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Solid State Materials and Devices

Text Books
Solid state Electronic Devices(7th edition - 2014)
By Ben G. Streetman & Sanajay Banerjee
Semiconductor device fundamentals(2nd edition 1996)
By Robert F. Pierette

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Matter

Solids

Rigid and incompressible

Definite shape
Definite mass
Definite volume
High density.
Strong intermolecular forces
Short inter nuclear distance due to close packing of
constituent particles.
Atoms vibrate about their fixed position
No translator motion but oscillate only around their
mean position

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Classification of Solids
Crystalline Solids
Amorphous Solids

Crystalline Solids
ion, molecule or atoms are arranged in definite geometric pattern
in the three dimensional network
arrangement repeats periodically over the entire crystal
bounded by PLANES or FACES
Planes intersect at particular angles
Have characteristic geometrical shape
properties like electrical conductance, refractive index, thermal
expansion, etc., have different values in different directions
give a clean surface after cleaving it with a knife rather than an
irregular breakage
have sharp melting and boiling points
Examples:
Copper Sulphate (CuSO4), NiSO4, Diamond, Graphite, Si,NaCl, Sugar
etc

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Basic crystal structures

Classification of crystalline solids

Classified on the basis of type of constituent particles and the nature of

intermolecular forces between them.
Ionic solid
Molecular Solids
Covalent or Network Solids
Metallic Solids
Ionic Solids
constituent particles are anions and cations-Each participating ion is
surrounded by a typical number of opposite charges
high melting point and boiling point due to strong electrostatic force of
attraction
behave like insulator but in an aqueous solution, they are good conductors
of electricity because the ions become free.
They are hard and brittle because their stability depends upon the
preservation of their geometric pattern.

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Example, in NaCl crystal,

each Na+ ion is surrounded by 6 Cl- ions and each Cl- ion is
surrounded by 6 Na+ ions.
the coordination number of Na+ and Cl- is 6.
These ions are held together with strong electrostatic force of attraction.

Molecular Solids
particles are molecules
Depending upon the nature of the molecules they are
further divided into three types.
Due to this weak force, they have low melting and
boiling points, are soft in nature and non-conductors of
electricity (no ions are present).
They are generally gaseous or liquid in nature at room
temperature and pressure.
Non Polar Molecular Solids
Polar Molecular Solids
Hydrogen-bonded molecular solids

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Covalent or Network Solids

constituent particles are atoms of the same or different
elements connected to each other by covalent bond.
a network of covalent bonds is formed throughout the
crystal and they form a giant molecule.
Due to strong covalent bonds, they are hard and brittle
high melting and boiling points
Example is diamond, silicon carbide (SiC) and graphite, etc.
They are insulators but graphite is exception in this case
because of the free fourth electron of each carbon atom
where each carbon atom is linked to three neighboring
carbon atoms. So graphite is good conductor of electricity.

Metallic Solids
contain metal atoms as constituent particles
have a good tendency to lose their valence electron and
change in to positively charged metal ions
Their electrons can easily move throughout the whole
crystal and form the sea of free electrons
attractive force between the ions and mobile valence
electrons is termed as metallic bond.
Because of these strong metallic bonds, metals can maintain
a regular structure and usually have high melting and
boiling points.
Metals have high electrical and thermal conductivity
because the free electrons flow with a charge or heat energy
through the metal

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Two distinct Classes of Solids

Amorphous Solids
non-crystalline solid
lacks the long-range order characteristic of a
crystal
particles are randomly arranged in three dimension
dont have a definite geometrical shape
dont have sharp melting points.
formed due to sudden cooling of liquid.
melt over a wide range of temperature
Coal, Coke, Glass, Plastic, rubber etc

Insulators, conductors,
Semiconductors

Insulators
Do not permit electrons to flow freely from particle to
particle
Do not permit charge to be transferred across the entire
surface of the object
Offer very resistance to the flow of current
Material

Resistivity (ohm m)

Glass

1012

Mica

9 x 1013

Quartz (fused)

5 x 1016

copper

1.8 x 10-8

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Insulators, conductors,
Semiconductors

Conductors
permit electrons to flow freely from particle to particle
permit charge to be transferred across the entire surface of the object
Charge transport via hopping of carriers

Insulators, conductors,
Semiconductors
Semicondutor
can conduct electricity under some conditions but not under others
make a good medium for the control of electrical current
Conductivity varies depending
Temperature
Doping
Applied voltage
Intensity of irradiation i.e. infrared , visible light, ultraviolet , or X
rays
Can absorb light
Can emit light
Current transfer can be via
Hopping of carriers
Tunneling of carriers

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Periodic Table of the Elements

Semiconductors

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Compound Semiconductors

Elemental and Compound

Semiconductors
Elemental Silicon, Germanium
Compound
Binary AlAs, GaN, InP,GaAs, GaP, InP
Ternary AlGaAs, GaAsP
Quaternary InGaAsP, AlGaAsSb

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