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INTRODUCTION
0030-9923/2015/0002-0479 $ 8.00/0
Copyright 2015 Zoological Society of Pakistan
480
Y. WANWEN ET AL.
Table I.-
481
Changes of main nutritional ingredients and amino acids contents before and after fermentation
Ginkgo leaves
Increment
%
Fermented with
Bac licheniform
After
Increment
%
Before
After
6.6
7.5
13.64
7.7
16.67
4.37
21.06
15.653
1.664
100
0.4
6.42
33.43
20.513
0.054
260
3.5
46.91
58.74
31.05
-96.75
160.00
775.00
6.48
30.29
18.348
0.049
252
3.46
48.28
43.83
17.22
-97.06
152.00
765.00
8.48
10.07
13.86
6.25
4.63
5.26
8.88
5.26
5.45
22.86
13.74
10.13
15.09
12.32
5.40
112.39
-0.57
15.93
-0.57
19.78
130.68
45.24
7.85
10.49
14.05
6.61
3.07
5.51
8.76
5.51
5.65
31.28
14.05
1.95
19.89
13.86
11.47
40.83
4.16
14.36
4.16
24.18
215.64
48.52
482
Table II.-
Y. WANWEN ET AL.
Ingredients (%)
Maize
Soybean meal
Wheat bran
Corn gluten meal
Lard
Limestone
Dicalcium phosphate
Sodium chloride
L-Lysine
DL-Methionine
Premix1
Total
Starter
Grower
60.34
30.22
0.50
2.00
2.03
1.10
1.39
0.20
0.07
0.15
1.00
100
64.68
24.23
0.40
4.00
2.83
1.27
1.27
0.25
0.16
0.11
1.00
100
Nutrient levels2
1-21 d
22-42 d
12.30
20.07
1.00
0.45
1.13
0.50
0.82
0.97
12.60
20.30
0.90
0.40
1.00
0.44
0.74
0.81
Premix provided per kilogram of diet: transretinyl acetate, 24mg; cholecalciferol, 6mg; menadione, 1.3 mg; thiamin, 2.2 mg;
riboflavin, 8 mg; nicotinamide, 40 mg; choline chloride, 400 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; pyidoxineHCl, 4 mg; biotin, 0.04 mg;
folic acid, 1 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 0.013 mg; Fe (from ferrous sulfate), 80 mg; Cu (from copper sulfate), 7.5 mg; Mn (from
manganese sulfate), 110 mg; Zn (from zinc oxide), 65 mg; I (from calcium iodate), 1.1 mg; Se (from sodium selenite), 0.3 mg;
Bacitracin Zinc, 30 mg.
Table III.-
Dietary
treatments1
Cont.
FBN
FBL
0.071
0.531
0.533
Total
polysaccharides/mg/kg
1-21 d
22-42 d
0.059
0.353
0.356
0.056
0.364
0.365
Cont., basal diet; FBN, basal diet with 0.35% Bac natto
fermented ginkgo leaves; FBL, basal diet with 0.35% Bac
licheniform fermented ginkgo leaves;
483
484
Y. WANWEN ET AL.
Table IV.-
485
Growth performance of broilers fed diets supplemented with fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves.
Cont.
Dietary treatments1
FBN
FBL
BWG, g/bird/d3
d 0-21
d 22-42
d 0-42
28.80
80.39
54.60
31.25
84.20
57.73
FI, g/bird/d 3
d 0-21
d 22-42
d 0-42
44.71
139.70
92.20
1.55
1.74a
1.69a
2.43a
Items
SEM2
P-value
31.23
83.31
57.27
0.21
0.88
0.63
0.086
0.064
0.073
46.88
138.82
92.35
47.09
133.79
91.58
0.56
1.98
0.89
0.069
0.078
0.071
1.50
1.65b
1.60b
1.78b
1.51
1.61b
1.60b
1.89b
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.10
0.064
0.043
0.048
0.036
F/G3
d 0-21
d 22-42
d 0-42
Mortality rate (%)
a-c
Means within the same row that do not share a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05) . n=8.
Cont., Basal diet; FBN, basal diet with 0.35% Bac natto fermented ginkgo leaves; FBL, basal diet with 0.35% Bac licheniform
fermented ginkgo leaves;
2
Standard error of the mean based on pooled estimate of variation.
3
BWG, body weight gain; FI, Feed intake; F/G, Feed gain ratio.
1
Table V.-
Digestive enzyme activities of broilers fed diets supplemented with fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves.
Cont.
Dietary treatments1
FBN
FBL
Pancreas
Protease, unit3
Lipase, Sigma-Tietz unit4
Amylase, Somogyi unit5
146.21b
34.46
33.16b
154.19a
39.52
37.41a
Duodenum
Protease, unit
Lipase, Sigma-Tietz unit4
Amylase, Somogyi unit5
82.62b
20.36
26.43b
Jejunum
Protease, unit
Lipase, Sigma-Tietz unit4
Amylase, Somogyi unit5
68.88b
18.27
15.14
Items
a-b
SEM2
P-value
158.88a
40.70
38.87a
3.46
0.92
1.37
0.025
0.067
0.082
90.46a
20.73
34.08a
92.98a
20.68
35.49a
0.89
0.56
0.36
0.038
0.085
0.042
75.46a
18.82
16.39
74.13a
17.99
16.83
2.10
0.59
0.84
0.041
0.064
0.072
Means within the same row that do not share a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05). n=8.
Cont., Basal diet; FBN, basal diet with 0.35% Bac natto fermented ginkgo leaves; FBL, basal diet with 0.35% Bac licheniform
fermented ginkgo leaves;
2
Standard error of the mean based on pooled estimate of variation.
3
Protease activity unit was defined as milligrams of azocasein degraded during 2 h of incubation at 38C per milligram of intestinal
digesta protein or pancreas.
4
Amylase activity unit (1 Somogyi unit) was defined as the amount of amylase that will cause formation of reducing power equivalent
to 1 mg of glucose in 30 min at 38C per milligram of intestinal digesta protein or pancreas.
5
Lipase activity unit (1 Sigma-Tietz unit) was equal to the volume (milliliter) of 0.05 M NaOH required to neutralize the fatty acid
liberated during 6 h incubation with 3 mL of lipase substrate at 38C per milligram of intestinal digesta protein or pancreas.
1
486
Y. WANWEN ET AL.
Table VI.-
Small intestine morphology of broilers fed diets supplemented with fermented Ginkgo biloba leaves.
Cont.
Dietary treatments1
FBN
FBL
Duodenum
Villous height (m)
Crypt depth (m)
Villous height to crypt depth ratio
1215.08b
204.61
5.94b
1358.23a
193.93
7.00a
Jejunum
Villous height (m)
Crypt depth (m)
Villous height to crypt depth ratio
784.89b
168.84
4.65b
Ileum
Villous height (m)
Crypt depth (m)
Villous height to crypt depth ratio
225.24
109.62
2.05
Items
SEM2
P-value
1383.78a
190.70
7.26a
58.46
17.45
0.54
0.036
0.061
0.082
859.3 ab
163.77
5.25a
883.31a
163.37
5.41
68.70
9.26
0.45
0.047
0.068
0.04
236.75
112.92
2.10
242.41
107.94
2.25
14.90
7.30
0.18
0.061
0.073
0.062
a-b
Means within the same row that do not share a common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05). n=8.
Cont., basal diet; FBN, basal diet with 0.35% Bac natto fermented ginkgo leaves; FBL, basal diet with 0.35% Bac licheniform
fermented ginkgo leaves;
2
Standard error of the mean based on pooled estimate of variation.
1
Cont. group
5.2
FBN group
a
ab
FBL group
b
4.7
4.2
3.7
3.2
a
2.7
2.2
D-xylose
5.7
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
Control group
FBN group
FBL group
b
b
6
4
2
0
Duodenum
Jejunum
487
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Y. WANWEN ET AL.
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