PC Interfacing Lecture

Copyright 2010, Dr.
Vo Tuong Quan
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
COMMUNICATION INTERFACING LECTURE

CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Parallel Communication standard
3. Programable Peripheral Interface 8255
4. Serial Communication (RS232, RS485,)
5. I2C Standard
6. SPI Standard
7. Some popular communication Card DAQ (PCLab 818L, PCI 1784, PCI
1772,)
8. Controller Area Network (CAN) standard
9. Group projects (Similar to the Microcontroller subject)
10.
Network Communication Standard (Another Subject)
11.
USB Standard
Midterm test: 20%

Group project: 20%
Endterm test: 80%
Copyright 2010, Dr. Vo Tuong Quan

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OVERVIEW
COMMUNICATION PURPOSES
- Transmit or receive data between/ among many equipments
- The communication data can be:
+ Control signals
+ Data signals
COMMUNICATION TYPES
- Half dupplex
- Full dupplex
DEFINITIONS
- DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
The source of data generation/ the receiving data equipment. Ex: PC, MCU,
PLC,
- DCE (Data Communication Equipment)
The intermediate equipment. Ex: Modem, Switch, Router,
2

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PARALLEL COMMUNICATION STANDARD
ORIGINAL PURPOSE
Use to connect the PC with the printer device to print out documents.
Many data is transmit/receive at the same time.
We use this function of PC in the control trend
Note: Some equiptments that use the parrallel or (multi data lines) to connect
together is also called the parralel standard.
MERITS OF PARALLEL STANDARD

Simple and easy to communicate or programming.
The communication speed is quite high.
DISADVANTAGES
Many data line
Weak in noise avoidance
The transmit/receive distance is short (about < 15 meters)
THE PARALLEL TYPE IN A PC

SPP (Standard Paprallel Port) We just focus on this type
EPP (Enhanced Paprallel Port)
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ECP (Extended Capability Port)

EPP and ECP depend on the type of mainboard. Some mainboards support
this standard and other mainboard is not.
The communication speed of SPP is about: 50Kbps to 150Kbps.
THE SPP COMMUNICATION

The SPP communication mostly has the type of 25 pins female
Pin No (D-Type 25)
SPP Signal
Direction
In/out
Register
Hardware
Inverted
nStrobe
In/Out
Control
Yes
Data 0
Out
Data
Data 1
Out
Data
Data 2
Out
Data
Data 3
Out
Data
Data 4
Out
Data
Data 5
Out
Data
Data 6
Out
Data
Data 7
Out
Data
10
nAck
In
Status
11
Busy
In
Status
12
Paper-Out / Paper-End
In
Status
Yes

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13
Select
In
Status
14
nAuto-Linefeed
In/Out
Control
15
nError / nFault
In
Status
16
nInitialize
In/Out
Control
17
nSelect-Printer / nSelect-In
In/Out
Control
18 - 25
Ground
Gnd
Yes
Yes
The meaning of hardware inverted!

Electric standard of SPP: TTL
PORT ADDRESS
LPT1 (base address): 378h
LPT2 (base address): 278h
Some other LPT has the address of 3BC seldom use
PORT REGISTERS
DATA REGISTER
Address: base address + 0
Range: 8 bits output
Offset
Name
Read/Write
Bit No.
Pin Properties
Base +
0
Data
Register
Write
Bit 7
Data 7
Bit 6
Data 6
Bit 5
Data 5
Bit 4
Data 4
Bit 3
Data 3
Bit 2
Data 2
Bit 1
Data 1
Bit 0
Data 0
Some mainboard support the function of Bi-directional, these pins can be

used as the input port.

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STATUS REGISTER
Range: 5 bits input
Offset
Base + 1
Name Read/Write
Bit No.
Pin
Properties
Bit 7
11
Busy
Bit 6
10
/Ack
Bit 5
12
Paper Out
Bit 4
13
Select In
Bit 3
15
/Error
Bit 2
/IRQ (Not)
Bit 1
Reserved
Bit 0
Reserved
Status Read Only

Register
Ex: The bit 7 (busy) is the inverted bit. If we measure pin 11 and we get the
voltage of 5V, this means that; the bit 7 has the logic value of zero (0).
CONTROL REGISTER
Range: 4 bits input/output (Open collector type Can communicate in 2
directions)
Offset
Name
Read/Write
Bit No.
Pin
Properties
Bit 7
Unused
Bit 6
Unused
Bit 5
Enable Bi-Directional Port
Bit 4
Enable IRQ Via Ack Line
Bit 3
17
/Select Printer
Bit 2
16
/Initialize Printer (Reset)
Bit 1
14
/Auto Linefeed
Bit 0
/Strobe
Base + Control Register Read/Write

2
These 4 pins or 4 bits of the control register have hardware inverted functions.

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As mention above on the Bi-directional function of main board. If bit 5 of

control register is set to 1, the pins of data registers (pin 2 to pin 9) can be
used as the input port.
The 4 pins or 4 bits of the control register have hardware inverted How
can we do on these pins to make sure that the real data is received (Input
the NOT gate at these pins)
Special case
If some main board does not support the function open collector of the
control register, this means that the direction of the pins belongs to control
register has only 1 direction (output), we will use the multiplexer to read 4
bits into the status register. We will read two times to get 8 bits data.
Ex:

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Ex:
outportb(controlReg, inportb(controlReg) | 0x01);
a = (inportb(statusReg) & 0xF0) ;
a = a >> 4 ;
outportb(controlReg, inportb(controlReg) | 0xFE);
a = (inportb(statusReg) & 0xFF) ;
byte = a ^ 0x88;
To read 8 bits data:

Let bit D0 (bit strobe) of the control register equal to 1 (D0 = 1) to read 4 low
bits of status register (4 low bits of input data 1A 4A). Then, right shift 4
bits. Then, let bit D0 = 0 to read 4 high bits of status register (4 high bits of
input data 1B 4B). Then, we get 8 bit input data. Because of the bit Busy
has the inverted hardware, so we have to let the 8 bit input data EXOR with
88h to invert bit D7 and D3 of the input signals.
PROGRAMMING METHODS
Visual C++, C
- Read data
+ _inp : read 1 byte data
+ _inpw: read one word data
+ _inpd: read one double word data
- Write data
+ _outp : write 1 byte data
+ _outpw: write one word data
+ _outpd: write one double word data
Or we can use some other DLL support for Visual C++, C to program for
LPT.
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Ex:
#include <conio.h>
#define dataReg 0x378
#define statusReg 0x379
int dummy;
dummy = _outp(dataReg,0xFE);
dummy = _inp(statusReg)
// Consider Mask algorithm for sure of the input signals
..
Ex: Using LPT to control LCD (2x16)
//
Register Select must be connected to Select Printer (PIN 17)
//
Enable must be connected to Strobe (PIN1)
//
DATA 0:7 Connected to DATA 0:7
#include <dos.h>
#include <string.h>
#define PORTADDRESS 0x378

#define DATA PORTADDRESS+0
#define STATUS PORTADDRESS+1
#define CONTROL PORTADDRESS+2

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
void main(void)
{
char string[] = {"Robot" "Fish"};
char init[10];
int count;
int len;
init[0] = 0x0F; // Init Display
init[1] = 0x01; // Clear Display
init[2] = 0x38; // Dual Line / 8 Bits
// Reset Control Port - Make sure Forward Direction

outportb(CONTROL, inportb(CONTROL) & 0xDF);
// Set Select Printer (Register Select) */

outportb(CONTROL, inportb(CONTROL) | 0x08);
for (count = 0; count <= 2; count++)
{
outportb(DATA, init[count]);
outportb(CONTROL,inportb(CONTROL) | 0x01); // Set Strobe (Enable)
delay(20);
// Larger Delay for INIT
outportb(CONTROL,inportb(CONTROL) & 0xFE); // Reset Strobe (Enable)

delay(20);
// Larger Delay for INIT
//Reset Select Printer (Register Select)

outportb(CONTROL, inportb(CONTROL) & 0xF7);
len = strlen(string);
for (count = 0; count < len; count++)

{
outportb(DATA, string[count]);
outportb(CONTROL,inportb(CONTROL) | 0x01); /* Set Strobe */
delay(2);
outportb(CONTROL,inportb(CONTROL) & 0xFE); /* Reset Strobe */
delay(2);
}
}
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Visual Basic
We use some supported DLL (Inpout.dll, Port.dll,)
- Port.dll
Attribute VB_Name = "varPortDll"
Option Explicit
Declare
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Declare
Function OPENCOM Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal A$) As Integer

Sub CLOSECOM Lib "PORT.DLL" ()
Sub SENDBYTE Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal b%)
Function READBYTE Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Sub DTR Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal b%)
Sub RTS Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal b%)
Sub TXD Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal b%)
Function CTS Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Function DSR Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Function RI Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Function DCD Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Sub DELAY Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal b%)
Sub TIMEINIT Lib "PORT.DLL" ()
Sub TIMEINITUS Lib "PORT.DLL" ()
Function TIMEREAD Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Long
Function TIMEREADUS Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Long
Sub DELAYUS Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal l As Long)
Sub REALTIME Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal i As Boolean)
Sub OUTPORT Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal A%, ByVal b%)
Function INPORT Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal p%) As Integer
Function JOYX Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Long
Function JOYY Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Long
Function JOYZ Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Long
Function JOYW Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Long
Function JOYBUTTON Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Function SOUNDSETRATE Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal Rate%) As Integer
Function SOUNDGETRATE Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Function SOUNDBUSY Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Boolean
Function SOUNDIS Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Boolean
Sub SOUNDIN Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal Puffer$, ByVal Size%)
Sub SOUNDOUT Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal Puffer$, ByVal Size%)
Function SOUNDGETBYTES Lib "PORT.DLL" () As Integer
Function SOUNDSETBYTES Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal b%) As Integer
Sub SOUNDCAPIN Lib "PORT.DLL" ()
Sub SOUNCAPDOUT Lib "PORT.DLL" ()
- Inpout.dll
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Text2.Text = Str(Inp(Val("&H" + Text1.Text)))
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
Out Val("&H" + Text1.Text), Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub
11

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Public Declare Function Inp Lib "inpout32.dll" _

Alias "Inp32" (ByVal PortAddress As Integer) As Integer
Public Declare Sub Out Lib "inpout32.dll" _
Alias "Out32" (ByVal PortAddress As Integer, ByVal Value As Integer)
Exercises:
1. Control Led (Led run left direction, right direction, stop)
2. Stepmotor (motor run CW, CCW, Stop).
3. .
4. .
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PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE

8255
SPECIFICATION
- PPI8255 is the programable parallel communication IC to choose the
suitable operation mode.
- This IC includes 3 input/output 8 bits parallel port (PortA, PortB, PortC)
and these ports can be devided into two groups of 12 bits. Group1:
PortA and high nibble of PortC; Group2: PortB and low nibble of
PortC.
- There operation modes: Mode0, Mode 1 and Mode 2.
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Function diagram
Data Bus Buffer

- Include 8 data lines, 3 status mode, 2 directions, connect directly to
system bus.
- The direction of data bus buffer is controlled by the Read/Write
Control Logic.
- Data bus buffer is the communication port between 8255 and CPU or
MCU including data and control word.
Read/Write Control Logic
- Receive control signals and address from system to control operation
mode of 8255.
- CS = 0 : 8255 run.
- RESET: Let the 8255 to the initial state.
-
A1 , A0 : Choose the ports and control word of 8255.

14

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RD,WR : input or output mode.
- The operation mode of 8255
Operations
- PortA: Operate in Mode 0, 1, 2
- PortB: Operate in Mode 0, 1
- PortC: Operate in Mode 0 and PortC is used as the control signals for
PortA and PortB in operation mode 1.
15

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INITIAL STATE (Reset)

- When reset, three ports of 8255 are set as input port at mode 0.
- To define the operation mode of 8255, we have to set the control word
with the suitable value.
Control Word
- This control word will set the direction of ports (input/output) or
operation mode.
- Control word (8 bits) is save in the Control Word Register.
Ex: We choose the operation mode for 8255 like this:

Port A: Input, mode 1; Port B: Output, mode 0, Port C high : output, Port
C low : Input.
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The value of CW : 10110001b

The mode bit set/reset of PortC
- Use to set or clear one specific bit of Port C.
- Normally use in the control mode
- The bit set reset of Port C is controlled by CW.
- Specification:
Bit 7: 0
Bit: 6, 5, 4: X
Bit 3 , 2, 1: Choose bit (000 bit 0 to 111 bit 7)
Bit 0: = 0: Clear
= 1: Set
The control word of this case is also output to the control word address of
8255.
Note: The bit set/reset mode of port C does not effect to the normal operation
mode of 8255 was set before.
OPERATION MODE
+ Mode 0 (Basic Input/Output)
This functional configuration provides simple input and output operations for
each of the three ports. No handshaking is required, data is simply written to
or read from a specific port.
Mode 0 Basic Functional Definitions:
Two 8-bit ports and two 4-bit ports
Any Port can be input or output
This mode does not use handshaking with the I/O.
This mode is suitable for the data which are not normally changed. Ex,
this can be used in the getting of sampling rate of data because it does
not check the error of the data.
17

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Input
Output
Mode 1 - (Strobed Input/Output).

This functional configuration provides a means for transferring I/O data to or
from a specified port in conjunction with strobes or hand shaking signals.
In mode 1, port A and port B use the lines on port C to generate or accept
these hand shaking signals.
Mode 1 Basic Function Definitions:
Two Groups (Group A and Group B)
Each group contains one 8-bit port and one 4-bit control/data port
The 8-bit data port can be either input or output.
18

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The 4-bit port is used for control and status of the 8-bit port.
INPUT MODE
STB (Strobe Input)

A low on this input loads data into the input latch.
IBF (Input Buffer Full F/F)
A high on this output indicates that the data has been loaded into the input
latch: in essence, and acknowledgment. IBF is set by STB input being low
and is reset by the rising edge of the RD input.
INTR (Interrupt Request)
A high on this output can be used to interrupt the CPU when and input
device is requesting service. INTR is set by the condition: STB is a one,
IBF is a one and INTE is a one. It is reset by the falling edge of RD. This
procedure allows an input device to request service from the CPU by simply
strobing its data into the port.
19

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INTE A
Controlled by bit set/reset of PC4.
INTE B
Controlled by bit set/reset of PC2.
OUTPUT MODE
20

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OBF (Output Buffer Full). The OBF output will go low to indicate that
the CPU has written data out to be specified port.
Data is guaranteed valid at the rising edge of OBF, The OBF will be set by
the rising edge of the WR input and reset by ACK input being low.
ACK (Acknowledge Input). A low on this input informs the 82C55 that
the data from Port A or Port B is ready to be accepted. In essence, a response
from the peripheral device indicating that it is ready to accept data.
INTR - (Interrupt Request). A high on this output can be used to interrupt
the CPU when an output device has accepted data transmitted by the CPU.
INTR is set when ACK is a one, OBF is a one and INTE is a one. It is
reset by the falling edge of WR.
Mode 2 (Strobed Bi-Directional Bus I/O) Self research

21

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Ex: Using 8255 DLL

// FILE: 8255.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h> // contains Visual C++'s inp and out
functions
// -----------------------------------------------------// FUNC: Out8255
// DESC: uses Microsoft's Visual C++ _outp() function
// to output a PortData to PortAddress
// -----------------------------------------------------short _stdcall Out8255( int PortAddress, int PortData )
{
short Dummy;
// Need Dummy since _outp officially returns int
// short is a 16-bit integer in Win32 C++
// whereas int is 32-bit integer Win32 C++
// use (short) to force returning 16-bit integer
// back to VB
Dummy = (short)(_outp( PortAddress, PortData ));
return(Dummy);
}; // end of Out8255
// ---------------------------------------------------// FUNC: In8255
// DESC: uses Microsoft's Visual C++ _inp() function
// to read PortAddress
// ---------------------------------------------------short _stdcall In8255( int PortAddress )
{
short PortData;
// short is a 16-bit integer in Win32 C++
// whereas int is 32-bit integer in Win32 C++
// use (short) to force returning 16-bit integer
// back to VB
PortData = (short)(_inp( PortAddress ));
return( PortData );
}; /* end of In8255 */
Ex: Count from zero to 255 then light up Led
22

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Visual Basic Code

Option Explicit
'Declare use of the DLL
Private
Declare
Function
Out8255
Lib
"8255.dll"
(ByVal
PortAddress As Integer, ByVal PortData As Integer) As Integer
Private
Declare
Function
In8255
Lib
"8255.dll"
(ByVal
PortAddress As Integer) As Integer
'Declare variables
Dim BaseAddress As Integer: ' 8255 Base Address
Dim Dummy As Integer: ' Dummy variable used with DLL
Dim PortA As Integer: ' 8255 Port A address
Dim PortB As Integer: ' 8255 Port B address
Dim PortC As Integer: ' 8255 Port C address
Dim Cntrl As Integer: ' 8255 Control Address
Dim Number As Integer: ' decimal number to count from 1 to 255
Dim Start As Integer: ' Start flag
Dim Msg As String
Dim Style As Integer
Dim Response As Integer
Dim PortSelected As Integer
Private Sub Form_Load()
' Program is loaded with these values
txtOutputWindow.Text = "Enter Base Address"
Start = 0: 'Counting action not started
Number = 0: 'Number to start with
optPortA.Value = True ' Default port is A
End Sub
Private Sub cmdGo_Click()
If Start = 0 Then
23

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' user clicked GO button first time

If txt8255Address.Text = "" Then
' Base address was not defined
Msg = "Enter a Base Address! e.g. 608" ' Define message.
Style = vbOK + vbExclamation ' Define buttons.
Response = MsgBox(Msg, Style)
Exit Sub
End If
Start = 1: ' Go button enabled; start counting
cmdGo.Caption = "Pause"
' Assign values for all addresses
BaseAddress = Val(txt8255Address.Text)
PortA = BaseAddress
PortB = BaseAddress + 1
PortC = BaseAddress + 2
Cntrl = BaseAddress + 3
' determine which port to output to
' default is Port A
If optPortA.Value = True Then
PortSelected = PortA
Print PortSelected
End If
If optPortB.Value = True Then
PortSelected = PortB
Print PortSelected
End If
If optPortC.Value = True Then
PortSelected = PortC
Print PortSelected
End If
' configure all ports for output
Dummy = Out8255(Cntrl, 128)
' initialize all Ports to 0
Dummy = Out8255(PortA, 0)
Dummy = Out8255(PortB, 0)
Dummy = Out8255(PortC, 0)
Else
Start = 0: ' user clicked GO button again
cmdGo.Caption = "Go!"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdEnd_Click()
Beep
'txtOutputWindow.Text = "Stopped"
Dummy = Out8255(PortA, 0)
Dummy = Out8255(PortB, 0)
Dummy = Out8255(PortC, 0)
' quit program
End
End Sub
24

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Private Sub tmrTimer_Timer()

If Start = 1 Then
Number = Number + 1
Dummy = Out8255(PortSelected, Number)
txtOutputWindow.Text = "Number = " + Str(Number)
If Number = 255 Then
Beep
txtOutputWindow.Text = "Finished"
Dummy = Out8255(PortSelected, 0)
Start = 0
Number = 0
Exit Sub
End If
Else
Exit Sub
End If
End Sub
Ex: Print out the decimal equivalent of the 8 position Dip switch
Option Explicit
'Declare use of the DLL
Private Declare Function Out8255 Lib "8255.dll" (ByVal
PortAddress As Integer, ByVal PortData As Integer) As Integer
Private Declare Function In8255 Lib "8255.dll" (ByVal
PortAddress As Integer) As Integer
'Declare variables
Dim BaseAddress As Integer: ' 8255 Base Address
Dim Dummy As Integer: ' Dummy variable used with DLL
Dim PortA As Integer: ' 8255 Port A address
Dim PortB As Integer: ' 8255 Port B address
Dim PortC As Integer: ' 8255 Port C address
Dim Cntrl As Integer: ' 8255 Control Address
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Dim PortValue As Integer: ' decimal value read at port
Dim
Dim
Dim
Dim
Dim
Dim
PortValue As Integer: ' decimal value read at port

Start As Integer: ' Start flag
Msg As String
Style As Integer
Response As Integer
PortSelected As Integer
Private Sub cmdEnd_Click()

Beep
'txtOutputWindow.Text = "Stopped"
' quit program
End
End Sub
Private Sub cmdGo_Click()
If Start = 0 Then
' user clicked GO button first time
If txt8255Address.Text = "" Then
' Base address was not defined
Msg = "Enter a Base Address! e.g. 608" ' Define message.
Style = vbOK + vbExclamation ' Define buttons.
Response = MsgBox(Msg, Style)
Exit Sub
End If
Start = 1: ' Go button enabled; start counting
cmdGo.Caption = "Pause"
' Assign values for all addresses
BaseAddress = Val(txt8255Address.Text)
PortA = BaseAddress
PortB = BaseAddress + 1
PortC = BaseAddress + 2
Cntrl = BaseAddress + 3
' determine which port to output to
' default is Port A
If optPortA.Value = True Then
PortSelected = PortA
End If
If optPortB.Value = True Then
PortSelected = PortB
End If
If optPortC.Value = True Then
PortSelected = PortC
End If
' configure all ports for input
Dummy = Out8255(Cntrl, 155)
' initialize all Ports to 0
Else
Start = 0: ' user clicked GO button again
End If
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End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()

' Program is loaded with these values
txtOutputWindow.Text = "Enter Base Address"
Start = 0: 'Counting action not started
optPortA.Value = True ' Default port is A
End Sub
Private Sub tmrTimer_Timer()
If Start = 1 Then
PortValue = In8255(PortSelected)
txtOutputWindow.Text = "Value = " + Str(PortValue)
End If
End Sub
Ex: 8255 connects to ADC0808
27

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28

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SERIAL COMMUNICATION STANDARD
The electrical specifications of the serial port is contained in the EIA

(Electronics Industry Association) RS232 standard. It states many parameters
such as:
1. A "Space" (logic 0) will be between +3 and +25 Volts.
2. A "Mark" (Logic 1) will be between -3 and -25 Volts.
3. The region between +3 and -3 volts is undefined.
4. An open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts. (In
Reference to GND)
5. A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA. The driver
should be able to handle this without damage.
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The com port in a PC has 9 female pins.
Pin No Abbreviation
Pin 3
TD
Pin 2
RD
Pin 7
RTS
Full Name
Transmit Data
Receive Data
Request To Send
Pin 8
CTS
Clear To Send
Pin 6
Pin 5
Pin 1
DSR
Data Set Ready

Signal Ground
Carrier Detect
Pin 4
DTR
Data Terminal
Ready
Pin 9
RI
Ring Indicator
SG
CD
There are two kinds of serial communication

The speed of transmission is called Baud
The width of bit also express the speed of communication. Ex, the
transmission data has the width of bit is 20ms, this means that it can be
transmit 1/20ms = 50 bit in 1 second. Then, it can be said that the transissin
30

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speed is 50 bit per second or the baud rate is 50bps. Baud (Baud is number of
bits transmitted/sec, including start, stop, data and parity).
Some typical Baud of serial communications: 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800,
9600, 19200,.., 56000, 115200,.
Ex: Null Modem
1. SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
Sender and receiver must synchronize.
Block of data can be sent.
More efficient.
Expensive
Synchronous transmit/receive diagram

Synchronous transfer does not transfer extra bits. However, it requires
clock signal.
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Synchronous transmit/receive diagram
2. ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATION
- Each byte is encoded for transmission.
- No need for sender and receiver synchronization.
Asynchronous transmit/receive diagram

Asynchronous transfer does not require clock signal. However, it
transfers extra bits (start bits and stop bits) during data communication.
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Asynchronous data transfer diagram
In the RS232 standard, logic 1 is named Mark (-10V) and logic 0 is

named Space (+10V).
When not active, the transmission line is in the state of Mark.
When starting transmission, the Start bit is transmitted first, then 8 data
bit are followed (The LSB bit is transmit first then the MSB bit is
transmitted in the end).
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3. PORT ADDRESS ON PC
COM1
3F8
COM2
2F8
COM3
3E8
COM4
2E8
4. INTERFACE CHIP
The MAX232 (Figure 4-1) includes two drivers that convert TTL or CMOS
inputs to RS-232 outputs and two receivers that convert RS-232 inputs to
TTL/CMOS-compatible outputs. The drivers and receivers also invert the
signals.
This chip contains two charge-pump voltage converters that act as tiny,
unregulated power supplies that enable the chip to support loaded RS-232
outputs of 5V or greater. Four external capacitors store energy for the
supplies. The recommended value for the capacitors is 1F or larger. If using
polarized capacitors, take care to get the polarities correct when you put the
circuit together.
34

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
The voltage at pin 6 is negative, so its capacitors + terminal connects to

ground. Because the outputs can be as high as 10V, be sure the capacitors are
rated for a working voltage direct current (WVDC) of at least 15V.
35

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. PROGRAMMING SERIAL COMMUNICATION USING PC

The controller of the serial communication on PC is called UART (Universal
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). Some typical UART controllers are:
8250, 8250A, 16550, 16650, 16750,
In these UART controller, we just focus on some registers supply for
programming PC.
Base Address DLAB Read/Write Abr.
+0
Register Name
=0
Write
Transmitter Holding Buffer
=0
Read
Receiver Buffer
=1
Read/Write
Divisor Latch Low Byte
=0
Read/Write IER Interrupt Enable Register
=1
Read/Write
Read
IIR Interrupt Identification Register
Write
FCR FIFO Control Register
+1
-
Divisor Latch High Byte
+2
+3
Read/Write LCR Line Control Register
+4
Read/Write MCR Modem Control Register
+5
Read
LSR Line Status Register
+6
Read
MSR Modem Status Register

36

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
+7
Read/Write
Scratch Register
DLAB (Divisor Latch Access Bit) is the bit 7 of LCR

0: Programming data frame
1: Programming communication speed.
User can reprogramming the communication speed by reload the value of
divisor of the UART.
Divisor = Clock frequency/(speed x 16)
Ex: UART uses clock has frequency of 1.8432MHz and the desired speed is
9600 bauds. Then, the divisor is:
Divisor = 1843200/(9600 x 16) = 12
+ SOME TYPICLE REGISTERS
LINE CONTROL REGISTER - LCR (+3)
Bit 7
Divisor Latch Access Bit
Access to Receiver buffer, Transmitter buffer &

Interrupt Enable Register
Bit 6
Set Break Enable
Bits 3, 4 And Bit Bit Bit
Parity Select
5
5
4
3
0
X
0
Bit 2
X
0
0
1
No Parity
Odd Parity
0
1
1 Even Parity
Length of Stop Bit
0
One Stop Bit

2 Stop bits for words of length 6,7 or 8 bits or 1.5 Stop
1
Bits for Word lengths of 5 bits.
Bits 0 And 1 Bit Bit
Word Length
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
5 Bits
6 Bits
7 Bits
8 Bits
37

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
PARITY
A parity bit is a bit that is added to ensure that the number of bits with the
value one in a set of bits is even or odd. Parity bits are used as the simplest
form of error detecting code.
There are two variants of parity bits: even parity bit and odd parity bit.
When using even parity, the parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a
given set of bits (not including the parity bit) is odd, making the entire set of
bits (including the parity bit) even. When using odd parity, the parity bit is set
to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits (not including the parity bit) is
even, keeping the entire set of bits (including the parity bit) odd.
However, parity has the advantage that it uses only a single bit and requires
only a number of XOR gates to generate.
If an odd number of bits (including the parity bit) are transmitted incorrectly,
the parity bit will be incorrect and thus indicates that an error occurred in
transmission. The parity bit is only suitable for detecting errors; it cannot
correct any errors, as there is no way to determine which particular bit is
corrupted. The data must be discarded entirely, and re-transmitted from
scratch.
Ex: The parity bit can be computed as follows, assuming we are sending a
simple 4-bit value 1001 with the parity bit following on the right, and with ^
denoting an XOR gate:
Transmission sent using even parity:
A wants to transmit:
1001
A computes parity bit value: 1^0^0^1 = 0

A adds parity bit and sends: 10010
B receives:
10010
B computes parity:
1^0^0^1^0 = 0
38

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
B reports correct transmission after observing expected even result.

Transmission sent using odd parity:
1001
A computes parity bit value: ~(1^0^0^1) = 1

B receives:
10011
B computes overall parity:
1^0^0^1^1 = 1
B reports correct transmission after observing expected odd result.

Transmission sent using even parity:
1001
A computes parity bit value: 1^0^0^1 = 0

*** ERROR CASE ***
B receives:
11010
1^1^0^1^0 = 1
B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result.

B calculates an odd overall parity indicating the bit error. Here's the same
example but now the parity bit itself gets corrupted:
1001
A computes even parity value:
1^0^0^1 = 0
A sends:
10010
*** ERROR CASE ***

B receives:
10011
1^0^0^1^1 = 1
B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result.
39

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Special case
1001
A computes even parity value:
1^0^0^1 = 0
A sends:
10010
*** ERROR CASE***
B receives:
11011
1^1^0^1^1 = 0
B reports correct transmission though actually incorrect.
If there are two bits error, parity can not check!
LINE STATUS REGISTER - LSR (+5)
Bit
Bit 7
Bit 6
Notes
Error in Received FIFO
Empty Data Holding Registers
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Empty Transmitter Holding Register

Break Interrupt
Framing Error
Bit 2
Bit 1
Parity Error
Overrun Error
Bit 0
Data Ready
Bit 0 = 1: UART receive 1 character

INTERRUPT IDENTIFICATION REGISTER - IIR (+2)
Bit
Notes
Bits 6 and Bit Bit

7
6
7
0
0 No FIFO
0
1 FIFO Enabled but Unusable
1
1 FIFO Enabled
Bit 5
64 Byte Fifo Enabled (16750 only)
Bit 4
Reserved
Bit 3
0
1
Bits 1 and Bit

2
2
Reserved on 8250, 16450

16550 Time-out Interrupt Pending
Bit
1
40

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bit 0
Modem Status Interrupt

Transmitter Holding Register Empty
Interrupt
Received Data Available Interrupt
1
0
1 Receiver Line Status Interrupt

Interrupt Pending
No Interrupt Pending
INTERRUPT ENABLE REGISTER IER (+1)

Bit
Bit 7 Reserved
Notes
Bit 6 Reserved
Bit 5 Enables Low Power Mode (16750)
Bit 4 Enables Sleep Mode (16750)
Bit 3 Enable Modem Status Interrupt
Bit 2 Enable Receiver Line Status Interrupt
Bit 1 Enable Transmitter Holding Register Empty Interrupt
Bit 0 Enable Received Data Available Interrupt
MODEM CONTROL REGISTER MCR (+4)

Bit
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Notes
Reserved
Reserved
Autoflow Control Enabled (16750 only)
Bit 4
LoopBack Mode
Bit 3 Aux Output 2

Bit 2 Aux Output 1
Bit 1 Force Request to Send
Bit 0
Force Data Terminal Ready
41

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ex: Transmit/Receive serial data

#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define PORT1 0x3F8
void main(void)
{
int C;
int ch;
outportb(PORT1 + 1, 0) ; // Not using interrupt on Port1
outportb(PORT1 + 3, 0x38); // Set Dlab on
outportb(PORT1 + 0, 0) ; //Set baud rate divisor latch low byte
// Default 0x03 = 38400 bps
// 0x01 = 115200 bps
// 0x02 = 56700 bps
// 0x06 = 19200 bps
// 0x0C= 9600 bps
// 0x18 = 4800 bps
// 0x30 = 2400 bps
outportb(PORT1 + 1, 0x00) ; //Set baud rate divisor latch high byte
outportb(PORT1 + 3, 0x03) ; //8 bit, No parity, 1 stop bit
outportb(PORT1 + 2, 0xC7) ; // Enable FIFO
outportb(PORT1 + 4, 0x0B) ; //Turn on DTR, RST, and OUT2
do {
c = inportb(PORT1 + 5); // Check data is received or not
if (c & 1) {
42

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
ch = inportb(PORT1);}
if (kbhit()) {
ch = getch();
outportb(PORT1, ch);}
}
while (ch != 27);
}
43

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE:
EXERCISE:
Using COM Port control many actuators
Type 1
44

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Copyright 2010, Dr.

COMMUNICATION INTERFACING LECTURE

Midterm test: 20%

Copyright 2010, Dr. Vo Tuong Quan

Copyright 2010, Dr. Vo Tuong Quan

PARALLEL COMMUNICATION STANDARD

MERITS OF PARALLEL STANDARD

THE PARALLEL TYPE IN A PC

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ECP (Extended Capability Port)

THE SPP COMMUNICATION

Pin No (D-Type 25)

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The meaning of hardware inverted!

Some mainboard support the function of Bi-directional, these pins can be

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Status Read Only

Enable Bi-Directional Port

Enable IRQ Via Ack Line

/Initialize Printer (Reset)

Base + Control Register Read/Write

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As mention above on the Bi-directional function of main board. If bit 5 of

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To read 8 bits data:

Copyright 2010, Dr. Vo Tuong Quan

Ex: Using LPT to control LCD (2x16)

Register Select must be connected to Select Printer (PIN 17)

Enable must be connected to Strobe (PIN1)

DATA 0:7 Connected to DATA 0:7

#define PORTADDRESS 0x378

Copyright 2010, Dr. Vo Tuong Quan

// Reset Control Port - Make sure Forward Direction

// Set Select Printer (Register Select) */

// Larger Delay for INIT

outportb(CONTROL,inportb(CONTROL) & 0xFE); // Reset Strobe (Enable)

// Larger Delay for INIT

//Reset Select Printer (Register Select)

for (count = 0; count < len; count++)

Copyright 2010, Dr. Vo Tuong Quan

Function OPENCOM Lib "PORT.DLL" (ByVal A$) As Integer

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Public Declare Function Inp Lib "inpout32.dll" _

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PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE

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Data Bus Buffer

A1 , A0 : Choose the ports and control word of 8255.

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RD,WR : input or output mode.

- The operation mode of 8255

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INITIAL STATE (Reset)

Ex: We choose the operation mode for 8255 like this:

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The value of CW : 10110001b

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Mode 1 - (Strobed Input/Output).

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STB (Strobe Input)

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Copyright 2010, Dr. Vo Tuong Quan

Mode 2 (Strobed Bi-Directional Bus I/O) Self research

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* ERROR CASE *