurderintheUSA,whichisnotanoffenceintheUSA.Inthepresentcase,

3 .

(a)

AvinashisguiltyofmurderandcanbetriedinIndiairrespectiveofthefactthatmurderisnotanoffenceintheUSA.

(b)

AvinashisnotguiltyofmurderinIndiabecauseitisnotanoffenceintheUSA.

(c)

AvinashisnotguiltyofmurderbecauseitwasnotcommittedinIndia.

Principle:Nothingisanoffencewhichisdonebyaccident,andwithoutanycriminalintention.
Facts:Aneezfiresarevolverintheair.Ahmad,whoiscomingdownbyaparachuteishitandkilled.Inthiscase

4 .

5 .

(a)

Aneezcanbeheldguiltyifhehasdonetheactintentionally.

(b)

Aneezcan'tbeheldliableifhecanprovethatAhmadwaskilledaccidentally.

(c)

Aneezisnotliablebecausehefireditintheair.

Principle:Nothingisanoffencewhichisdonebyachildwhoisbelowsevenyearsofage.
Facts:Paras,achildof6yearsfiresarevolver,whichresultsinthedeathofhisfather.Inthiscase,
(a)

Paraswillbeguiltyofmurder,becausehehascommittedmurder.

(b)

Paraswillnotbeguiltyofmurderbecausehefiredtherevolveraccidentallyathisfather.

(c)

Paraswillnotbeguiltybecauseheisbelow7yearsofageandthusincapableofanoffence.

Principle:Everypersonhasarighttodefendhisownbodyandthebodyofanyotherperson,againstanyoffencecommitted
by anybody.
Facts:Vasu,undertheinfluenceofmadness,attemptstokillVenkatesh.Venkatesh,defendinghimselfagainstVasu'sattacks,
killsVasu.Inthepresentcase,

6 .

(a)

Venkateshisguiltyofmurder.

(b)

Venkateshisnotguiltyofmurder,becausehehastherightofprivatedefenceofbodyevenagainstamadperson.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

Principle:Apersonwhoinstigatesanotherpersontocommitanoffenceissaidtoabetthesaidoffence.
Facts:VidhuinstigatesBhaskartomurderShobhit.Bhaskar,inpursuanceoftheinstigation,stabsShobhit.Shobhitsubsequently
recoversfromthewound.
Inthepresentcase
(a)

Vidhuisnotliableforanyoffence.

(b)

VidhuisnotliablebecauseShobhithasrecoveredfromthewound.

(c)

VidhuisguiltyofinstigatingBhaskartocommitmurder.

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7.

Principle:Apersonisguiltyofcheating,whenhefraudulentlyinducesanotherpersontodeliverthelatter'spropertytohim.
Facts:VimalfalselyrepresentedtoKamal,ashopownerthathewasanofficerfromtheCommercialTaxDepartment.While
examiningtheaccountsoftheshop,Vimalshowedinterestinbuyingamicrowaveovenoninstalmentbasis.Kamalreadily
agreedwith thehopethathe wouldgeta favourableassessmentfrom Vimalregardshistax liability.Vimalpaid thefirst
instalment,tookthemicrowaveovenanddisappearedfromthescene.Thepolice,however,managedtocatchholdofVimaland
prosecutehimforcheating.
(a)

Vimalcommittedcheating,becauseheinducedKamaltopartwiththemicrowaveoven,posingasthoughhewasfromthe
CommercialTaxesDepartment.

8 .

(b)

Vimalcommittedcheating,becausehedidnotpaythesubsequentinstalments.

(c)

Vimaldidnotcommitcheating,becauseKamalhandedoverthearticleinordertogetafavourableassessmentfromVimal.
(NLSIU,2001)

Principle:Whoeverbywords,signsorotherwise,bringsintohatredorcontemptorexcitesdisaffectiontowardsthegovernment
establishedbylawinIndiashallbepunishedwithimprisonmentforlife.
Facts:Inapublicmeeting,YashpalReddy,theleaderofanoppositionpartythunders.''Thisisagovernmentofscoundrels,
bootleggersandscamsters.Theydeservetobeunseated.Teachthemalessoninthecomingelectionsbyvotingthemoutof
power.''ThegovernmentiscontemplatingtoprosecuteYashpalReddy.
(a)

YashpalReddyisguiltyofseditionforhavingmadeirresponsibleandinflammatorystatementsagainstthegovernment.

(b)

YashpalReddyisnotguiltyofseditionasheisonlyexercisinghisfreedomofspeechinpublic.

(c)

YashpalReddyisguiltyofseditionashisstatementwouldincitepeopletoviolenceleadingtoabreakdownoflawand
order.(NLSIU,2001)

9 .

Principle:Whenapersonrepresentstoanothersomethingasatruefact,knowingfullywellthatitisnottrue,heisguiltyof
fraud.Thepersonsubjectedtofraudmayavoidanagreement.
Facts:Mayankpresentsahorseforsale.Thehorseiskeptondisplaysothatanyoneinterestedcouldexamineit.Thehorsehas
acrackedhoofanditiscleverlyconcealedbytheowner.NishanttellsMayank''Ifyoudonotdenyit,Ishallassumethatthe
horseissound.''Mayankkeepssilent.Nishantpurchasesthehorse.
(a)

Nishantcanavoidtheagreementondiscoveryofthedefect.

(b)

Nishantcannotavoidtheagreement,asthehorsewasondisplayandhecouldhavesatisfiedhimselfofitssoundnessby
personalexamination.

(c)

NishantcannotavoidtheagreementasMayankdidnotmakeanyrepresentationtomisleadhim.Hemerelykeptsilentso
thatNishantcouldfindthingsoutbyhimself.(NLSIU,2001)

10. Principle: An act done by a child between 7 and 12 years of age is not an offence, if he/she is not mature enough to
understandthenatureandconsequencesoftheact.
Facts:Amarachildof9years,findsagoldchaininthehouseofhisuncleandgivesistohisbrotherRohit,aged5years,asking
himnottotellanyone.Theunclereportedittothepolicestationandpoliceconductedasearch.Duringthesearch,thegoldcoin
fallsfromthepocketofRohitandwhenthepoliceaskRohit,hesaysthatitwasgiventohimbyhisbrotherAmar.
(a)

BothAmarandRohitareguiltyoftheft.

(b)

AmarisguiltyoftheftbutRohitisnot.

(c)

BothAmarandRohitarenotguiltyoftheft.(NLSIU,2000)

11. Principle1:Preparationtocommitanoffenceisnotanoffence.
Principle2:Afteronehasfinishedpreparationtocommitanoffence,anyactdonetowardscommittingtheoffencewiththe
intentiontocommitit,isanattempttocommittheoffence,whichisbyitselfanoffence.
Facts:MohitwantstokillVikas.Hebuysagunandcartridgesforcommittingthemurder.HethensetsoutsearchingforVikas
andwhenheseesVikas,heloadshisgunandtakesaimatVikasandpullsthetrigger.Thegundoesnotfire.
(a)

MohitisguiltyofattempttomurderVikasfromthetimehesetsoutinsearchofVikas.

(b)

Mohitisguiltyofattempttomurderfromthetimeheloadshisgun.

(c)

MohitisguiltyofattempttomurderfromthemomenthetakesaimatVikas.(NLSIU,2000)

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12. Principle:Tobeheldguiltyofanoffence,oneshouldhavedonetheactthatcausestheintendedresult.
Facts:VikramwiththeintentiontomurderPranavstabshimrepeatedlywithknife.Pranavistakentohospitalandisfoundout
ofdanger.Thereafter,duetothenegligenceofthedoctor,Pranav'swoundsareinfectedandherequiressurgicalintervention.
Duringthetimeofoperationtoremovehisinjuredinfectedleg,Pranavdiesonaccountofadministrationofgeneralanaesthesia.
(a)

VikramisguiltyofmurderofPranav.

(b)

VikramisnotguiltyofmurderofPranav,butmaybeguiltyofattempttomurder.

(c)

VikramisnotguiltyofmurderofPranav,butmaybeguiltyofcausinghurt.(NLSIU,2000)

13. Principle1:Mischiefisaninjurytopropertywiththeintentionofcausingwrongfullosstoanypersonorpublic.
Principle2:Thepersontowhomthelossiswrongfullycausedbymischiefneednotbetheownerofthepropertyhimself.
Facts:AamirhasleasedhishousetoSohailfor5years.Afteroneyear,AamirfeelstheneedforthehouseandrequestsSohail
tovacatethehouse,butSohailrefuses.Aamir,inordertogetSohailvacatethehouse,setsfiretoit,butSohail,withthehelp
oftheneighbours,quicklyextinguishesthefirebeforeitcanreallydamagetheproperty.
(a)

Aamirisguiltyofmischief.

(b)

Aamircannotbeguiltyofcausingmischief.

(c)

Aamirisnotguiltyofmischiefastherewasnodamage.(NLSIU,2000)

14. Principle:Theftisthedishonestmovingofpropertywiththeintentionoftakingitoutfortheperson'spossessionwithouthis
consent.
Facts:Shahidgiveshiswoollencoattoadrycleaneralongwithhiswife'ssareesforthepurposeofdrycleaning.Heistoldto
collecttheclothesaftertwodays.Whenhecomesaftertwodays,hefindsthathedoesnothaveenoughmoneytopaythedry
cleaner.Butsince,duetothewinter,heneedsthecoatdesperately,hesurreptitiouslyplacesthecoatnearhisgoodssothat
hecanquietlytakeitwithouttheknowledgeofthedrycleaner.
(a)

Shahidisguiltyoftheft.

(b)

Shahidisnotguiltyoftheft.

(c)

Shahidisnotguiltyoftheftbuthastopaycompensationtothedrycleaner.(NLSIU,2000)

15. Principle:Amanisguiltyofculpablehomicideamountingtomurder,iftheactwithwhichthedeathiscausedisdonewiththe
intentionofcausingmurder.
Facts:DhanrajissufferingfromjaundiceandinflammationofthebrainandShankarknowsthisconditionverywell.Oncethey
hadaheatedargumentonsomeissueandDhanrajslappedShankarinanger.Shankarlosthisselfcontrolanddealtasevere
blowonDhanraj'shead.Asaresult,Dhanrajdied.ThepolicesoughttoprosecuteShankarformurder.
(a)

Shankarwasliableformurder,becauseheknewDhanraj'sdelicatecondition.

(b)
(c)

Shankarwasnotliableformurder,becauseheactedinselfdefence.
Shankarwasnotliableformurder,becausehedidnothavetheintentiontokillDhanraj.(NLSIU,1995)

16. Principle:Selfdefenceisconsideredasauniversalexceptionforintentionallycausingharm.
Facts:Robbers,armedwithknivesandcrowbars,broketheaccessdoorofahouseandenteredit.Theownerofthehousetook
outhisgunandthreatenedtoshootthem.Therobbersranoutofthehouseandstartedpeltingstones.Theowneropenedfire.
Having heard the gun shot, thepolice rushed to the place and announced that the owner must stop firing. The owner,
suspectingmischiefcontinuedtofireandapolicemanwasinjuredbyashot.Therobbersmeanwhilefled.Theownerwassued
forattackingapublicservantonduty.
(a)

Theownershallbeliableforcausingharm,inexcessofwhatisnecessaryforselfdefence.

(b)

Theownershallnotbeliableforattackingthepublicservantassuch,thoughhemaybeheldliableotherwise.

(c)

Theowner'sactionisjustifiedbytheconsiderationofselfdefence.(NLSIU2002)

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17. Principle:Whenacriminalactisdonebyonepersoninfurtheranceofthecommonintentionofhimselfandsomeotherpersons,
eachofsuchpersonsisliablefortheactinthesamemannerasifitweredonebyeachoneofthem.
Facts:A,BandCdecidedtocommitburglary.Theybrokeintoalockedhouse.However,adomesticservantappearedfromthe
outhousebeforetheyhadfinished,andstartedshouting.A,BandCleftthehouseandstartedrunningaway.Theywere
pursuedbyasmallcrowd.A,onbeingcaughtbyX,oneofthepersonspursuingthem,stabbedhimandranaway.Bythattime,
BandChaddisappeared.Xdiedonaccountofthestabwounds.Laterthepolicearrestedallthree.Theywerechargedfor
attemptedburglaryandmurderofX.
(a)

AlongwithA,thepersonwhostabbedX,BandCarealsoguiltyofmurderbecauseAstabbedXinfurtheranceofthe
commonintentiontocommitmurder.

(b)

AlongwithA,BandCarealsoguiltyormurderbecauseA,atthetimeofstabbingX,wasactingonbehalfofBandCand
hewantedtosavenotonlyhimselfbutBandCaswell.

(c)

Aaloneisguiltyofmurderbecause,thoughtherewascommonintentiontocommittheoffenceofburglary,therewasno
commonintentiontocommittheoffenceofmurder.
(NLSIU,1997)

18. Principle:Whoevercausesdeathbydoinganactwiththeintentionofcausingdeathcommitstheoffenceofculpablehomicide.
Facts:ParikshitknowsVinaytobebehindabush.Umeshdoesnotknowit.Parikshit,withanintentiontocauseVinay'sdeath,
inducesUmeshtofireatthebush.UmeshfiresandkillsVinay.
(a)

UmeshisguiltyofculpablehomicideandnotParikshit.

(b)

Umeshisnotguiltyofanyoffence,butParikshitisguiltyoftheoffenceofculpablehomicideasheinducedUmeshtofire
withtheintentionofcausingVinay'sdeath.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

19. Principle:Ifanypersondoesanyactwithintentiontocausedeath,commitsculpablehomicideevenifsomepersonotherthan
thepersonwhomheintendstokill,dies.
Facts:Birju,giftssweetsmixedwithpoisontoGanpatwithanintentiontocausethedeathofGanpat.Ganpatoffersthose
sweetstoBirju'schildreninBirju'sabsence,withoutknowingthefactthatpoisonwasmixedwiththesweets.Consequently,
Birju'schildrendie.
(a)

GanpatisguiltyofcausingthedeathofBirju'schildrenashegavethemthesweets.

(b)

Birjuisnotguiltybecausehedidnotintendtokillhisownchildren.

(c)

Birjuisguiltyofcommittingculpablehomicide,inasmuchashehadtheintentiontocausedeath.

20. Principle: Whoeverpreventsanypersonfromproceedingbeyondcertaincircumscribinglimitsissaidtohavewrongfully

confinedtheperson.
Facts:Nischal,placesmenwithAk47attheoutletsofabuildingandtellsVikrantthatthearmedmenwillfireatVikrantifhe
attemptstoleavethebuilding.
(a)

NischalcannotbesaidtohavewrongfullyconfinedVikrant,asVikrantcanfreelymoveinsidethehouse.

(b)

NischalhaswrongfullyrestrainedVikrantinasmuchasheispreventedfromproceedingbeyondthebuilding.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

21. Principle: Ifanypersonenticesoralluresanyminor,outofthecustodyofthelawfulguardianofsuchminor,withoutthe

consentofsuchlawfulguardian,heorsheissaidtohavekidnappedsuchminor.
Facts:GauravpromisestogivetoOmprakash,aminor,agoldwatchifhecomestoanothercity.Omprakashgoestosuchother
cityforreceivingthewatch.
(a)

Gauravisnotliableforanyoffence.

(b)

GauravissaidtohavekidnappedOmprakash,inasmuchasOmprakashwenttotheothercity,becauseoftheallurement
ofGaurav.

(c)

GauravisnotguiltybecauseOmprakashcametothecityonhisown.

22. Principle:Whoeverintentionallyputsanypersoninfearofphysicalormentalinjuryandtherebyinducestheperson,soputin
fear,todeliveranypropertytoanyperson,commitsextortion.
Facts:Ajay,byputtingRajendrainfearofcausingdeath,inducesRajendratodeliverhisRolexwatchtoShakti.
(a)

Ajayisguiltyextortion,inasmuchasthewatchwasnotdeliveredtohimbutwasdeliveredtoShakti.

(b)

Ajayisnotguiltyofanyoffence.

(c)

AjayisguiltyofextortionbecausethewatchwasdeliveredtoShaktionlybecauseAjayputRajendrainfearofdeath.

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23. Principle:Theftamountstorobberyiftheoffenderforcommittingtheftvoluntarilycausesanyperson'sdeathorcauseshurt.
Facts:ParmanandpushesAnandonhisfaceandthereafterParmanandremovesAnand'swatchandwallet.
(a)

ParmanandisguiltofcommittingrobberyasheinflictedinjuriesonAnandforcommittingtheft.

(b)

Parmanandisnotguiltyofanyoffence.

(c)

Parmanandisguiltyoftheft,notofrobbery.

24. Principle:Whoever,bydeceivinganyperson,fraudulentlyinducesthepersonsodeceivedtodeliveranyproperty,issaidto
cheat.
Facts:Arindam,byfalselyrepresentingthatheisagoldsmith,inducesAhishektodelivergoldoncredit.
(a)

Arindamisnotliableforanyoffence

(b)

Arindamisliableforcheating

(c)

Arindamisguiltyofcheatingbecausehefalselyrepresentedthathewasagoldsmithforobtainingthegoldoncredit.

OtherImportantLaws
Reasoningistheessenceofallexistinglaws.Therefore,legalreasoningquestionsmaybeaskedfromanylawotherthan
contract,tortandcrime,whichhavebeendiscussedsofar.Theotherareasfromwherequestionsmaybeaskedare:

1 .

(a)

Constitutionallaw

(b)

Administrativelaw

(c)

Familylaw(e.g.Hindulaw)

(d)

Generallegalprinciples

Principle:Allminorities,whetherbasedonreligionorlanguageshallhavetherighttoestablishandadministereducational
institutionsoftheirchoice(Article30).
Facts:Jayantwantstoestablishaneducationalinstitutiontohelpthepoorofhiscommunityandtoeducatethechildrenofhis
community.Jayantbeingaveryrichmanhasnoproblemregardingfinancefortheinstitution.Therefore,heappliestostate
governmenttogranthimpermissiontoestablishandadministertheinstitution.Stategovernmentrejectshispleaontheground
thatsaidinstitutionwillcreatecommunaltensionintheproposedarea.WhatshouldJayantdo?

2 .

(a)

Heshouldfileacivilsuitinthedistrictcourt

(b)

HeshouldfileaspecialleavepetitionbeforeSupremeCourt

(c)

Hehasnoremedyunderthelaw

(d)

HeshouldfileawritpetitionbeforeSupremeCourtorHighCourt.

Principle:AmarriagecanbesolemnisedbetweentwoHindus,ifneitherpartyhasaspouselivingatthetimeofmarriage.
Facts:GeetadecidestomarryDivyaaHindugirl.Geetaisof18yearsandDivyaisof21years.Istheproposedmarriagevalid?

3 .

(a)

Yes,becauseboththegirlsarenotminor.

(b)

Yes,becauseneitherGeetanorDivyahasalivingspouse.

(c)

No,becausemarriageitselfimpliesthatitshouldbeperformedbetweenagirlandaboy.

(d)

Noneofthese.

Principle:Thecourthaspowertoissueaninjunctiontoprohibitachildmarriagefrombeingperformed.
Facts: AmarriageisperformedbetweenYogeshandRashi.Yogeshis14yearsofageandRashiis17yearsofage.Ravi,a
publicspiritedpersonfiledasuittodeclarethesaidmarriagevoid.Isthesuitmaintainable?
(a)

No,becausecourthaspowertoissueinductionandnottodeclaremarriageasvalidandvoid.

(b)

No,becausethemarriageisperformedwiththeconsentoftheirparents.

(c)

Yes,becausethepolicyofthelawistopreventthechildmarriages.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

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4 .

Principle:Onapetitionpresentedbyeitherthehusbandorthewife,adecreeofdivorcemaybegranted,iftheotherparty
hastreatedthepetitionerwithcruelty.
Facts:RahulandAnjaliarehusbandandwife.WhiletheyarereturningfromatriptoPune,atthebusterminal,their6yearold
sonalmosthasanaccidentduetothenegligenceofthewife.Husbandslapswifeinafitofanger.

5 .

6 .

(a)

Petitionofdivorcecannotbefiled

(b)

Petitionofdivorcecanbefiled

(c)

Petitionofdivorcecannotbefiledongroundofcruelty,becauseslappingbyRahulinthegivensituationdoesnotamount
tocruelty.

(d)

Petitionfordivorcecannotbefiledonthegroundofcruelty.

Facts:Rajivignoredaredlightanddrovehiscarontotherailwaytracksasatrainwasapproaching.Theenginestalledand
Rajivdidnothavesufficienttimetogetthecaracrossthetracks.Sahil,therailwayenginedriver,sawRajivandcouldhave
stoppedthetrainhadhenotbeenwavingatagroupofgirlsjoggingalongaroadbesidethetrack.TheycollidedandRajivwas
injured.InanactionbyRajivagainstSahil,
(a)

Rajivwillwinbecausehecouldnotgettosafetyintime.

(b)

RajivwillwinbecauseSahilwasoperatingthetraininacarelessmanner.

(c)

RajivwilllosebecauseSahilwasrelyingonthewarningsignal.

(d)

Rajivwilllosebecausehedidnotobeytheredsignal. (NLSIU,88)

Principle:Apartnerhasimpliedauthoritytoraisealoanonbehalfofthepartnershipbusiness,ifitisnecessaryintheusual
courseofbusiness.
Facts:A,BandCarepartnersinafirmofcharteredaccountants.Theyhadagreedthatnoneofthemwouldcontractaloan
inthenameofthefirmwithouttheconsentofallthepartners.Nevertheless,Atookaloanfromabankinthenameofthefirm
andspentthemoneyforhispersonalneeds.Thebankdemandedrepaymentfromthepartnershipfirm.

7.

(a)

Thepartnershipfirmisnotliable,becausethepartnershadunanimouslyagreedthatnoneofthemwouldraisealoanin
thenameofthefirm.

(b)

Thepartnershipfirmisnotliable,becauseraisingaloanisnotintheusualcourseofbusinessinthiscase.

(c)

ThepartnershipfirmisliablebecauseAhadactedasapartnerwhileraisingtheloan.(NLSIU94)

Principle:UndertheIndianConstitution,everybodyshallbeequalbeforelaw.
TheIncomeTaxActhappenstoprovidethatthosewhoseannualincomeisuptoRs.60,000shallpay10percentoftheirincome
astaxandthosewhoseannualincomeexceedsRs.60,000shallpaythetaxattherateof20percent.Thosecitizenswhose
annualincomeexceedsRs.60,000,challengethelegislationonthegroundthatitisaviolationoftheprincipleofequalitybefore
law.
(a)

Theywillsucceed,becausethelawdiscriminatesagainstpeoplewhoearnmorethanRs.60000perannum.

(b)

Theywillnotsucceed,becausethepeoplewhoearnmorethanRs.60,000arenotequaltothepeoplewhoearnlessthan
Rs.60,000.

(c)

Theywillnotsucceed,becausethislawenablesthegovernmenttoequalisetheincomesofallthepeopleinthecountry.

(NLSIU1994)
8 .

Principle:Apartnershallsharewithotherpartnerswhateverprofitshemakesinthecourseofpartnershipbusiness.
Facts:Mani,KareemandAbdularepartnersdoingbusinessinsarees.WhenManiwenttothemanufacturerstobuysarees,he
wastoldthatifhebought600sarees,hewouldgetadiscountofRs.100oneachsaree.Thepartnershipbusinessrequiredonly
500sarees.However,Manibought600sareesandkept100sareesforhimself.Heaccountedforthesaleof500sareestohis
partnersandpocketedtheprofitshemadefromthesaleofthe100sareestohimself.Onfindingthisout,KareemandAbdulare
demandingashareintheprofitsmadefromthesaleofthe100sareesaswell.
(a)

Maniisboundtosharetheprofitsfromthesaleofthe100sareesalso,asitwasmadeinthecourseofpartnership
business.

(b)

Maniisnotboundtosharetheadditionalprofitashewasaccountableonlyfor500sareestohispartners.

(c)

Manineednotsharetheadditionalprofit,becausehisbuyingoftheadditional100sareeswastogetthediscountandhelp
thefirm.(NLSUI,2001)

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9 .

Facts:SunriseIndustriesLtd.isalargeindustrymanufacturingindustrialchemicalsandenzymesusedintanningprocess.Itis
located in Sambalpur inOrissa. It was found recently that the industry is discharging industrial toxic waste in theriver
Mahanadi.Asaresultthewaterishighlypolluted.TheOrissaPollutionControlBoarddecidestotakelegalactionagainstthe
companyforviolationofapplicableenvironmentallaws.Theyobtainanorderfromthecourttopreventtheindustryfrom
dischargingpollutantsintheriver.NowthePollutionControlBoardisconsideringwhetherthedirectorsofthecompanymaybe
prosecutedandpunishedwithimprisonmentforviolatingthepollutioncontrollawswhichmakesuchpollutionacriminaloffence.
(a)

Itisunreasonabletopunishthehigherofficerslikedirectorsofacompanybysendingthemtojail.Insteadofthat
companymaybeaskedtopayahugeamountoffineonly.

(b)

Althoughthedirectorsarenotresponsibleforthedaytodaymanagementofacompany,theycontrolresponsibility.
Hence,theymustbeprosecutedandpunished,evenwithimprisonment.

(c)

Thecompanymaybeaskedtopaycompensationforpollutingtheenvironment.Butthereneednotbeanycriminal
responsibilityasfarasthehigherofficialsofthecompanyareconcerned.

(d)

Itwouldbeunreasonabletosendofficialsofacompanytojailforviolationofpollutioncontrollaws,becausethatwill
affectindustrialproductionandeconomicgrowthofthenationandthepeoplewillsufferbecauseofsuchharshaction
againstindustrialists.(NLSIU,1997)

10. Principle:Anadoptedchildshallbedeemedtobethechildoftheadoptiveparentswitheffectfromthedateofadoption,and
fromthisdate,thechild'srelationswiththenaturalparentsshallbereplacedbyitsrelationswiththeadoptedparents.
Facts:MahendrawasbornintoaprosperousHindujointfamily.UnderHindulaw,Mahendraisentitledtoashareintheproperty
inheritedbyhis(i.e.Mahendra's)fatherfromhis(i.e.Mahendra's)grandfather.Mahendrawasgiveninadoptiontoanother
person,namelyVineet.Afterthisadoption,therewaspartitionintheerstwhilefamilyofMahendra.Mahendraclaimedashare
inthecourseofpartition.
(a)

Mahendra willsucceed,because by virtue of beingborn into the family,Mahendra should get a sharein the family
property.

(b)

Mahendrawillnotsucceed,becauseheisentitledtothepropertiesoftheadoptiveparentsonly.(NLSIU,1994)

11. Principle1:UnderIndianConstitution,ifapersonisconvictedofanoffence,hecannotbeprosecutedagain.
Principle2:UnderCriminalProcedureCode,ifapersonisprosecutedinanoffenceandiftheprosecutionresultseitherin
acquittalorinconviction,thenhecannotbetheprosecutedforthesameoffence.
Facts: Ismailwasprosecutedforanoffenceofmurderandhewasacquitted.Thereafteradditionalevidencecametolight
pointingtoIsmail'scomplicityinthesameoffence.Sothepolicewenttoprosecutehimagain.
(a)

IsmailcannotbeprosecutedasheenjoystherightunderourConstitutionnottobeprosecutedtwiceforthesame
offence.

(b)

IsmailcannotbeprosecutedasheenjoystherightunderCriminalProcedureCodenottobeprosecutedtwiceforthesame
offence.

(c)

IsmailcannotbeprosecutedasheisprotectedbothbytheConstitutionandCriminalProcedureCode.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

12. Principle1:AnylawmadebytheParliamentthatinfringesonthefundamentalrightsofthecitizensisinvalidandunenforceable.
Principle2:Freedomtocarryontradeorprofessionofone'sownchoiceisafundamentalright.
Principle3:TheParliamentiscompetenttoimposereasonablerestrictionsontheexerciseofthisright.
Principle4: IftherestrictionimposedbytheParliamenttotallyremovesornullifiesanyfundamentalright,thenitwillbe
construedasanunreasonablerestriction.
Facts:InordertoensurethatpeopleliveinanamicableatmospherethegovernmentofIndiadecidedtoabolishcourtsand
constitutedDisputeSettlementBoards.Further,toachievethisobjective,thelawstipulatedthatlawyersshouldnotbeallowed
toespousetheclaimsofparties,insteadtheirclaimsbeespousedbysocialworkers.
(a)

ThelawmadebytheParliamentisvalidasitdoesnotinfringeanyfundamentalright.

(b)

ThelawmadebytheParliamentisvalidas,eventhoughthereisrestrictionoffundamentalright,sucharestrictionis
reasonable.

(c)

ThelawmadebyParliamentisinvalidasitconstitutesaninfringementoffundamentalrightsandtherestrictionimposed
isnotreasonable.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.(NLSIU,1990)

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13. Principle:MarriageofminorsundertheHinduMarriageAct,1955,isnotnullandvoid.
Facts: Apetitionisfiledbyawifeclaimingmaintenancefromherhusbandin1989.Thehusbandopposedtheclaimonthe
groundthatatthetimeofmarriage,thewifewas5yearsofageandhehimselfwas10yearsoldandthattheirmarriagewas
illegal.Willthewifesucceed?
(a)

Thewifewillsucceedasthemarriagewasvalid.

(b)

Thewifewillsucceedbecausebothofthemwereminors.

(c)

Thewifewillnotsucceedbecausethemarriagewasillegal.(NUJS,2000)

14. Principle:Apromissorynoteisaninstrumentinwritingsignedbythemakertopayacertainsumofmoneyonlytoortothe
orderofacertainperson.
Facts:RitwikpromisestopaySahilasumofRs.5,000throughemail.Later,Ritwikrefusestopay.CanSahilsuehim?
(a)

SahilcansuehimasRitwikmadeapromisetopayhimRs.5,000

(b)

Sahilcannotsuehimasthisisnotapromissorynote.

(c)

Sahilcansuehimasthisisapromissorynote.(NUJS,2000)

15. Principle:Alawtakingawayafundamentalrightisunconstitutional.
The44thamendmenttotheConstitutionhasremovedfundamentalrighttopropertyforeverfromtheConstitution.Decide
whetheritisconstitutional.
(a)

Yes,becauserighttopropertyisnotasfundamentalasrighttolife.

(b)

No,becausewhenrighttopropertyisdeclaredafundamentalrightbyConstitution,alawtakingawayitisunconstitutional.

(c)

Yes,statecanamendanyfundamentalright.(NLSIU,1999)

16. Principle:Nopersoncanbeprosecutedandpunishedtwiceforthesameoffence.
Facts:AmanandotherswereprosecutedandpunishedforanoffenceundertheSeaCustomsAct.Asecondprosecutionwas
againinitiatedagainsthimandothersforcriminalconspiracyundertheIndianPenalCode.Decide.
(a)

Amanandotherscan'tbeprosecutedforsameoffenceastheyhavealreadybeenpunishedundersomeotherlawi.e.Sea
CustomsAct.

(b)

Yes,theycanbeprosecutedandpunishedbecauseanoffenceunderSeaCustomsActisdifferentfromanoffenceunder
IPC.(NLSIU,1999)

17. Principle:Legalaidisarightandnotacharity.
Apersonfacingacriminalchargeinacriminaltrialpleadsthatheisunabletoengageanadvocateforreasonsofpovertyand
thatheshouldbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensestodefendhim.Decide.
(a)

Stateisboundtoprovidehimalawyerasitisamatterofhisright.

(b)

Statemayrefusetopaytheexpensesoflawyertoacriminalperson.

(c)

Staymaydenyonthegroundofunavailabilityoflawyerorlackoffinance.(NLSIU,1999)

18. Principle:Nopersonshouldbecondemnedunheard.
Facts:Therewasacomplaintagainstagovernmentservantthathehadacceptedbribefromapersonfordoinghimafavour.
Ashowcausenoticewasissuedtothegovernmentservantaskinghimshowcausewhydisciplinaryproceedingsshouldnotbe
initiatedagainsthim.Hesubmittedarepresentationinreplytotheshowcausenotice.Theofficerinchargethensubmittedhis
reportthedisciplinaryauthoritytotheeffectthatthechargewasproved.Thegovernmentservantwasthendismissedfrom
service.Hecontendsthathewasnotgivenanopportunityofbeingheard.
(a)

Thegovernmentservantcanberemovedashehadbeengivenanopportunityofbeingheard.

(b)

Hecan'tberemovedbecauseashowcausenoticeisnotsufficientopportunityofbeingheard.

(c)

Dismissalitsrighttochargeisproved.(Optionnotclear).(NLSIU,1999)

19. Principle:Nopersoncanbeajudgeinhisowncause.
Facts:Anadmissiontestistobeheldtoselectthebeststudentsforadmissiononmerit.Thefatherofacandidatewithout
disclosingthathissonisappearinginthetestisinvolvedinconductingthetest.Objectionsareraisedonthegroundthatthe
sanctityofthetestisvitiatedasapersoninterestedinthetesthastakenpartinconductingit.Decide.
(a)

Testisvalidbecausethefatherofcandidateisnotajudgeinthiscase.

(b)

Admissiontestisvitiatedbecausethefatherisapartofconductingthetestandhenceinapositiontoaffecttheresult.

(c)

Objectionisnotonsoundground.(NLSIU,1999)

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20. Principle:Arbitrarinessistheveryantithesisoftheruleoflaw.
Facts:Anadmissiontestforadmissiontothelawschoolisconductedintwoparts.First,awrittentestisheldwhichcarries200
marks.Thisisfollowedbyanoralpersonalitytest,whichalsocarries200marks.Thesubjectiveelementinherentintheoral
test,itisalleged,makesthewholeexercisearbitrary.Decide.
(a)

Alawschoolhastherighttoconductitsadmissiontestinthemanneritthinksfit.

(b)

Assigning200markstointerviewisarbitraryandagainstruleoflaw.

(c)

Ifthereisafairexamandinterview,theadmissiontestisvalidandlawful.(NLSIU,1999)

ModelQuestions
ThefollowingquestionsaretakenfromorbasedonthequestionpapersofDelhiUniversityandNationalLawSchools,inthe
previousyears.Youneedtosolvethesequestionsinasimulatedexaminationcondition,settingyourselfatimelimit.Youmay
allotabout50minutesforthe50questions.
1 .

Principal:Anoffercanbeacceptedonlywhentheacceptorhasknowledgeofsuchoffer.
Facts: ArpitofferstopayarewardofRs.10,000,toanyonewhofindshiswatch,Mithilesh,withoutknowledgeoftheoffer
madebyArpit,findsandreturnsthewatch.

2 .

(a)

Mithileshcan'tclaimtherewardofferedbyArpit,becausetheofferwasnotspecifictohim.

(b)

Mithileshcan'tclaimtherewardamountastheoffermadebyArpitwasfrivolous.

(c)

Mithileshcan'tclaimtherewardbecausehedidn'thaveknowledgeoftheoffermadebyArpit.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

Principle:Foranacceptancetobeavalidacceptanceitmustbecommunicatedtotheotherpartyandmereintentiontoaccept
isnotsufficient.
Facts:GaganofferstosellmustardoiltoViren.Virenintendstopurchasetheoil,writesaletterbutforgetstopostit.Gagan
comestoknowaboutViren'sintentionanddispatchestheoiltoViren.
(a) Itisavalidacceptance,asVirenwithanintentiontoaccept,wrotetheletter.

3 .

(b)

ThereisnoacceptanceatallasitwasnotcommunicatedtoGagan.

(c)

Mereintentiontoacceptissufficient.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

Principle:Inordertoconvertanofferintoapromise,acceptanceofsuchoffermustbeabsoluteandunqualified.
Facts: ChamanofferstosellhishousetoYashforRs.1000.YashagreestopurchaseChaman'shouseforRs.900.Chaman
rejectsYash'sofferofRs.900.Thereafter,YashagreestopurchasethehouseforthepricestatedbyChaman.Chamanrejects
thistoo.

4 .

(a)

ChamanisnotboundtosellthehousebecauseYashrejectedtheofferinitiallymadebyChamanandthustheofferlapsed.

(b)

ChamanisboundtosellthehousebecauseYashhasaccepted,thoughsubsequently,theoffermadebyChaman.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

Principle: Anofferisrevokedifthepersonmakingtheofferdiesandthefactofthisdeathcomestotheknowledgeofthe
personaccepting,beforeheaccepts.
Facts: SawanofferstosellhishousetoNeela.Subsequently,Sawandies.NeelawithoutknowledgeofthefactofSawan's
death,acceptstheoffer.

5 .

(a)

TheoffermadebySawantoNeelawasrevokedassoonasSawandiesandNeelacan'taccepttheoffer.

(b)

Inordertoenterintoacontract,thedeathofapersonisirrelevant.

(c)

NeelahasvalidlyacceptedtheoffermadebySawan,asNeeladidn'thavetheknowledgeofSawan'sdeath,beforehe
accepted the offer.

Principle:Anagreementmadewithoutconsiderationi.e.thepriceforwhichthepromiseoftheotherisboughtorsoldisnot
enforceable.Pleaseverifythissentence.
Facts:MeenapromisestogiveAartiRs.10000withoutanyconsiderationinreturn.
(a)

TheagreementtopayAartiRs.10000isvoidasthereisnoconsideration.

(b)

AgreementtopayAartiisvalid.

(c)

AarticanvalidlyenforcethepromisemadebyMeenaeventhoughthereexistsnoconsideration.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

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6 .

Principle:Anagreemententeredintobyaminor(below18years)isvoidabinitio(fromthebeginning).
Facts: Kamal,aminor,contractedtosellhishousetoBaldev.Kamal,receivedRs.15,000asconsiderationandrefusedto
deliverpossessionofthehouse.

7.

(a)

TheagreementbetweenKamalandBaldevisvalid.Kamalhastodeliverpossessionofthehouse.

(b)

TheagreementbetweenKamalandBaldevisvoidabinitiobecauseKamalwasaminorwhenheenteredintotheagreement.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

Principle: Aminorwhofraudulentlyrepresentsthatheisamajor,isnotstopped(precluded)fromtakingthedefenceof
minoritytoavoidthecontract.
Facts:Aminor,Rohit,succeededindeceivingsomemoneylendersbytellingthemalieabouthisageandreceivedaloanof
Rs.500.

8 .

(a)

Theminor,Rohitcanvalidlypleadthatheisaminorandcanavoidthecontract.

(b)

Theminorcan'ttakethedefenceofminority,becauseheobtainedtheloanfromthemoneylenderontherepresentation
thatheisanadult.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

Principle:Apersonwhosuppliesnecessitiesoflifetoaminorisentitledtobereimbursedforsuchsupply.
Facts:Pawan,aminor,borrowsRs.10000fromNitin,fordefendinghimselfinadacoitycase.

9 .

(a)

Nitinisnotentitledtobereimbursedasanagreementwithaminorisvoidabinitio.

(b)

NitinisentitledtobereimbursedasthemoneyborrowedbyPawanmustbetakentohavebeenborrowedfornecessaries,
i.e.todefendhislibertyinlife.

(c)

MoneysuppliedbyNitin,notbeingnecessaries,heisnotentitledtobereimbursed.

Principle:Apersonwhoisusuallyofunsoundmind,butwhoisoccasionallyofsoundmind,mayenterintoacontractwhenhe
isofsoundmind.
Facts:Kunal,alunaticwhoislodgedinamentalhospital,agreestosellhishouseforRs.100000toBrijMohan,adoctor.Kunal,
whileacceptingtheoffermadebythedoctor,wasofsoundmind.
(a)

Theagreemententeredintobyalunaticisnotatallenforceable.

(b)

Alunatichasnocapacitytoenterintoanagreement,onlyhis/herrelativescandoso.

(c)

Theagreemententeredintobythelunaticisenforceablebecause,whileacceptingtheoffer,hewasofsoundmindand
couldunderstandandformarationaljudgment.

10. Principle:Wheretherelationsbetweenthepartiesaresuchthatoneofthepartiesisinapositiontodominatethewillofthe
otherpartytherebyobtainsanunfairadvantagebyusingsuchinfluence,thensuchcontractisvoidable.
Facts:A,aspiritualguru,inducedB,adevotee,togiftthewholeofhispropertysothathecouldsecuresalvation.
(a)

Becausethedevoteegiftedthepropertyundertheundueinfluenceofthespiritualguru,thecontractisviolable.

(b)

Thedevoteegiftedthepropertyoutofhisownwill,sothecontractisvalid.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

11. Principle:Apromisemadewithoutanyintentionofperformingit,therebyinducinganotherpartytoenterintoacontract,
amountstofraud.
Facts:VikaspurchasesgoodsfromVimal,withthepriceofthegoodstobepaidsubsequently.Vikastakespossessionofthe
goodswithoutanyintentiontopaythepriceofthegoods.
(a)

Vikas'sactoftakingpossessionofthegoodswithoutanintentiontopaythepriceamountstofraud.

(b)

Itdoesn'tamounttofraud.

12. Principle:Everyagreementofwhichtheobjectorconsiderationisforbiddenbylawisunlawfuland,hence,void.
Facts:GaneshagreestolethisdaughteronhireforprostitutionforRs.1000.
(a)

Theagreementisvalidand,hence,enforceable.

(b)

Theagreementtoletthedaughteronhireforprostitutionisvalidbecausetheactisnotforbidden.

(c)

Theagreementisvoidasitisimmoralandisalsoforbiddenbylaw.

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13. Principle:Anagreement,themeaningofwhichisnotcertain,isvoid.
Facts:Harish,agreestoselltoVaibhav''hundredtonsofoil''.
Inthepresentcase
(a)

TheagreementbetweenHarishandVaibhavisenforceableasthereisnouncertainty.

(b)

TheagreementbetweenHarishandVaibhavisvoidforuncertaintybecausethereisnothingwhatevertoshowwhatkind
ofoilwasintended.

(c)

Noneoftheabove.

14. Principle:Anagreementtodoanimpossibleactisvoid.
Facts:RajaniagreeswithBalatodiscovertreasurebymagic.
(a)

Theactisnotvoidbecausetheactiscapableofbeingperformed.

(b)

Theactisnotvoidbecauseitisnotforbiddenbylaw.

(c)

Theactisvoidbecausetheagreementtodiscovertreasurebymagicisimpossibleofperformance.

15. Principle:Whoever,bywordseitherspokenorwritten,orbyvisiblerepresentation,orotherwise,bringsorattemptstobring
intohatredorcontempt,orexcitesorattemptstoexcitedisaffectiontowardsthegovernmentestablishedbylawinIndia,shall
bepunishedwithimprisonmentforlife,towhichfinemaybeadded.
Facts: An environmentalist, Kaushik Banerjee, enraged by the environmental policy of government delivered a very hot
speech.Hesaid,"Thisisthegovernmentoffools,scoundrelsandscamsters.Teachthemalessoninthecomingelectionsby
votingthemoutpower."KaushikBanerjeeisbeingtriedforsedition.
(a)

KaushikBanerjeeisguiltyofseditionforhavingmadeirresponsibleandinflammatorystatementsagainstthegovernment.

(b)

KaushikBanerjeeisnotguiltyofseditionbecauseheisusinghisfreedomofspeechandexpression.

(c)

KaushikBanerjeeisguiltyofseditionashisstatementwouldcauseviolence.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

16. Principle:Whoever,intendingtotakedishonestlyanymoveablepropertyoutofpossessionofanotherperson,movesthat
propertywithoutthatperson'sconsent,suchtakingissaidtobetheft.
Facts:KshitijwithadishonestintentiontotakeParag'sdogputsbaitforthedoginhispocket.Onnoticingthebait,thedog
startsfollowinghim.LateronKshitijfoundagoldchaintiedroundthedog'sneck.
(a)

Kshitijcommittedthetheftofdog.

(b)

Kshitijcommittedthetheftofthedogaswellasofthegoldchainbecausethechainwasattachedtothedog.

(c)

Kshitijcommittedtheftofdog,becausehewantedtotakedishonestlythedog,notthechain.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

17. Principle:Whoevercausesthedeathofanypersonbydoinganyrashornegligentactshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdiscretion(?)foratermwhichmayextendedtotwoyears.
Facts:MeetawasboardingaD.T.C.busfromthefrontentrance.Theconductorwhistledandthedrivertookoffspeedily.She
felloffandwascrushedtodeathundertherearwheel.Thedriverandconductorareprosecuted.
(a)

Bothdriverandconductorareguiltyofnegligentandrashact.

(b)

Onlythedriverisguiltyofnegligentactbecausehetookoffspeedily.

(c)

Onlytheconductorisguilty.

(d)

Neitherofthemisguilty.

18. Principle:Whoevercausesthedeathofanypersonbydoinganyrashornegligentactshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdiscretionfortermwhichmayextendtotwoyears.
Facts:Aboyenteredinterredintotheswimmingpoolofacountryclubsurreptitiously,withouttheknowledgeofChowkidar
Ramdev.Hewaslostinwater.ThesecretaryoftheclubNageshandRamdevarebothprosecutedfortherashandnegligent
act.
(a)

BothRamdevandNageshareguiltyofnegligentact.

(b)

Ramdevaloneisguiltyofnegligentact.

(c)

Nageshaloneisguiltyofnegligentact.

(d)

Nooneisguiltyofnegligentactbecausetheboyenteredtheclubsurreptitiously.

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19. Principle:Whoevercausesthedeathofanypersonbydoinganyrashornegligentactshallbepunishedwithimprisonmentof
eitherdiscretionfortermwhichmayextendtotwoyears.
Facts:Inordertomakeupafevermixture,Akhil,acompounder,tookabottlefromacupboardwherenonpoisonousmedicines
werekept.Withoutreadingthelabelofthebottle,whichwasinawrapper,headdedthecontentstothemixture,whichwas
administeredtoSunil.Sunildiedofpoisoning.Lateron,itwasfoundthatthebottlewasmarkedpoison.
(a)

Akhilisnotguiltyofanynegligentact.

(b)

Akhilisguiltyofanegligentactbecauseheshouldhavereadthelabelofthebottle.

(c)

Akhilisnotguiltyofanegligentactbecausethebottlewasplacedwithnonpoisonousmedicine.

(d)

Noneoftheabove.

20. Principle:Tocreateacontract,theremustbeacommonintentionofthepartiestoenterintolegalobligation.
Facts: NalinandhiswifewereenjoyingtheirleaveinEngland.WhenNalinwasduetoreturntoSriLanka,wherehewas
employed,hiswifewasadvisedtostaybackinEnglandforhealthreasons.Nalinpromisedtosendheranamountof30amonth
fortheprobableexpensesofmaintenance.Hedidsendthemoneyforsometime,butafterwardsdifferencesaroseandhe
stoppedsendingthemoney.HasNalinenteredintoabindingcontractwithhiswife?
(a)

Yes,becausecommonintentionofthepartieswastoenterintoabindinglegalcontract.

(b)

No,becausethecommonintentionofthepartieswasnottoenterintobindinglegalcontract.

(c)

Can'tsayfromtheabovefacts.

(d)

Noneofthese.

21. Facts: Ahusbandandwifewithdrewtheircomplaintsunderanagreementbywhichthehusbandpromisedtopayheran

allowanceandwifetorefrainfrompledginghiscredit.
(a)

Thisagreementisabindingcontract,astherewascommonintentiontoenterintolegalobligations.

(b)

Thisagreementisnotabindingcontractastherewasnosuchcommonintention.

(c)

Can'tsay.

(d)

Noneofthese.

22. Principle:Anofferneednotbemadetoanascertainedperson,buttoworldatlargeandcontractismadeonlywiththatperson
whocomesforwardandperformstheconditionsoftheproposal.
Facts:Acompanymanufacturingsmokeballsofferedbyadvertisementtopay100toanyone"whocontractstheincreasing
epidemicofinfluenza,coldsoranydisease,afterhavingusedtheballaccordingtoprinteddirections".Rajatusedthesmoke
ballsaccordingtothedirections,butsheneverthelesssufferedfrominfluenza.WillRajatget100?
(a)

No,becauseshehasnotinformedthecompanyofherintentiontoenterintocontractwiththecompany.

(b)

No,becauseshemighthavecaughtcoldduetootherreasons.

(c)

Yes,becauseshehasperformedtheconditionsoftheproposal.

(d)

Noneofthese.

DIRECTIONS :Readthelegalprinciplegivenbelowanddeterminewhether'A'hascommittedtheoffencedefined.Youcanchoose
theanswerfromfollowingcodes
(a)

Yes

(b)

No

(c)

Can'tsay

(d)

Noneofthese

Principle: Apersonwhofindspropertynotinpossessionofanyotherperson,andtakessuchpropertyforthepurposeof
restoringitorprotectingitcommitsnooffencebutheisguiltyofoffence,ifheappropriatesittohisownuse,whenheknows
orhasthemeansofdiscoveringtheowner.
23. Facts:Afindsarupeeontheroad,notknowingtowhomtherupeebelongs.
24. Facts:Afindsaletterontheroad,containingabanknote.Fromthedirectionandcontentsoftheletterhelearnstowhomthe
notebelongs.Heappropriatestheuseofthenote.

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25. Facts: A findsa purse with money, notknowing to whom it belongs. A,afterwards discovered that it belongsto Z, and
appropriatesittohisownuse.

DIRECTIONS :Answerthequestionsonthebasisoflegalprinciplegivenbelow.Youcanselecttheanswerfromthefollowingcodes
(a)

Agreementisvoid

(b)

Agreementisvalid

(c)

Can'tsay

(d)

Noneofthese

26.Principle:Acontracttodoanactwhich,afterthecontractismade,becomesimpossible,becomesvoidwhentheactbecomes
impossible.
Facts:PareshandVarshacontracttomarryeachother.Beforethetimefixedforthemarriage,Pareshgoesmad.
27. Facts: Acommunityhallwasbookedfortwodaysforamarriage.But,thehallwasdestroyedbyaccidentalfirebeforethe
ceremony.
28. Principle: Culpablehomicideisnotmurderiftheoffender,whilstdeprivedofpowerofselfcontrolbygraveandsudden
provocation,causesthedeathofthepersonwhogavetheprovocation.
Facts:UndertheinfluenceofpassionexcitedbyaprovocationfromZ,AintentionallykillsY,Z'schild.
(a)

Aisnotguiltyofmurder.

(b)

Aisguiltyofmurder.

(c)

Aisnotguiltyofmurderbecausehewasactingunderprovocation.

(d)

AisguiltyofmurderbecausetheprovocationwasnotfromYbutfromZ,hisfather.

29. Principle:Nothingisanoffencewhichisdoneintheexerciseofrightofprivatedefence.Thisrightalsoextendstolawfully
causingthedeathoftheassailant,iftheoffencewhichoccasionstheexerciseoftherightofprivatedefence,beanassault
whichcausesreasonableapprehensionof
(a)

deathorgrievoushurt.

(b)

rape.

(c)

kidnapping.

Thisrightisavailableforprotectingone'sownbody,aswellasthebodyofanyother,providedtheassaultisnotselfinvited.
Facts: DeveshandSameerwerefightingoveragirl.SameertookoutacyclechaintohitDevesh.Devesh,apprehending
devioushurt,struckaknifethroughSameer'sheart.Deveshis:
(a)

Protected.

(b)

Notprotected.

(c)

NotprotectedbecausetheassaultwasoccasionedbyDevesh'sfaultinpickingupafight.

(d)

Notprotectedbecausetherewasnoreasonableapprehensionofgrievoushurt.

30. Principle:Whenacriminalactisdonebyonepersoninfurtheranceofcommonintentionofselfandsomeothers,eachofthe
personsisliablefortheactinthesamemannerasifitweredonebyeachofthem.
Facts:Varun,Rakesh,OmkarandChetandecidedtocommitdecoity.TheybrokeintoAryan'shouseforsaidpurpose.While
theywerecommittingtheoffenceofdacoity,ChetanshotAryandeadduetosomerivalry.
(a)

Varun,Rakesh,OmkarandChetanareguilty.

(b)

OnlyChetanisguilty.

(c)

Chetanisguiltybecausehecommittedthemurderwhichwasnottheircommonintention.

(d)

Chetanisnotguiltybecausedacoitywastheircommonintention,notmurder.

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31. Principle:Whoeverdeliverstoanyotherpersonasgenuine,anycounterfeitcurrencywhichheknowstobecounterfeit,but
whichhedidnotknowtobecounterfeitatthetimewhenhereceivedit,isguiltyofanoffence.
Facts:Mr.Chaturvediisacashierinaschool.Oneevening,hiswifereturnedhomefrommarket.Whileshewascountingthe
remainingmoney,Mr.ChaturvedinoticedacounterfeitcurrencynoteofRs.100.Hiswifetoldhimthatitwasgiventoherbyway
ofchangewhenshegaveaRs.500noteatthegroceryshop.Mr.Chaturvedigoestothesameshopwithaviewtogetridofthe
counterfeitnote.HebuysashavingcreamworthRs.32.50andgivesthecounterfeitnoteatthecashcounter.Thecashier
inspectsthenoteandrealisesthatitiscounterfeit.Hecallsthepolice.
(a)

Mr.Chaturvediisnotguiltyofanyoffencebecauseheneithermanufacturedthecounterfeitnotenordidhecirculateit
withaviewtodeceiveinganybody.

(b)

Mr.Chaturvediisgotguiltybecausehewasattemptingtoreturnthecounterfeitnotetothesamepersonfromwhomhe
receivedit.

(c)

Mr.Chaturvediisguiltybecauseheattemptedtodeliveracounterfeitcurrencynoteasgenuine,whichheknewwas
counterfeit.(NLSIU,1997)

32. LalitgoestothegroceryshopofRanjan,whichhevisitsquiteoftenforhisrequirements.
Lalit:Iwanttenbagsofoldrice.
Ranjan:Hereisthericeyouarelookingfor.
LalitbuystenbagsofricefromRanjanandsubsequentlydiscoversthatthericesuppliedisnotreallyold.Lalitfilesasuitagainst
Ranjan.
(a)

Lalitwillnotsucceed,becauseRanjandidnotpromisehimtosupplyoldrice.

(b)

Lalitwillsucceed,becauseRanjanhadagreedtosupplythericeofLalit'sspecifications.

(c)

Lalitwillnotsucceed,becauseLalitshouldhaveverifiedthequalityofricehimself.

33. Gaurishisrunningapolyclinicwellequippedwithoperationtheatresandsupportingstaff.Paramjeetisasurgeonwhomakes
useofthispolyclinictooperateonhispatients.Whileoperatingonapatient,Tej,duetothenegligenceofnurseJyoti(whowas
asupportstaffofpolyclinic),thesurgicalknifewasleftinsidetheabdomenofTej.Asaresult,Tejdevelopedseveralcomplications
AdviseTejastoagainstwhom(GaurishorParamjeet)heshouldfilethesuitfordamages.
(a)

Gaurishshouldbesued,becauseJyotiwasthestaffnurseinhispolyclinic.

(b)

Paramjeetshouldbesued,becausehewasresponsibleforwhateverwasdoneduringtheoperation.

(c)

Paramjeetshouldbesued,becauseheshouldhaveselectedabetterstaffnurse.

34. Principle:Inacontractofagency,noliabilityexistsupontheagenttowardshisprincipal(master),ifheactswithreasonable
diligenceinthematterofagency.
Facts: Indrajit,theownerofanestate,instructedKaushal,anestateagenttofindabuyerforhisestate.Kaushal,gotan
offerfromSadanandtobuy theestateforRs.9,50,000andthesamewaspromptly communicatedtoIndrajit.Beforethe
contractofsalewasconcluded,theagentgotanofferofRs.10,25,000fromMilind.Kaushaldidnotcommunicatethisinformation
toIndrajit.Thelatterbringsanactionovertheformerfornothavingperformedhisfunctionasanagent.
(a)

KaushalisnotliabletoIndrajitashisjobwasonlytofindabuyerandnomore.

(b)

KaushalisnotliabletoIndrajitashegotgoodpricefortheestate,which,undertheprevailingmarketconditions,wasa
bonanza.

(c)

KaushalisliabletoIndrajitashedidnotcompletelyperformthefunctionofanagent.(NLSIU,2001)

35. Principle:Theownerofaproperty,whoallowsitsusebyanotherperson,becomesliable,forthedamagecausedbyitsuse,
bythelatter.
Facts: Tilaktakeshiscartothegarageforservicing.Sincehisofficeisacoupleofkilometresawayfromthegarage,he
requeststheownerofthegaragetoaskoneofthelatter'sassistantstodrophimtooffice.TheownerofthegarageasksYatin,
anemployee,todotheneedful.Ontheway,thecarcollideswithamotorcycleowingtonegligentdrivingbyYatinandinjures
itsrider.ThemotorcyclistbringslegalactionagainstTilak,seekingmonetaryrelief.
(a)

Motorcyclistwillfailinhisaction,asheshouldhavebroughtanactionagainstthegarageowner,inwhoseemploymentwas
Yatin.

(b)

MotorcyclistwillnotsucceedasYatin,whoisnottheagentofTilak,isdrivingthevehicle.

(c)

MotorcyclistwillsucceedasthecarwasdrivenbyYatinwiththeconsentofTilak.(NLSIU,2001)

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36. Principle:Amasterwillbeliableforthewrongfulactsofhisservantsinthecourseofemployment.
Facts:PrabhathasaregularsavingsbankaccountinKarnatakaBankinwhichheusedtodepositmoneyfromtimetotime.One
day,whenhewantedtowithdrawsomebigamount,hediscoveredthattwoentriesinhispassbook,immediatelypriortothe
dateofwithdrawal,werenotauthenticatedbythemanager,asrequiredunderbankingrules.Thebankdeclinedresponsibility
fortheseentriesandthemanagerdisclaimedanyknowledgeinthisregard.Prabhatfiledasuitagainstthebank.
(a)

Prabhatwilllose,becauseheshouldhavetakencarethattheentrieswereauthenticated.

(b)

Prabhatwilllose,becausethemanagerwasnotawareoftheissue.

(c)

Prabhatwillwin,becauseitwasforthemanagertoensuretheauthentication.

37. Principle:Amastershallbeliablefortheactsofhisservantsdoneinthecourseofemployment.
Facts:HMT,apublicsectorundertakingisoperatinganumberofbusservicesforitsemployeesinBangalore.Thesebusesare
quitedistinctintheirappearanceandcarrytheboard"ForHMTemployeesonly".Eknath,avillagerfromaneighbouringstate,
waswaitingforaregularbusinoneofthebusstopsinBangalore.AbusbelongingtoHMThappenedtostopnearbyanda
numberofpeoplegotintothebus.Eknath,withoutrealisingthatitwasanHMTbus,gotintothebusandsoonthereafter,the
busmetwithanaccidentduetothedriver'snegligence.Eknath,alongwithseveralothers,wasinjuredintheaccident.Eknath
seekstofileasuitagainstHMTclaimingdamages.
(a)

Eknathwillsucceed,becausehegotintothebuswithoutrealisingthatitwasHMTbus.

(b)

Eknathwillnotsucceed,becauseitwasforhimtofindoutwhetheritwasapublictransportbus.

(c)

Eknathwillsucceed,becausethedriverwasanyhowdutyboundtodrivecarefully.(NLSIU,94)

38. Principle:Apartnershallsharewithotherpartnerswhateverprofithemakesinthecourseofthespartnershipbusiness.
Facts:Bipin,apartnerinaBangalorefirmengagedintextilebusiness,wenttoanearbyplacetobuysomesilksarees.The
manufacturertoldhim:"Ifyoubuy500sarees,youwillgetadiscountofRs.50oneachsaree".Bipin,infact,requiredonly400
sareesforhisfirm.Nevertheless,hebought500sareesandkept100sareesforhimself.Aftersometime,heonhisownsold100
sareesandmadeagoodprofit.Otherpartnersdemandthatheshouldsharetheseprofitswiththem.
(a)

Bipinhastosharetheprofits,becauseheboughtthose100sareesinthecourseofpartnershipbusiness.

(b)

Bipinneednotshareit,becausehehasalreadybenefitedthefirmbygettingasubstantialdiscountinthepurchases.

(c)

Bipinneednotsharetheprofits,becausehisadditionalbuyingof100sareeswastogetthediscountandhelpthefirm.
(NLSIU94)

39. Principle1:Masterisliablefortheactoftheemployee/servant.
Principle2:Thehusbandorthewifeisnotresponsibleforanycommissionofwrongoneachother.
Facts:UditisamanagerofahotelbelongingtoAbhay.BecauseofthenegligenceofUdit,afoldingchairfellfromthefirstfloor
tothegroundfloorinjuringthereceptionistofthehotel,namedHimaniwhoisthewifeofUdit.Himaniasksforcompensation
fromAbhayandUdit.
(a)

BothAbhayandUditareresponsibletocompensateHimani.

(b)

OnlyAbhayisresponsibletocompensateHimani.

(c)

OnlyUditisresponsibletocompensateHimani.

(d)

NooneisresponsibletocompensateHimani.

40. Principle1:Ifapersonusesgoodswhichareleftinhiscareduetomistakebyanotherperson,hehastocompensatetheother
person.
Principle2:Apersonisliabletopaythepriceofgoodswhentheyaresoldtohim.
Facts:AfriendMahesh,leavesabagofricebymistakeinthehouseofhisfriendSatish.Satish'swife,thinkingthatthebagof
ricehasbeenbroughtbySatishforhomeconsumption,startsconsumingtherice.Aftertwodays,themistakewasrealised
whenMaheshcomestoSatish'shousefortakingawaythebag.Bythetime,10kgofriceisconsumedfromthebag.Mahesh
demandsthepricefromSatish.
(a) Satishisnotliabletopaytheprice.
(b) SatishisliabletocompensateMaheshfor10kgrice.
(c) Satishisliabletopaythepriceoftheentirebagofrice.

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41. Principle1:Ifthereisundueinfluenceonapartytoanagreementhemayrefusetoperformtheagreement.
Principle2:Whenonepartyinanagreementisinapositiontodominatethewilloftheotherpartyandheuseshisposition
overtheotherpartytogettheotherparty'sconsenttotheagreement,thisisundueinfluence.
Facts:Thelandlordasksthetenanttoagreetoincreasetherenttodoublethepreviousamountortovacatethehouse.The
tenanthadtoagreetogivedoublethepreviousrentandcontinuelivinginthehouse.Hethereafterrefusestopay.
(a)

Tenanthastopaythenewrent.

(b)

Tenanthastopaytheoldrentandcontinuetooccupythehouse.

(c)

Tenanthastopaytheoldrentbutvacatethehousewithinareasonabletime.

42. Principle1:Amasterisliableforthewrongscommittedbyhisservantduringthecourseofemploymentbutnotfortheacts
ofanindependentcontractor.
Principle2:Whetherapersonisaservantofanotherornotistobedeterminedbyfindingoutwhocontrolsthemethodof
workorownsthetoolsorwhobenefitsfromtheprofitoftheventureorbearstheloss.
Facts:BikashHospitalisawellknownhospitalandDr.Hemantisacardiologistinthehospital.Heisalsoattachedtoafewother
hospitalsastheservicerulesofBikashHospitaldonotprohibitit.DuetothenegligenceofDr.Hemant,thepatientofthe
hospitaldiesandhischildrendecidetofileasuitagainsttheBikashhospitalandDr.Hemant.
(a)

BothDr.HemantandBikashHospitalareliable.

(b)

Dr.HemantisliablebutnotBikashHospital.

(c)

BikashHospitalisliableandnotDr.Hemant.

43. Principle1:Negligenceistheomissiontodosomethingwhichareasonablemanwoulddo,breachofwhich,ifitcauses
damage,makesoneliabletothepersonwhosufferedloss.
Principle2:Oneowesadutyofcaretoanotherifareasonablemancanforeseethathewillbeaffectedbythebreachofduty.
Principle3:Oneisnotliableiftheinjuredpartyvolunteerstotaketherisk.
Facts:Acricketmatchisbeingheldinastadium.Vilas,beingunabletoaffordtheticketprice,isviewingthecricketmatch
sittingatopanearbytree.Whenabatsmanhitsaballovertheboundary,theballhitsPiyushandhesustainsaninjuryonhis
spinalchordduetothefallfromthetree.
(a)

TheorganisersandthestadiumownersareliabletocompensatePiyush.

(b)

Thecricketerwhohitstheballisliablealongwiththeorganisers,butthestadiumownerisnotresponsible.

(c)

Nobodyisresponsible.

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