CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIONS
1.1. Backgrounds
Nursing theory is defined as a conceptualization of some aspects of the reality
of nursing that aims to describe the phenomenon, explain relationships among
phenomena, predict risks and establish nursing care (Afaf Ibrahim Meleis, 1997).
In the world of nursing many phenomena and problems that are difficult to
explain and resolve. However, nursing has a nursing theories that can be used to
explain and members the right solution to solve it. Experts nursing theory put
forward a variety of solutions that can be applied in various spheres of nursing. The
theories are constantly being developed that will further improve the quality and the
quality of nursing services.
One theorist who is very well known and widely used theories in order nursing
service is Dorothea Orem. In his theory of self care he considers that self-care is an
activity form of individual self-reliance that will improve their health. So that when
the deficit, he needs help from a nurse to get their independence back. This theory is
an approach that is dynamic, in which nurses work to improve the client's ability to
care for himself and not put the client in a position to rely as self-care is a behavior
that can be learned.
Dorothea Orem's theory is a theory that is quite interesting to be studied and
discussed as including a theory that is widely used in applications of nursing practice
and writer interested to examine this theory, which he is only focused on the scope of
nursing practice.

1.2. Purposes
1.2.1. Explaining biography Dorothea E. Orem
1.2.2. the theory of self-care by Orem,
1.2.3. The Theory of Self-Care Deficit by Orem,
1.2.4. the theory of nursing systems by Orem.
1.2.5. Application to nurse.

CHAPTER 2
THEORY OREM
2.1. Biography Dorothea E. Orem
2.1.1. Dorothea E. Orem nursing school education at Providence Hospital in
Washington DC. Bachelor graduated in 1930.
2.1.2. In 1939 graduated Master of nursing education.
2.1.3. In 1945 1970 worked at the Catholic University in the United States during
the course of his career he has worked as a staff nurse, private duty nurse,
educator, nursing administration and as a consultant.
2.1.4. Year 1958- 1959 as a consultant at the Ministry of Health in the education
welfare and participate in nursing training project.
2.1.5. In 1959 the concept was first published Orem care.
2.1.6. In 1965 joining the Catholic University in the US to form a theoretical model
of community nursing.
2.1.7. 1968 formed a group of nursing development conference, which resulted in
cooperation on the care and discipline of nursing.
2.1.8. 1976 received a Doctorate Honoris Causa.
2.1.9. 1980 received honorary degrees from the Catholic University of America
graduate of nursing theory.
2.1.10. Furthermore Orem developed the concept of self-care nursing and published in
nursing (Concept of pratice 1971).
2.1.11. In 1980 published a second book that contains the first edition was expanded
to families, groups and communities.
2.1.12. In 1985 published a second book that contains three theories, namely; Theory
self-care, self-care deficit theory, system theory of nursing.

2.2. Theory of Self Care

Nursing self (self care) according to Orem's are:
"An implementation of activities initiated and conducted by the individuals
themselves to meet the need to maintain life, health and well-being according to the
circumstances, whether healthy or sick" (Orem's, 1980).
Self-care (self-care) is the implementation of individual activities related to
fulfillment in maintaining the life, health and well-being. If self-care can be done
effectively, it can help individuals to develop her potential. (Orem, 1991)
Basically it is believed that all human beings have self care needs, and they have
the right to get kebtuhan itself, unless incapable.
The ability of self-care (self-care agency) is the ability of individuals to engage
in self-care process. This relates to the ability of the conditioning factor of self-care
(basic conditioning factor) consisting of:
the age factor
gender
health status

 socio-cultural orientation
health care system
family habits
lifestyle
environmental factors
state of the economy.
Therapeutic self-care needs (therapeutic self-care demand), the action taken as a
relief to eligible self-care.
In addition, the theory of self-care can not be separated from the requirement of
self-care (self-care requisites), which is the aspect that determines the degree of
realization of self-care. Self-care requisites consists of three categories:
2.2.1. Universal self-care requisites
This universal aspect relates to the life or basic human needs. These
aspects are the emphasis theory of self care in general, namely:
2.2.1.1.
Maintenance of the air intake
2.2.1.2.
Maintenance of water intake
2.2.1.3.
Maintenance of food intake
2.2.1.4.
Maintaining relationships treatment process of elimination and
excretion
2.2.1.5.
The maintenance of a balance between activity and rest
2.2.1.6.
The maintenance of a balance between solitude and social interaction
2.2.1.7.
Prevention of risks to life, a function of age and human health
2.2.1.8.
Improved functions of the human body and balances within social
groups according to their potential.
2.2.2. Developmental self-care requisites
Developmental self-care requisites established by the presence of:
2.2.2.1.
Supplies the conditions that promote the development
2.2.2.2.
Involvement in the development of self
2.2.2.3.
Development of prevention of life-threatening effects
The development of self-care aspects related to the lifestyle of
individuals who are affected by the neighborhood.
2.2.3. Health deviation self-care
Self-care related to health deviations. Arise as a result of health
problems and diseases. This causes a change in the ability of individuals in the
process of self-care.

2.3. The Theory of Self-Care Deficit

Orem's Self-care Deficit theory is an important part of treatment is generally
where all the planning of nursing care is given when needed. Nursing takes a person
at the time were unable or limited to self carenya continuously. The essence of this
theory depicts human beings as recipients of care who are not able to meet the needs
of nursing itself and to own limitations-keterbatan in achieving the level of health.

The treatment is given based on the degree of dependence, namely total or partial
dependence.
Self-care Deficit explain the relationship between a person's ability to act /
move with the demands on self-care, so that when the demand is greater than the
ability, then he will experience a decrease in self-care.
Self-care deficit theory applied when:
Children are not adults
Needs exceed the ability of care
Ability comparable to needs but predictable for the foreseeable future.
Orem identified five methods that can be used in helping self-care:

Actions or do something for someone else.

Provide guidance and direction
Provide physical and psychological support
Provide and maintain an environment that supports personal
development
Education

Nurses can help individuals or clients by using some or all of the method to
meet self-care clients.

2.4. The Theory of Nursing System

Nursing system is part of the consideration of nursing practices performed by
nurses based on coordination to achieve the needs of the patient self-care (self-care
demand) and to protect and control the training / development of the patient's ability
to self-care (self-care agency). (Orem, 2001)
Self care agency is a specialized form of human agency.
Therapeutic self care demand "totality of self care actions to be
performed for some duration in order to meet self care requisites by
using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions".
Orem (1991) identified three classifications of nursing systems based on the
patient's ability to achieve compliance with the requirements of self care, namely:
2.4.1. Wholly Compensatory System
Is an act of nursing to provide full compensation to the patient due to
the patient's inability to meet the nursing actions independently.
2.4.2. Partly Compensatory System
Namely nursing system to provide self-care to patients in partial and
aimed at patients who require minimal assistance.
2.4.3. Supportive-Educative System
Namely nursing actions that aim to provide support and education to
patients able to perform self-care.

2.4.4. Method of assistance

The nurse helps the client by using the system and through the five
methods of assistance which includes:
2.4.4.1.
Acting or doing something for a client
2.4.4.2.
teaches clients
2.4.4.3.
directing clients
2.4.4.4.
supports client

2.5. Applications to nurses

Consist of :
1. Develop and maintain relationships with individuals, families and groups
until the patient is able to care for herself
2. Can help determine when
3. To respond to requests, desires, and needs of the patient to help nurses
4. Provide direct assistance and control
5. Coordination and integration of nursing with patients, social, cultural and
educational.
6. Act or act for another person (patient)
7. Guide
8. Physical and psychological support
Therefore, in order to provide relief care, nursing agency which required
special skills possessed nurses in providing care to the client.

CHAPTER 3
COCLUSIONS
1.

Conclusions

By studying the concept model or nursing theory as presented upfront, it can

be concluded that the nurse must understand what must be done properly and
accurately so that the client can obtain its rights appropriately and correctly. With the
selection of nursing care or nursing theory concept model in accordance with the
characteristics of the client can provide the relevant nursing care.
Model concept or theory of self-care nursing has a meaning that all human
beings have self care needs, and they have the right to own memperolehya unless
otherwise afford. Thus the nurse recognizes the potential for patients to participate
care for himself on his ability and level of care may determine the level of assistance
to be provided.

To be able to apply the concept model or nursing theory it required an in-depth

knowledge and skills to nursing theory in order to obtain technical capabilities and
therapeutic attitude.

REFERENCE
Goerge, B. Julia. 1995. Nursing Theories The base for Professional Nursing Practice. Fourth
Edition. United State of America : Appleton and Lange Norwalk Connecticut
Online Book : Orem, Dorothea Elizabeth. 2003. Self- Care Theory in Nursing: Selected
Papers of Dorothea Orem. Springer Publishing Company.
Online book : Asmadi. 2005. Konsep Dasar Keperawatan. Jakarta : EGC.

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING 2
Theory Orems
2015/2016

By 4th group
Aysha Amelia

1511314014

Dzikra Fitria Amita

1511314025

Muthiah Tri Zuhriana 1511314018

Ridha Hayati

1511314015

Rahimah Febrialisa

1511314020

Undergraduate International Nursing Program

Faculty of Nursing
Andalas University

Forewords
Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT authors say over abundance of His mercy and
grace, I can finish a paper, entitled "Theory Orem". This paper aims to fulfill one of the tasks
of fundamental nursing 1 Course Lecturer Ns. Esthika Ariany, S.kep, M.kep.
The paper was written by various sources related to the material, as well as
information from various media relating to such materials.
The authors hope this paper can add insight regarding fundamental nursing 1 on
nursing process. And the authors hope for readers to be able to provide criticism and
suggestions for this paper to be more perfect.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Padang, august 2015

The writer team