Kingdom Animalia

97% of species (spp.) are

invertebrates.
All major groups have marine
representatives (some are
exclusively marines) (3-15
millions of spp.)

What is an animal?

Eukarionts

cells divided into organelles and a defined nucleus

Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Lack cell walls
Tissues linked by proteins (e.g. collagen)

What is an Animal?

Cells often linked by cell junctions

Possess electrogenic cells

gap, adhesion, tight

nerve cells and muscle cells

Reproduce sexually (diploid)

sperm + egg zygote blastula gastrula

larva adult

Marine Invertebrates
PhylumPorifera
ClassCalcarea
Spongeswithcalciumcarbonateskeleton
ClassHexactinellida
Glasssponges,withsilicaspicules
ClassDemospongiae
Themajorityofspongesareinhere,withsilicaspicules
PhylumCnidaria
SuperclassAnthozoa corals,seaanemones
SuperclassHydrozoa hydra,whiteweed,
SuperclassScyphozoa jellyfish
SuperclassCubozoa boxjellyfish
PhylumCtenophora seagooseberries,combjellies
PhylumPlatyhelminthes flatworms
ClassCestoda tapeworms
ClassMonogenea parasiticflatworms
ClassTrematoda flukes
ClassTurbellaria planarians
PhylumRotifera rotifers

PhylumNematoda roundworms,hookworms.
PhylumNemertea proboscisworms
PhylumEchiura spoonworms,innkeeperworms
PhylumSipuncula peanutworms
PhylumMollusca snails,clams,mussels,octopus,squid
ClassAplacophora solenogasters
ClassMonoplacophora monoplacophorans
ClassPolyplacophora chitons,chainofmailsnails,sea
cradles
ClassGastropoda snails,slugs,seabutterflies
ClassBivalvia mussels,oysters,clams,scallops
ClassScaphopoda tuskshells
ClassCephalopoda octopus,squid,cuttlefish,nautilus
PhylumAnnelida segmentedworms,leeches
ClassClitellata leechesandearthworms
ClassPolychaeta tubeworms,bristleworms

Marine Invertebrates
PhylumArthropoda crustaceans,insects,spiders,
centipedes
SubphylumChelicerata spiders,scorpions,
horseshoecrabs
ClassPycnogonida seaspiders
SubphylumCrustacea crabs,lobsters,barnacles
ClassMaxillopoda barnacles,copepods,sealice

PhylumPhoronida horseshoeworms
PhylumBryozoa lacecorals,mossanimals
PhylumBrachiopoda lampshells
PhylumChaetognatha arrowworms
PhylumHemichordata acornworms
PhylumEchinodermata starfish,urchins,sea
cucumbers,sealilies

ClassOstracoda seedshrimp

ClassCrinoidea sealilies,featherstars

ClassMalacostraca crabs,lobsters,mantis
shrimps,sandhoppers,seaslaters

ClassStelleroidea starfishandbrittlestars

SubphylumHexapoda insects
SubphylumMyriapoda centipedes,millipedes

ClassEchinoidea seaurchins
ClassHolothuroidea seacucumbers

ClassChilopoda centipedes
ClassDiplopoda millipedes

Marine Vertebrates
Phylum Chordata - fish, birds, mammals, tunicates, lancelets
Subphylum Tunicata - tunicates, salps, sea-squirts
Class Ascidiacea - sea squirts
Class Thaliacea - salps
Class Larvacea - larvaceans
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Class Leptocardii - lancelets, amphioxus
Subphylum Vertebrata - fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys
Class Myxini - hagfish, slime eels
Class Holocephali - chimaera, ghost sharks, rabbit fish
Class Elasmobranchii - Sharks and rays
Class Actinopterygii - bony fish
Class Reptilia - reptiles
Class Aves - birds
Class Mammalia - mammals

Systematics

The study of biological diversity and

classification
classification of living organisms by
evolutionary relationship

Classification

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Swedish naturalist

Developed the modern

taxonomic classification system

Linnean System of Classification

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Gorilla
Gorilla gorilla

Revised Linnean System

Division
Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Superclass
Class
Subclass
Infraclass
Order
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species
Subspecies

Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrata
Tetrapoda
Mammalia
Theria
Eutheria
Primates
Anthropoidea
Hominidae
Ponginae
Gorilla
Gorilla gorilla
Gorilla gorilla beringei

Binomial Nomenclature

Name in Latin.
Genus + species.
Examples:

Rana catesbeiana: bull frog

Turdus migratorius: American robin
Homo sapiens: modern human
Musca domestica: house fly

Subspecies sometimes included

Gorilla gorilla beringei: mountain gorilla

Major Evolutionary Divergences

among Animals

Development of Tissues
Development of Body Plans
Development of Body
Cavities
Developmental Origin of the
Coelom

Development of Tissues

Development of aggregations of similar cells into

patterns and layers
Parazoa (sponges) lack tissues
Eumetazoa possess tissues

Development of Body Plans

Pattern of body and structure

Number of embryonic cell
layers

Radiata (e.g. jellyfish, hydra)

diploblastic (2 germ cell layers)

Triploblastic (3 germ cell layers)

radial symmetry

Bilatera (everything else)

Blateral symmetry

pentamerous radial symmetry

Development of Body Cavities

Acoleomates (flatworms)

Pseudocoelomates (rotifers,
roundworms)

no body cavities

body cavity not surrounded by

mesoderm (pseudocoelom)

Coleomates (everything else)

body cavity enclosed by

mesoderm (coelom)

Developmental Origin of the Coelom

Coelomates are divided into two groups based

upon:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Pattern of cell cleavage during early development

When cell developmental fate is determined
How the coelom is formed
How the digestive tract is formed during gastrulation

Protostomes

Mollusks, earthworms, insects,

etc.
Spiral cleavage

Determinant cleavage

development into tissues determined

very early in cleavage

Schizocoelous

cell division diagonal to vertical axis

coelom forms by splitting solid

masses of mesoderm in

Blastopore forms mouth

Deuterostomes

Starfish, vertebrates
radial cleavage

indeterminant cleavage

development into tissues determined

later in cleavage

enterocoelous

cell division at right angles to vertical

axis

coelom forms by mesoderm layer

budding from archenteron

blastopore forms anus

Parazoa:
Phylum Porifera

sponges
little cell differentiation
sessile
no nerve or muscle cells
porous body

enables water circulation

through the body
flow driven by choanocytes
food collected and digested
by amoebocytes

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Shapes:
Tiny cups, broad branches, tall vases, encrusting round masses

Radiata:
Phylum Cnidaria

Corals, jellyfish,
anemones, corals
Radial symetry
gastrovascular cavity

central compartment with

single opening

two basic body plans:

polyp usually sessile

medusa motile form

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Radiata:
Phylum Cnidaria

tentacles arranged around

opening to the gastrovascular
cavity
lined with nematocysts

stinging cells

possess nerve cells forming

nerve net

SuperclassAnthozoa corals,seaanemones
SuperclassHydrozoa hydra,whiteweed,
SuperclassScyphozoa jellyfish
SuperclassCubozoa boxjellyfish

no central nervous system

possess muscle-like cells

SuperclassHydrozoa hydra,whiteweed

gastrozooid

gonozooid

12

SuperclassScyphozoa jellyfish

Fragata portuguesa

medusa melena de len gigante

Cyanea capillata

13

SuperclassAnthozoa corals,seaanemones

Branching Corals

Doming Corals

Sea Pen

Soft Corals

Sea Pansy

14

Gorgonians (Sea Whips)

Gorgonians (Sea Fans)

15

Radiata:
Phylum Ctenophora

Comb jellies
Harmless bioluminescent
jellies
Similar in appearance to
jellyfish
Possess comb-like plates
of cilia used for locomotion
Collect food with tentacles
covered with colloblasts
(lasso cells)

Acoelomates:
Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms
gastrovascular cavity with one
opening
true muscle tissue
primitive excretory system
(water balance)
sensory organs in head
(photoreceptors,
chemoreceptors)
central nervous system (ganglia
in head w/ ventral nerve cords)

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Acoelomates:
Phylum Platyhelminthes

Major Classes

Turbellaria

Monogenea and
Trematoda

planarians (free living)

flukes (parasites)

Cestoidea

tapeworms (parasites)

Pseudocoelomates:
Phylum Rotifera

Rotifers
complete digestive tract

separate mouth and anus

pseudocoelomic fluid acts

as circulatory system
cilia lining crown draw
water into the mouth

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Pseudocoelomates:
Nematoda

Nematodes (roundworms)
complete digestive tract
pseudocoelomic fluid acts
as circulatory system
longitudinal muscle
orientation
aquatic habitats, soils,
plant and animal parasites

Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Nemertea

Proboscis worms
acoelomous body, except
for fluid-filled sac used to
extend proboscis
similar excretory, sensory
and nervous systems to
flatworms
complete digestive tract
closed circulatory system
(blood confined to vessels)

18

Phylum Echiura
Sand/mud burrows, rock crevices
140 species so far, shallow mostly mm to 8
cm
Proboscis-used for feeding, contains brain,
cant be retracted

May extend > 25 times size of animal (200

cm for 8 cm animal)
Cilia move food to gut

Most are deposit feeders (few suspension

feeders)
Trochophore larvae

Bonellia viridis (males contained w/in

females-up to 20)

Sex of embryos not determined at fertilization

Only at contact with females proboscis (turns
male)

Phylum Sipuncula

All marine, 350 species

Vermiform worm shaped, no
segments
Found in burrows, sand, mud,
shells, tubes
Introvert-unlike proboscis, can be
retracted into body
Lack circulatory system with heart
and blood vessels
Larva-trochophore, larva can
disperse over long distances

19

Protostome Coelomates:
Lophophorate Phyla

possess lophophore

ciliated fold around

mouth

no head
U-shaped digestive
tract

Protostome Coelomates:
Lophophorate Phyla

Bryozoans

Phoronids

sessile, resemble moss,

hard exoskeletons
horseshoe worms

Brachiopods

resemble bivalves

20

Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Annelida

Annelids (segmented worms)

hydrostatic skeleton
coelom in repeating segments
with alternating longitudinal
and circular muscles, setae,
and metanephridia (excretion)
closed circulatory system
several specialized regions in
digestive tract
cerebral ganglia with ventral
nerve cord

Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Annelida

Major Classes

Class Oligochaeta
(earthworms)
Class Polychaeta
(polychaetes)
Class Hirudinea
(leeches)

21

Leech

Sabella pavonina
Nereis sp.

Lumbicus terrestris

22

Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Mollusca

Mollusks
Major Classes:

Class Polyplacophora

Class Gastropoda

snails and slugs

Class Bilvalvia

chitons

clams, oysters, mussels, etc.

Class Cephalopoda

octopus, squid, nautiluses

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Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Mollusca

Muscular foot
visceral mass

contains organs

gills (respiration)
complete digestive tract w/
specialized organs
open circulatory system (blood
not confined to vessels)
mantle

covers visceral mass, secretes

shell

Class Gastropoda
Snails

24

Class Gastropoda
Cypraea
spadicea

Littorina keenae

Tegula brunnea

Class Gastropoda

Diodora aspera

Littorina keenae

Lottia gigantea

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Aplysia californica

Phyllaphysia taylori

Tylodina fungina

Order Nudibranchia
The name nudibranch literally
means naked gills and is very
descriptive of this group of
gastropods. They are some of the
most beautiful animals in the
ocean, with colorful frills or
branches along their dorsal side.
Some of these animals prey on
hydrozoans and other
invertebrates.

26

Class Bivalvia
Mytilus edulis

Mytilus
californianus

Protathaca staminea

Class Cephalopoda
Octopus bimaculoides

Octopus dolfeini

27

Class Cephalopoda

Loligo opalescens

Class Cephalopoda

cuttlefish=sepia

28

Class Cephalopoda

Class Polyplacophora

Katharina tunicata
Cryptochiton stelleri

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Protostome Coelomates:
Phylum Arthropoda

specialization of body
segments

hard exoskeleton

specialized limbs, etc.

protein and chitin

high cephalization of
sensory organs
open circulatory systems

blood (hemolymph) not

confined to vessels

artemia

30

Arthropods:
Chelicerates

claw-like feeding appendages

(chelicerae), lack antennae
Class Arachnida (spiders,
scorpions, ticks, mites)

2 body segments (cepahlothorax

and abdomen)
6 pairs of appendages

chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pr walking

legs extend from cephalothorax

book lungs

enhances gas exchange btw

hemolymph and air

Arthropods:
Uniramians

jaw-like feeding appendages

(mandibles), 1 pair of antennae,
unbranched appendages
Class Diplopoda millipedes
Class Chilopoda centipedes
Class Insecta insects

three body segments (head, thorax,

abdomen)
many possess wings
specialized digestive system
Malpighian tubules (excretion)
tracheal system (respiration)

31

Arthropods:
Crustaceans

mandibles, 2 pair of
antennae, branched
appendages
Class Crustacea

possess gills
salt glands (hemolymph salt
balance)

Groups

Isopods (e.g. pill bugs)

Copepods (e.g. Cyclops)
Decapods (crabs, lobsters,
etc.)

Crustaceans

Insects

32

Subphylum Crustacea

zooplankton

Copepods
Tiny crustaceans are found in countless
numbers throughout the ocean. They can be
found on reefs, floating as plankton, or hiding
among other animals. An abundant group
found among the plankton is the copepods.

33

Copepods

Tigriopus californicus

a California intertidal species

Barnacles

Pollicipes polymerus

Balanus

Barnacles are commonly mistaken

for mollusks because they have
calcium plates surrounding their
bodies, but they are true crustaceans.

Tetraclita rubescens

34

Barnacle anatomy

Whale barnacles

Barnacles

Feeding barnacle

35

Amphipods

Amphipods
Megalorchestia
californiana

Ampithoe

36

Isopods

Subphylum Crustacea
Ligia occidentalis

Idotea stenops

37

Parasitic Isopod

Krill (Family Euphausiidae)

Krill are a little larger than the amphipods and

isopods, growing to about 5 centimeters. They are
planktonic organisms that resemble shrimp. Most
krill are filter feeders, eating other plankton.

38

Decapods
Petrolisthes cinctipes

Pagurus samuelis

Decapods shrimps, crabs and lobsters

39

Decapods shrimp and lobsters

Lobsters feed in the same way as shrimp, but they usually do it at
night. They also have been known to capture prey with their large,
ominous claws. Hermit crabs, which are not really crabs, fit their
elongated soft abdomens into abandoned gastropod shells. Many
cover their shells with algae or even other animals, like sea anemones
and sponges, in order to camouflage themselves.

Horseshoe crabs are arthropods

that live primarily in and
around shallow ocean waters
on soft sandy or muddy
bottoms. They will occasionally
come on shore for mating.

Horseshoe crabs (Class Merostomata)=cacerolitas de mar

40

Sea spiders
(Class Pycnogonida)

Sea spiders (Class Pycnogonida)

Ammothea hilgendorfi

41

Marine insects very, very few in the sea

Marine water strider
(Halobates)

Eggs of Halobates on seashell

42