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Higher
Mathematics
Differentiation
Contents
Differentiation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Introduction to Differentiation
Finding the Derivative
Differentiating with Respect to Other Variables
Rates of Change
Equations of Tangents
Increasing and Decreasing Curves
Stationary Points
Determining the Nature of Stationary Points
Curve Sketching
Differentiating sinx and cosx
The Chain Rule
Special Cases of the Chain Rule
Closed Intervals
Graphs of Derivatives
Optimisation
1
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
EF
A
CfE Edition
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Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
Differentiation
1
Introduction to Differentiation
RC
From our work on Straight Lines, we saw that the gradient (or steepness)
of a line is constant. However, the steepness of other curves may not be the
same at all points.
In order to measure the steepness of other curves, we can use lines which
give an increasingly good approximation to the curve at a particular point.
On the curve with equation y = f ( x ) ,
suppose point A has coordinates ( a, f ( a ) ) .
At the point B where x= a + h , we have
=
y f (a + h ).
y
f (a + h )
f (a )
f (a + h ) f (a )
a+ha
f (a + h ) f (a )
=
.
h
y = f (x)
mAB =
B
A
a+h x
y = f (x)
f (a + h )
f (a )
B
A
a+h x
f (a + h ) f (a )
.
h
hsn.uk.net
Page 1
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
RC
n
The basic rule for differentiating f ( x ) = x , n , with respect to x is:
n
=
If f ( x ) x=
then f ( x ) nx n1 .
Stated simply: the power (n) multiplies to the front of the x term, and the
power lowers by one (giving n 1 ).
EXAMPLES
4
1. Given f ( x ) = x , find f ( x ) .
f ( x ) = 4x 3.
3
2. Differentiate f ( x ) = x , x 0 , with respect to x.
f ( x ) = 3 x 4 .
For an expression of the form y = , we denote the derivative with respect
dy
.
to x by
dx
EXAMPLE
1
( )
1
3
d x2 = 3 x2.
2
dx
Preparing to differentiate
It is important that before you differentiate, all brackets are multiplied out
and there are no fractions with an x term in the denominator (bottom line).
For example:
1
= x 3
3
x
hsn.uk.net
3
= 3x 2
2
x
1
1
=x 2
x
Page 2
1
= 14 x 5
5
4x
5
5 x 23 .
=
2
4
43 x
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
EXAMPLES
1. Differentiate
1
x = x2
( )
d x 12 = 1 x 12
2
dx
2. Given y =
1
2 x
Note
It is good practice to
tidy up your answer.
dy
1
, where x 0 , find
.
2
dx
x
y = x 2
dy
= 2 x 3
dx
2
= 3.
x
3
1. A function f is defined by f ( x ) = 2 x . Find f ( x ) .
f ( x ) = 6x 2 .
2. Differentiate y = 4 x
dy
= 8 x 3
dx
8
= 3.
x
3. Differentiate
2
, x 0 , with respect to x.
x3
d 2 x 3 = 6 x 4
dx
hsn.uk.net
6
.
x4
Page 3
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
4. Given y =
y = 32 x
3
2 x
Differentiation
, x > 0 , find
dy
.
dx
12
dy
3
= 34 x 2
dx
3
=
3.
4 x
( x ) g ( x ) + h ( x ) .
( x ) g ( x ) + h ( x ) then f =
If f =
Stated simply: differentiate each term separately.
EXAMPLES
3
2
1. A function f is defined for x by f ( x ) = 3 x 2 x + 5 x .
Find f ( x ) .
f ( x ) = 9 x 2 4 x + 5.
4
3
2
2. Differentiate y = 2 x 4 x + 3 x + 6 x + 2 with respect to x.
dy
= 8 x 3 12 x 2 + 6 x + 6.
dx
Note
3 x ) is always a constant.
The derivative of an x term (e.g. 3x , 12 x , 10
For example:
d 6 x = 6,
d 1 x =
12 .
dx ( )
dx ( 2 )
( )
d ( 3 ) = 0,
dx
hsn.uk.net
d 1 =
0.
3
dx
Page 4
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
1. Differentiate y =
1
, x > 0 , with respect to x.
3x x
3
1
1 x 2
=
3
3
3x 2
=
y
dy 1
5
= 3 23 x 2
dx
Note
You need to be
confident working with
indices and fractions.
= 12 x 2
1
=
5.
2 x
dy
when y =
( x 3 )( x + 2 ) .
dx
y=
( x 3 )( x + 2 )
2. Find
Remember
Before differentiating,
the brackets must be
multiplied out.
= x 2 + 2 x 3x 6
= x2 x 6
dy
= 2 x 1.
dx
x 1
+ . Find f ( x ) .
5 x2
f ( x=
) 15 x + x 2
f ( x )= 15 2 x 3
2
= 15 3 .
x
x 4 3x 2
4. Differentiate
with respect to x, where x 0 .
5x
x 4 3x 2 x 4 3x 2
=
5x
5x 5x
= 15 x 3 35 x
d 1 x3 3 x = 3 x2 3 .
5
5
5
dx 5
hsn.uk.net
Page 5
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
x 3 + 3x 2 6 x
5. Differentiate
, x > 0 , with respect to x.
x
x 3 + 3x 2 6 x x 3 3x 2 6 x
= 1 + 1 1
x
x2 x2 x2
=x
3 12
5
2
+ 3x
2 12
3
2
1 12
6x
=x + 3 x 6 x
1
2
5
3
3
d x 2 + 3 x 2 6 x 12 = 5 x 2 9 x 12 3 x 12
2
2
dx
Remember
xa
x ab .
b
x
3
3
= 52 x 92 x
.
x
y =x 2 x 2 + x 3 =x 2 + x 6
Remember
x a x b x ab .
3
dy
1
= 52 x 2 + 65 x 6
dx
5
3
= 52 x + 6 .
6 x
RC
d 3t 2 2t =6t 2.
dt
2
2. Given A ( r ) = r , find A ( r ) .
A ( r ) = r 2
Remember
is just a constant.
A ( r ) = 2r .
When differentiating with respect to a certain variable, all other variables are
treated as constants.
EXAMPLE
2
3. Differentiate px with respect to p.
d px 2 = x 2 .
dp
hsn.uk.net
Page 6
Note
Since we are
differentiating with
respect to p, we treat x2
as a constant.
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
Rates of Change
RC
5
1. Given f ( x ) = 2 x , find the rate of change of f when x = 3 .
f ( x ) = 10 x 4
f ( 3 ) = 10 ( 3 )4 = 10 81 = 810.
2. Given y =
1
x
2
3
23
y=x
dy
5
= 23 x 3
dx
2
= 5
3x 3
2
= 3 5.
3 x
At x = 8,
2
dy
= 3 5
dx
3 8
2
=
3 25
2
= 96
1 .
= 48
Substitute t = 2 into v ( t ) :
v (2) =
23 10 ( 2 ) =
3.
After 2 seconds, the ball has velocity 3 metres per second.
hsn.uk.net
Page 7
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
Equations of Tangents
RC
EXAMPLES
y x2 3
1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve with equation =
at the point ( 2,1) .
We know the tangent passes through ( 2,1) .
To find its equation, we need the gradient at the point where x = 2 :
=
y x2 3
dy
= 2x
dx
At x = 2, m = 2 2 = 4.
Now we have the point ( 2,1) and the gradient m = 4 , so we can find the
equation of the tangent:
y b= m ( x a )
y =
1 4( x 2)
y 1= 4 x 8
4x y 7 =
0.
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Page 8
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
y x 3 2x
2. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve with equation =
at the point where x = 1 .
We need a point on the tangent. Using the given x-coordinate, we can
find the y-coordinate of the point on the curve:
=
y x 3 2x
=
( 1)3 2 ( 1)
=1 + 2
= 1
So the point is ( 1, 1) .
Now we have the point ( 1,1) and the gradient m = 1 , so the equation of
the tangent is:
y b= m ( x a )
y 1= 1( x + 1)
0.
x y +2=
1
.
x
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) at P.
y
y = f (x)
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Page 9
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
f ( x ) = x 1
f ( x ) = x 2
1
= 2.
x
1
1, m =
=
4.
At x =
2
1
4
y 2 =4 ( x 12 )
y 2 =4 x + 2
4x + y 4 =
0.
2
y=
= ( 2 )2
= 4
So the point is ( 8, 4 ) .
We also need the gradient at the point where x = 8 :
2
2
2
=
y 3=
x
x3
8, m =
At x =
3
3 8
dy 2 13
2
=3x
=
dx
32
2
= 3
= 13 .
3 x
Now we have the point ( 8, 4 ) and the gradient m = 13 , so the equation
of the tangent is:
y b= m ( x a )
y 4= 13 ( x + 8 )
3 y 12 =x + 8
x 3 y + 20 =
0.
hsn.uk.net
Page 10
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
Find the coordinates of the points on the curve where the tangent has
gradient 4.
The derivative gives the gradient of the tangent:
dy
= x 2 x + 2.
dx
We want to find where this is equal to 4:
x2 x + 2 =
4
Remember
Before solving a
quadratic equation you
need to rearrange to get
quadratic 0 .
x2 x 2 =
0
0
( x + 1)( x 2 ) =
x=
1 or x =
2.
Now we can find the y-coordinates by using the equation of the curve:
y = 13 ( 2 )3 12 ( 2 )2 + 2 ( 2 ) + 5
y = 13 ( 1)3 12 ( 1)2 + 2 ( 1) + 5
= 13 12 2 + 5
= 83 24 + 4 + 5
= 7 + 83
= 3 56
= 13
6
= 29
3 .
and 2, 29
So the points are 1, 13
3 .
6
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Page 11
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
RC
dy
> 0.
dx
dy
> 0 , tangents will slope upwards
dx
from left to right since their gradients are positive. This
means the curve is also moving upwards, i.e. strictly
increasing.
Similarly:
A curve is said to be strictly decreasing when
dy
< 0.
dx
y
strictly
decreasing
strictly
increasing
dy
>0
dx
dy
<0
dx
strictly
increasing
dy
>0
dx
EXAMPLES
2
.
x
Determine whether the curve is increasing or decreasing at x = 10 .
y 4x 2 +
1. A curve has equation=
=
y 4x 2 + 2x
12
dy
3
= 8x x 2
dx
1
= 8x
3.
x
When x = 10 ,
Since
dy
1
=8 10
3
dx
10
1
= 80
10 10
> 0.
Note
1
10 10
1.
dy
> 0 , the curve is increasing when x = 10 .
dx
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Page 12
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
dy
= x 2 + 2x + 1
dx
= ( x + 1)2
Remember
The result of squaring
any number is always
greater than, or equal to,
zero.
0.
Since
dy
is never less than zero, the curve is never decreasing.
dx
Stationary Points
RC
Turning point
Maximum
y
Minimum
y
Rising
y
Falling
y
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Page 13
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
RC
To illustrate the method used to find stationary points and determine their
nature, we will do this for the graph of f ( x ) = 2 x 3 9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 .
Step 1
Differentiate the function.
Step 2
Find the stationary values by solving
f ( x ) = 0 .
f ( x ) = 6 x 2 18 x + 12
f ( x ) = 0
6 x 2 18x + 12 =
0
6 ( x 2 3 x + 2 ) = 0 ( 6)
( x 1)( x 2 ) =
0
or x 2
x 1=
=
Step 3
Find the y-coordinates of the stationary
f (1) = 9 so (1, 9 ) is a stat. pt.
points.
f ( 2 ) = 8 so ( 2, 8 ) is a stat. pt.
Step 4
x
1 2
Write the stationary values in the top row
of the nature table, with arrows leading in f ( x )
and out of them.
Graph
Step 5
x
1 2
Calculate f ( x ) for the values in the table,
and record the results. This gives the
0
0
f ( x )
gradient at these x values, so zeros confirm Graph
that stationary points exist here.
Step 6
x
1 2
Calculate f ( x ) for values slightly lower
f ( x ) + 0 0 +
and higher than the stationary values and
Graph
record the sign in the second row, e.g.
f ( 0.8 ) > 0 so enter + in the first cell.
Step 7
We can now sketch the graph near the
stationary points:
+ means the graph is increasing and
means the graph is decreasing.
Step 8
The nature of the stationary points can
then be concluded from the sketch.
hsn.uk.net
Page 14
x
1 2
f ( x ) + 0 0 +
Graph
(1, 9 ) is a max. turning point.
( 2, 8 ) is a min. turning point.
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
EXAMPLES
dy
= 0:
dx
When x = 1 ,
y =(1)3 6 (1)2 + 9 (1) 4
When x = 3 ,
y = ( 3 )3 6 ( 3 ) 2 + 9 ( 3 ) 4
=1 6 + 9 4
= 0.
Therefore the point is (1, 0 ) .
= 27 54 + 27 4
Nature:
x
dy
dx
= 4.
Therefore the point is ( 3, 4 ) .
1 3
+
Graph
So (1, 0 ) is a maximum turning point,
( 3, 4 ) is a minimum turning point.
hsn.uk.net
Page 15
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
dy
= 0:
dx
4x 2 (3 2x ) =
0
4x 2 0
or =
3 2x 0
=
x 0=
x 32 .
=
When x = 0 ,
=
y 4 ( 0 )3 2 ( 0 ) 4
= 0.
When x = 32 ,
( )
=
y 4 23
( )
2 23
81
= 27
2 8
= 27
8 .
( 32 , 278 ) .
0 32
+
Graph
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Page 16
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
1
for x 0 . Find the x-coordinates of the
x
stationary points on the curve and determine their nature.
y 2x +
3. A curve has equation =
Given=
y 2 x + x 1,
dy
= 2 x 2
dx
1
= 2 2.
x
dy
= 0:
dx
x 2 = 12
Nature:
x
dy
dx
x=
1 .
2
1
2
1
2
Graph
2
1
where x =
is a minimum turning point.
2
Curve Sketching
RC
hsn.uk.net
Page 17
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
EXAMPLE
y 2 x 3 3x 2 .
Sketch the curve with equation=
x-axis intercepts i.e. y = 0 :
=
y 2 ( 0 )3 3 ( 0 ) 2
2 x 3 3x 2 =
0
= 0.
x 2 (2x 3) =
0
x2 = 0
or
x =0
( 0, 0 )
Given=
y 2 x 3 3x 2 ,
dy
= 6x 2 6x.
dx
2x 3 =
0
x = 32
( 32 , 0 ).
dy
= 0:
dx
6 x ( x 1) =
0
or
6x = 0
x 1 =
0
x =0
x = 1.
When x = 0 ,
When x = 1 ,
=
y 2 (1)3 3 (1)2
= 23
= 1.
Therefore the point is (1, 1) .
=
y 2 ( 0 )3 3 ( 0 ) 2
= 0.
Therefore the point is ( 0, 0 ) .
Nature:
x
dy
dx
0 1
Graph
y
=
y 2 x 3 3x 2
O
3
2
(1, 1)
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Page 18
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
RC
d ( sin x ) = cos x ,
dx
These rules only work when x is an angle measured in radians. A form of these
rules is given in the exam.
EXAMPLES
dy
= 3cos x .
dx
2. A function f is defined by f =
( x ) sin x 2cos x for x .
( )
Find f 3 .
f ( =
x ) cos x ( 2sin x )
= cos x + 2sin x
Remember
The exact value triangle:
( )
f =
cos 3 + 2sin 3
3
= 12 + 2 23
= 12 + 3.
( )
, y sin
1 . So the point is , 1 .
=
When x ==
2
6 2
6
6
We also need the gradient at the point where x = 6 :
dy
= cos x .
dx
( ) 23 .
Now we have the point ( 6 , 12 ) and the gradient m
=
cos
=
When x = 6 , m
tangent
6
tangent
y b= m ( x a )
2 x6
2 y 1 = x 6
x 2 y 6 + 1 =
0.
1
y =
2
hsn.uk.net
= 23 , so:
Page 19
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
RC
d f=
g ( x ) )
dx (
Stated simply: differentiate the outer functions, the bracket stays the same,
then multiply by the derivative of the bracket.
This is called the chain rule. You will need to remember it for the exam.
EXAMPLE
=
If y cos 5 x + 6 , find
=
y cos 5 x + 6
dy
.
dx
Note
The 5 comes from
d
.
dx 5 x + 6
dy
=
sin 5 x + 6 5
dx
=
5sin 5 x + 6 .
RC
We will now look at how the chain rule can be applied to particular types of
expression.
Powers of a Function
n
Stated simply: the power ( n ) multiplies to the front, the bracket stays the
same, the power lowers by one (giving n 1 ) and everything is multiplied by
the derivative of the bracket ( f ( x ) ).
hsn.uk.net
Page 20
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
EXAMPLES
2 x 2 + 3x =
2 x 2 + 3x .
( 2 x 2 + 3x )2
1
f ( x=
) 12 ( 2 x 2 + 3 x ) 2 ( 4 x + 3 )
1
=12 ( 4 x + 3 ) ( 2 x 2 + 3 x )
=
4x + 3
2 2 x + 3x
2
12
dx (
EXAMPLES
3. Differentiate=
y ( 5 x + 2 )3 with respect to x.
=
y (5x + 2 )
dy
2
= 3 (5x + 2 ) 5
dx
2
= 15 ( 5 x + 2 ) .
3
hsn.uk.net
Page 21
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
4. If y =
=
y
Differentiation
dy
1
.
3 , find
dx
(2x + 6)
1
=
( 2 x + 6 )3
(2x + 6)
dy
4
=
3 ( 2 x + 6 ) 2
dx
4
=
6 ( 2 x + 6 )
6
=
4 .
(2x + 6)
5. A function f is defined by f=
(x)
( 3 x 2 )4 for x . Find f ( x ) .
f ( x ) = 3 (3x 2 ) = (3x 2 ) 3
4
1
f ( x )= 34 ( 3 x 2 ) 3 4
3
= 16
3 (3x 2 ).
Trigonometric Functions
The following rules can be used to differentiate trigonometric functions.
d sin ax + =
b ) a cos ( ax + b ) ,
dx (
d cos ax + b ) =
a sin ( ax + b ) .
dx (
6. Differentiate
=
y sin ( 9 x + ) with respect to x.
dy
= 9cos ( 9 x + ) .
dx
hsn.uk.net
Page 22
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
13 Closed Intervals
RC
x
minimum
Notice that the minimum value occurs at one of the end points in this
example. It is important to check for this.
EXAMPLE
hsn.uk.net
Page 23
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
( ) ( ) ( ) 4 ( 13 ) + 1
1 5 1 4 1 +1
=2 ( 27
) (9) (3)
f 13 = 2 13
f ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 )3 5 ( 2 ) 2 4 ( 2 ) + 1
= 16 20 8 + 1
= 11.
Therefore the point is ( 2, 11) .
5 13
2 5 + 4 +1
=
27
9 3
46 .
= 27
46 .
Therefore the point is 13 , 27
Nature:
x
13 2
f ( x ) + 0 0 +
Graph
( 4, 33 )
( 13 , 2746 )
O
( 1, 2 )
= 128 80 16 + 1
= 33.
Therefore the point is ( 4, 33 ) .
f ( 4) = 2 ( 4) 5( 4) 4 ( 4 ) + 1
Note
A sketch may help you
to decide on the correct
answer, but it is not
required in the exam.
( 2, 11)
hsn.uk.net
Page 24
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
14 Graphs of Derivatives
EF
All stationary points of the original curve become roots (i.e. lie on the xaxis) on the graph of the derivative.
Cubic
Quartic
y
dec.
dec.
inc.
dec.
inc.
inc.
+
O
Linear
hsn.uk.net
dec.
inc.
inc.
Quadratic
Page 25
Cubic
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
EXAMPLE
O
Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) .
Note
The curve is increasing
between the stationary
points so the derivative is
positive there.
y = f ( x )
15 Optimisation
hsn.uk.net
Page 26
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
EXAMPLE
1. Small wooden trays, with open tops and square bases, are being designed.
They must have a volume of 108 cubic centimetres.
The internal length of one side of the base is x centimetres, and the
internal height of the tray is h centimetres.
(a) Show that the total internal surface area A of one tray is given by
A
= x2 +
432
.
x
(b) Find the dimensions of the tray using the least amount of wood.
(a)=
Volume area of base height
=x 2 h.
A
= x 2 + 4 xh.
108
We have h = 2 , so:
x
A
= x 2 + 4 x 108
x2
= x 2 + 432 .
x
( )
x 2 h = 108
h=
108
.
x2
(b) The smallest amount of wood is used when the surface area is minimised.
432
dA
= 2x 2 .
dx
x
dA
Stationary points occur when
= 0:
Nature:
dx
x
6
432
2x 2 =
0
dA
0 +
x
dx
3
x = 216
Graph
x = 6.
So the minimum surface area occurs when x = 6 . For this value of x :
108
3.
=
h =
62
So a length and depth of 6 cm and a height of 3 cm uses the least amount
of wood.
hsn.uk.net
Page 27
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
7 x
= 12 p f ( p )
=
=
1
2
1
2
p ( p 2 12 p + 45 )
p 3 6 p 2 + 45
2 p.
hsn.uk.net
Page 28
CfE Edition
Higher Mathematics
Differentiation
3
2
dA
= 0:
dp
p 2 12 p + 45
2 = 0
3 p 2 24 p + 45 =
0
p 2 8 p + 15 =
0
0
( p 3 )( p 5) =
=
p 3=
or p 5.
when p = 0 , A = 0 ;
when p = 3 , A = 12 33 6 32 + 45
2 3 = 27 ;
when p = 5 , A = 12 53 6 52 + 45
2 5 = 25 ;
when p = 7 , A = 12 7 3 6 7 2 + 45
2 7 = 35 .
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