ffiCINOIIAOIIIII$M

Choptetu

3.1

-.

Analysing The Magnetic Effect of a

Current- c arry in g C on du c t or
Undnstanding The Force On A
' 3.2 Curmt-carrying
Cond,uctm In a Magnetic Field
Analysing Electromagnetic Ind,uction)
p"ltr*J
! _ta3.
Analysing
Tiansformrs
fY3.?- ',

---

9\e.S

'Undn tond,ing The Gensration and.

Ti an srni s s i on of E Ie c tri city

Electromagnet

Magnetic field

Pattern and direction

Factors

-r--

tt-

---l....@)

I
I

Current

Type of conductor

Number of turns
Soft iron core

Magnetic force

Electric
charge

Fleming's left-hand rule

I

__J

Factors

Type of conductor
I

Number of turns

ii
Straight
wire

Magnetic field

Physics

Current

Coil

Turning
effect

Application

Moving
coil
meters

D.C.
motors

Form5
;-I

,r .

Chopter3:Eleclromognetism

lnduced e.m.f. and current

Electromagnetic

induction

--

Application

Type of conductor
I

!!

Transformers

Solenoid

Straight wire

't

r-__---l
lr

Fleming's right-hand rule

Len's

law

Faraday's

law

ll
Stepup
|

r-I_l

A.C:

D.C'

II

F"*-,fuAw,
Ceneration

Electricity

Physics

-_[

Stepdown

--

N"=N,
VN
PP

National grid

Renewable

ft:::Er"
rransmission
:l- *r"r;;;;li"

'I

1'

'Tt

o
3

at

6'
ltt

(lt

Anolysis Toble of SPM Physics 2006

@@*'

..s.ffi*!*ffi
'i3ffi:ffi
a,?t :ts

- 2008

-t
i-

_.1
3

1_-

--

-_l__
-ll

Electromagnetism

50

o
s+

(Notel This analysis is bascd on thc lutcst syllrbus)

o
o
d
3

f,
ol
*
I
tt7

Form 5
q.l.,,-dunent flows in a conductor
produce

qd'\
: Rower-=
d supply
r -t)
l

-:-:-,=---=/-_

'-.;lnsulated LL'
t-

copperwire 5-

Pattern

L----,- --- +,j

fr tprvr
-' rooqt
/

--3,;*'"n :$

\t)\-:i

.,

depends

Direction

on

i depends on
I

"s\
When current flovis in the solenoid, a magnetic field
produced.

The magnetic field then magnetises the iron core,

causing it to be an electromagnet.

is

thus

Type of
conductors
' ---'- --'- " L

of
current
- -

Direction

.\,\
Fqr
-\\

$u'

s-..
in upward

direclion (out ol page)

(a) Current in

rrpward direction

(b)

Current in downward direoion

Figure 3.10

The characteristics of the magnetic field produced by a current flowing

in a straight wire:
(a) The magnetic field lines form a pattern of concentric circles.
(b) The magnetic field strength increases when the current is increased.
(c) The magnetic field strength is stronger near the current and weaker
further away (Figure 3. 11).

E-l',ts:l

-*
f-w--;-]

r{> | magneftc
Lfteld

Physics

st'elg_tj

- 'l

Imagine a screw is being tumed so that it bores its

way along the rvire in the same direction as the
current. The direction of the rotation of the screw
gives the direction of the magnetic field.

Imagine your right hand gripping a wire carrying a

current so that the thumb points in the direction of
the current. Your fingers give the direction of the

Figure 3.12 Maxwell's screw rule

Figure 3.13 Righrhand grip rule

id$#

Figure

:-,

;:!'i';

:.::j +

jJ i:iii

magnetic field.

i:=:

3.la(a) shows the pattern of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying coii, viewed fro6

above while Figure 3.14(b) shows the magnetic field pattern when the direction of the current is reversed.
The magnetic field line at the centre of
the coil is in the form of a straight line.

The field lines around the two wires

,\

@ @
(b)
The lines in the coil
(between the two wires)

e"X

j:

are more closely spaced

The right-hand grip rule can also be used to both sides ol

the coil to determine the direction of the magnetic field.

than the lines outside.

Figure 3.14

The magnetic field strength increases when

(a) the current is increased,

(b) the number of tums of the coil

Physics

usr

^Y^fo*'
tlri{ t

ut

is increased.

-lhtrker i.{,iie
[0, t[,*

,*;1

ter 3: Electr
:- l-:i.'-r".--;+ i:l

Figure 3.15 shows the pattern of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying solenoid, viewed
from the top.

T ttre direction of field lines outside the

i solenoid is opposite to the direction

i of the field lines in the solenoid.

A straight magnetic field line

along the axis of the solenoid.

The magnetic field lines are close and evenly spaced

in the solenoid showing a strong uniform field.

The field lines are uneven and more

widely spaced outside the solenoid.

Thestrength of the magnetic field can be increased by

(a) increasing the cunent,
(b) increasing the number of turns of the coil.

Strength of magnetic field

.
:

in

the

conductor

m
,,41
'dE1

2_A

Current

i
I

.Ar
.

'fg,

i
i

of

turns

A)

t.:_.:_*_.,
- ...i--r.

-.

The larger the curren!

the stronger the
magnetic field.

4Ai

*+

".,-

'

,r&

,-- ffi

Number

Eff1cts

-::5=:t''

't{r -- '
,fr'
\'i' \',-. ,-;;;:;'
l.

-,-....r:.- --, r-.-

-*-

'
i

The more the turns

in the conductor, the
stronger the magnetic

field.

-!

lron core conge.lgatel

magnetic field lines
dhd thgtproduces
stronger magnetic field.

Physics

the

right-hand grip rule (for

Figure

3.17

Poles of a

solenoid

If
Figure 3.

Right-hand grip rule for a solenoid

Imagine gripping the current-carrying

(ii)

the direction of the current is clockwise, the

viewed end of the solenoid is the south pole (S).
If the direction of the current is anticlockwise, the
viewed end is the north pole (N).

solenoid with your right hand so thar your

fingers curl round the solenoid in the direction
of the current. Yourthumb u,ill then point
towards the north pole (N pole) of the
solenoid.

The rules are also true for a single coil. One side of the coil
acts like a north pole while the other sides a south pole.

Please don't get yourself confused over

right-hand grip rules.

the

two

Gripping the solenoid

to determinethe

(")
Figure 3.18

(>

(b)

Sofutisr"
Use the right-hand grig rule for a solenoid or find the
direction of current flow by viewing both ends of the

solenoid to determine the poles.

Physics

Form

5
F

Chgptq3: Eleclromognetisn
Eh.troragnet

1 A simple

electromagnet consists of a solenoid of many turns of

insulated copper wire wound on a core of soft ferromagnetic material
(usually soll iron).

clips
attraded
to the

An electramagnet is a temporary magnet; that is, it acts as a magnet

when the current is switched on and ceases to be a magnet when the
current is switdred off.
Soft iron is used because it has the following characteristics:
(a) Easily magnetised when the current in the solenoid is switched on
IFigure 3. t e(a)].
(b) Loses all its magnetism when the current is switched off [Figure
3.1e(b)1.
If the soft iron core is reilaced with a steel core, the steel core becomes
a permanent magnet when current flows in the solenoid.
When the current is switched ofl the steel core remains magnetised.
Therefore steel is not suitable as the core of electromagnets.
The strength of an electromagnet increases when
(a) the current is increased,
(b) the number of turns ofwire in the solenoid is increased.

soft iron
core
magnetised

(a) When switch

core

is closed

paper clips fall

into lhe beaker

(b)

When switch is open

Figure 3.19 Electrornagnet

Factors that affect the strength of a magnetic field of an electromagnet

To investigate the factors that affect the strength of the magnetic field of an electromagnet
Case

(I)

Case

Current

(II)

Number of turnsin solcnoid

Problem statement

Does the strength of the magnetic field

of an electromagnet increase when the
current increases?

What is the relationship between the

strength of the magnetic field of an
electromagnet and the number of turns
of wire in the solenoid?

Hypothesis

When the current flowing in the

solenoid is increased, the strength
the magnetic field of the
electromagnet increases.

The strength of the magnetic field

increases when the number of turns of
wire in the solenoid is incredsed.

i
I

of

Variables:

(a) Manipulatedvariable
(b) Respondingvariable
(c) Fixed variables

Physics

Current
Number of paper clips aftached
Number of turns of wire in the
solenoid, material and shape of the core

Numberof turns of wire in the solenoid

Number of paper clips attached
Value of current, material and shape
the core

of

pPterational definition
The number of paper clips attached to the end of the
core represents the strength of the magnetic field of
the electromagnet.

i$Fparatus/MateriaIs
Long iron rod (or nail), long cardboard tube lsame
diameter as the iron rod), insulated (PVC) copper
rvire, low-voltage high-current d.c. supply, ammeter
15 Q). retort stand, rvooden
(0 - 5 A), rheostat (0
paper
clips
and
beaker.
clamp,

It is found that the number of paper clips attached

to the end of the iron rod increases when

the

curTent is increased.

Conclusion

The magnetic field strength of an electromagnet

increases rvhen the current is increased.
The hypothesis is valid.

(I) Relationship between the strength

of

an

electromagnet and current

rProcedure

An iron rod (or nail) is wound with 20 turns of

insulated copper rvire to form an electromagnet.

The iron rod is clamped onto the retort stand with
a rvooden

clamp.The

strength of an electromagnet and the number

of turns of wire in the solenoid
Procedure

1 The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 3.20.

2 The iron rod (or nail) is wound with 10 turns of
insulated copper wire to form an electromagnet.

3 The switch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted

so that the current, I = 2.0 A-

4 The beaker

apparatus
is set up
as

(II) Relationship between the magnetic field

containing paper clips

is

brought

close to the end of the solenoid.

5 The beaker is

shown

rvithdrawn and the current is

switched off.

in Figure
3.20.

6 The paper clips rvhich fall onto the tablg

are

collected and counted.

experiment is repeated with increasing

numbers of turns of rvire, rz in the solenoid. The
number of paper clips attached to the end of the
solenoid, N is recorded.

7 The
Figure 3.20

3 The switch

is closed and the rheostat is adjusted

current,l= 0.5 A.
The beaker containing paper clips is brought
so that the

close to the end of the iron rod.

5 The beaker is

withdrawn and the current is

Results

Table 3.2 shows the results obtained.

srvitched off.

Table 3.2

6 The paper clips rvhich fall onto the table are

7

collected and counted.

The experiment is repeated with higher values of
curent, I in the solenoid. The number of paper
clips attached to the iron rod, N is recorded.

:Results

Table 3.1 shorvs the results obtained.

Table 3.1

Numberof paperckps,N

t0

N,

20

N,

30

N"

40

N^

50

N,

Note: Nr<Nr<N,<No<N,

Cunent,I (A)

Number of paper clips

0.5

1.0

N2

1.5

N^

2.0

N.

2.5

N,

It is found that the number of paper clips attached

to the end of the iron rod increases when the
number of tums of wire in the solenoid is increased.

-t

Note: Nr<Nr.N, <No<4

Physics

Numberof turnsrn

nclusion

The magnetic field strength of an electromagnet

increases as the number of turns of wire is increased.
The hypothesis is valid.

Chopter 3: Elec
(III) The use of a soft iron core
Procedure

The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 3.20.

The iron rod is wound with 20 tums of insulated
copper wire to form an electromagnet.
3 The switch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted
so that the current is 1 A.
4 The beaker containing paper clips is brought
close to the end of the solenoid.
The beaker is withdrawn and the current
1

switchedoff.

I Wire rvound on a cardboard tube

Wire rvound on a soft iron core
Nt <N,

It is found that the number of paper clips attached

to the end of the solenoid increases when the soft
iron is used.

6 The paper clips which fall onto the table are

collected and counted.

7 The experiment is repeated rvith the iron rod

replaced with a cardboard tube (same diameter as

3 A magnetic field is produced when a current is

passed through the solenoid. This magnetises the

soft iron core which produces a magnetic field

much stronger than that of the solenoid alone.

the iron rod).

Conclusion
Results

The use of a soft iron core greatly increases

Table 3.3 shows the results obtained.

U-shaped
iron core

,.5

HI
NS

The shape of the iron core also affects the magnetic

field strength of an eleclromagnet. This can be shown

by comporing a straight iron core with a U*haped

iron corg both of which are wound with the same

the

magnetic field strength of an electromagnet.

number of turns of wire. When the same current

in their solenoids, it is observed that the

U-shaped electromagnet attracts more paper clips.

flows

The U-shaped core has two opposite poles adjacent

to each other. As a result, the magnetic field lines are

concentrated in the space between the two poles

and hence the field strength is increased.

2 The magnetic

field strength of an electromagnet

increases when the number of tums of wire or the
cunent is increased, but this is true only up to a
certain value. The strength of an electromagnet
reaches a maximum value for a given number of
tums of wire or value of current At the maximum
Value, the iron core is said to be saturated. '

Figure (a) shows two wires carrying the same current

in opposite directions. The magnetic field produced by

the wire P is cancelled by the magnetic field produced

by the wire Q. the net field produced is zero. The
needles of all the compasses point to the north.

(")

(b)

Figure (b) shows two wires M and N carrying fre same

current in the same direction. The magnetic field
produced by the wire M overl$s the magnetic field

produced by the wire N. The strengh of the resultant

magnetic field produced is doubled and the pattem is
the same as would be produced by one wire.

Physics

Chopter 3: Electromognetisn

Form 5
'ii:;i-ii;+i+:;a::-.;:i;:\;:i;**-:it:i;ii:G::!;i-1i=;i:::i!=!itiffi

Factors

that affect the magnetic field strength of an electromagnet

/-

(a)Currenf/increases
When the current is increased, the

..ll
iij

i
I
of everyturn 'i
I,

strength of themagneticfield
of wire increases thus increasing

the

;i';Gh;iil;;;;r,;;i;";;"?.ilra

j
i

(b) Number of turns of wire increases

i<----l u-s*
i

When a current flows in a solenoid, each turn of

wire produces its own magnetic field. As the
number of turns is increased, the magnetic fields
produced by each turn overlap to produce
resultant field which is much

a
stronger
,_)

\;
k'r

A length of

copper wire

is wound round

U-shaped iron core and connected to a battery

as shown in Figure 3.21.
Name the magnetic poles produced at positions
P,Q and R when the current is switched on.

\P

SFigure g.zt

Applying the right-hand grip rule to the left hand side of the solenoid, it is found
that P is a south pole (the direction of current flow is clockwise), whereas Q is a
north pole. Applying the righrhand gnp rule to the right hand side of the

A soft iron core can

also be magnetised
by the magnetic field
of the solenoid. lhe
resuhant magnetic
field (by the coil and
the core) produced is
much stronger.

solenoid, it is found that R is a south pole and Q is a north pole. Therefore, P and
R are south poles and Q is a north pole.

,,ij.iifP

Advantagesofusingasoft
iron core in dectomagne8:
A soft iron core is able
to concentrate
magneticfield lines
through i!, and thus a
stronger magnetic
field is produced.

Fora U*haped corg the

two solenoids are

oppositelywound on t're

..''

Itre Mo ends of fre soft core in an electromagnet must be of opposite poles.

The two ends cf a soft core in an electromagnet need not be of opposite poles
It depends on how the wire is wound around the core.
For exomple

two sides of the core to

produce opposite poles
on the two"endg As a
result, the magnetictfi eld
lines are

.j.,

By applying the right-hand grip rule on the left hand side, X is a north pole
while Y is a south pole.
By applying the same rule on the right hand side, I is a south pole while Z a
north pole. Therefore, X and Z are N poles while }/ a S pole.

Physics

on&riiiated in

the space between the"

two poles gnd hence the
field strensth is incr"eaied.
..

jf l

:l

lr,ii::ii',i:.i,'!t'

t-ifting magnet

I . When current flows thioug6 the wire, the iron

i b".o*.s magnetised and attracts the load.
I . When it is switched off, the iron loses its

.
.

Electromagnetic felay\

When switch is closed, current\Ms in the primary

circuit and the electromagnet attracts the armature.

As the armature is attracted, it closes contact C.
This causes a current to flow in the secondary

circuit
lnsulating

block

Spring metal

L,striPs
, ./
,P.9ygj-:rq{v

,,.Contact C

Electric'
motor
Outpuf circuit

Electromagnel

Applications of magnetic field

Electric bell
Battery Push switch

Telephone earpiece

Soft
iron --.-

yoke \-.',.,.a

soft-

a ta
I
I

a
a

,zSorings
,rOonlacls

j ,.2 .,2-

Gongconstant force.
A voice on the other end sends a varying current
to the ear piece which in turn chan]?S"itfe strength ir
of the magnetic field.
ra
This causes the force on the diaphragm to vary.
The diaphragm vibrates and reproduces the sound.

'

irl.----,

iron
core

A permanent magnet attracts the diaphragm with

-Contactadjusting
screw

,\"on,ron
armature
\ LHammer

When the switch is pressed, current flows and the

electromagnet attracts the armature. The hamnrer
strikes the bell.
As the hammer moves towards the bell, contact is
broken and the electromagnet loses its magnetism'
The spring pulls the armature back to its original
position to make contact again.
_----=---l

Figure 3.27 shows the end view of a solenoid' Two soft

iron rods are placed in the solenoid as shown in Figure

3.n

@).When current flows in the solenoid, the trvo

rods move to the positions as shown in Figure

.27 (b)

'

solenoid

(c) What happens when the current in the solenoid is

cut ofP
(d) What will be observed when the iron rods are
replaced with steel rods and the current is cut off?
S-qlaian

(a) The two iron rods are magnetised to identical

magnets which repel each other.

(b) The effect remains the

same. The positions of the

rods remain unchanged.
The two rods will retum to their original positions.

(b)

(")
Figure 3.27

(a) Explain the observation in Figure 3.27 (b)(b) What is the effect of reversing the current flow in
the solenoid?

Physics

(c)
(d) The two steel rods stay permanently in the
positions as shown in Figure 3.27 (b) although
the current is cut off because the steel rods can
retain the magnetism which was induced in them
when the current flowed.

Form

Chopter 3: Elgctromogngtisn

---'--

f@;nw-6-rafi-S'
iv'

The figure below shov,rs an electromagnet.

ff{

The figure on the right is

a solenoid rvith its poles
indicated as sholvn.
-F---\

Whichkules\an be used to find the direction of

cu

z--'r.

Which of the followin(factors)does not affect

strength of the electromaglet?-/

A
B
C
D

the

Number of tums of the rvire

Current in the wire

A
B
C
D

r iiihie-so

en

the

oid ?

Fleming's left-hand rule

Fleming's right-hand rule
Righrhand tcrew rule
Righrhand grip rule

Material used for the wire

C^o_,,rl|qryt"s.

Insulating material used for the coating of the wire

The righrhand grip rule is used to determine the pole

C^amttepts
The strength of an electromagnet increases with the
nurnber of tums of the solenoid and the current in the
solenoid. As the resistance of a rvire depends on the
material used, it will also affect the strength of the
electromagnet. However, the material used for the
coating of the wire has no effect on the strength of
the electromagnet.

Answer D

Physics

rre

of a solenoid when the direction of the current

is

known. However, the reverse is also true. When a

right hand grips a solenoid with the thumb pointing
to the north pole, the fingers show the direction of
the current.

Answer D

Chopter 3: Electromognetisrr

Form 5
,rl. ; f 'T. -?<,.u i'4sn;Id(/;

-i: -: '

Complete the table by filling in the poles formed at

The diagram shows the top view of a compass placed

between two solenoids , X and Y. The number of turns
of wire in the solenoid X is wvice the number in the

positions X,

and Z of the U-shaped maSnet.

a-- P*;6;--

solenoid )'. Before the current is switched on, the

ixrr-l

i___-_--..-

l--- P"/" -]
i ----,1J,::-"*t
i-- rii
_ ____J

,_

Y
i----r, --shows the circuit of a
( a Yhe diagram
I

sott iron core

sinrple

\--lelectromagneL

copper

ln which direction will the comPass needle deflect to

n the current is switched on?
North
East
South
West

core

C
D

The diagram below shows three compasses P, Q and

Nplaced beside a cunent-carrying wire. Before the
cunent is switched on, the needles of the three
compasses point north.
N

compass

-+r

Stat{three

*t}t

in.,eesing

/rendffiromagffi#

tb. Tignetic field

)(rhu diagram below shows two lenghs of wire P and

/ b.placed parallel to each other 6 cm apart.

A compass is placed between the two wires.

7
N

t/

top vlew

i]
1:

i
,

Draw

,--

diagram

to

show the orientations of the

compass needles when the current is switched on.

diagram shows a U-shaped electromagnet'

t F"

(a)

.r/

{b)

State your observation of the compass needle when

curren6 of the same magnitude flow in P and Q

(a)
(b)
.Self Assess 3.

IA

The ends of both solenoids are north

poles and the north pole of the
compass is repelled. But the magnetic
field of the solenoid X is stronger than
the solenoid Y. Therefore, the north
pole is deflected eastwards.
2

in opposite directions, as shown in figure (a),

in the same direction, as shown in figure (b).

X:
Y:

South

Nelrtral
North
Use the right-hand grip rule to
determine the poles.
To increase the magnetic field strengh
of the electomagnet:
(a) Replace the copper core with a soft
iron core.
@) lncrease the number of turns.
(c) Decreasethe resistance ofthe

Z:

rheostaL

(a)

Physics

The north pole of the compass is

deflected eastwards.

(b)

The north pole of the compass is

pointing northwards.

Chopler 3: Electromognetisn

Form 5

Understdnding the Force on a Current-carrying Conductor in a

Magnetic Field

_l"ryglgti1"

Current-carrying

.,=*_il.gg9:.

Magnetic

-- ;;id -

Magnitude

rorce

depends
on

Size_1f c-u1ent

Strength of magnetic field

Direction

*-----t--

determined using

Number of turns in the

conductor

Fleming's left-hand rule

Straight

wire

Force

r Fields in ( +
[opposing j
J directions t
'
t Fields in r -------*
+
Ithe same {
J direction t +
Magnetic
field due to

cunent

External

I-l-l
-=.,\7r*\=/*

force

Resultant

magnetic = magnetic
field

field

__._

(r ls LvlJ}/Lr,
causing
onI the
vr
copper, Lqv

Force

_,,_:.

I . When current flows in the copper rod, a

I magnetic field is generated.
, . This field combines with the field of the
I permanent magnet, producing a resultant
i magnetic field.
I . th" resultant magnetic field exerts a force
1

Direction of

When a current flows in the coil,

Explanation

it to move.

magnetic field is generated.

This field combines with the field of the
permanent magnet, producing a resultant
magnetic field.
Jhe3esultant magnetic field results in a

f,=E*njch

rot_ate1

the coil.

Fleming's Left-harrd l{uEe

When the Thumb, Fore and Centre fingers of the left I
hand are directed at right angles to eaih other,
i
r the Fore finger points in the direction of the
i
Fore finger:
Magnetic Field

magnetic

o the

Physics

field,

Centre finger points in the direction of

flow

the Thumb points in the direction of the

crhrust).

*::.:;=-*",*,"i

current

force

,[

ii,

'l

the i nteraction betwen a cU rrent-ca rryi ng

conductor in a permanent magnetic field

To i nvestigate

Ap paratus/lVla terials

Low-voltage d.c. porver supply, rheostat, switch,

crocodile clips, trvo Magnadur magnets, U-shaped
iron yoke, and thick, stiffcopper rvire.

low-

voltage
d.c.

power
supply

Procedure

The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 3.29.

2 The Magnadur

magnets are arranged with

opposite poles facing each other. The stripped

thick copper wire, PQ is placed between the trvo
magnets.
switched on. The
The power supply
movement of the copper wire, PQ is observed.
The poles of the Magnadur magnets are reversed
and the effect on the copper wire is observed.
The above steps are repeated with the terminals
of the power supply reversed so that the current
flows in the opposite direction. The effiect on the
coppr wire, PQ is observed.

is

Figure

The above steps are repeated with both the

position of the two Magnadur magnets and the
direction of the current reversed (compared to

si

3.29 Investigating the interaction

betrveen a
current-carrying conductor and a magnetic

field

Observations

the original situation). The effect on the copper

wire, PQ is observed.

Table 3.4 shorvs the effects observed.

Table 3.4

When the switch is

closed, the copper wire,
PQ swings outwards.

When the poles of the

Magnadur magnets are
r?ilffi]?he copper wire
swings in the opposite
direction
i.e. inwards -

When onlv the terminals

of the powqr supply are

When the terminals of

the power supply and the

ryg,thecopperwire,

poles of the Magnadur

magnets are reversed, the

PQ swings inwards.

copper wire, PQ swings

outwards as in situation
(a).

wire, PQ moves in the opposite direction. When the

directions of both the magnetic field and the current
are reversed, the wire, PQ moves in the original
direction.

Conclusion

force is produced when a current-carrying

conductor is in a magnetic field. When the magnetic
field or the direction of the current is reversed, the

+(i --:

Physics

q;

$o* l.\5
q$*SS
-.='
\Q'

\Sf

i\

\}\J

*\

-'(

1r \
5 .* s"t

netisn

Form 5
Effect)

wr"" u ..r-fti-."rrying

conducror is placed in the magneric field of

permanentmagnet"rr"ho*ninFigure3'30'theinteractionbetween
in" *o ,rrugrr"ii. fields produce a force on the conductor'

The two magnetic fields involved are:

of the permannt magnet' and

current-carrying conductor'
iuj *"!"",ic field produced by the
in",*o"*"gnetic deld.s interact to produce a resultant field knorvn as

(a) magnetic field

catapult field

as

shown inTable 3'5'

Figure 3.30
Table 3.5

MagneticfteWof
c urre nt- c arrying c o nductor

.E
(-'

Resulnntftcldof wo

(")\Y

interactingfields
upward force

\Jr!

.**

current direclion

Uniform magnetic field lines

from the north Pole to the
south pole.

Magnetic field lines in the form of

concentric circles, in an
anticlockwise direction based on
rule.
the right-hand
-eriP

A catapult field is produced.

The distortion of the magnetic field
lines causes the wire to move from the
stronger magnetic field to the weaker

field.

-{,-,
-l
i i.,

.:

Magnitude of current

Current-carrYing
conductor

Strength of magnetic

fleld

Cross-sectional area of

coil

Number of turns of coil

*)
Current out

l;

Current in
.tI

Opposite direction

+Weaker

Same direction

*Stronger

Ip

('if,i'
;---

N''''- i----;"'

'

Same direction Opposite direction

+Stronger

+Weaker

lnteraction of two fields

Physics

i
I

9lopter a' rbctroqognry

Form 5

r.,,i ,-':..' -..r :'-ri:''5 'r;iidUii.i

!.: ... '

Factor

Current in conductor

Number of turns in the conductor

Strength of magnetic field

Magnetic
force

The larger the current, the

larger the magnetic force.

The more the turns in the conductor,

the larger the rnagnetic force.

The stronger a magnetic field,

'

i'

Figure 3.32 shows a current-carrying conductor

placed in a magnetic field in different orientations.

the larger the magnetic force.

Figure 3.33 shows the movement of a

carrying conductor to the left when placed

current_
betrveen

two bar magnets.

rl
Figure 3.32

Determine
(a) the direction of the force in Figure 3.32(a),
(b) the direction of the current in Figure 3.32 (b).

Using Fleming's left-hand mle, we find that

(a) the force acts upwards in Figure 3 .32 (a).
(b) the current flows from P to Q in Figure 3 .32 (b).

Using Fleming's left-hand rule,

(b) d<90"

Physics

it is found that

the direction of the magnetic field is upwards.

Therefore,Xis the north pole and lthe south pole.

Angle 0 between the directions of the current (/) and magnetic field (B)
The magnetic field need not necessarily be perpendicular to the direction of the current.
The following table shows three situations rvith different angles of d.

rnaxtmurn:'i

tNl

Name the poles of the magnet.

Solutiort

Solutiert

When the direction

of the current is
perpendicular to the
magnetic field, the
force F, is

Figure 3.33

The magnitude of the force, F, decreases when fre angle, d

between the cunent and the magnetic field is reduced, but the
force remains in its original direction. Note thatthe direction of
the force is still perpendicular to the cunent and the magnetic
fieid. tn otherwords, the force is always perpendicularto the
planes of the cunent and the magnefic field.

nt:kH
When the angle, 0 is
zero, B and / are in

the same direction,

the force, Fis O
- that is, no force is
produceC.

Chopter 3: Elechomognetisn

Form 5

/:

CUrren!

8:

Conclusictn

nragnetic field

(a) To reverse the direction of the

force or motion. either the
direction of the current or the
direction of the magnetic field

when the direction

of the magnetic field
is reversed

needs to be reversed.

F:

(b)
I

the force (motion), F

acts

downwards

i
I

its original direction.

when the directions of both

the cunent and magnetic
field are reversed

when the
direction of
current is

lf both the directions of the

current and the magnetic field
are reversed, the direction of
the force or motion remains in

reversed

the force (motion), F

the force (motion), F

acts downwards

acts

upward:

_l

\
q,

-\)

N'

r" -Vt
.+

Force between Two Current-carrying

\to*

,u

{.j

\1r

\i

,u*{'''

/*'
C*

1
A

."P\

Two current-carrying conductors with CgIIg!$

flowing in the samg-dire-ction attract each other.
Two current-carrJiing conductors with currents
flowing in opposite directions repel each other.

View from above

Current-carrying conductors move from a region

with a strong magnetic field to a region with a
weaker field.

@l@
(b)

Physics

Form

S
?'

Chopter 3: Eleciromogneiisn
Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Force on a Current-carrying Conductor
in a Magnetic Field

Factors that affect the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a

magnetic field
Aim
To investigate the factors that affect the magnitude of the force between a current-carrying conductor
and a magnetic field

Problem statement
What is the relationship betrveen each of the following factors and the magnitude of the force
on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field?
(c) Length ofthe current-canying conductor
(a) Strength of the magnetic field
(d) Angle between the current, / and the magnetic field, B
(b) Magnitude of the current
Case

(I)

Case

Strength of the

magneticJield
Hypothesis

When the strength

of the magnetic

field is increased,
the force acting on
the conductor
increases.

(II)

Magnitude

Case

of

the current
When the
magnitude of the
current is
increased, the

(III)

Case(N)

Length of the

Angle between

cunent-carrying
conductor

I andB

When the length

ofthe conductor
in the magnetic
field is increased,

The magnitude of
the force acting on
the conductor is
maximum when the

the force acting on

the conductor
lncreases.

current,l is

the conductor
increases.

Current

Length ofcurrent-

Angle betrveen

carryin-g conductor

andB

force acting on

perpendicular to the
magnetic field. B.
I

(a) Manipulated
variable

(b) Responding
variable

(c) Fixed
variables

Number of
magnets

ofthe

Speed ofthe

Speed ofthe

Speed ofthe

Speed

conductor

conductor

conductor

conductor

Strength of
magnetic field,
length ofcurrent-

Strength of
magnetic field,
current and angle

Strength of magnetic
field, current and
length of current-

Current, length

of

cunent-carrying
conductor and
angle betrveen

andB

I
I

i
I

_l

Operational definition
The speed of the short copper wire on the rail represents
the magnitude of the force acting on it.
The faster the speed, the stronger the force on it.

Apparatus/l\4aterials'
Four Magnadur magnets, U-shaped iron yoke, three
lengths of s.w.g. l8 stripped copper wire (or thin brass
rod), low-voltage d.c. supply, rheostat, block of wood
of dimensions 6 cm x 6 cm x 5 cm and adhesive tape.

Physics

.
(I) Relationship between the strength

of

(III) Relationship

between the length of the

current-camying conductor and the
magnitude of the force acting on it

magnetic field and the force acting on the wire

Procedure

Two pieces of stiffcopper wire rvith the polyvinyl

Procedure

coating removed are placed 2 cm apart on a

rvooden block and secured in position rvith

1 Steps I - 5 of experiment (I) are repeated.

2 The experiment is repeated with the distance

adhesive tape.
cm piece of stripped copper wire is crimped
both
ends and placed on the two long pieces of
at
wire.
copper
The 3 cm wire is free to move on the
track formed by the two long copper wires.
The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 3.36.
Two Magnadur magnets are placed on the

between the two long wires increased to 4 cm and

the 3 cm rvire is replaced with a 5 cm wire (which

2 A3

3
4

U-shaped iron yoke with opposite poles facing

each other.

The current is switched on and the motion of the

3 cm wire is observed.
Two additional Magnadur magnets are placed on
the iron yoke to increase the strength of the
magnetic field. Step 5 is repeated.

is still shorter than the length of the Magnatlur

magnets).

Observation
The 5 cm wire moves at a faster speed.

Conclusion

The force acting on a current-carrying conductor

increases as its length increases, provided the whole
length of the conductoris within the magnetic field.
The hypothesis is valid.

(IV) Relationship between the magnitude of the

force acting on a conductor and the angle,0
between the current, I and the magnetic

Observation

field,B

When the number of Magnadur magnets is increased

(the strength of the magnetic field increases), the

3 cm rvire is throrvn out of the magnetic field at a
faster speed.

Procedure

1 Steps 1 - 5 of experiment (I) are repeated.

2 The orientation of the magnets is changed so that

Conclusion

The magnitude of the force acting on a currentcarrying conductor in a magnetic field increases as the
strength of the magnetic field increases.
The hypothesis is valid.

(II)

Clropter 3: ElecjJomognetisn

Relationship-between the current in the wire

and the force acting on the wire

the magnetic field makes an angle of 45' with the

short copper wire. The current is switched on and
the effect on the short wire is observed.
Step 2 is repeated
with the magnets
rearranged so that
the magnetic field
is parallel with the
short rvire as shown
in Figure 3.37.

Procedure

1 Steps 1 - 5 of experiment (I) are repeated.

2 The value of the current is increased by adjusting
the rheostat. The motion of the 3 cm wire is
observed.

Observation
The 3 cm wire is thrown out of the magnetic field at a
faster speed when the current is increased.

Conclusion

The magnitude of the force acting on a currentcarrying conductor in a magnetic field increases as
the magnitude of the current increases.
The hypothesis is valid.

Observation
The short wire is thrown out at a greater speed when
the angle, 0 between the current and the magnetic
field is 90" compared to its speed when 0 is 45". The

wire does not move when the current and

the

magnetic field are parallel.

Conclusion
The force acting on a current-canying conductor in a
magnetic field depends on the angle,0 between the
current, l and the magnetic field, B. The force is at a
maximum when angle 0 is 90" and decreases to zero
when the current and the magnetic field are parallel.
The hypothesis is valid.

2'

Physics

Chopter 3: Electromognetism

Form 5

-!5grn;tk1ffi$,i',.r

-'

-t'

(a) thefiesistancg)in the rheosrat ,.

(b) theboppe.yfod is tumed 180" alout"+(e vertical

Figure 3.38 shows a copper rod hung from a spring

balance. The ends of the rod are connected to a battery.

ftr})1

axis through its midpoint?

Sekrllet!

nt\S
W

(a) Using Fleming's left-hand rule, it can be seen that

the direction of the force acting on the rod is
upwards. When the resistance in the rheostat is
reduced, the current in the copper rod increases.
The upward force acting on the rod increases.
The readins on the sorins decreases.

(b) When

rheostat

ing of the spring

''

the rod is rotated 180' about the

perpendicular axis at its midpoint, the direction of

the current is reversed. The direction of the force
acting on it now is downwards. The reacllng on the
spring baiance increases.

Turning Effect of a Current-carrying Coil in a ltriagnetic Field

current in the coil produces a magnetic field around it.

S r@--r

The two forces which are in opposite directions constitute a

couple which produces a turning effect and the coil ro0ates in
clockwise direction.

The direction of the forces acting on the sides,4B and C D can also
be determined with

(.)
Figure 3.39 A cunent-carrying coil in the
magnetic field of a permanent
magnet

Fleming's left-hand rule.

When the direction of the current is reversed, the direction

rotation also reverses.

of

Two types of electrical equipment whose operation is based on

the rotafional effects on a coil in a magnetic field are moving coil
meters and direct current (d.c.) motors.
z',.

Physics

Form

/ )

ftr
\
,

|.
Oirect Current Motor

A direct current motor is used to convert

energy into kinetic energy.

Arectangularcoil of
wire placed between two
permanent magnets.

Both ends of the

Two carbon brushes, P

coil are soldered

and Qare held against the

to commutators

commutators,Xand Y

cadron
brush

Xand f madeof
two semicircular
'copperrings.

with a slight pressure with

the aid of springs.

Key: M= motion

rl
battery

The use of a commutator is to enable a smooth change of direction of the current flow in the
coil so that the coil continuously rcltates in one direction every half rotation. In other words, the

commutator is an autoffitic sfuiie6,-ffiCn^?alter5af fie-

iililIii-Ii"fi"

coil twice in one

complete revolution.

0iresl Currenl Motor

rY

.:t - tlS

'/-T A
l-, f-- ,'
,t1 "-""''**'\i.1..lr['""
. {-l
.i"]
\--'i;;-sP:P:l
,. , Force
./
/'l'/,.
L
ti'
ir-t'z
S
Commutatoli
-- --';

$ f,

Battery

n'n-6oltat

,,"

-''2:'-

/
'/
'/
,--'
"
^*
i
O'?g*Drinciple
.
i*il#*;n?,f"*" .ls"* on the coir and the coir rotates.
,

.
.

^&

"g
commutator reverses the
At every half rotationl-iFsFlii-ring
direction of current flow in the coil.
This ensures that the forces on the coil act in one direction to

i_ '1u*::T::'l

i:i19'"r"

i
i

i
I

--_=---i
2'.

Physics

Earm

Chopter 3: EleClromognetisrr

To study the factors

that affect the speed of rotation of

an electric motor
Appar4tus,AVlaterials
Battery with 2 dry cells, simple d.c. electrical motor
kits.

Procedrire'
magnel

(III) Increasing
1

the current in the coil

The resistance in the rheostat is reduced.
The switch is closed. A larger current flows in

The speed of rotation is observed and compared

the coil.

toActivity (I).

(IV) Increasing the number of turns in the coil

1 The armature in Activity (I) is replaced with

fine rubber

another armature with the same dimension but

with 20 turns in the coil.
The ctrrent is turned on and the rheostat is
adjusted to allow acurrent of I Ato flow.
The speed of rotation is observed and compared

toActivity (I).
Figure 3.41

(I) Original set

1 A simple d.c. motor kit is used for this activity.
2 The motor is arranged with a battery (consists of

(V)

trvo dry cells) connected to the brushes of the

motor.

3 A coil with ten turns is used.

4 The current is turned on. The rheostat
adjusted to allow a cunent of

5 The

speed

of

rotation

toActivity (I).
Opsgrvatio4s
is

observed.

(II)

Increasing the magnetic strength

The strength of magnetic field is increased by
adding another pairof Magnadur magnets to the
iron yoke.
The current is turned on. The speed of rotation
of the armature is observed and compared to

Activity (I).

The speed of rotation is observed and compared

is

A to flow.

of the armature

Increasing the area of the coil

The activity is repeated with another armature
of larger area but with other factors including
current the same as in Activity (I).

It is observed that all the factors considered in

Activities ([) to (V) increase the speed of rotation
of the motor.

Conclusion'-.
The speed of a motor can be increased by
(a) increasing the strength of the magnetic field,
(b) increasing the current,
(c) increasing the number of turns in a coil,
(d) increasing the area of the coil.

),

Physics

\*\\\
.ss
i"S

Form

p.,

I
2

Chopter 3: Electromognetism

nadialrietd
A radial field is a magnetic field rvith the field
lines pointing towards or away from the centre
of a circle like spokes of a wheel.

radial field is advantageous because a

cylinder of soft iron can produce converging
magnetic field lines.

3
4

Many electrical appliances such as loudspeakers

and moving coil meters oprate on

the
principle of radial fields.
A radial field can be produced in two ways as
shown in Figures 3.a2 (a) and (b).
\l-l
LZ1
I

FffiEBt.
]-,ffi'r

concave
magnet

top view

(b)

cylindrical magnet with one pdle at the centre and

surounded by the opposite pole circumferentially

(u) A

A soft

iron cylinder at the centre sunounded by

concave magnets

Figure3.42

a_
nppli.utions of th {for.Aon a Gurrent-carrying Conductbr in a Magnetic Field

\,

is i
woundwithacoil.
il
)l
{ Apermanent magnet, with its north pole at the centre surrounded -)
j circumferentialliby the south pole, is incorporated in the cylinder.
A loudspeaker consists of

(a)

permanent

paper cone attached to a cylinder which

paper cone

(b)

radial magnetic
field

The radial magnetic field produced is perpendicular to the current

through the coil.

s
i

An alternating current from an amplifier flows in the coil and

produces a magnetic field around it. The interaction of the magnetic
RetO of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field of the coil

I
I
i produces a force on the papercone.

(c)

Key:

magnetic

t'/

lield

-64cataPult
force, F

'

Current
into the
paper
O Current
out from
the paper

6*catapult
I \orce, P
catapult

force, F
catapult
torce, F

4/

-.f\
Figure 3.34

In the first half of the cycle, assume that the current flows into the
paper at the upper end ofthe coil and flows out ofthe paper at the
lower end of the coil. By applying Fleming's left-hand rule, the force
acts on the coil to move the paper cone to the right (outwards).

In the second half of the cycle, the direction of current flow in the coil
is reversed. The direction of the force produced is also reversed and
the paper cone moves to the left (inwards).

The paper cone vibrates at the frequency of the altemating current

(which has the same frequency as the original sound). T[e air in front
of the cone undergoes a series of compressions and rarefactions to
reproduce the original sound.

2:

Physics

The poirtter is fixedto the axis of rotation to show

the magnitude of tbe current on a linear scale.

concave-

:
The soft iron cylindcr and the
:l
shaped magne6 produce a radial field in the
'
space between the magnet and the cylinder. i1
The total flux passing through the rectangular
coil is the same for all positions of the coil.

Two spiral hairsprings Xand lare used to control

the angle of rotation of the coil.
Figure 3.44 Pivoted moving coil meter

increases until the deflecting couple is

balanced by the opposing coupie from the
hairsprings. The pointer shows a iargervalue of

t)perating principle
1 The current flows in via the hairspring X to the
copper wire of the coil and out of the coil via
the hairspring Y.
2 The hairsprings X and Y are wound in opposite
directions. The force between the currentcarrying coil and the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet produces a deflecting
couple which tums the'coil together with the
pointer in a cloclcrvise direction.
3 The deflection of the coil stops when the
deflecting couple on the coil is balanced by the
opposing couple from the hairsprings.
4 The radial magnetic field and the spiral

5
Physics

hairsprings which obey Hooke's law causes

the angle of rotation of the coil to be directly
proportional to the'cunent flowing-i.e. I q 0.
Therefore the moving coil meter has a linear
(uniforrn) scale (i.e. wift equally spaced
graduation).
When the cunent is increased, the deflecting
couple increases. The angle of rotation

ctrlTent.

When the current is cut off, the opposing

couple from the hairsprings restores the coil to
its original position and the pointer returns to
the zero mark.

A moving coil meter can be used to measure

current in milliamperes and microamperes if
the sensitivity of the meter is increased.
The sensitivity of a moving coil meter can be
increased by

(a) increasing the strength

of the

radial

magnetic field,
(b) increasing the area of the coil,
(c) increasing the number of tums of the coil,
(d) using hairsprings of lower stiffness,
(e) using a coil and pointer of smaller mass.
The above 5 factors enable a larger rotation of
the coil with a smaller current.

26

Form 5

netisn

The diagram shorvs

an:uTangement Of
apparatus to

investigate the
pattern of magnetic
fields due to a

current in a rvire.
Which of the following magnetic fieldpattems is correct
when both the switches in the diagram are closed?

^@D"@
o@

The diagram shows two identical metal plates placed

close together. Each plate is connected to a battery

as shown.

CgvmentsSince both the two wires carr5r current in the upward

direction, the magnetic field pattern for each wire is
in the anticlockrvise direction. In the region between
the two wires, the magnetic field lines are in
opposite directions. Thus, a neutral point is created

What is the force between the two metal plates?

Make an inference about the force acting between
the coils of wire in a solenoid.

right at the midpoint of the two wires. A is ngt

correct because the directions for the field lines

Two aluminium rods are arranged close together as

shown in the diagram.

around the wires are wrong.

Answer B

In the circuit
shown, the
hanging wireX
swings away
from the magnet
when the switch
is closed.

Draw a diagram to show what will be observed

when both switches are closed.

Referring to the arrangement of apparatus in the

following diagram, it is found that the wire hung
from the hook moves around the north pole of a
magnet in the container containing mercury.

The direction of the motion cannot be determined by

Fleming's left-handrule
's right-hand rule

Maxwell's corkscrew rule

t

Conmtents

Fleming's right hand rule is for determining the

direction of induced cunent, not the direction of
force on a current-carrying conductor.

Answer B

Physics

SeffAssess 3.2
Wres I and lll move infiesame direction.
Using Fleming's left-hand rule, we find
that the wire in ll moves to the left
when the current flovvs. The wire in
lV does not move.
Force of attraction because the
direction of the curent is the same.

lnference: The coil windings attract

each other.
Vvhen the switch is dosed, the current in
the two rods are in opposite directions.
A force of repulsion is produced.

lv''**

j-*

,l

2?

\F

q --*

aluminium rod

Curentflows in the wire in the

magnetic field. A force perpendicular to
the wire is produced and the wire
dtound the bar magnet is repelled.

Form

'.f.l.1

.'

Analysing Electromagnetic lnduction

().J

::1'.

:fllux

Electromotive force (e.m.f.) is

induced across conductor

tme
th tir

0rc

luictLor curs
l-s
o ma
t
L
a{nnoh

rqnr{L
cttr
*tq
{

Flern

i.ulc
rt- harrci
ri{i
ci F.u

Complete circuit

lnduced current flows

r11

r"nag

nehc

$t,rl livtkfnq a

coil

or a

c4'fl)if
When the Thumb, Fore and Centre fingers of the left hand are
directed at right angles to each other,
. the Fore finger points in the direction of the magnetic field,
. the Centre finger points in the direction of induced current flow

:::-li 1'

0":::'

*'l:i:::.:'

Type of

:'"l"lT:_

Fore finger:

Field

lnduced

Explanation

Straight

wire

-:

.-> I ;-.-.
s'jiK> z
..._.._*Jr -

'S

'i-.f)N,

z:.
'
,.....-

. l:t

,.:.:.'

t-

Wire

t/.2' ;:3
':-l*

Centre finger:
lnduced Current

lnduced
current

current

<=-*- -- -i \.).. '1 rtl'

Diagram

conductor

ThuMb: Motion

a -.

of /

Direction
motion of,wk6

When the wire falls vertically

through the magnetic field,
an e.m.f. is induced across
the wire and current flows.
The induced current causes a
deflection in the voltmeter.

When one pole of a magnet is

moved towards one end of the
Solenoid

solenoid, there is a deflection

in the voltmeter. When the
same pole is moved away from
the end of the magnet, the
voltmeter shows a deflection in
the opposite direction.

2t

Physics

Selstive Mstiaa
There is a relative motion between two objects if the two objects are
getting closer or further apart.
When two objects are moving at the same speed in the same direction,
there is no relative motion because the distance between the two
objects does not change.

To obsprve

electromagnetic induction in

(a) a straight wire and (b) a solenoid

Apparatus/lVlaterials
Magnadur magnets, U-shaped iron yoke, PVC
insulated copper wire, a bar magnet, cardboard tube
and a centre-zero galvanometer.

(I) Astraightwire
Procedure,i

I A pair of Magnadur magnets rvith opposite

Figure 3.45 Investigation of the effect of relative motion

benveen a straight conductor and a magnet

poles facing each other is placed in the iron

Yoke.

2 A PVC insulated

3 The actions taken in the

copper wire is connected to a

in Figure

investigation,

centre-zero galvanometer as shown

observations and inferences are recorded in

3As.

Table 3.7.

:,Observations
Table 3.7

Action
(a) The wire is moved downwards.
(b) The wire is moved upwards.

(c) The wire is moved horizontally

Physics

Obsemation:
Galvanometer defkction (Left I Righ\

Qettlot"xample)

Current flows in the'uvire.

Left

Current flow is reversed.

No deflection

No current is generated.

sideways.

(d) Magnet is moved upwards.

Right

Cunent flows in the wire in

the direction as in (a).

(e) Magnet and wire are moved at the

same speed in the same direction.

No deflection
+

No current is generated.

(0

No deflection

No current is generated.

The wire is held stationary

between the Magnadur magnets.

2l

Chopter 3: Electromognetism

Form 5
Conchision

Discussion

1 From the observations

of the

activities

discussed, it is found that the movement of the

magnet or the copper wire produces an induced
current in the wire. The existence of the induced
current is detected by the galvanometer.

2 This current is induced

Current is induced when a conductor cuts the

magnetic flux.

2- The direction of the current

induced depends on

the direction of motion of either the conductor

or the magnetic lines.

when the copper wire

(II) Asolenoid
Procedure

cuts through the magnetic flux.

rosarvanometer

Figure 3.47 Effect of moving a solenoid

relative to a magnet

,,*r.;:;

A PVC insulated copper wire of length 2 m

Figure 3.46 shows the magnetic flux formed

between two poles of a magnet. The magnetic

flux is cut through by moving the lvire

downwards or the fnagnet upwards.

is

wound round a cardboard tube of diameter 5 cm

to form a solenoid with 50 tums.
The ends of the copper wire are connected to a

centre-zero galvanometer as shown

in

Figure

3.47.

When the wire is moved horizontally across the

gap from N pole to S pole, it slides on the
magnetic lines. There is no cutting of magnetic

The actions taken in the

flux.

Table 3.8.

investigation,

observations and inferences are recorded in

Observations
Table 3.8

(c)Thesouthpoleofthemagnetismoved i
into the

solenoid.

jI
i (d)' The solenoid is moved torvards
L^.-^^-^r,.,L:^L
:^
L^rr
^+^r:^..^-.
ji ."^
the bar magnet which is held stationary.
i
(e)
The
magnet is held-----------J
stationary
I
; tnrnesolenotq.
I
i (0 The bar magnet and solenoid arc

Left

iCurrentflowinthesolenoid

-,-,.
Klgnt

Nodeflection

i ;;;;:.;

ji

Cunent flows in the

:- (a).
/^\
^^ in
^^r^-^r, as
solenoid

iNocurrentisgenerated.

3(

Physics

Discussion

In the above activities, an induced current is produced when there is a relative motion between the bar magnet
and the solenoid.
When there is linkage of magnetic flux in the solenoid, the magnetic field lines pass through the tums of wire
in the solenoid.
Figure 3.48 shows the change in magnetic flux linkage rvhen a bar magnet approaches a solenoid.

ffil

,'*---,f ii

S:<

__*\_"-YY
/
'r

(a) No flux linkage in solenoid

(b) Fluxlinkagein
solenoid exists

(c)

Increased flux

linkage in solenoid

Figure 3.48 Bar magnet approachinga solenoid

4 The induced current produced in this case is due to the change in magnetic flux linkage

in the solenoid.

(a) When the bar magnet is pushed into the solenoid, the magnetic flux linkage in the solenoid increases and
current is induced.
(b) When the bar magnet is moved out of the solenoid, the magnetic flux linkage in the solenoid is decreased
and a current is induced in the opposite direction.
(c) When there is no relative motion, there is no change in magnetic flux linkage in the solenoid and no
a

induced current is Produced.

Conclusion

Induced current is protluced when

(a) there is a relative motion between a straight wire and a magnet.
(b) there is a relative motion between a solenoid and a magnetThe direction of the induced current depends on the pole of the magnet used and the direction of motion of
either the magnet or the coil.

Lettzts

Lar.*.t

Lenz's Law states that the induced current

flows in the direction that opposes the
change of magnetic flux thaTFT6iluces it'
Use Lenz's faw to determine the polarity of the
induced e.m.f.
Use Fleming's right hand grip rule to determine
the direction of current flow

Unlike Poles

,e.@,s*i_---i

Physics

Chopter 3: Electromognetism

Form 5

@@ Law

oiln'ucea c:"trretrt
Ways of increasing induced current

FaradaY's

states that the magnitude ."f tftg t

Faraday's
e.m-f. is directly proportional to the e[q*:

law

;g;s#:-':1i"-::t,j
ffift

Decrease resistance of

lncrease induced e.m.f.

Factil,i'= '1'l t'

[-tJ".

,_l! 9

I
I

2B

strength of
magnet

:Q'
tt:

'-'-..

turns in the

coil

!!-. _
?;

,...,

iG

tt
<-

il
.:

!l

si

Speed of

-l{

,:__i.

relative

-s-

in a coil, the larger

the induced e.m-f.

<G

ln

9-

<-

motion

The stronger the

magnet, the larger
the induced e.m.f.

-s_.

The more the turns

l!

: -- ::

Figure 3.55 shows a conductor PQ which moves to

the left on a plane of metal rvire connected to a

Effects

StrelSt! of mlSnetic field

?---

circuit

The faster the

relative motion , the
larger the induced
e.mJ.

:r::-i

sr

2v

a current is induced when the U-shape

iron core is moved upwards.

In Figure 3.56,

galvanometer.

galvanometer

Figure 3.56

In which direction will the current flow

Figure

Determine

z-\

3.55^

tn{Oirectiiltf t(

conductorPQ

-'\

currer\induced in the

\J

SokrtioL
Applying Fleming's right hand rule, it is found that
the current flows in the conductor from P to Q.

the

conductor?
SeIt!ti,a-ry"

The iron core is magnetised when current flows in

the solenoid. The end P is the south pole and the end

Q is the north pole. The upward movement of the

iron core is equivalent to the downward movement of
the wire XI. Applying Fleming's right hand rule, it is
found that the induced current flows from X to IZ

3:

Physics

)
i

Rpplications of

iire < f

f *rr* *.: { r# +,-* i*,.

s * cr"4 f f *iJ;

: $,'J'

g {*;'re n f

Se n efft f c

The direct current generator (d.c. dynamo) and the alternating current generator (a.c. dynamo)
make use of electromagnetic induction to produce a current.
Thble 3. 1 2 compares the direct current generator and the altemating current generator.
Table 3.12

Alternaling curre nt generalo r

rotation

\
)\.

\o

carbon brush

r\',r'

Key: M = motion

carbon
brush

commutalor

Key: M = molion

The generator consists of a rectangular coil rotating

The construction features are similar to an electric
motor. The difference is that the coil of the
generator is not connected to a battery but to a load
(e.g. resistor or bulb).
The coil is rotated to produce a current.

in amagnetic field.
The two ends of the coil are connected to two slip
rings which rotate with the coil.
Two spring-loaded carbon brushes are in contact
with the slip rings.

-.. :_ -_a
i

-.

:Rotation

'I
,',a ).;1.. :

i ._:__i
ir,i,rl -\,9
,

Rotation
:

Diagram

:N \

q,\ ,,-_Split_ring

"brush ',,\ '

Carbon--=;

..

Carbon
brushes

commutator

\:,

/-\,

'r-'r 1 \

)stip

rinss

r
.
.
.

99nlgg9d

Jo__sp_l

it-ri ns comT

Connected to two slip rings

Construction

An external force rotates the coil in the

magnetic field.

An external force rotates the coil in the magnetic

field.
An e.m.f. is induced across the coil and current
flows.
At every half turn, the two halves of the split-ring
commutator exchanges contact with the carbon

Movement of

coil

brushes.

This maintains the flow of current in one direction

in the load resistor.
_4 _{9q_9ylre.!!_!t se!9gt

Direct current

Physics

glltor

t!.lqqi

An e.m.f. is induced across the coil and current

flows.
The two slip ring commutators are always in
contact with the same brushes.
This reverses the direction of current flow in the
load resistor, R at every half turn.
An alternating current is generated in the load

, resistor.

Igsislg.
Output current

-------

{r-ETqllqsYrll- -

i
i
i
;
i

J.

netism

Form 5
Oper*rrir=g .is;.+ *,.g: + :..;i

ii;.:r;*s;35'i

It
.

Side cb moves upwards and side cd moves

downwards, cutting across the magnetic field lines
and produces an induced current.

Applying Fleming's right-hand rule, the induced

ctrrent flows from ato b andfrom cto dln the external circuit, current flows from brush P to
brush Q (the galvanometer pointer deflects to the

The sides ab and cd moves in parallel with the

magnetic field lines.
No induced current is produced because there in no
cutting of field lines.
The galvanometer retums to the zero mark.
After this position, the current increases.

left).
The current at
this instant is

maximum.
After this

position,
culTent

9\

the *

decreases.
carbon
brush

commutator

Kelc M= motion

(a)

Cutting fhe field lines at 90", / =

maximum i

*xw**+.*rFr

(b) No cutting

of lield lines, / =

.$

#*l.w**-*F*--=*.

direct curent

--***rwr'*-#S

{4
. Again,
r

no current is induced

as there

is no cutting

of magnetic field lines.

After this position, the current increases and the

process is repeated.

No cutting of field lines, / = 0

.
r

Side ab moves downwards and side cd moves

upwards, Cutting across the magnetic field lines
again.

The current now flows from b to a and ftom d to c.

However, in the extemal circuit, the current still
flows from brush Pto brush Q.
ii
The direction of the current is maintained and the ;

galvanometer shows
direction.
After this position,

a deflection in the

same

I
it

;1

!l
:l

Cutting the field lines at 90", /= maximum

Jz

Physics

ch

Form 5

ter 3: Eleclrom

netism

yaeau)
'-

:;.

.ji:,;

-:i:l::

,: ..';1:,;:1,::

ff
, ;'

,;,j;.;,-.1: ii:;!."..j,,:.

1 ."ij, l:i=i-.., .;.'11 .,, .:,.-.: r..i.:, .-r _. _

r Side ab moves upwards and side cd moves
.

.
r
.
.

downwards, cutting across the magnetic field lines

and produces an induced current.
Applying Fleming's rigirt-hand rule. the induced
current flows from a to b and from c to d.
In the extemal circuit, current flows from brush P to
brush Q (the galvanometer pointer deflects to the

a
a

-,,

- - i,:r
5F :t'ei$-+1.Pe1g***
:: y+it,',:f .,*""i:-i5i:r,,.;:'Ea-S lis

. ;'j.. t,.

The sides ab and cd moves in parallel with rhe

magnetic field lines.
No induced curent is produced because there in no
cutting of field lines.
The galvanometer returns to the zero mark.
After this position, the current increases.

left).
The orrnt at this instant is maximum.
After this position,
the current

decreases.

(a) Cutting the field lines

at g0o, / =

maximum

i.?,w***o;;*-

'"of*o

"u,,"n,,r.y

(b) No cutting

of field lines,

/= 0

a
output current

lrom Oto P

@ {-

output current
from Pto O

Figure 3 Output of an altemating cunent generator

3
- ;.=:ajAi::n*f.-:-"+::
r +.:.* :'r
+::i+ -.
.'-1;.E:';
:E-:iii; ; . -:-::::.-- -..:::.,,.,
4 ;; i
:,.r:j.:j:.+,.-

.
o

O*rrr, ,to

*r."rr, i, i.ra,r."a as there is no cutting of

magnetic field lines.

After this position, the current increases and the

process is repeated.

Side ab moves downwards and side cd moves

upwards, cutting across the magnetic field lines
again.
The current now flows from b to a and from d to c.

In the extemal circuit, the current flows from brush

Q to brush P.
The direction of the current is reversed and the
galvanometer shows a deflection in the opposite

direction.
After this position, the current decreases.

Cufting the field lines at

90", l= maximum

3:

Physics

Form

Chopter 3: Electromognetism

ll ov i n g S*id itdrer'*,** :::;s

Amoving coil microphone consists of

a diaphragm which is
connected to a coil placed in a cylindrical potmagnet.
The coil is in aradial magnetic field.

(")

l&*,

f-1

t__

When the coil moves into the magnet, an induced current flows
in the coil. Figure 3.57 (b) shows the direction of the current in

\e"
+

(b)

one winding.

L3J_
f
When the coil moves out from the magnet, the induced current
flows in the opposite direction [Figure 3.57 (c)].As a result, an
alternating current at the frequency of the sound is produced and
sent to an amplifier.

try

(c)
Figure 3.57 Moving coil microphone

Using bicycle to generate electricity!

rotating
shaft
cylindrical
magnet

solenoid

A bicycle dynamo is a sqrall generator fitted to a bicycle to provide electricity for the lights at night.

It consists of a cylindrical permanent magnet with poles on opposite sides placed within concave poles of a soft iron core
where a solenoid is wound.
A shaft connects the magnet to the driving wheel of the dynamo. This causes the magnet to rotate in the soft iron core
when the wheel is turning. An alternating current is produced.
The bicycle dynamo has the advantage that it needs no slip rings and commutators. lt doesn't need carbon brushes which
need to be replaced afterwearing out.

3t

Physics

Force acting on o current-carrying

lnduced current in o conductor

moving in o
ic field

Oirection of induced current is Aetern lnea

Magnitude of the force increases when

(a) the strengh of the magnetic field is increased,
(b) the length of the conductor is increased,

(c) the current

Magnitude of the induced current increases when

(a) the strength of the magnetic field is increased,
(b) the length of the conductor is increased

(c) the speed of relative motion is increased,

tndticed
current is maximum when the direction
@p
of the magneticfield, E is perpendicularto the
direction of the force, F (or motion).

*itn

Fleming's right-hand rule.

F (M\

is increased,

@ force is maximum when the direction of the

magnetic field, B is perpendicularto the direction

of the current

/.

Differences between a direct current motor and a direct current generator:

i
i

Curent + Coil Motor

(n magneticfield)

'-t.Lr"t

.',

. d"".t a*r".t

Rotation

t-"t"t

ft"

.d

Oirection of rotation is determined

using Fleming's left-hand rule.

- --i

r)

*--

Direction of induced curent is determined

using Fleming's right-hand rule.

<-

ffi
I.

Speed of rotation increases when

strength of magnet increases

.
.
.
.
.

.
ii .
i.
.

cross*ectionalareaofcoilincreases
number of tums increases
coil is wound on an iron core

cunent increases

r,ir{-:r:qf

:+*ilFa-=sFffi

+ Coil : Cenerator

(n magneticfield)

R#ffi

strength of magnet increases

cross*eclional area of coil increases
number of turns increases
coil is wound on an iron core
speed ofrotation increases

sr--:,{:r.-1.}--:-:ii,-::,* + ;F _i.J-:.i.i:ir:ls*t

JlssPleF
The graph in Figure 3.58 shows an induced current for

Which graph represents the current-time graph when

an alternating current generator which is rotated at

the coil armature is rotated at a higher speed?

Give an explanation.

two different speeds.

current,

Sohttiurt

When the generator is rotated at twice the frequency,

the period of rotation is halved and hence the pattem of
the wave appears closer. Because the sides of the coil
cuts the magnetic field lines at twice the rate, the rate of
change of flux is doubled. The induced maximum

Figure 3.58

current also increases twofold. Hence, the current ,4o'

with period T' (i.e- graph II) represents the current-time
graph obtained when the coil is rotated at a faster speed.
3',,

Physics

A common mistake made by students is to draw a

diagram of a d.c. Senerator with a battery when asked to

explain the action of a d.c. Senerator.
Students must understand that an electrical generator is a

3*

1 :n"o
*.{t*:.::T ":::1-':::S::::T

Alternating Current

used to supply electrical energy to rotate the coil of a

motor. Therefore, an electrical generaor does not
require the use of a battery.

o\

-V
,t'
S-S
trs S '\

Direct Current
Alternating current

Example
graphs

Cannot flow through a capacitor

Cause heating effect on light bulb

X wtovi/t3 coil loutr sP tqvul

of

: *e*::jffi,:1":tTrrulit"# F
___i_-::
. (noving coil icuJsPuker

Properties

3l

Physics

CaQacitor
a capacitor is an electrical component for storing charge.
plates with an insulator
Basically it consists of two metal

in between. One plate is positive while the other

is

figure
negative. The symbol for capacitor is as shown in

ip)

lf you are given a few current-time graphs and asked to

classify the type of current, it is very easy.

lf the graph shows

positive values but no negative

values (or the reverse), it is a direct current.

II

_{}Direct current from a

A square-shaped d.c.

d.c. generator

(b)

(")

Symbol

rt;;,gfjqrge,is stored in the insulator, not the metal

;:

plates.

capacitor can be used to separate an ahemating

:ntfrom'a mixture of direcl and alternating cunents.

A varying d.c.

A square-shaped a.c.

peak Current/Voltage and Root Mean Square Currentfl/oltage

::.

/*'r
,\'

/(A)

I (s)

+ ,Uf------l =
I resistor

More heating
etfect

s'

c\'

(a) Direa current

\, :t

S-ii

sIj

+ [---_--l =
resislor

Less heating

eflect

(b) Altematingcurrent

+ l------l = Same heating

resistor effect as
case (b)

(c)

Root me4n square curent

Figure 3.60

Figure 3.60(b) shows that an alternating

current (sinusoidal) with a peak current of 1 A

produces less heating effect on a resistor

compared to a steady direct current of 1 A

It can be shown that, a steady current of 0.71 A

produces the same heating effect as the
altemating current with peak cunent of I A
[Figure 3.60(c)]. The 0.71 A is the root mean
square (r.m.s.) current of the altemating current
with peak or maximum current I-- = 1 A.
The root rnean square current (I,*..) of an
alternating current is defined as the value of a
steady current, which would produce the
same heatirig effect in a given resistor if it
replaces the alternating current.
The root mean square voltage (V.*.) of an
altemating current is defined as the value of a
steady voltage, which would produce the
same heating effect in a given resistor if it
replaces the alternating current.
The voltages labelled in 'multi-tap' transformer
(2v,4 V ....... 12 V) and low voltage power
supply are V.-,..
For sinusoidal altemating current or voltage:

' ':g=ff or
t 4*.. _h
-t, or

Ir-., = 0.71 I-*

V.... = O.7IV^o

IFigure 3.60(a)].
31

Physics

Chopter 3: Eleclromognelism

Whichof the following methods

roduce an

induced e.m.f. in the solenoid usiirangement

as shown in the figure above?
A Moving the solenoid towdrds the magnet.

B Pullingthemagnetoutofthesolenoid. J
C Moving the magnet towards the solenoid.V
D Moving the magnet and the solenoid at the same
velocitv.

Qswte$.;

Solutiort

240

t-m_s

"/

/{v

t;

.iq

V**

{i;

11

-4-....---:

Vmd

-$'
\//

V^u

zqo")

t,

move with the same speed in the same direction.

Artswer D

339

produce an induced e.m.f., a relative motion

To-_
between the magnet and the solenoid is needed.
Process D provides no relative motion as the
,distance between the two remains the same as both

t-5 )

The diagram below shows the production of a current

when a copper rod moves in a magneticfield.

^l".-6*"1;
lJl
ln which direction must the rod be moved to produce
a current which flornis into the plane of the paper?

The induced cunents flow in the directions as shown

in the diagrams below.
direction
of movement

+-

ffi
x
Physics

Determine

(a) thepolesatPandQ,
(b) the pole atX.
Two magnets P and Q, of equal strength, are used to
investigate induced currents. The conductor
moves downwards accurately at the midpoi
between the two magnets P and Q as shown in the
following diagram.

4l

Chopter 3: Electromognetism

Form 5
(a)

,{

r
t1

(b)

i:
ir
$:

current flows from

X lo

through the galvanometer, what are the poles at

Pand Q?

F
i$'

lf the induced

The diagram below shows a copper ring falling freely

through a stationary magnetic field onto a table below.

7a

Cive an explanation if no current is induced.

_i)+L

4 A bar magnet is placed between two coils as shown

in the following diagram.

$
I

0 turns

'i to
tfr'--= l
:

copper ring

f \ (plane perpendicular
$ to the maSnetic fietd)

_:)/

\,

/oo

{J
\.1

| '

{
(a) Give a full explanation of the flow of current in
the copper ring when viewed from the right-hand

When the bar magnet is withdrawn,

poles at P and Q?

The induced cunent flows from A to B.

Cive an explanation.

Self Assess 3.3

IQ

Use Fleming's right-hand rule.

(a)

P is a south pole and Q is a north

(b)

X is a south pole.

(a)

P is a south pole and Q is a north

pole.

(b)

Pole.

Pand Q are similarpoles of the

same magnetic strength.
Pis a south pole and Q is a north pole.
Because the number of turns in the
solenoid Qlrlis morethan the number
of turns in the solenoid VP, the induced
e.m.f. in QLV is greater than the induced
e.m.f. in VP. The resultant current flows
from A to 8.
(a) When viewed from the righq the
cunent in the coil flows in the
doclu/ise direction as the ring
approaches the magnet. The
cunent flows in the anticlockwise
direction when the ring is moving
awayfrom the magnet.

(b)

The ring outside the influence of

the magnetic field reaches the

tabletop first. The ring passing
through the magnetic field
experience a force of repulsion
followed by a force of attraction.

Physics

side.

(b)

A second ring is released, at the same time as the

first ring to fall outside the magnetic field.
Which ring will hit the surface of the table first?
Cive an explanation.

Enrrn

ChOpler 3: Electromognetism
Analysi ng Transformers

'i *-..;ril3lrr*
:l lrp
'
Lr
r: (_
,
c.!,i:
*-li t-*
i

A device that can step up or step down the

voltage of an alternating current supply'

I
i
I
I

Symbol

-t
I

Transformer

I
i

Operating

Principle f- --

Primary Secondary

Soft iron core

,t

coil

l----*--))
i<

.
.

n,O
Y--r
.

A transformer is made up of two coils wound on

a soft iron core.
The primary coil is connected to the input
rupjty whiie the secondary coil is connected to

",J

When an alternating current flows in the primary

coil, the magnetic flux changes.
This changing magnetic flux induces an e.m.f.
across the secondary coil.

.t
i1L

Step-down transformer

--

'1. I

Soft iron core

-='

!:

a.c.

vciltage*

voltage

ss

a.c.

inout

output

inout

\-

a.c.

voltage

-l-f--1--j

Prim?ry
cotl

s
\c\s

Secondary
coll

To step down A.C. voltage

N > N-and V->

N,

< N, and V, 1V,

l xheinputioutputcurrentx:n"""#gtislargerthantheinputl
i current.

Relationship between N;, N,, V; and

lill{:I c--*ll E

---1

I
i

turns in
primary coil

Ntlmber of
turns in
secondarY coil

X/,

where

o,tput

isvoltage
ll f=
ili=
li (:f__,_=l

is the output voltage,

V- is the inPut voltage,
Ai is the number of turns in

setondary coil,

N is the

number of turns in

pfimary coil'

Physics

For,m

Chopter 3: Electromognetisryn

Relatiorrsliit'l r.)tji'i\ rr:i: ...j:-.

'

'r,,'

1'*
^Au

,:

$''

\.*t

rr

"$
r)

lnout oower

-:i ,i-

r.;l:i

Outout oower , Electrical

devicp

lnput poWI = lnput voltage x lnput current =

yplp

: II Outputpower=OutputvoltagexOutputcurrent=
'ansformer (with efficiencrlrl b0%)

and input power,

or t\

%1,

equal

-*@*

3
vt 'p'p
I - t-"=vt

il;i

\.____--_-4
Q

r*t\

oS

fnergy Losses in a Transforr]ter

Usbful output power
suirply to electrical device

A.C. input power

from power supply

c-$

tY
L'

due to

Power Loss

Coils require long length of

wire, thus the ffiiEe
of wire
is large.

When current flows through the

coil, heat is generated and lost
at a rate of lzR. (Heal- locs

wire

Use thick copper

Changing magnetic field due to

a.c. supply induces current in
iron core.
This current (eddy current)
generates heat which is then

Use
laminated
core

E-:,i?.:hLaminatedcore
i,;!fi---;',,
i

::;' '
-

and secondary
coils wound on
the middle portion

-.,,,----l

lost.

r?-)

l",r

i,
ir

F
li

Changing magnetic field due

Magnetisation

and

to a.c. supply rnagnetises

and demagnetises the core

i
I

demagnetisation i----+

of

core I

.
,l

..
.

frequently.

-,

i,

Use soft iron as

core

.-_--_i

These processes cause heat to

be generated and lost.

Magnetic flux from the primary

coil does not completely link to
the secondary coil.
Therefore, some input power is
not transferred to the output.

Wind the secondary coil

the primary

coil

over

i
i

4'.

Physics

F,^,r,'.,

Chopter 3: Electromognelism
Ero

enuoilil

requ ire s u

uo,,ur"-o(rG\o

ionise the mercury vapour in its tube. What is thelatio

of the number of tums on the secondary coil to the
number of turns on the primary coil ofd-ranqFormer
240 V?
used if the electricity supply voltage
/

Soltttioll

4_y"
NP_

Figure 3.69 shows a closed soft iron core with 4 coils

wound onto it. The number of turns in each coil is
shown.

' . -'/

vo

12000

240

50

A transfgrrf,er$, used to lower the supply voltage

from 240 V to i V for use rvith a 3 V lamp- If the
number of turns on the primary coil is 1600, what is
the number of turns on the secondary coil?

fulutisu

4_4
v-N

"s"pk*ien
Connect the coil P to the power s upply and coil R to
the appliance or the resistor.

pp

3={
240
,' _

4_ so-,

1600

No- 2o--

3xl6@_2g

240

gssle-@
Figure 3.70 shows an ideal transformer used to
supply power t(Gil\tZ Y 24 W bulbs at their rated

power.

\J

/^'@'12v,2qw
P Pv,z4w

A transformer is used to-lcxve*-the electrical supply

voltage oflaQV to supply power tq\ulb with a rated
power of Q V) 2 e. If the current inYfe primary coil is
0.1 5

A, rvhdi-is the efficiency of the transformer?

SpMp4

12x2

If

Sohttiott,

V"I,

V_ 24V <--

lNVo

V"I"

Figure 3.70

the voltage of the electricity supply is 240 V and

the current in the primary coil is 0.2 A, what is the
current in the secondary coil?

EfficiencY =

24W

Input:

Pi

VI

PP
240 x0.15

36W
)A

')

Jb

xlOOVo

24x1, = 240x0.2
I-J 2A
Physics

44

Form

Chopter 3: Electrornognetism

|-ll.

,V
(a) 7=r"N
PP

A transformer is used to supply power to two 12 V,

24 W bulbs which are connected in parallel'
The voltage of the electrical supply is 240 V and the
efficiency of the transformer

\s96%o '

Calculate
(a) the number of tttrns on the secondary coil if the
number of tums on the primary coil is 900,
(b) the current in the primary coil so that the bulb is
lit normallY.

lj
N (
-:='
240 900
tt^I

'

.._

I V,:l2Vbecausethe
bulbs are connected ir
i parattet.

-l

I2xgOO \__-_-_
L-^zVW

240

=45
Efftciency =
Output power, P
Input power, P,

Ssltttistt.

96Vo =

ffrxrcou"
48 x i00

96x240
021A

Figure 3.71 shows an arrangement of a step-dorvn

transformer which consists of two iron C-cores.
A 3 V lamp is used and the supply voltage is 240 V.
iron C-core

(c) The brightness of the lamp is diminished after the

two pieces of iron C-cores are separated. Give an
explanation for this.

(a) Ratioofturns

Np

vp
(a) What is the ratio of the number of tums on the
secondary coil to the number of turns on the
primary coil
- i.e.N": No?
(b) A force is required to separate the two pieces of
iron C-cores. Explain why.

Ratioofvoltage
v"

Vs

Figure 3.71

N"

N:N
sP

i{,=-

-'-r-

?40r

80

= 1:80

(b) The iron core

ore is magnetised when the transformer
is in operation.

(c) Leakage of flux occurs. A large portion of the

magnetic flux produced by the primary coil does
not link with the secondary coil. Both the voltage
across the lamp and the current flow are reduced-

45

Physics

A cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is connected to a transformer. The wave trace on the screen is as shown.

An extra coil is then added to the core and connected in series with the existing secondary coil.
Which of the following wave traces is correct?

e oxauw
With the addition of the extra coil, the number of turns on the secondary coil is increased. This will increase the
output voltage. However, the frequency does not change. The number of wave shown remains the same.

Answer C

The diagram below shows a simple transformer with

two coils as shown.
sotl iron core

(i) Find the output power of the transformer.

(ii) Horv would you modify the transformer if you
wish to supply 20 W of power to the electrical
appliance?

(d) A television, which operates on direct current,

input
240V,...

primary coil

6%"
secgndary coil

(a) (i) Name the type of the transformer.

(ii) Explain why soft iron is used as

is

connected to the output of the transformer.

(i) The television does not function. Explain rvhy.
(ii) An electrical component is to be connected to

output

the

transformer core.

(b) Calculate the numbel of tums on the secondary

coil if the number of turns on the primary coil is

the output of the transformer so that the

television works. Name the electrical
component and state how the component is to
be connected.

SsUEee
(c) The secondary coil is connected to an electrical
appliance. The current in the primary coil is
0.09 Aand the efficiency is8}Vo.

Physics

(a) (i) Step-down transformer.

(ii) It is easy to magnetise and to

reverse the

magnetism in the core.

46

Form

(b)

Useful output power

Vtt

= 100 "21.6
= l73W

_-i.

t=

80

N"

240

1200

(ii) Replace the core with laminated soft

N=30
Efhciency
gOVo

core.

(d)

(c) (i) Input power = 244 x0.09 =21.6W

Use&loutputpower x7p7o

Useful oylp}t power x lOTVo

21.6

(i) Television uses direct current only.

(ii) Diode. Connect the diode in series with thef

Input power

television.

An electric door bell for the home uses a 9 V supply

to function. The voltage of the electrical supply

lf the power dissipated by the resistor is 4.5

is

J s-r,

calculate
(a) the voltage across the resistol
(b) the current flowing in the primary coil.

240

V. What is the turns ratio of the transformer that

must be used?

An ideal transformer steps down a voltage of 24O V

to supply power to a lamp with a power rating of 3 V,
0.3 A. lf the brightness of the lamp is normal, what is
the cunentflowing in the primary coil?

A transformer with an efficiency of 9oo/o is used to

supply powerto two lamps Pand Q with power ratings
of 12 V 12 W and 12V,24 W respectively in normal
lighting. The voltage of the power supply is 240 V.

(a) Should P and Q be connected in series or

Two identical lamps of power rating 12V,24 W have

the same brightness when power is supplied by a
transformer as shornrn in the diagram below.

in

parallel?

(b) What is the current flowing in the secondary

coil?

(c) What is the power input

supplied?

6 An ideal transformer is used to lower the electrical

12V,24W

voltage from 240 V to supply power to 5 light bulbs

of power rating 12 V, 24 W in

f,

t:
?,i,

i4
t
i:
i-

The transformer in *the diagram below has

efficiency of

(b)

an

series.

(i)

9Oo/0.

'/;
'i.

240V

(ii)

v2

(b)

vrlr:v,1,
24Oxlr:3x0.3

o'0o375 A

'-

Efficiency

9oo/o:

P=owerouFut
Power tnPut

4B

8oo/o:T4O;T xlo0o/o

(a)

lo :o'25
P:V,K
1,2

4.5: !2

Physics

:9

PoweroutPut:48W
Efficiencv

its number of turns in anangement (b)?

Find the current flowing in the primary coil in

V:3V

I N,:No:9:240:3:BO
/o

What is the ratio of the number of turns in

the secondary coil in the anangement (a) to

the arrangement (b).

Self Assess 3.4

normal lighting.

The bulbs are connected in

(a) parallel, and

lf the efficiency of the transformer is 8OVq what is the

cunent flowing in the primary coil?

looo/o

P:-oweroutPut

power tnput

(i)

x l0Oo/o

Parallel

series,

4\

frd;lx

(c)

:60

':

(ii)
P=ower qr'rtPut

power tnput

36
9oo/o:=
power

input

Power input,

Output voltage is directly

propo(ionalto the number o{
turns in the secondary coil.
Therefore, turns ratio
l2 : 60

'

Efficiency

7*"6 required:5 x l2

tooo/o

(b) P:vt
36: 12l
,I -7
-Jn

When the bulbs are connected in

/" :0.021 A

(a)

When the bulbs are connected in

parallel, l/*,*,
I2 V

fl"pur:4C W

x l0oo/o

t5
ia"utt.unrto'rlr]
Power input: Power output
For an

ln a series circuit:

xjooo/o

Poweroutput:5x24\N

Power

input:

t2OW

l2O:24o
/o

47

l/o /o

:0'5

lp

Form

Chopter 3: Electromognetism

Understanding the Generation and Transmission of Electricity

Cerrerati*n of Electricit-Y

conYg[e4iub---- +

sources

Energy

coil in generators

Rotates

Electrical energy
.

.l

: 1'_

rlrl

wable I

Non-renewable

-_---- f -_--j
ij '
.
ir
ii.'

Hydropower

,o
ia
:a

Wind power

Biomass
Solar energy

:.

cables

ri

grid network)

Petroleum

End users

Natural gas
Nuclear energy

t;ir.. 'i:r*_rjtntrr. t

a.{:,t:,:ti

r.i:11

!j:ii.--r

Coal

=-;*,.

The National

Transrnission of ElectricitY

Crid l'.Jetwork

,t

,
i
,

.j

Transmission
system (National

Power loss in
i

.. .

,-,ie..:

Current

Heating

eo*er loss

in i-*---+: in the form

' of heat
cables
i

flow

effect

in cables

where / is the current flowing in the

cable,
R is the resistance of the cable,
P is the power loss in the cable
I

r- -.

Use high-voltage

i, ,
transmission ; Y
--l

I
I

To minimise power
loss in cables

i
I

Use low resistance I . /

I
I
I

cn'i
of i

Type
source

i energy

iv

cables

---='--,

--':---.:---

-l

'o:ifi_-;k,)

navantage

a morgle[sble electricity supply to consumers

nationwide.
o The stations can collaborate by increasing
power output to enable one or more stations to
shut down for repair or maintenance work.

Oisadvantage

, _i_

trrt elv5vrtsilr
ecosystem
vr the
upset the
trrs udrdrrLt
balance of
Can uPset
environment ir .' LaIl
and does
Cloes not pollute envlfonment
earthquake-prone areas or flat
can conrrol flood and be used for recreation

|I . Rune*"Ule,
Renewable, clean

Hydropower i .

____

Advantages of the National Grid Network

r lt connects all power stations and sub-stations in
a closed network so as to transmit and distribute

f'
'"
"ail}1TJ#|j
-+_-.-. Renewable, clean and does not pollute environment i . Leads to noise pollution
power i .
'- wind
over large area
energy source for mountainous regions and i '
iiI suitable
Spoils natural beautv
I|-_-li.i"nJr
i ' ITI::.9:J[t^:.:,:9"d
islands
Requires large storage space
i: '. (r^'"oa
i| u'"t]t
ii . Renewable
-.
tslOmaSS
,
r!-rr,-.+^
mrrcf he (ar awav {rnm the masses
o"-r

frg1he tttt"t
---r --^Lr^- ^J ^.-^^:- -1t.
Stot"Ee
. Pt.*_tqgg'-q4!glg.ts.l'.
^
Tlsfbe fal"*av
.,
i_ -- j-j';C**"ur",
expensive solar cells
of
number
p"rr"t"
d.*
."d
.t"."
-;- *"'
I ,ot", i . il;i;;;;;iJl"
lf"rl":qlfi
""i
"*i."r"ntl;
rarge area
Ii
|
,.
Low efficiencY of solar cells
I
'
L=i
-+-Fetroleum and i-;n""aif, available
' o Non-renewable and can pollute environment

g"t I .

iransported
i ' High tott
-_ffip,.d*"""*.-,'"*'cy--l'l-,i8h*pital.costt9'p9*:,.p|?l]l.'.^^t'^-_*.,|
n"iuttt

Nuclear I .
I.

i
i
i
i

Easily

Minimum discharge of harmful

Vast reserves of uranium

gases

of accidents that lead to leakage

i . ni.k
I radiation
----

ot harmtul I
I

48

Physics

Chopler 3: Eleciromognetism

Forrn 5

smPr qltr,

..-,,f

r",ilt.,."
a,'o ,n6-.*-]"; tri Ll""r*ssion cable
(i) atavoltageof200V,
(ii) at a voltage of l0 kV.

*t.4iiliil

transmitted *nough a cable of I.5 Q

(b) What is the effect of the energy losses in case (aXi) and (ii)?

ltt!rttirut

(a) (i)

Use the formula

(ii) At voltage V= l0 kV:

forpower,p= /V.

At voltage V= 200V:
Current in

Currentincable,l

cable,l = P
v
=

20 000
10 000

20 000
200

=24
Energy loss in cable

l00A

t=

=i

/2R

xl.5
=6W

=*

Energy loss in cable = I2R

1002

1.5

1s000w
15kW

(b) It cqr be seen that by raising the voltage by a factor

o(10)h".urr"nt is reduced by 50 timepAs a result,
the energy loss is reduced by a factor

__

lnt6ir'bct
Students use the formula, 4o,,
energy loss in a cable.

Students must use the formula

p:

: #, ,
t2R

/ in the cable is known. The value of

A
find the

as the curren!

the potential

difference across the ends of the cable is noi known.

The voltage for the transmission
Voitage across tire cable (to and fro)
+ lnput voltage for the transformer at the other end

transformer

used

transmission to
the resistance

C
D

change the potential difference

increase the outputpower
reduce the time for energy transmission

QerylllsJtI!

of a transformer is to change the

potential difference. A step-up transformer is used to
step up the potential difference in the power station
before transmission via the national grid.
The function

Answer B

Arilantage* *f fi;* r.r*ii'cil*i Gri* fiieir./-*;k

1 Savings and increased efficiency

Energy loss, as heat in transmission cables, is
if the energy is rransmitred at a high
voltage. The cost of production is reduced and
the efiiciency of transmission is increased.
Efficient energy distribution
The generation and distribution of electrical

reduced

energy can

be

controlled according to

the requirement of electrical power is low can

be used to supply power to regions where the
demand for electrical power is high.
Energy management

If there is a break down or intem-rption of

po*"r."r,
be supplied by other srations throueh the
supply at a partiatlar power station,

national grid network to the affecterl arei.

requirements. Power stations in regions where

49

Physics

Amodel of

an electrical transmission system is set up in laboratory as shown in the

following diagram.

transmission wire

al24V

a.c.

translormer O
transformer P

factories
at 8 V a.c.

power slation
at 12 V a.c.

transformer B

houses
at 6 V a.c.

The power station generates an alternating current at l2V and the system transmits the electrical energy
to factories (represented by a lamp X1 and houses (represented by a lamp I via the transmission wires
and transformers P, Qand R.

The table below shows components needed to make the model.

Solid soft iron core

Laminated soft iron core
Laminated aluminium core

You are asked to set up a model by using

the

information in the diagram and table.

Determine

of

turns in the primary coil and

secondary coil for transformers P, Q and R. You
need to show yourworking.
(b) the type of core you will use in all the transformers
and justify your choice.
(c) the materiai you will use for the transmission wire
and justify your answer.
(a) the number

Answer
(a) First, you need to find the turns ratio using
the
rormura

+ = #,
L ={
vo No
24 _\_
12- Ne
4t4 = 2:l

Fortransformerpr

Therefore,N"= l00O whileN

=500.

Physics

50

-v PP= \N
8 _4
24- Ne

Fortransform"rotL

4,1i, Therefore, N" = 40O while

1:3

= l20O .

,vN
FortransformerR: ' = "
VN
6 _4

8 -N
4t4 = 3:4
Therefore, N" = 120 while
4 = 160.
(b)
P

The suitable core to be chosen is the Iaminated

soft iron core because it reduces the effect of eddy

currents.

(c) Copper wire is chosen to be the transmission wire

because of its low resistance. Since the heat
produced in the transmission wire is proportional
to resistance, lower resistance will reduce the loss
of energy in the transmission of energy.

50

kW electrical generator is connecled to a factory

by a cable with a total resistance of 5 ohm. lf the

transmission voltage is 5000 V
(a) what is the cunent in the cable?

(b) what is the maximum power received by the

t^

A power station supplies 1.6

106

W of

electrical

power to a small town, situated 8 km away, through a

transmission cable with a resistance of 5 x lo-t S,
per kilometer. lf the power is transmitted at a voltage
of 2O kV what is the total energy loss in the cable?

factory?

( Z )n small power station Supplies 1650 kW at a voltage

,Y of 66 kV to a factory. The transmission cable has a
i resistance of 4O ohm. Calculate
ii G) the current in the cable,
t (b) the energy loss in the cable,
(c) the transmission

A power station supplies 2

106 W of electrical
power to a town. lf 0.50/o of the power is lost as heat
in the cable with a resistance of 8 C), what is the,i
transmission voltage?

efficiency.

Self Assess 3'5

t (a)

P =Vl

50 O0O = 5000 x I

/ -lOA

(b)

P,.,:t'R:1ox

/:BOA

x5

10

Total resistance of cable

:500W

Power received bY the factory

:50 O0o - 500

:49

2 (a)

:8x5xlo-t
:4a
Pwr:l2R

:80x80x4
:25 600 W

500W

P :Vt
I 650OO0:66000/

P, :O5

l:254

loo

:25x25x40
:25 000W

Powerreceived bYthe{actory

: I 650 OOO-25
:l 625O0OW
EfficiencY:

OO0

iffi#

P
2

x looo/o

x2OOO0OOW

:10000W
Pro.:/tR
i0 000 :/2 x 8
| :35.4 A

(b) P*.:1zP

(c)

:Vl

600OOO=20OOO/

OOO

000

:Vl
:V x35.4

t/:565O0V
:56.5 kV

:98'50/o

sl

gPrn 1oo+ -- Pl
36

- 2 ou.s

CoexEcTlVE)

The diagram shows a coil ofwire placed next

to a magnet- The galvanometer pointer

deflects when the magnet is pushed into the
coil.

switch is closed in the circuit below,

f|*"*he R deflects.
\,1**

Coil
N

Mercury

Which action will increase the deflection of

the galvanometer pointer?
A The magaetic pole is reversed
;zB The number of coils is increased
C The coil is made from insulated wire
D The magnet is pushed slowly into the coil

(ii)

dl]\
\_,

U"

es8.9

iar :
4 (a) (i)

The direction of the deflect,o.,

determined by
-44 Flemingis right hand rule
B Fleming,s left hand rule
C Maxwell's corkscrew rule

Rectification is the process ofconverting

alternating current to direct current.

Working principle of the transformer.

Full wave rectification will occur if four

diodes are used. The use of capacitors
will even the flow of the output current
(direct current) that is produced. Circuit

Laminated soft iron core

M is chosen because it can step down the

ft) (il
(ii)

voltage from 240V to 12V and produces

a stable current as a result of even and
full wave rectifrcation.
Output voltage of transformer = 12 V

For one

bulb, P = IV
24 = I(12)
.24

When an alternating current voltage is

supplied to the primary coil, an

alternating current will flow. The flowing
current will produce a magnetic flux and

pass through the laminated soft iron

core. The laminated soft iron core will
become a temporary electromagnet. A
change in the magnetic flux also occurs
in the secondary coil where an e.m.f. is

(ii)

induced ({).
To construct a battery charge4 a step
down transformer capable of reducing
the voltage from240Y to 12 V The ratio
of primer turns (N") to the ratio of turns
in the secondu.y tN.l must have a value,

= 2.0A

I":2x2'o
:4.0A

Transformer efficiency

_Pn
_

-Pl

n7oovo

= I/"Y" x

1oovo

ov,

(4'0Xr")
x loovo
- e.il(fnu

_48= I2O x
=

lOOVo

4OVo

n/V
D:D

N'

v"

240

t2
20
1

N"rN" = 20: I

TL

Crrn

1619r$ -

?L ( sc C:

ESSng)

4.1 shows circuits J,K,L, M and N each containing an ideal transformer. Diodes in
the circuits are used for the purpose of rectification.

4 (a) Figure

Np =

2000 N. =

,notl---l
a'c'
I
.\,

Np
24AV
a.c.

Itr

= 100 N. =

ill

100

Circuit J

2000

Circuit K

Np = 2400 N" = 296

'i:rill

Circuit L

Np = 4000 N" =

,i:"il1.-B
NP

= 4ooo N. =

,nou[l
au
T

200

Circuit M

200

t-------Fe<
Circuit N

Figure

4.1

Key:

N- = Number of turns in primary coil

No = Number of turns in iecondary coil

(i)

What is meant by rectifi'cation?

ll

marhl

14

marhsl

(ii) Explain the working principle of a transformer.

5a

(iii) You are asked to make a 72 Y battery charger. Study the circuits , J, K, L, M and N in
Figure 4.1 and consider the following aspects:
type of transformer
ratio of the number of turns in primary coil to secondary coil
type ofrectification
characteristic of output current
Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable circuit
to make the battery charger.
ll0 rnarksl
(b) Figure 4.2 shows a circuii, consisting of a transfonner, an ammeter and two light bulbs. The
enrineter reading is 0.5 A and both bulbs light up with normal brightness.

Bulb

Bulb

12V,24W t2V.24W
Figure 4.2
(i) What is the output voltage of the transformer?
(ii) Calculate the efficiency of the transformer.
I5 marksl

g+

Spm eoo5 ,rD pl (oelEcnvE)

36

- $ ques

The diagram shows the structure ofan ideal

transformer.
80 Turns

4O Which diagram shows the correct

direction
of the induced current when the magnet
is
moved in the direction shown?

20 Turns

V
Alternating
240

Bulb

Direction of
the movement

current

What is the potential difference across the

bulb?

A 7V
B 24V
C 3OV

D
E

l3---.l:]

60V
160V

B
Direction of
the movement

tF--3
->

37 The graph show-s the output current for an

alternating current generator.

Direction of
the movement

CurrenVA

+._

fS--- Nl

D
Direction of
the movement

tN-st
Which statement is correct about the output
current?
A The value of the peak current is 4.0 A
B The value of root mean square current

C
D

is

1.0

4l

The diagrarn shows an electromagaet.

The period of the current generated is

0.4 s
The frequency ofthe current generated
is 20 Hz

Electromagnet
Insulated

wire

Which factor does not influence the strength

of the electromagnet?
A Material used for the rvire
B Material used for insulator of the wire
C Number of turns of wire

Current flowing in the wire

{"t'
3() D

3l) c
40) b

ql) s

55

SPrh eooE - ?7 -c Sec G :

ESSR U J

12 (a) iggst, of gur electrical energy comes ftom hydroelu"tric po*et shtions and thermal
power stations. These power stations are conn6cted by cables to transmit electricity to
users in industries, offices, schools and houses. This system is called the national Ctid
rretwork-

(i)

State the transformations of energy in a hydroelectric power station.

161o,il,rt\

p4(fllti
'l I

r krr}-,( (t,e(0,U

ll

elfr.'ltic !t{t/?t',
\\j

mqrkl

(ii) Expiain briefly the importance of the national crid network system in distributing
electrical energy to the users.
(b) Figure 12.1 shows ho*
'I'hEr 5:ri.rdel consists of

14 marksl

-\
{mod\f
a

)Uw#

an electric transmission system can be set up in a laboratory.

station that generates 12 V of alternating current (a-c) that

transmits the electrical energy to the users using transmission wires and transformers
Q arrd

R.

Transmissiorr rrire

---,/

at 72 a.s.

n \*-

Ttansformer Q

stition

Power

fi---,
/A,
{f ,:}a

P,

S*B

0*w
Transformer R

Housesat6Va.c.
Figure t2.t
You are required to set up a model as in Figure 12.1 using the information in
Table 12.1.

Number of turns
of the coil

Type of transforrner core

Solid cuprum core
Laminated cuprum core
Solid soft iron core
Larninated soft iron core

7200

\inbb
GAd\

)uo'

Materials of
transmission wire
Constantan
Copper

Aluminium
Nichrome

160

720

Table 12.1

(b) Using the information in Figure 12.1 and Table 12.1 determine:
(i) the number of turns in the primary coil and the secondary coil of transformers

P, Q and

R and sho

(ii) the type of core you will

use

in all transformers

and

justify your choice,

(iii) the material you will use for bhe transmission wire and justify your choice.
IlO marksl

,Yc) lf the resistance-of

,';

-\

Figure 12.1

ii30

iriiir" ""*""iiui
(ii) the

th.e transmission wires between

C2,

calculate'
n"*"1" in"

transforme.{ile"aA;n tfr" *oa"l ut

transmission wire,

power loss due to the heating effect of the currect

\ ) \\''

in the transmission wire.

g6

sP

fil l0og r

ssEaLJ ( 6lucr)
&) (i)

Section C

11 (a)

(i)

ThedesignofYisthemostsuitable.This
design contains the diverging and
converging lens.

diverging lens is used to focus

Ehe image

(measured in meters)
High focal length.

2.

the intensity

Larger

of highly

from a faraway object on

the retina.
The converging lens is used to focus

the image from a near object on the

co

retina.

(ii) 1. In the design of X, the image

of the
faraway object does not fall on the

Faraway

be seen.

2. In the design
near object

or the
Glass that

high

the image of a
not fall on the retina
cannot be seen.

a high refractive index is

manufacture of lenses. The

ofthe refractive index results

angle of refraction or the
ve deflection with the normal is

ll

(iv) Magnification =
-Q

l2 (a) (i) Potential enerry ---+ Kinetic enerry -----> Electrical energr
(ii) 1. To ensure continuous delivery of power.
2. Can revert to another network if the existing network is faulty.
3, The overall cost of production of electricity can be reduced.
4. Power can be controlled and distributed according to the demand.

ft)

(i)

Calculation

Tbansforrner

L2V
24V

P (12 V -+ 24Y)

=P

N
N

R(24V+6V)

8V

N_

24V

Np

6V

500

1000

1200

400

500

r20

24V

qQ4Y-+8V)

Number of turns Number of turns

on primanlr coils, on secondar5l
Np
coils, N.

(ii)

The type of corq used is the soft laminated iron core. It is used because.
1. Soft iron enhances the changes in magnetisation and demagnetisation.
2- The laminated core reduces the leakage of the magnetic flux of the magnet.
The two reasons stated above can reduce the change of input electricity into heat enerry.
(iii)The material that is used is copper. Copper has low resistance and is strong and highly rigid' It can
reduce the conversion of input electricity into heat energy'

(c) R:

30

{!,Vo= lzU,V"= 24Y

24Y
. =;i
(i) 1"
o

(ii)

= 0.8 A

The power loss = 12 R

(0.8)'?(30

Q) = 19.2 W

5+

sPm 2005 -D P3 (sc- g )

4

Figure 4.1 shows a cross-section of a bicycle dlrnamo which has a magnet and a coil of insulated
copper wire. The output of the dynamo is connected to a bicycle lamp.
The lamp will light up when the magnet is rotated by turning the wheel. The light gets brighter
when the'rvheel turns faster.
e dynamo

Bicycle wheel

Magnet

Lamp

Coil

Figure 4.1

Using your knowledge of electromagnetism;

(a) Make one suitable inference-

Il marhl

(b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.

lI

(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in

marhl

(b).

Choose suitable apparatus such as a bar magnet, a coil of copper

wire and others.

In your description, state clearly the following;

(i)

aim of the experimeni,,

(ii) variables in the experiinent,

(iii) list of appai:atus and mater-ials.
(iv) arrangement of the apparatus,

(v)

the procedure of ihe expenment, rvhich includes the rnethod of controllingthe manipulated
variable and the method of measuring the responding variable,
(vi) the way ycu would tabulate the data,
(vii)the way you r"'ould a.nalyse the data.
ll} marhsl

5g

s?n
4

(a)

3t00'

- 13 (*asl

Inference:

Arangement of apparatus:

When a magnet moves in a coil of wire rapidly,

the magnitude of the induced current

increases or the bulb becomes brighter.
&) H;pothesis:
The more rapidly a magnet moves through a
coil, the greater is magnitude of the induced
current produced.
(c)
Aim of exlreriment:
To study the relationship between the motion
of a magnet in a coil and the induced current
produced.

Variables of the experiment:

Manipulated:
Height of the magnet (height of magnet from

List of apparatus and materials.

Bar magnet, coil of wire, galvanometer and
connecting wire.

the coil determines the velocity of the magnet

Procedure:

in the coil).
Responding:
Galvanometer reading.
Constant:
No of turns in the coil.

Apparatus as shown in the figure above is

prepared. The height ofthe bar magnet from
the table is set as 20.0 cm. The magnet is then

dropped into the coil of wire. The deflection

of the galvanometer is recorded in a table.
The experiment is repeated with heights of
30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm and 60.0 cm. From

the results obtained, a graph of the

galvanometer, 1 against height of the bar
magnet from the surface of the table, .r is
plotted.

Discussion:
Graph of galvanometer reading, / against
height of the bar magnet from the surface of
the table, * is a straight-line graph through
the origin. The straight- line graph through
the origin shows that magnitude of the
induced current, I varies directly with the
velocity of the magnet, represented by the
heighi of the bar magnet from the surface of
the table, r.
Conclusion:
The magnitude of the induced current will
increase when the motion of the magnet in
the coil increases.

5q

gPn 1006 - Pt CoBtrcnvE) ,r. 3 G ugS

37 Diagram

24 shows the arrangement of a

solenoid and a magnet.

43

Galvanometer

A straight conductor is

moved
perpendicularly to the magnetic field. Which
of the following diagrams shows the correct
direction of the induced current in the
conductor?

Direction of motion

Magnet

Diagrarn 24

Wconductor

Which of the following statements is not a

method to produce induced e.m-f- in the

Direction of motion

solenoid?

A The magnet is pulled out of the solenoid

B The solenoid is moved towards the
C
D

Wconductor

magnet
The magnet is moved into the solenoid
The magnet and the solenoid are moved
at the same velocity

Direction of motion

@conductor
4l Thefunctionofatransformerinanelectrical
energy transmission system is to
A increase the power
B reduce the resistance
C change the potential difference
D speed up the time of transmission

Direction of motion

@conductor

KNIUTAS PEPER.IKSAAN SPM 2006

Paper

1A
6 B11D
16D
2t B
26 C
318
36A
4r C
46A

2 C
7 C
t2 C
t7 B
22 D
27 B

82 A
37 D
42 A
47 C

3D
8B
13A
18A
23D
288
33A
38D
4gD
48C

4 D
9E
t4 c
19D
24 C
29 B
34 B
39D
4 D
49 A

5A
lOB
158
20 B
26 C
30C
358

40 D
45 C
50C

6o

SPm 1006 r' P2 ( sec

lO

B : ssRY

Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show wire coils connected to the ammeters, switches and d.c.
power supply.
Wire coils
Wire coils

rdboa rd

Pattern of

iron hlings

To d,c. power supply

To d.c. povver supply

Diagram

Diagram

10.1

10.2

When the switch is on and iron filings of the sAlgg_ggpt is spread on each of the cardboard
surface, the pattern of the iron filings is formed as shown in the diagr:ams.
(a)

What is meant

magnetic field?

(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and

DjaRT

10-2, compare the

of the iron frlings and {ngle of-deflection of the

(c)

ffibel

f".

IL rzc.i'hi
=ial*xr

of turn of the coils,

indicator.

state the relationship between the strength of the magnetic field and

13 mqrh"sf
@
ry

(i) the pattern of iron filings,

(ii) the number of turn of the coils.

12

marks)

6t

(d) Diagram 10.3 shows two thin copper strips, PQ and RS, connected to a circuit.

Diagram 10.3
Explain what happens to PQ and RS, when the switch is on.

(e) Diagram 10.4 shows an electric motor which is supplied with a 12 Y

[4 marksJ
a.c.

(-- Magnet -.-,.

Armature

N
Carbon brush

Slip ring

r_

Carbon brush

Slip ring

External circuit

Diagram 10.4
(i) Explain how the motor is able to rotate.

14 rnarksT

(ii) Using a IzV a.c. power supply, e:plain the modification that needs to be done on the
motor and the external circuit to enable the motor to be a d.c. electric motor and rotate
faster.
[6 marksl

6a

Se

:*as

10 (a) A magnetic field is a region in which

magnetic material will experience a force due

to the presence of a current carrying

conductor.
(b) The number of turns of coils in Diagram 10.2
is greater than the number of turns of coils
in Diagram 10.1. The pattern of iron filings
formed on the cardboard in Diagram 10.2 is
denser than the pattern of iron frlings formed
in Diagram 10.1. The current in Diagram 10.2

is higher than Diagram 10.1.

When the strength of the magnetic field
increases, the pattern of iron filings
formed is denser.
(ii) When the number of turns of the coils
increases, the strength of the magnetic
field also increases.
(d) When the switch is switched on, current will
pass through strips RS and PQ as shown

(c) (il

below.

._Jttt__,"
tt
A force will be exerted on each strip as a result

of the magnetic field created. Current

carrying copper strips with currents in
opposite directions produce a stronger
magnetic field in the region between the
strips. This is because the magnetic lines are

in the same direction. The two copper strips

repel each other.
(e) (i) When the power supply is switched on,
electric current flows in the direction
shown in the figure below. The carbon
brushes are in contact with the slip rings.

o)c

eW4Pw
t=
Li=
(c)

(d)

The force on ab of the ammature is

downwards while the force on side cJ in

Diagram (a) is upward. These two forces

produce a couple which rotate the

armature. This rotation will continue
until the armature is in the horizontal
position Diagram again as shown in
Diagram (c). The alternating
"r."""rrt
charges direction and currenl flows
in
direction as shown in Diagram (c). The
process continues to rotate the
motor
until the current is cut off.
(ii) - Replace the slip rings with a
eommutator. The commutator is to
enable a smooth change of direction
of the current flow in the armature so
that the armature will continuouslv
rotate in one direction only.
- The strength of the magnetic field
must be increased.
- , The number of turns of wire in the
armature must be increased.
- The area of the armature must be

increased.
The armature must be wound over a

soft,

iron core.

gFffiB ?oo? '|r' Pl

( oBJEcrrve) - 5 o uEs

39 Diagram 23 shows a solenoid.

Baja/z 23 menunjuhhan satu solenoid.

Primary

Diagrarn

coil

Seconda4'' coil

23

Extra mil

Rajah 2J

Gegelung lambahan

Diagran
Which of the following rules may be used to

determine the direction of the current in

lhc

Which of the following wave traces is

coil?

.Antara petua berihut, lang manohah bolelt

digunahan unluh menentuhan arah arus

correct when the extra coil is on the core and

connected in series with the secondary coil?

dalam gelung itu?

Antara surihan gelombang berikut, yang

A fleming's Left Hand Rule

Petua Tangan Kiri Fleming
B Fleming's Right Hand Rule

mandkah betul apabila gegelung tambahan

berada pada teras don disambung secara
sesiri dengan gegelung sehunder?

Pelua ?angan I{anan Fleming

25

Rojah 25

C Right Hand Screw Rule

r Petua Slzru Tangan Kanan
f Rient Hand Grip Rule

Petua Genggaman Tangan Kanon

(lfrpiugtu- 24 shows a conductor wire placed

a magnetic field.
\J,"
Rajah 24 menunjuhkan satu dauoi kon'
duktor diletakhan dalam medan magnel-

Conductor u'ire

Davai konduktor.

Diagrarn

Rajah

24

24

When the switch is on, the conductor rvire

initially moves towards
Apabila suis dihiduphan, dauai konduhtor

pada aualnya betgerok he aralz

CY
DZ

AW

jvx

4l Diagram

25 shows a transformer connected

to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO).

Rajalz 25 menunju/zlean sebuah tronsformer

lang disombunghan kepada osiloshop sinar

hatod (OSI9.

SPM

2OO7

Paper
1

11

16

2L B
26 C
31.

36 C

4l

46 B

D(AMINATION PAPER

2c

7D

L2D

t7B
22A
278
32D
37c
428
478

3A
88
13D
18c
23 B
28 A
33c
38D
43 c
48c

4A
9A

14

19c

24 c
29 B
34 D
39D
44 B
49 B

5D
10D
15A
20c
25D
30A
35D
408
45D
50A

6+

ShlTlNt,|f ' "

The purpose ofusing laminated iron core

in

a transformer is lo

T|juan menggunahan teras besi berlamina

dalam trandormer adalah untuk

reduce resistance
nghan rint ang an
reduce eddy curent
menguranghan arus Pusar
prevent flux leakage

mengelahhan kebocoran fluhs

magnetized and demagrretized iron core

m.eng ura

easily
memngnet dan mznyahmagnethan teras
besi dengan mudah
4:,i

iDiagram 26 shows a model of the

transmission of electrical energy and
includes three identical bulbs, P, Q and R.

Rajah 26 menunjuhhan satu model litar

itenghantaran tenaga elehtrih dan terrnasuk
iign mentol serupa, P, Q don R.
129 tums

40O

I lilitan

2 400 turns I lilit

ttrns I liliton

Diagram 26
Raiah 26
lVhich comparison of the brightness of the
bulbs is correct?
Yang manakah perbandingan hecerahon
mentol yong betul?

PAR
A Brightest Brighter

Bright

Poling cerah Lebih cerah Cerah

B Bright
Ceroh

Brighter Brightest
Lebih cerah Palirry

C Brighter Brightest

ceralt

Bright

Lebih cerah Paling cerah Cerah

D Brightest Bright
Paling cerah Cerch

Brighter
Izbih cerah

-paCSEce:

6Prn
7

Diagram ? shon's a simple transformer.

Rajah 7 menunjuhhan sebuah lransformer ringhas'

Output

6V

Primary coil

Secondary coil
Gegelung sekunder

Gegehory primer

Diagram 7
Rajah 7
(a) (i) Name the type of the transformer.
Namakan jenis transformer ilu.

!'teg 1t.i,:n 1ir'tlliti

ttt((

Il
(ii) State why soft iron is

Il

markl
marhohl

used as the transformer core.

Nyatahan mengapa besi lembut digunahan sebagai teros transformer

E aS,1,.a

a,1d

rr,tfirltlise

Jen;:,;'y'C1::e

turns on the primary coil in Diagram 7 is

Calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil-

(b) The number of

Bilangan lilitan pada gegelang primer pada Rajah

Hitung bilangan liliton pada gegelung sehunder.
f,/o

'

/00D

Ns

'

lL markl

l1 marhahl

000-

ialah 1

O00.

Vsz6

Vl"oO
Irtoo -L
1/rh
b
-

l2 norhsl

/ )V
--

12

markohl

(c) The transformer inDiagramt is used to switch on an electrical appliance. The current in
the primary coil is 0.1 A and the efficiency is 75%.
TTansformer dalom Rajah 7 diganahan untuh menghiduplzon sebuah olat elehtrik.
Arus yang mengalir dalam gegelung primer inlah 0.1 A dan kecehapannya ialah 75Vo(i) Calculate the outpu[ power of the transformer.

Hitung huosa output transformer itu.

11'/,-L-.
lo (rao)to
t

100"1

t)

?o--

tkw

12 marhsl
12 marhohl

(ii) An electrical appliance which needs 20 W ofporver is connected to the transforrner output.
Suggest a modification lo the transformer that enables the appliance to function
correctly.

Satu alat elektrik yang memerluhan huasa 20'V'l disambung pada output transformer

itu.
Cadanghan satu pengubahsuaian pada transformcr itu supaya alat itu boleh berfungi
dengan betul.

U,tc-

le

ni'ttr,tt\

ttfi

rro/'l Qte.

Il marhl
[1 marhah]

(d) A student connects a television *hich

use(ilg
X\;-,/";G;hf.
the television is switched on, it does not ffi..-ction.

in Diagram

When

?-

the output of the transformer

Seorang murid menyambunghan sebuah teleaisyen yang menggunahon bekalan orus terus
hepada output transfortner pada Bajah 7A,oabila suis teleuisyen dihidupha4 didapati teleuisyen ita tidak berfungsi.

(i)

Whv the television does not function?

ll(engapakah leleuisTen itu tidah berfungst?

gnTii +, ov|vul ta\laQe te

sll.'tcdin c1 Q,qo^f
[7 marhahl

(ii) An electrical component is connected to the output of the transformer so that the
television functions'
Name the electrical component and state how the connection is made.
Satu komponen elehtrih disambung hepada outpat transforner itu supaya teleaiqren itu
berfungsi.
Namakan homponen elehtrih itu dan nTatahan bogaimana sombungan itu dila.huhan.

12 marksl
12 marhoh]

Anr:
--

(a) (r)

Step-down transformer
and demagnetised
easily and this reduces loss of energJ.

(it It can be magnetised

o)4N

V
Vp

____c-

6
=240
1000
:.N=25
s

(c) (t Input power = 240 X 0.1

= 24W
Output power = 24 x O.75

(i,

= 18w

Increase the diameter of coil.

(d) (t The output voltage is an alternating

current.
(ii) 6-i"ea Four diodes are arranged in the
fbrnrf of bridge rectifrer.

flj-\],.; .-*-

SPm aoot
39 Diagram 22

Jl

shows the apparatus used to

(oBtrecnv) r 5oqes
4l

Diagrarn 24 shou's an experiment to induce

current in a magnetic fieldRajah 24 menunjuhkan satu ehsperimen

untuk mengaruh arus dalam sttatu nedan

stud-v the effect of an electromagnet.

Ea joh 22

nenunjuhhan susunan rad.as untuh

menghaji kesan elektromagnet.

magnet-

Coils
Gegelung
Iron rod

Rod besi
Paper clip

Klip hertas

Diagram 2

a.c. supply
Bekalan a-u.

Diagram

Rajah

\l-hich movement of the copper rod includes

22

the maximum current?

Pergerakan rod kuprum manakah yang
menganth o rus nt.ahsinum?

Which change will increase the number of

paper clips attracted to the iron rod?
Perubahon manakah yang akan menambahhan bilangan klip hertas yang tertarih pada

Direction

Use a thinner wire to form the coils

Dorvns'ard
Ke bawah

membentuk gegelung
Use a non-insulated n'ire to form the coils
Guna dawai yang tidak bertebat untuh
membentuh gegelung
Reduce the number of coils
Kurangkan bilangan lilitan gegelung
Increase the magnitude of the current
Tambahhan magnitud arus

Horizontal

Guna dawai yang lebih halus untuk

'

C
7

Velocity

Arah

rod besi itu?

24

Halaju
Lorv

Rendalt
Lorv
Rendah

MenEufuk

High
Tinsei
High
Tingei

Dorvnrgard
Ke harcah

Horizontal
trIengufuk

dni\ or"rronr 23 shows a current-carrying

\.

conductor in a magnetic field.

honduktor penbozua
orus di dalam medan magnet.

-/ RLzjah 23 menttnjuhhan

42

Diagranr 25 ;ho'*s a simple i.ransformer_ The

btrlb ligbts rrp at norrnal brighrness.
Rajah 25 nt,nunjukh(rn rt,huolt transfornter
ri ttg ka s. j l e n t ol m ttr.r. a I o d e n ga n he ci ro lz a
n

normal.

Direction of current
out of the paper

Arah arus mengalir

heluar dari kertos

3 V a.c.
3

\,

a-u-

Diagram 25

Rojoh 2i

Diagram

23

Rajah 23
is the direction ofthe force that acts
on the conductor?
Pada orah mans.hah daya itu bertindah ke
atas honduhtor?
\V]-rat

AJ

1r
1u

\Yhat happens if the a.c. input is replaced

b.v
a 3 V !211sry1
Apaha.h yang berlaku opabila behalan input
a.u. diganti dengan bateri B\2
A The bulb does not lighr up
Mentol tidoh nenyala

B The brightness of the bultr remains

unchanged

C
D

Kece.ohtn mentol tiCoh beruhoh

The brightness ofrhe bulb increases
Kece ra ha

nt e n

The bulh blon's

.&Ieniol tc:bahor

tol

be

rta mba

lt

coNTlNt E...
43 Diagram 26 shows

a system for the transmission ofetectricity.

Rajch 26 menunjuhka;n satu sistem
penghantaran elehtri*3l3

kV

r32 kv
I

Power

ststion
Stesen

Transformer'r4qulsren
renghantaran
x

janakuasa

Diagrarn 26

$ihigh arrang'rnent ol' r ranslbrnrer is

correct? .
Su-sunanlroJtsiivtner nutnohoh ytng betul
a.

---.----_-_'-

Thansformeri'l'ransformei Transformer

xiYiz
--F"p dr"'n
st"p d".-r ls*r,rp
Step

up

Step.dorvn I Step up

Step

up

Step

dorvn

lStep

Injak naik . llnjok turun i l4iah no.ih

do.vn i Step

dorvn

Injak naih I Inkth turun I Injak turun

Step

up

i Step up

Injok turun ilnjak naik ! Injdh naih

6q

$m
rt

tool
!

r. Src e (s{rucl
f

v a'c' power supply' The

connected to a
Diagram 4.1 shows a computer battery charger
batt"ery charger contains box X and boxY
)i^^-A,nabo.
komputer yang disambung hepada bekalan kuasa
Rajah 4.L menunjukkan sebuah pengecas bateri
kotakX dan kotakY'
24OV a.u- Pengicas bateri itu mengand'ungi
240

Diagrarn 4'1

Raiah 4'L
a'c'
in box X is to lower the voltage from 240 v a'c' to 20 v
a'u'
Y
240
daripada
uoltan
kotak X ad'alah untuk menurunkan

(a) The function of the component

Fungsi komponen d;
hepada 2OY a-u.

(i)

d"i"*

Name the comPbnent in box X'

Namakan komPonen di dalarn kotakX
L markl.
IL rnarkah]

(ii) Explain why

a.c. and not d.c. is supplied in Diagram 4.1Teranghan nxengapa a.u- dan bukan a.t. yang dibekalkan dalam Rajah 4.1.

IL markl
markahl

ll

(iii) State the physics concept which explains how the component in box X works.
Nyatakan konsep fizik yang rnenerangkan bagairnana kontponen di dalam kotak X
berfungsi-

[l rnarkl
markahl

[l
(b) The effi.ciency of the component in box X is 80Vo.
Calculate the input current when the output power is 65 W.
Kecekapan kornponen di dalam kotakXialah 8OVo.
Hitung arus input apabila kuasa output ialah 65W.

marksj
markahl

12
12

Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show a mixer.

In Diagram 4.1, the dial is set at minimum current and the beaters are spinning.
In Diagram 4.2, thLe dial is set at maximum current and the beaters spin faster.
When the beaters spin faster, the force exerted on the mixture is greater.

Dial

Diagram 4.1
Rajah 4.1

Pelaras

Beaters
Pemukul

Dial
Pelaras

Diagram,4.2
Rqioh 4.2
Based on the information and observation:
Berdasarkan maklumat dan pemcrhatian tersebut:
(a) State one suitable inference.
Nyatakan satrn inferens yang sesuai.

[l

[1 mark]
markahl

(b) State one suitable hypothesis.

Nyatakan satlrt hipotesis yang sesuai.

[l

IL markl
markah]

(c) With the use of apparatus such as a d.c. power supply, magnets, C-shaped iron yoke, bare
copper wire, connecting wires and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate
the hypothesis stated in 4(b).
Denganmenggunakanradas sepertibekalanarus a.t., rnagnet, d.eningbesiberbentuk.C, dawai
huprum tak berpenebat, wayar penyarnbung dan radas lain, terangkon satu eksperimen
untuk menyiasat hipotesis yang dinyatakan di 4(b).

fn your description, state clearly the foilowing:

Dalam penerangan anda, nyatakan denganjelas perkara berikut

(i)

The aim of the experiment.

Iltjuan

eksperinten

?t

(ii)

The variables in the experiment.

olehub ah dalarn eksperimen

Pe mb

(iii) The list

of apparatus and materials.

Senarai radas dan bahan-

(iv) The arrangement of the apparatus.

Susunan radas.

(v) Procedure of the experiment which should include one method of controlling the
manipulated variable and one method of measuring the responding variable.
Prosedur eksperimen yang mesti termasuk sattu haedah mengawal pembolehu.bah
dimanipulasihan dan satw kaedah menguhur pernbolehubah bergerah balas.
(vi) The way you tabulate the data.
Cara anda menjadualkan data.

(vii) The way you analyse the data.

Cara anda menganalisis data.
[10 marksl
ILO

markahl

SPM D(AIVINATION PAPER

PaPer

18
68
llc
168
2t B
26A
31C
368
4t c
46D

B
A
t2 c
l7 B
22 A
27 A
32 A
37 B
42 A
47 B
2
7

3A
gC
13C
18B
23 D
28 A
33A
38A
43 C
48 C

2OOS

4 B
9B
t4 A
198
24 B
29 C
34 A
39D
/U C
49 A

5A
10c
15A
20 D
25 B
30A
35C
40B
45 C
50 c

(iii) The ammeter reading decreases.

(a)
(i) Step-down transformer.
4
(ii) 1'6" a.c. produces a changing magnetic
(iii)

(a)

flux or magnetic field lines which link the

primary coil and the secondary coil.
Electromagnetic induction.

The turningforce ofthe beaters depends on

(b)

(c)

the electric current.

The higher the electric, the faster the speed
of rotation.
(i) To investigate the relationship between
. the current in a conductor and the force
on the conductor in a magnetic field.
(ii) Manipulated variable: Current.
Responding variable: Force.
Constant variable: Strength of magnet.

(iii)

d.c. power supply, magnet, C-shaped iron

yoke, bare copper wire, connecting wires,

sliding conductor, metre rule

and

(v) Connect two bare copper wires to the

terminals of the power supply. Place the
sliding conductor across both the bare
copper wires. Place the C-shaped iron
yoke such that the sliding conductor is
between the North and South poles of the
magnet. Switch on. Adjust the rheostat

until the current is

the current 2 A,3 A, 4 A and 5 A.

(vi)

Currentrl (A) Displacement, d (cm

arnmeter.

(iv)

Switch

Sliding
conductor

1 A. Measure the

displacement, d of the sliding conductor,

using a metre rule. Repeat the step using

I
:

n,i

."

4
5
l

(vii) A graph of displacement, d

against

current, .I is plotted.

C-sha

iron yoke

?3