UNIT I

PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM

PART A
1.What are the types of treatment processes?
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Complete final treatment
4) Secondary treatment

Filter
s

Aeration

Exudation
ponds
&
Aerated lagoons

2. What are the various sources of wastewater generation?

Industrial Wastes

Domestic wastes

Agricultural Wastes
3.List out the types of anaerobic bio logical units?
Anaerobic lagoons
Septic tank
Inhofe tank
4.What is means by screening?
Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment
plant and consists of passing the sewage through different types of screens so as to
trap and remove the floating matter such as process of cloth, paper, wood, cork, hair,
fiber etc.

5. What is the purpose of providing screen?

The main idea of providing screens is to protect the pumps and other
equipments from the possible damages due to the floating matter of the
sewage.
It should be used for removing the floating matters.

6. What are the types of screen?

Classification based on size of the opening
Coarse screens
Medium screens
Fine screens
Based on shape
Rectangular for coarse and medium screens

Disc or Drum for fore screen

7. Define bar screen?
Rectangular shaped coarse and medium screens are made of steel bars fixed
parallel to one another at desired spacing on a rectangular frame and are called bar
screen.
8. What is meat by movable screen?
Movable screens are stationary during their operating periods. But they
can be lifted up bodily and removed from their partitions for the
purpose of cleaning.
A common movable bar medium screen is a 3 sided cage with a
bottom of perforated plates. It is mainly used in deep pits ahead of
pumps.
9. Define Communicators?
Communicators or shredders are the patented devices, which break
the larger sewage solids to about 6 mm in size. When the sewage is screened
through them such devices are used only in developed countries like USA.
10. What is meant by Screening?
The material separated by screens is called the screenings. It
contains 85 to 90% of mixture and other floating matter. It may also contain some
organic load which may putrefy, bad smells and nuisance.

11. What are the methods adopted for disposal of screenings?

Burning
Burial
Dumping
Burning of the screenings is done in the incinerators

Burial: The process is technically called composting

Another method of disposing of the screening is by dumping them in low
lying areas (away from the residential areas) or in large bodies of water such as sea.
12. Define Grit Chamber?
Grit chambers, also called or grit channels or grit basins, are intended to
remove the inorganic particles (specific graving about 2.65) such as sand, graver,
grit, egg, shells, bones etc of size 2 mm or larger to prevent damages to the pumps
and to prevent their accumulation in sludge digesters.
13. Define unit process?
Methods of treatment in which the application of physical forces predominate
are known as unit operations while methods of treatment in which chemical or
biological activities are involved are known as unit process.
14. What are the types of unit operations & processes?
Physical unit operations
Chemical unit process
Biological unit process

15.Give any two advantages of unit operations/ process?

1.
It gives better understanding of the process as inherent in the treatment and of
the capabilities of these processes in attaining the objectives.
2.
It helps in the development of mathematical and physical models of treatment
mechanisms and the consequent design of treatment plants.
16.Define phase transfer?
Most waste water treatment process bring about changes on concentration of
a specific substances by moving the substance either into or unit of the waste water
it self. This is called phase transfer.
17. Define definition time?
The definition time (t) of a settling tank may be defined as the average
theoretical time required for the sewage to flow through the tank. Otherwise known
as definition period or retention period
18. What is meant by principle of sedimentation?
The turbulence is retarded by offering storage to sewage these
impurities tend to settle down at the bottom of the tank offering such storage. This is

the principle of sedimentation.

19. Define the term Sedimentation Burin?
The burin in which the flow of sewage is retarded is called the settling tank or
the sedimentation Tank or the sedimentation Burin.
20. Define the term Detention Period?
The theoretical average time for which the water is detained is called the
detention period.
PART B
1. What are the different sources of wastewater generation?
ANS:
Sources Of Wastewater Generation
The following are the major sources of waste water
Domestic (household wastes):
Domestic waste includes wastewater from toilet, shower, cooking, washing
,cleaning and laundry
Commercial/service:
Commercial waste includes waste from schools, hospitals, restaurants, offices,
hotels, small businesses, shops, colleges
Industrial:
Industrial wastewater includes wastewater from processing wastewater,
cooling water.
Non-point sources:
a. Infiltration from groundwater into sewers
b. Inflow from storm water surcharge into sewer manholes
c. Combined storm/sewer overflows, older sewer systems where storm sewers
discharge into sanitary sewers
(Chicago, San Francisco, etc.)
d. Runoff from streets: sand and petroleum and tire residues (infiltration, not a
direct discharge).
2. Explain the Factors Influencing Sanitary Sewage Flow.
ANS
Factors Influencing Sanitary Sewage Flow.

The quantity of sanitary sewage depends on

Rate of water supply
Population growth
Type of area served
Infiltration of ground water

Rate Of water Supply

The quantity of wastewater produced from a community would depend on the rate
of water supply per capita per day.
The quantity of wastewater entering the sewers would be less than the quantity of
sewers supplied because water will be lost in domestic consumption.
Private source of water supply and infiltration of sub soil in sewers increases the
flow rate .
The minimum capacity of the sewers per day should be 150 litres per capita /day.
Population Growth
Sewers are generally designed considering the increase in population.
The Population Forecast may be done by
Arithmetical Increase Method
Geometrical Increase Method

Incremental Increase Method

Deceased Rate Of Growth Method
Graphical Extension Method
Graphical Comnparision Method
Zoning Method
Ratio and Correlation Method
Growth Composition Analysis Method
Design Period of a Sewer system is usually 30 years with the period of
pumping plants for 10 years.
Type Of Area Served
The quantity of wastewater produced depends upon the the serving area
(Residential, Commercial or Industrial)
Wastewater from residential area directly depends on the rate of water supply,
if there are no infiltration and private supply.
Wastewater from industrial area directly depends on the type and processing
in the Industry.\
Wastewater from Commercial area depends on the process of work in those
area.
Infiltration Of Sub-Soil water
Ground water may infiltrate into sewers through leaky joints.
Exfiltration also occurs where water flows from sewers to ground.
Infiltration increases the quantity of water in sewers where as exfiltration
reduces the water quantity.
Infiltration is most important in sewer designs since it increases the load on
the treatment works.

3. How will you estimate the storm run off?

ANS
Runoff depends on various factors like,
1. Type of Precipitation
2. Intensity
3. Duration of rainfall
4. Rainfall distribution
5. Soil moisture deficiency
6. Direction of the prevailing storm
7. Climate conditions
8. Shape, Size & type of Catchment basin
No proper formulas found to define the runoff rate
till now and all factors are interdependent.
So, a rational method was adopted commonly for
calculating (approx) the runoff of that area. But now urban storm drainage
were analyzed through
Digital computer Simulations.
Rational formula (Used for area more than 500 hectares)
1

Q = 36 K . PC . A
Qp = Peak rate of runoff in cumecs,
K = Coefficient of runoff,
A = Catchment area, in hectares,
Pc = Critical rainfall intensity, in cm/hr.
Critical rainfall intensity = Rainfall intensity during the
rainfall duration which is equal to the time of
concentration.
Time of concentration = Ti + Tf
Ti =

Tf =

0.885

L
0.385
H

Velocityt h e Drain

Lengt hOf T h e Drain

Intensity duration curve,

a

P = T +b

PC = P = Rain intensity in cm/hr

T = Time in minutes, a & b = Constants
For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes,
a = 75 & b = 10,
75

P = T +10
For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes,
a = 100 & b = 20,
100

P = T +20
For localities where rainfall is frequent,
343

P = T +18
For localities with rainfall frequency of 10 years,
P=

38
T

For localities with rainfall frequency of 1 years,

P=

15
T 0.62

Kuichlings formula
267

P = T +20
Storm frequency = 10 years
305

P = T +20
Storm frequency = 15 years.

4. Explain the estimation of Sanitary sewage flow.

ANS
Sewage
Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, that is intended to
be removed from a community. Also known as wastewater, it is more than 99%

water and is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical

constituents and the
bacteriological organisms that it contains.
Sewer Systems
A Sewer system is a network of pipes used
to
convey
storm runoff and / or wastewater in an
area.
The sewage discharge which has to pass
through
a
sewer must be estimated as correctly
possible other wise it may lead to
inadequate flow condition
overflow condition
wasteful investment.
Qty of Sewage = Domestic + Industrial
Domestic waste includes wastewater from toilet, shower, cooking, washing
,cleaning and laundry.
Industrial wastewater includes wastewater from processing wastewater,
cooling water.
Net qty of sewage produced = Estimated wastewater generation rate +
Unaccounted private water supplies + Infiltration water losses water not entering
the sewage.
Wastewater generation rate is given by
Qmax =

Qmax =

5 Q avg
P

0.2

(1+ 4+14P ) Q
0.5

avg

5. A sewer has a catchment area of 50 hectares. Estimate the storm water flow
corresponding to a rainfall of 40 mm during a time of concentration of 3o mins.
Assume that the impervious area is equal to 55% of total catchment area. Use
lloyed davis formulae
Soln:
r

Wastewater flow = 6 t P cumecs

c
Where r = total rainfall in mm,
During the time of concentration = 40 mm
tc = time of concentration = 30 mins
P = impervious area in hectares
= 0.55 x 50 = 27.5 hectares.

40
3
Wastewater flow = 6 x 30 x 27.5m / sec

= 6.1 cumecs
= 6100 litres/sec

UNIT II
SEWER DESIGN
PART B
1. What are the Demerits of chemical precipitation?
1. High cost of chemicals
2. Large quantity of sludge which offers difficulty of its removal
3. Skilled attendance
4. Putrescible effluent
2. What do you mean by chemical precipitation?
When certain chemicals are added to, sewage they produce a precipitate
known as flow which in insoluble or slightly soluble in water. The flow attracts
small particles to form large size and thus size goes on increasing during the process
of settlement

3. What are the users of Baffle?

1) Baffler are required to prevent the movement of organic
matter and its escape along
with the efficient
2) Distribute the sewage uniformly through the cross section of the
tank.
3) It is used to avoid short circuiting
4. What are the classifications of biological process?
a) Aerobic processes
b)Anaerobic processes
c) Aerobic anaerobic processes
5. List out the aerobic processes?
1. Activated sludge processes
2. Trickling filters
3. Aerobic stabilization pond
4. Aerated lagoon
6. List out the anaerobic process?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Anaerobic sludge digestion,

Anaerobic contact processes
Anaerobic filters
Anaerobic lagoons or ponds

7. What are the sources of waste water?

1. Domestic waste water (i.e sewage)
2. Agricultural return waste water
3. Industrial waste water
8. What are the methods involved in the
treatment of waste water?
Mainly classified into
1. Conventional treatment methods
2. Advanced waste waster treatment
Conventional treatment methods
i)Preliminaryprocesses
ii.Primary treatment
iii.Secondary treatment
Advanced waste water treatment
i.
Tertiary treatment
9. What are the functions involved in the chemical unit processes
1. Chemical precipitation
2. Gas transfer
3. Adsorption
4. Disinfection
5. Combustion
6. loss exchange
7. Electro dialysis
10. Give any two advantage of chemical coagulation process in sewage treatment?
Sedimentation aided with coagulation produces better efficient with lesser
BOD and suspended solids, as compared to plain sedimentation. Coagulated
settling tank requires less space than that required by an ordinary plain settling
tank.
11.What are the Demerits of coagulation in sewage treatment?

Cost of chemicals is added to the cost of sedimentation, with out

much use, and thereby making the treatment costlier.

The process of coagulation requires skilled supervision and

handling of chemicals.
12. What are the types of sedimentation tank?
Based on flow
Vertical flow tank

 Horizontal flow tank

Radial flow tank
According to use
o Primary
o Secondary
13.What are the chemical used for precipitation of sediment?
o Alum
o Ferrous sulphate
o Ferric sulphate
o Ferric chlorides
o Sodium alluminate
o Sulphuric acid
o lime
o copperas
14.What are the factors that affect the precipitations?
o Kind of chemical
o Quality of chemical
o Character and concentration of sewage
o pH values of sewage
o time of mixing and flowlations
o Temperature
o Violence of agitation
15. What are the merits of chemical precipitation?
o More rapid and through clarification
o Removal of higher percentage of suspended solids.
o Simplicity of operation
o Small size tank is enough
16. Define the term Displacement efficiency?
The ratio of the Flowing through period
period is called the displacement efficiency

to

the

detention

17. Define the term Detention Period?

The theoretical average time for which the water is detained is called
the detention period.
18.What are remedial measurement for rising sludge problem?
o Increasing the return sludge age
Increasing the speed of the sludge scroper mechanism, where possible
Decreasing the mech cell residence come by increasing the sludge write rate
19.What is meant by sludge bulking?

Sludge with poor setting characteristics is termed bulking

sludge. It results on poor influent due to thee presence of excessive suspended
solids and also in rapid loss of MISS from aeration tank.
20.Define the term Raw sludge?
The sludge, which is deposited in a primary
sedimentation
tank, is called Raw sludge. Raw sludge contains
highly puterscible organic
matter, and is thus, very objectionable.

PART B
1. Explain various types of pipe joint in transporting water.
Ans: Different Types of .Joints:a)Socket and Spigot joint
b)Flanged. Joint
c) Coupling
d)Flexible joint
c)Collar joint
d)Screwed Socket joint
e)Expansion joint

Socket and Spigot Joint:

The cast iron pipes which are to be joined by the socket and spigot joint.
These are made in such a way that one of their end is enlarged and the other end is
normal.
The enlarged end is called " socket'. The normal end is spigot. The spigot is fitted
into the socket.
A few strands of jute are wrapped around the spigot before inserting in into the
socket and then more jute is packed into the joint.
The remaining space between the socket and the spigot is finally filled with molten
lead.

Flanged Joint. Flanged joints are used for pumping stations and some other locations where it may
be necessary to occasionally disjoint the pipe.
Cast iron pipe lengths to be joined by this joint are cast in such a way as to have
flanges at both ends.
Two flanges are brought together keeping rubber washer in between them. so as to
make them water They are fixed by means of nuts and bolts.
Expansion Joint.

 Expansion joints are provided at suitable intervals in the pipelines. so as to

counteract the thermal stresses produced due to temperature variations.
The socket end is cast flanged -and the spigot end is plain. The socket end is
connected rigidly to an annular ring which can slide freely over the spigot end.
While making this joint, a Small space (equal to L T.) is kept between the face of
the spigot and the inner face of the socket, and the spigot is filled up by means of a
rubber gasket file flanges are tightened by means of nuts and bolts'
Flexible joint:
These joints are used wherelarge scale flexibilities are required.
The pipes to be provided with such a joint are cast with special types of ends.
The socket is spherical and tile. Spigot though plain is having a bead at the end.
A retainer ring is placed over the bed which keeps the special rubber gasket.
A split cast iron gland ring is then placed over it.
They are then tightened by means of bolts and nuts.
Dresser Coupling (Mechanical Joint):
This type of joints is used when it is required to join the plain ends of cast iron
pipes.
A special type of metallic collar is then fitted and tightened over the abutting ends,
thus forming a mechanical joint.
One of the most commonly used types of mechanical joint is dresser coupling.
In this joint, an iron ring and a gasket are slipped over each of the abutting ends of
the pipes, and iron sleeve is inserted between the gaskets.
The iron rings are then tightened by means of bolts.

2. Discuss the key features of testing of pipeline

Ans:
The pipe line is tested from section to section, .Thus at a time Only one particular
section lying between two sluice values is taken up for testing,
The downstream sluice value is closed. and water is admitted into the pipe through
the upstream valve.The air valves will be properly operated during filling upthe
pipes
The upstream valve, through which water was admitted, is closed, so as to
completely isolate the pipe section from the rest of the pipe,
Pressure gauges are then fitted along the length of the pipe section at suitable
intervals on the crown, through holes left for this purpose.
The pipe section is then connected to the delivery side of a pump through a small
by-pass valve, and the pump is started, so as to develop pressure in the pipe. The
operation is continued till the pressure inside the pipe reaches the designed value,
.which can he read from the pressure gauge fixed on the pipe.
The by-pass valve is closed and the pumping is discontinued.
The pipe kept under pressure for 24.hrs, and inspected for possible defects, leakages
at the joints etc.,
Thepipe finally emptied through drain values and the observed defects are rectified,
so as to make the line fit for use. The pipe is again tested by repeating the same
procedure.

3. Determine the size of a circular sewer for a discharge of 600lps running halffull. Assume I = 0.0001 and n =0.015.
SOLN:
d
=0.5
D
1

= 2

(1cos 2 )


=0
2

Or cos

=90
2
=180
Area of Cr oss section w hile running partially full
D2
sin

=
4 360 2

Now using this equation,

D 2 sin

4 360
2

=
=

D2 180 sin 180

4 360
2

D2
0
4 2

[
[ ]

D2
8

Wetted Perimeter, while running partially full

= p = D 360
Using this formula

p = D 360
180

= D 360 = 2
r=

a
=
p

D2 1
D
.
=
8 D 4
2

Using Mannings formula,

1

q = na
0.6 =

1
0.015

D8 /3=

D2
8

r 2 /3 S
D
4

2/ 3

( )

0.0001

0.60.01582.52100

D = 1.93 m.
4. Design a sewer to serve a population of 36,000; the daily per capita water
supply allowance being 135 litres, of which 80 percent find its way into the
sewer. The slope available for the sewer to be laid is 1 in 625 and the sewer
should be designed to carry four timed the dry weather flow when running full.
What would be the velocity of flow in the sewer when runningfull?

Assume n = 0.012 in mannings formula

Soln:
Population = 36000
Per capita water supply = 135 lit/person/day
Average water supplied daily = 36000 x 135 lit/day
Average water supplied in cumecs
36000135

= 1000246060
= 0.0562 cumecs.
Average Sewage Discharge = 80 % of water supplied
= 0.8 x 0.0562 cumecs
=0.045 cumecs.
Maximum discharge for which sewer should be designed running full = 4 x 0.045
cumecs = 0.18 cumecs
Using Mannings formula, we have
1
Q = NA

0.18 =

R2 /3 S

1
2 D 2/ 3
D
0.012 4
4

1
( )( ) 625

0.180.01242.5252

= D 8 /3

=0.173
D = 0.1733 /8
= 0.31 m
Diameter of sewer pipe = 0.31 m
Velocity of flow when running full
V=

Q
0.18
=
A
( 0.31 )2
4

V = 2.39 m/sec.

5. Write about one pipe system and two pipe system of plumbing
Two Pipe System:

This system is the best system of plumbing used widely across the
world.
It has two sets of pipes
1. For draining night soil
2. For draining sullage
The first set of pipes carrying night soil is called soil pipes
The second sets of pipes carrying sullage from baths, etc are called sullage or
waste pipes.
The soil fixtures such as latrines and urinals are connected through branch
pipes to vertical soil pipes.
The sludge fixtures such as baths, sinks, wash basins are connected through
branch pipes to vertical waste pipes.
Both the soil and waste pipes are ventilated separately by providing separate
vent pipes or antisiphonage pipes.
This requires four pipes and is costly.
One Pipe system:
Instead of using two separate pipes, only one main vertical pipe is used
to carry sullage and night soil.
The main pipe is ventilated in itself by providing cowl at its top.
An additional vent pipe is also provided.
This system has two pipes instead of four pipes.

UNIT III
PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE
PART A

1.Define humus tank?

The efficient of the filter is therefore, passed through a sedimentation take
called Humus tank otherwise called secondary clarifier or secondary setting take.
2.What are the distinct stages in the sludge digestion processes?
Acid fermentation
Acid repression
Alkaline fermentation
3.Define the term ripened sludge?
This digested sludge is collected at the bottom of the digestion tank
and is also called repented sludge.
4. What are the factors effecting sludge digestion?
o
o
o
o

Temperature
Pit value
Seeding out digested sludge
Mixing and stirring of the raw sludge with digested sludge.

5. What are functions of aeration in ASP?

Oxygenation of the mixed log
Flocculation of the colloid in sewage influent
Suspension of activated sludge
6.What are the methods employed for the purpose of certain in ASP?
Diffused air aeration air aeration
Mechanical aeration
Combined diff used air and Mechanical aeration
7.What are the patterns of mechanical aeration?

Haworth paddle or Sheffield aeration system

Hartley paddle or Bio flocculation system
Simplex aeration system
Link belt aeration system
Kessner Brush aeration system

8.List out the important aeration processes in the ASP?

Conventional process
Tapered aeration process

Step aeration process

Contact stabilization process
Completely mixed process
Modified aeration
Extended aeration

9.What are the advantage of stabilization ponds

Lower initial lost than required for a mechanical plant.
Tower operation costs
10.What are the disadvantage of lagoons?
Requires extensive land area.
Hence the method can be used only on rural area.
If used in urban areas, expansion of town and new developments may
encroach on the lagoon site.

11.What do you understand by facultative ponds?

A facultative ponds combine the features of the aerobic and anaerobic
ponds.
o
o
o
o

A facilitative pond consists of three

Aerobic Zone
Faculative zone
Anaerobic zone

12.What are remedial measurement for rising sludge problem?

o Increasing the return sludge age
o Increasing the speed of the sludge scroper mechanism, where possible
o Decreasing the mech cell residence by increasing the sludge rate
13.What is meant by sludge bulking?
Sludge with poor setting characteristics is termed bulking sludge. It results on poor
influent due to thee presence of excessive suspended solids and also in rapid loss of
MISS from aeration tank.
14.What are the advantage of increment 8 and filters?
The efficient from intermittent sand filter is of better quality. It is more clean and
more stable and hence does not need further treatment before disposal

 The filter work under aerobic conditions, and hence there is no trouble of odour,
files and inserts
The operation is very simple, requiring no mechanical equipment except for dosing

15.What are the disadvantages of intermittent sand filters?

The rate of filtration and hence that of load long is very small per unit surface area
of the filter hence they cannot be employed for medium size or bigger plants
They requires large area and large quantity of sand due to which their construction
is very lostly.

16.What do you understand by contact beds?

Confact beds, also called confact filters, are similar to inter mitten sand
filters in construction, except that th filtering media is very coarse, consisting of
broken stones called ballart of 20 to 50mm gauge.
A contact bed is a water trough take of masonry walls and of rectangular shape.
The depth of filtering media is kept b/w 1 to 1.8m
17.What are the operations involved in the contact beds?

Filling
Contact
Emptying
Oxidation

18.What are the advantage of contact of beds?

Contact beds can work under small heads.

Contact beds can be operated without exposing the sewage efficient to view.
There is no nuisance of filter flows
The problem of odour is much less as compared to trill long filters.

19.What are the disadvantage of contact beds in T.F?

Rate of loading is mech less in comparison to

trickling filters.
Large areas of land is required for their installation
Intermittent operation requires continous attendance
The cost of contact beds is mech more as
compared to
trickling filters

19.What do you mean by trickling filters?

Trickling filters, also as percolating filters or sprinkling filters are similar to
contact beds in construction, but their operation is continous and they allow
constant aeration In this system sewage is allowed to sprinkle or trickle over a bed
of coarse, rough hard filter media and it is then collected through the under
drainage system
20.What are the purpose of under drainage system?
o The purpose of under drainage system is two fold
o To carry away the liquid efficient and sloughed biological solids.
o To distribute air through the bed

PART B
1. Explain classification of Treatment processes?
Sewage before being disposed of either in river
has generally to be treated. So as
to make it safe

streams or on land

Sewage can be treated in difference ways treatment

classified as

process are often

1)
2)
3)
4)

Preliminary treatment
Primary treatment
Secondary or (biological) treatment
Complete final treatment

Preliminary treatment:
Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating
materials (Like dead animals, tree
branches, papers, pieces of
rags, wood etc) and also the heavy settle able inorganic solids.
It also helps in removing the oils and greases etc. From
the
sewage this treatment reduces the BOD of the waste water, by
about 15 to 30%.
The process used are screening for removing
floating
papers, rags, clothes etc.
Grit chambers or detritus tanks: For removing grit and
sand
Slimming tanks: For removing oils and
greases.
Primary Treatment

 Primary treatment consists in removing large

suspended
organic solids. This is usually this is usually accomplished
by
sedimentation on settling basins.
The liquid effluent from primary treatment often contains
a
large amount of suspended organic material and has a high BOD
about (60% of original).
The original solids which are separated out in the sedimentation
tanks (in primary treatment) are often stabilized by an anaerobic
decomposition in a
digestion tanks or are incinerated.
Sometimes the preliminary as well as primary
treatments are
classified to gather under primary
treatment.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment involves further treatment of the efficient,
coming from the primary sedimentation
tank.
This
is
generally accomplished through biological decomposition
of
organic matter, which can be carried out either under aerobic or
anaerobic conditions.
In these biological units, bacteria will decompose the
organic matter, to produce cleaner effluent.
The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter
decomposed (oxidized) by aerobic bacteria are
known
aerobic biological units; and may
consists of

fine

is
as

i. Filters (intermittent sand filters as well as trick long filters).

ii. Aeration tanks with the feed of recycled activated sludge (i.e., the
sludge which I settled in secondary sedimentation tank, receiving
effluents from the aeration tank)
iii. Exudation ponds and Aerated legions. Since the there aerobic units,
generally make use of primary settled sewage, they are early classified
as secondary units.
The effluent from the secondary biological treatment will usually
contain a little BOD (5 to 10% of
the original). The organic solids sledge
separated out
in the primary as wells as in the secondary settling tank
will be disposed of by stabilizing them under
anaerobic process in a
sludge digestion tank.
The final or advanced Treatment
Thus treatment is sometimes called tertiary treatment,

and

consists in removing the organic local left after the secondary

treatment, and particularly to kill the pathogenic bacteria. Thus
treatment, which is
normally carried out by chlorination
Shows diagrammatic sketches of some standard types
of
sewage treatment plants
2. Design a suitable rectangular sedimentation provided

with
mechanical cleaning equipment for treating the sewage from a city,
provided with an assured public water supply system, with a max
daily demand of 12 million lit/day. Assume
suitable values of
detention period and velocity of flow in the tank. Make any other
assumptions,
wherever needed.
Solution:
Assuming that 80% of water supplied to the city becomes sewage, we
have the quantity of sewage required to be treated per day i.e (max daily)
= 0.8 x 12 million lit
= 9.6 M. lit
Now assuming the detention period in the sewage sedimentation tank as 2
hrs, we have
Q=

9.6
24

x 2M.lit

= 0.8M.lit
800cu.m
Now assuming that the flow velocity through the tank is maintained
at 0.3 m/min, we have
The length of the tank required
= velocity of flow x detention period
= 0.3 x (2 x 60)
= 36 m
C/s area pf the tank required

= Capacity of the tank length of the tank

800
=22.2m2
36

Assuming the water depth in the tank (i.e effective depth of tank) as 3 m
The width of the tank required
= Area of X section
Depth

= 22.2

= 7.4m

3
Since the tank is provided with mechanical cleaning arrangement no
extra space at bottom is required for sludge zone.
No, assuming a free board of 0.5 m, we have
The overall depth of the tank = 3 + 0.5
= 3.5 m
In overall size of 36.5m x 8 m x 4 m can be used.

3.Stabilisation ponds for a town of 3000 population are provided to operate in

2
2
serves. The larger cell has area of 60,000 m , and the smaller one 30,000 m . The
3
average daily was to flow is 900 m /d containing 200 kg of BOD (222 mg/e)
(i)
For series operation, calculate the BOD loadings based on both the total
pond area and the larger cell only.
(ii)
Estimate the number days of winter storage available between
0.6 m and 1.5 m water levels. Assuming an evaporation and seepage loss of 2.5 mm
of water per day.
SOLN:
(i) a) BOD Loading based on total pond area

Total pond area of both cells joined in serves

2
2
= 60,000 m + 30,000 m
2
= 90,000 m = 9 hec
Total BOD per day = 200 kg/day
BOD loading in kg/ha/day
=

200

kg / d / ha

9
= 22.2 kg/ha/day
(i) (b) BOD loading based on area of larger cell only
2
Area of larger cell = 60,000 m = 6 hac
BOD = 200 kg/day
BOD loading on kg/ha/day
200
9
=33.3 log/ha/day
=

(ii)
To calculate the number of days of storage between WL 0.6 m and
1.5 m, we have depth available for storage
= 1.5 0.6 = 0.9 m
2
Total area = 90,000 m
Volume of stage available
3
= 90,000 x 0.9 = 81,000 m
Daily in flow of sewage = 900 cum/day
The sewage volume, which percolates and evaporates daily = 2.5 mm depth
=

2.5
1
x
m x surface area of tanks
10 100

2.5
x 90000
1000

= 225 m

Not effective daily in flow of sewage

= (900 225) m
3
= 675 m /day

Winter storage available as days

Vol . Of Storagem
=

3
3

Daily net sewage inflow on

m
day

81000
675
= 120 days.
4.Design a septic tank for the following data Number of people = 100
Sewage / capital/day = 100 lit
De sluding period = 1 year
Length = width = 4 : 1
=

Quantity of sewage produced per day = 12,000 lit/day

Assuming the defention period to be 24 hrs, we have the quantity of sewage produced
during the defention period is the capacity of the tank.
= 12,000 x 24/24
= 12,000 lit
Now assuming the rate of sludge deposit as 30 lit/capita/year and with the given 1 year
period of cleaning, we have
The quantity of sludge deposited = 30x100 x1
= 3,000 lit

Total required capacity of the tank

= 12,000 + 3,000

= 15,000 lit
3
=15m

Assuming the depth of the tank as 1.5 m, the c/s area of the tank
=

15
2
=10 m
1.5

Using L : B as 4 : 1 (given)
2
4B =10
B=

2.5=1.5 m

C = 4 x 1.5 = 6m

The
dimen
sions
of the
tank
will be
6 m X
1.5 m
X (1.5
+ 0.3
m) as

overall depth with 0.3 m free board. Hence, use a tank of size 6 m X 1.5 m X
1.80 m
5. Design in a preliminary treatment unit the screen and the detritus tanks
for 50,000 people. The dry weather flow is 110 lit / h / day. Assume the
maximum flow as 3 times the DWF. Assume suitably the data not given
Screens Total Flow
= 50000 x 110 lit/day
=

50000
l
=63.65
24 x 60 x 60
s

Maximum flow = 3 x 63.65 = 190.95 l/s ray 190 l/s

2
Using one screen with openings of 25mm, at the rate of 1160 cm
per thousand people
Submerged area required = 50 x 1160 cm
2
= 5.8 m

50, 000

2
Alternatively, the area of the rack may be @ 1.0 cm per 100 lit of DWF
2
= 5.5m
100
How assuming that 15 lit screenings per ML of flow are separated.
15
x 50000 x 110
Total screenings =
106
i.e

= 82.5
lit
if the
velocit
y
in
the
screen
chamb
er is
45
cm/s
C/s
area of
screen
chamb
er

190 x
1000
30

= 6333.3 m2
Detritus tank:
Assuming the maximum capacity of tank as 0.8% of DWF,it is
0.8

equal to 100 x 50000 x 110=44000lit

Maximun quantity that flows through the tank = 190 l/s

If the limiting velocity is 30 cm/s

c/s area =

190 x1000 =

6334cm2

30
If the detention period is 45 sec
Length of the tank = 45 x 30 = 1350 cm
Providing 5 tanks of 13.5 length each
Total capacity of the tank
= 5 x 1350x6334
1000
= 42755 lit
Quantity of grit at the rate of 151/ML/day
= 82.5 lit/day
If the cleaning period is 2 weeks

Storage for 2 weeks = 82.5 x 14 = 1155lit

Total capacity of 5 tanks
= 42755 + 1155 = 43910 = 44000 lit say
Which is equal to maximum capacity required,
Depth of tank =

1350 =

85cm, say

16
Width =

6334 =

80cm, say

85
UNIT IV
SECONDARY
SEWAGE

TREATMENT

OF

PART A
1.What is the basic difference between activated sludge processes
trickling filter

and

Trickling Filter
Activated Sludge Process
The bacterial film coating the grains of The bacterial film which is kept moving
the filter is stationary.
is due to constant agitation.

2. Give any 4 advantage of activated sludge plaof?

i) Lesser land area is reqd
ii) The head loss on the plant is quite low
iii) There is no fly or odour nuisance

iv) Capital cost is less

3. What are the disadvantages of the activated study plant?
i) High cost of operation, take greater power consumption
ii) A lot of machinery to be handled
iii) The sudden change in the quantity and character of sewage may produce
adverse effects on the working of the process thus producing inferior
efficient
4. Define the term eutrophication?
The excess growth of algae and other aquatic plants in a river stream is
called eutroplication.

5. What do you mean by secondary treatment?

The effluent from the primary sedimentation tank
contains about 60 to 80% of the unstable organic matter originally present in
sewage. Thus colloidal organic matter which passes the primary clarifier without
settling there, has to be removed by further treatment. This is called secondary or
biological treatment.
6. What are the special types of filters?
Durban filter
Magnetic filters
Rapid sand filters
7.What is the range of sand particle in the filtering mdia?
D10 (effective size) = 0.2+0 0.5 mm
D60
(uniformly coefficient ) --> 2 to 5
D10

8. What are the types of trickling filters?

1) Conventional trickling filter or ordinary or standard rate or low rate trickling

filter
2) High rate filters or high rate trickling filter
9. What are the advantage of trickling filters?
Rate of filter loading is high as such requiring lesser land areas and
smaller quantities of filter media for their installations.
They are self- clearing
Mechanical wear and tear is small as they contain less mechanical
equipment.
Moisture content of sludge obtained from trickling filters is high as 99%
or 80.
10. What are the disadvantages of trickling filters?
the head loss through these filters is high, making automatic cleaning of the
filters necessary
cost of construction is high
There filters cannot treat raw sewage and primary sedimentation is a must.

11.Define the term Recirculation Ratio?

R
) of the volume of sewage recirculated
I

The ratio (

(R) to the volume of raw sewage (I) is called recirculation ratio.

12. What is the formulae for recirculation factor?
R
I
F=
R
1+0.1
I
1+

Where
F = Recirculation factor

R = Volume of sewage recirculated

I = Volume of Raw sludge
13. What do you understand by Littoral zone?
The shallow water near the shore in which rooted plants grow, is called
the literal zone. The extent of the littoral zone depends on the slope of the
lake bottom, and the depth of the euphosic zone.
14. What is meant by Behthic zone? Give example
The bottom sediments in a lake comprises what is called the benthic zone.
As the organisms living in the overlying water die, they settle down to the
bottom, where they are decomposed by the organisms living in the bent hic
zone. Bacteria are always present on this zone.
15.Write the formula for finding the efficiency of single high rate trick long
filter?

100

( )=

1+ 0.0044

Y
VF

Where
Y = The total organic loading in kg/day applierd to the filter is the total bon
in kg.
V = Filter volume in hec-m
F = Recirculation factor
16.Write the equation for unit organic loading?

U=

YV
F

u = Unit organic loading on filter

17. Write the expression for finding out the final efficiency of two stage T.F?

100
0 . 0044 Y '
1+
1
V' F'

Where
Y =total BOD in efficient from first stage in kg /day
V = Volume of second stage filter in ha-m
F =Recirculation factor for the second stage filter = Final
efficiency
18.What are the merits of conventional trickling filter?
The efficient obtained from truckling filters is highly nitrified and
stabilized. The efficient can there fore be disposed of in smaller quantity of
deputation water
It has good dependability to produce good efficient under very widely
varying whether and other conditions
The working of truckling filter is simple and sheep and does not
require any skilled supervision
19. What are the demerits of conventional trickling filters?
The loss of head through the filter system is high their making the
automatic dosing through siphonic doing tank necessary.
The cost of construction of the filter is high .
They require large area in comparison to their biological treatment
processes.
20.What is the necessary of Recirculation in Trickling Filter?
Recirculation is necessary to provide uniform hydraulic
loading as well as to dilute the high strength waste waters.In constant to the

low rate filters, in high rate filters a part of settled or filter effluent is
recycled through
the filter.

PART B
1. The sewage is flowing @ 4.5 million liters per day from a primary
clarifier to a standard rate trickling filter. The 5-day BOD of the
influent is 160 mg/l. the value of the adopted organic loading is to
be 160 gm / m3/ day and surface loading 2000l/m 2/day. Determine
the volume of the filter
and its depth. Also calculate the efficiency of this filter unit.
Solution
Total 5-day B.O.D present in sewage
=

160 x 4.5 x 10
3
10

= 720000 gm/day

Volume of the filter media required

Total B .O . D
Organic Loading Rate

720000 gm/d
160 gm /m3 /d

=720000/160m3
=4500m3
Surface area required for the filter
=

Total Flow
=
Hydraulic Loading Rate
4.5 x 106 c /d
2000l/ m2 d

4.5 x 106
2000

= 2250 m2

Depth of the bed req =

4500
2250

=2m
Efficiency of filter is given by
=

100
1+0.0044 u

U ---organic Loading kg/ha-m/day

=

100
1+0.0044 600
100

= 1+0.176
100

= 1.176

= 85.03%

2. Determine the size of a high rate trickling filters for the following
data.
1 Sewage flow = 4.5 mld
2 Recirculation ratio = 1.5
3 BOD of row sewage =250 mg/l
4 BOD removal in primary tank = 30%
5 Final efficient BOD desired = 30 mg/l
Solution
Quantity of sewage flowing into the filter per day = 4.5 M.L /day
BOD concentration in raw sewage
1 250 mg/l
Total BOD present in raw sewage
= 4.5 ml x 250 mg/l
= 1125 kg
BOD removed in primary tank = 30%
BOD left in the sewage entering per day on the filter unit = 1125 X 0.7

= 787.5 kg
BOD concentration desired in final effluent = 30 mg/l
Total BOD left in the effluent perday = 4.5 X 30kg =
135kg
BOD removed by the filter =787.5 -135 =652.5 kg
B O D Removed
x 100
ToTal BO D

Efficiency of filter =

652.5

= 787.5 x 100
= 82.85%
Now using Equation,
100

1+0.0044

Y
VF

Y = Total BOD in kg = 787.5 kg

1+ R /I

F = ( 1+0.1 R/ I )2
R
=1.5 ( given )
I

=
F=

1+1.5
2
[ 1+0.1+1.5 ]

=
82.85=

2.5
=1.89
1.15 2

100
1+0.0044

V = 2000 m3

787.5
V x 1.89

Assuming the depth of the filter as 1.5m, we have

Area =

2000 2
m
1.5

= 1333.3 m2
Dia req =

1333.3 x

= 41.2m.
Hence, use a high rate tricking filter coth 41.2m dia, 1.5m deep filter media
and wo the recirculation (single stage)ratio of 1.5.
3.Determine the size if a high rate trickling filter for the following data.
Flow = 4.5 m/d Recirculation ratio = 1.4
BOD of raw sewage = 250 mg/l
BOD removed in primary clarifier = 251 Final effluent
BOD derived = 50mg/l
Calculate also the size of the standard rate trickling filter to
accomplish the above requirement
Solution:Total BOD present in raw sewage perday
= 4.5Ml X 250 Mg/l =1125kg
BOD removed in the primary clarifier =25%
BOD inferring per day in the filter units
= 0.75 X 1125 kg
= 843.75 kg
Permissible BOD concentration in the effluent = 50m/l
BOD allowed to go into the effluent
= 50 mg/l X 4.5 nql
= 225 kg

BOD removed by the filter perday = 843.75 225 =618.75kg

Efficiency of filter =
=

B O D Removed
x 100
ToTal BO D
618.75
x 100=73.33
843.75

Now using Equation,

100

1+0.0044

Y
VF

Y = Total BOD in kg = 843.75 kg

1+ R /I

= ( 1+0.1 R/ I )2
R
=1.4 ( given )
I

=
F=

1+1.4
2
[ 1+0.1+1.4 ]
2.4
=1.85
1.14 2

73.33=

100
1+0.0044

843.75
V x 1.85

V = 664.5 m3
Assuming the depth of the filter as 1.5m, we have

664.5 2
m
1.5

Surface area =
= 413.6 m2
Diameter req =

413.6 x

= 23.8m.
For an equivalent standard rate filter, F =1
100

73.33=

1+0.0044

843.75
V x1

V = 1231 m3
Assuming the depth of the filter as 1.5m, we have
Surface area =

1231 2
m
1.5

= 820.8 m2
Diameter req =

4
820.8 x =32.3 m

4. A single stage filter is to treat a flow of 3.79 M.L.d of raw sewage BOD of
240 mg/l.It is to be designed for a loading of 11086 kg of BOD in raw sewage
per hence fare metre, and the recirculation ratio is to be l. what will be
strength of the efficient, according to the recommendation of the National
Research Council of U.S.P
Solution:Total BOD present in raw sewage = 3.79M.l X 240 mg/l
= 909.6 kg
Now,
filter
volume
required

Total BOD in raw sequence

Given BOD loading rate of 11,086 kg/ha-m

909.6

= 11086 ham=0.082 ham

Now assuming that 35% of BOD is removed in primary clarifier we have

The amount of BOD approved to the filter
=0.65X 909.6 kg
=591.24 kg
Now using equation, we have

100

1+0.0044

Y
VF

Where y= total BOD applied to the filter on kg = 591.24 kg

V = Vol of the filter in ha-m =0.082 ha-m
1+ R /I

F = ( 1+0.1 R/ I )2
R
=1
I
F=

1+1
2
1+ ( 0.1 )
2

= 1.21 =1.65
100

=
1+0.0044

591.24
0.082 x 1.65

= 77.45%
The amount of BOD left in the effluent
= 591.24 ( 1-0.7745) kg
= 133.32 kg
Total BOD

BOD concentration in the effluent = Sewage Volume

=
`

133.3 2 x 106
3.79 x 106

= 35.18 mg/L

5.It is proposed to use a two stage plant instated of the single stage plant in
previous problem (4). The total volume of filter medium remains the same as
was in one filter is 0.082 ha-m and each filter is to contain half of this material
and the recirculation ratio is to be for each filter. Determine the BOD of the
plant effluent
Solution:
For each filter F = 1.65
For the first stage filter, the efficiency is given by
=

100
1+0.0044

Y
VF

Y = Total BOD applied to filter

= 591.24 kg (from previous problem)
V = Volume of filter = 0.082/2 =0.041 ha-m
100

=
1+0.0044

591.24
0.041 x 1.65

100

= 1.41 =70.92
percentage of BOD removed in first stage filter,
= 70.92 %
Amount of BOD left in the effluent from that
filter = 591.24 (1-0.7092)
= 171.9 kg
For the second stage filter, the efficiency is given by
=

100
0.0044 Y '
1+
1 V F '

Y = 171.9 V
= 0.041 ha.m F
= 1.65
= 0.7092
100

' =
1+

0.0044
171.9
10.7092 0.041 x 1.65
100

= 1.762 =56.75
The Amount of BOD left in the effluent plant
171.9

( 10056.75
)
100
= 74.35 kg
Total BOD

BOD concentration in the effluent = Sewage Volume

=
`

74.35 x 10 6
3.79 x 10 6

= 19.61 mg/L

UNIT V
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE ON LAND
PART A
1. Define the term Dilution Factor?
The ratio of the quantity of the diluting water to that of the sewage is
known as the Dilution Factor.
2.What are the methods adopted for sewage disposal?
5) Dilution is disposal in water.
6) Effluent Irrigation or Broad Irrigation or Sewage forming is disposal
on land.
3.What are the conditions adopted for disposal by dilution?
7) When sewage is comparatively fresh (4 to hr old) and free from
floating and settlable solids.
8) When the dilution water has a high dissolved oxygen (D.O.) content.
9) When the out fall sewer of the city or the treatment plant is situated
near some natural waters having large volumes.
4.What are the natural forces of purification?
o Dilution and dispersion.

o
o
o
o

Sedimentation
Oxidation reduction in sun-light.
Oxidation
Reduction

5. What are the factors affecting self purification of polluted streams?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Temperature
Turbulence
Hydrography such as the velocity and surface expanse of the river stream.
Adviable dissolved oxygen and the amount and type of organic matter.
Rate of re aeration.

6. What are the types of self purification?

The self purification divided into four zones.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Zone of degradation.
Zone of active decomposition.
Zone of recovery
Zone of Cleaner water

7. What is meant by Self purification phenomenon?

When sewage is discharged into a natural body of
water, the receiving water gets polluted due to waste products, present in sewage
effluent. The natural forces of purification such as dilution, sedimentation,
oxidation reduction in sun light go on acting upon the pollution elements and
bring back the water into its original condition. This automatic purification of
polluted water, in due coarse is called the self purification phenomenon.

8.Define the term Re-oxygenation curve.

In order to counter balance the consumption of D.O. due to de-oxygenation,

atmosphere supplies oxygen to the water and the process is called re-oxygenation.
9. What is mean by Oxygen sag curve?
The amount of resultant oxygen deficit can be obtained by algebraically adding
the de-oxygenation and re-oxygenation curves. The resultant curve so obtained is
called the oxygen sag curve or the oxygen deficit curve.
10. Write the equation for find out the B.O.D. of the diluted water.
B.O.D. of the diluted mixture
C=

C s Qs +C R QR
QW +Q R

Where
Cs = B.O.D. of sewage
CR= B.O.D. of river
Qs = Sewage discharge
QR = Discharge of the river

11. Define the term limnology

A study of the lake systems is essential to understand the role of
phosphorous in lake pollution. The study of lakes is called limnology.

12. What is meant by epilimnion zone?

The water of a lake gets stratified during summers and winters. Since
such turbulence extends only to a limited depth from below the water
surface, the top layers of water in the lake become well mixed and aerobic.
This warmer, well mixed and aerobic depth of water is called epilomnion
zone.
13. What is meant by hypolimnion zone?
The lower depth of water in the lake which remains cooler, poorly mixed
and an aerobic, is called are hypolimnion zone.
14. What do you understand by monocline? Give example.
The water of a lake gets stratified during summers and winters. The
change from epilimnion to hypolimnion can be experienced while
swimming in a lake. When you swim in top layers horizontally you will feel
the water warmer and if you dive deeper, you will find the water cooler. The
change line will represent monocline.
15. What are the classification of biological zones in lakes?
The most important biological zones are
(i) eutrophic zone
(ii)Littoral zone
(iii) benthic zone
16.What do you understand by Eutrophic Zone?
The upper layer of lake water through which sunlight can penetrate is called
the eutrophic zone. All plant growth occurs in this zone. In deep water, algae grow
as the most important plants, whole rooted plants grow in shallow water near the
shore.
17. Define the term secchi disk? Draw a neat sketch
The depth of the eutrophic zone can be approximated and measured by a

sample device called the secchi disk as shown in figure.

18.What is meant by humus?
The refuge gets stabilized in about 4.5 months period, and gets changed into
a brown coloured,odourless innocous powdery form known as humus, which
has high manure value became of its nitrogen content
19.What do you understand by composting?
Composting is a method in which putrescible organic matter in the solid
waste / refuge is digested anaerobically and converted into humus and stable
mineral compounds.
It is a hygienic method which converts the refuge into manure through
the bacterial agencies.
20.Define the term Sewage sickness.
When sewage is applied continuously on a piece of land, the soil
pores or voids may get filled up and clogged with sewage matter retrained in them.
The tome taken for such a clogging will, of course depend upon the type of soil
and the load present in sewage.
The organic matter will thus, of course, be mineralized, but with the
evolution of four gases like H 2S, Co2, CH4. This phenomenon of soil getting
clogged is known as sewage sickness.
PART-B
1.Enumerate the two general methods adopted for sewage disposal and
explaining the conditions favourable for their adoption
There are two general methods of disposing of the sewage
effluents.
a. Dilution is disposal in water.
b. Effluent Irrigation or Broad Irrigation or sewage farming is
disposal on land.
Disposal by dilution:-

Disposal by dilution is the process whereby the treated sewage or

the effluent from the sewage treatment plant is discharged into a river
stream, or a large body of water, such as a lake or sea. The discharged
sewage in due course of time, is purified by what is known as self
purification process of natural waters. The degree and amount of
treatment given to raw sewage before disposing it of into the river
stream in question, will definitely depend not only upon the quality of
raw sewage but also upon the self purification capacity of the river
stream and the intended use of its water.
Conditions favouring Disposal by dilution.
The dilution methods for disposing of the sewage can favourably be
adopted under the following conditions.
1. When sewage is comparatively fresh (4 to 5 hr old) and free
from floating and settleable solids. (or are easily removed by
primary treatment)
2.When the diluting water (is the source of disposal) has a high
dissolved oxygen (0-0) content.
3. Where diluting waters are not used for the purpose of
navigation or water supply for at least some reasonable distance
on the downstream from the point of sewage disposal.
4. Where the flow currents of the diluting waters are favourable,
causing no deposition, nuisance or destruction of aquatic life.
5. When the out fall sewer of the city or the treatment plant is
situated near some natural water having large volumes.
Disposal on land:Disposal of Sewage Effluents on land for Irrigation:
In this method, the sewage effluent (treated or diluted) is generally
disposed of by applying it on land. The percolating water may either soon

the water table or is collected below by a system of under drains. This

method can then be used for irrigating crops.
This method, in addition to disposing of the sewage may help in
increasing crop yields (by 33% or so) as the sewage generally contains a
lot of fertilizing minerals and other elements.
However, the sewage effluent before being used as irrigation water,
must be made safe. In order to lay down the limiting standards for sewage
effluents, and the degree of treatment required, it is necessary to study as
to what happens when sewage is applied on to the land as irrigation water.
The pretreatment process may be adopted by larger cities which can
afford to conduct treatment of sewage when sewage is diluted with water
for disposal for irrigation, too large volumes of dilution water are
generally not needed, so as not to require too large areas for disposal.
2.The sewage of a certain town contains 600 ppm of suspended

matter. Assuming that 55% of this settled down in plain sedimentation

tank, and the sludge collected has a water content of 95% calculate
has a water content of 95% calculate its quantity per million litre, both
in bulk and weight. Assume sp. Gravity 1.2
Solution:Suspended matter in sewage
= 600 ppm
= 600 mg / l
For 1 million litre of sewage, we have the suspended matter.

600
x 106 kg
6
10

600 kg

Now, 55% of this matter is settled as sludge, and therefore quantity of

sludge solids.
= 0.55 x 600
= 330 kg.
The sludge is having 95% m.c. which, means 5 kg of dry solids will made
100 kg of wet sludge.
5 kg of dry solid make = 100 kg of sludge
330 kg of dry solids make

100
x 330
5

6600 kg of sludge

Hence, the wt. of sludge formed per million litre of sewage = 6600 kg.

Volume of sludge=

Wt . of sludge
Unit Wt Of Sludge

( Unit wt of sludge=SpecificGravity x Unit wt of water

= 1.02 x 1000
= 1020 kg /m3 )

6600 kg
3
1020 kg /m
6.47 m3

Hence volume of sludge formed per million litre of sewage = 6.47

cu.m

3.Write short notes on

i) Efficient irrigation and sewage farming.

ii)sewage sickness.
Efficient irrigation and sewage farming:
Both these terms are used as synonyms to each other, yet there
is one basic difference b/w them.
This difference is that : in efficient irrigation (or broad
irrigation ), the chief consideration is the successful disposal of
sewage, while in sewage farming, the chief consideration in the
successful growing of the crops.
o Hence in broad irrigation, the raw or settled. Sewage is discharged on
vacant land which is provided under neath with a system of properly
laid under drains.
o These under drains basically consist of 15 to 20 cm river process tile
pipes with a spacing of 12 to 30m.
o The effluent collected in these drains after getting filtered through the
pores is a generally small (as a large quantity gets evaporated) and
well stabilized, and can be early disposed into some natural water
courses, with out any further treatment.
o In case of sewage farming, however the tress is load upon the use of
sewage efficient for irrigation crops and increasing the fertility of the
soil.
o The pre-treatment of sewage in removing the ingredients which may
prove harmful and toxic to the plant is there fore, necessary in this
case.
Sewage sickness:
When sewage is applied continuously on a Piece of land, the soil

pores or void may get filled up and clogged with sewage matter
retained in them.
The time taken for such a clogging will, of course depend upon the
type of pores and the load present in sewage.
But once these voids are clogged, free circulation for air will be
prevented and anaerobic conditions will develop on the pores.
Due to those the aerobic decomposition of organic matter will stop,
and anaerobic decomposition will start.
The organic matter will there, of course, be minor but with the
evolution of foul gases like H2S, CO2, CH4. this phenomenon of soil
getting clogged is known as sewage sickness of land.

4. A treated waste water is discharged at the rate of 1.5 m 3/s into a river of

minimum 710 to 5m3 /sec. The temperature of river flow and waste water flow
may be assumed at 250C The BOD removal rate constant k is 0.12/d (base 10) .
The BOD5 at 250C of the waste water is 200 mg/l and that of the river water
upstream of the waste water out full is 1mg/l. the efficiency of waste water
treatment is 80% Evaluate the following.
i) BOD5 at 250C if river water received un treated waste water.
ii) BOD 5 at 250C if river water recieves treated waste water.
Solution:
Discharge of waste water = QW=1.5m3/s
Discharge or river QR
Temperature T =250C
KD(250)=K1=0.12/d

=5m3/s

CW-conc of BOD5 for untreated water

=200mg/l
CR-conc. Of BOD5 for river water =1 mg/l
(i) conc of BOD5 of the mixture if untreated waste water is discharged

into the river

C=

C W Q W +C R Q R
QW +Q R

200 x 1.5+ 1 x 5
1.5+5

= 46.92 mg/l
(ii)BOD5 of the treated waste water is given by c w=20% of the BOD5 of
untreated waste water
(li efficiency of waste water treatment a 80%) =20% x CW
=20% x200 mg/l =40mg/l
BOD5 of mixture if treated waste water is discharged into the river

C=

C W Q W +C R Q R
QW +Q R

40 x 1.5+1 x 5
1.5+ 5

= 10 mg/l

5.A sewage containing 200mg/l of suspended solids is passed through primary

setting tanks, tricking filters, and secondary settling tanks, how much gas will
probably be produced in the digestion of sludge from on million litre of
sewage?
Solution:
Total suspended solids in sewage =200mg/l

Assuming 90% removed of suspended solids in complete treatment, we have.

The suspended solids removed =90% x 200 mg/l
=180mg/l.
Assuming volatile solids to be equal to 70% of suspended solids, we have
Volatile solids removed
=70%x180mg/l =126mg/l
Now, assuming that the volatile solids (matter) is reduced by 65% in the
sludge by digestion, we have
Volatile solids reduced
=65%x126mg/l
=81.9mg/l
Volatile matter reduced per million litre of sewage produced per kg of
volatile matter reduced, we have the gas produced per million litre of
sewage
=0.9x81.9 cu.m. =73.71 cu m. =73710 litres.

6.What are the preventive measure of sewage sickness by the land disposal?

Describe it.
In order to prevent the sewage sickness of a land, the following preventive
measures may be adopted.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Primary treatment of sewage.

Choice of land
under drainage of soil
Giving rest to the land.
Rotation of crops
Applying shallow depths.

Primary treatment of sewage.

The sewage should be disposed of, only after primary treatment, such as
screening, grit removal and sedimentation. This will help in removing settle
able solids and reducing the B.O.D load by 30% or so. And as such, soil
pores will not get clogged, quickly.
Choice of land:
The piece of land used for sewage disposal should normally be sandy or
loamy, dayey lands should be avoided.
Under drainage of soil:
The cannel on which un sewage is being disposed of, can be better drained if a
system of under drains (ie open joined proper ) is laid below, to collect the
efficient; and those will also minimize the possibilities of sewage sickness.
Giving rest to the land:
The land which the sewage being used for disposal should be given rest,
periodically by keeping some extra land as reserve and stand-by for diverting the
sewage during the period the first land is at rest more over, during the rest period,
the land should be thoroughly planned so that it gets broken up and aerated.
Rotation of crops;
Sewage sickness can be reduced by planting different crops in rotation instead of
growing single type of a crop. This will help in utilizing the fertilizing elements of
sewage and help on aeration of soil.
Applying shallow depths:
The sewage should not be filled over the area in large depth, but it shocked
be approved in this layers. Greater depth of sewage on a land does not allow the

soil to receive the sewage satisfactory and ultimately results in it clogging.

Sewage sick land can be improved and made useful by thoroughly
plugging and treating the soil, and exposing it to the atmosphere.