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Geolog S.p.a.
Via Carlo Porta 21
20098 S. Giuliano Milanese (Mi) Italy
Tel: +39 02 982 521 Fax: +39 02 982 52324
e-mail geolog@geolog.it web www.geolog.it
Copyright 2000 by Geolog S.p.A.
All rights reserved.
No part of the content of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without
the written permission of Geolog S.p.A.
Revision
01.00
Date
26/02/2010
Description
FIRST ISSUE
Issued by
P.Baldini/JP.Vagnoux
Controlled by
G.Di Turi
Approved by
G. Ferroni
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
HYDRAULICS.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1
Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Drilling ............................................................................... 6
1.1.1
Algorithms used (SI Units): ........................................................................................................................... 12
1.1.2
Report ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
1.2
Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping ............................................................................15
1.2.1
Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (POOH) ............................................................ 16
1.2.2
Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (RIH) ................................................................ 18
1.3
1.4
Hydraulics Simulations POOH - SWABBING...............................................................................................23
1.4.1
Generate the Report ..................................................................................................................................... 24
1.5
Hydraulics Simulations RIH - SURGING .....................................................................................................27
1.5.1
Generate the Report: .................................................................................................................................... 28
TVD ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
FLOW-GUARDIAN ............................................................................................................................. 36
5.1
Pipe Connection Modelling ............................................................................................................................36
5.1.1
Titles and version number ............................................................................................................................ 37
5.1.2
Commands and settings................................................................................................................................ 38
5.1.3
Events-related X/Y plots for active mud volume .......................................................................................... 40
5.1.4
Alarms ........................................................................................................................................................... 43
5.1.5
Events storage program rtdb_event_storage .............................................................................................. 45
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1 HYDRAULICS
By Hydraulics is intended the analysis of all pressure losses created by the friction
between the drilling fluid and the hole, casing, external surface of drill-string,
internal surface of drill-string, bit and surface system when the drilling fluid is
moving (drilling conditions) or when the drill-string is moving (tripping conditions).
This analysis has a fundamental importance for the safety of the well and for the
efficiency of the drilling conditions :
Safety of the well:
Calculations of ECD (Equivalent Circulating Density) to be sure that it is not
higher that the fracture gradient at the shoe
Calculation of ECD to evaluate possible connection gas (under-balance
conditions)
Calculate the maximum velocity of the drill-string while tripping to avoid
the swab or surge effect
Drilling Efficiency :
Verify that the computed value is close enough to the real value, to control
abnormal situations (pumps efficiency, wash-out, nozzles efficiency, wrong
rheology, wrong pipes diameters.)
Choose proper liners of the pumps
Apply a proper mud flow rate to ensure the good cleaning of the annulus
Determine the flow regime to avoid turbulence in loose formations
Optimize the Bit Hydraulics
While Drilling the following systems will be analyzed :
Surface System (from the pump to the top-drive or Kelly)
Inside the pipes (Circular flow)
Through the bit nozzles
Inside the annulus (Annular flow)
The sum of those four partial pressure losses should be close to the real value of
SPP
While tripping the following systems will be analyzed :
Inside the annulus considering the nozzle closed
Inside the annulus considering the nozzles open
For no reason the swab effect can reduced the mud weight less than the pore
pressure kick & eruption
For no reason the surge effect can increase the mud weight more than the fracture
gradient at the shoe losses and consequential kick & eruption
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The factors determining the various pressure losses are the following:
Length of the circuit (bit position where is circulating the mud): ^1
Various diameters: nozzles, internal and external of pipes, open hole
and casing internal: ^5
Mud flow rate In: ^2
Mud density: ^1
Mud rheological properties: ^4
The four first factors are direct measurements : Be always very careful on the pipes
inside diameters, taking also into account the tool-joints diameters.
The mud rheology is computed from the viscosimeter readings given by the Mud
Engineer and the consequential parameters to use in the algorithms are :
Plastic Viscosity (PV): viscosity
Yield Point (YP): stress (pressure)
n : flow index: no dimension
K : consistency index: viscosity at power n
Tau 0: stress (pressure)
Those parameters are computed according 3 mathematical models :
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
Herschel & Bulkley
As default model use preferentially Power Law.
Recommended values for Flow Rate and HIS:
Hole Diam (in)
Flow Rate (lpm) HSI
26
17 1/2
12 1/4
8 1/2
6
3500 5000
3500 3800
2200 2800
1600 2000
500 - 1000
2
4 to 5
6 to 7
9
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Control that the well profile is correct: the last section MUST BE H (open hole):
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Use the dictionary to identify the pipes, pay a great attention to the diameters and
DONOT forget to enable the tool-joints (1m each 10m for the HWDP and 0.5m for the
DP).
DO NOT INSERT ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS LIKE BIT, STAB, ETC.....
IDENTIFY THE BHA AS DC.
ONLY DC, HWDP AND DP.
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If the viscosimeter readings are not available, insert the PV, YP and Gels @
10seconds:
Mud density to apply (should be the same than the mud density In) measured by the
sensor.
The rheological parameters will be calculated automatically.
Input the bit properties:
If the nozzles are known, input them and compute the TFA (Total Flow Area).
Nozzle coefficient MUST be 1.
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Input the bit TFA (in case of Diamond bit having no nozzle):
Input constants :
Those values should be computed by you, or given by the WSG Company Man.
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TVD : be extremely careful about TVD because Hydrostatic Pressures and ECD are a
direct function of the TVD
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Pressure Losses :
Is a synthesis of all partial pressure losses compared also with the real SPP.
Bit Hydraulics :
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1.2.1 Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (POOH)
POOH: Swab effect :
The upward movement of the drill-string will create a negative pressure at bit
location that will translated by a suction effect on the formation.
The negative annular pressure losses will decrease virtually the mud density and a
critical situation of under-balance can be created (Pore Gradient higher than the
ECD). If this under-balance takes place in front of a porous and permeable formation
containing a fluid, a kick and further an eruption can be created.
It is fundamental for safety to monitor closely the hook velocity while POOH and to
control the value of the ECD.
If ECD at this speed becomes lower than Pore Gradient give immediately the
necessary alarm !!!
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1.2.2 Hydraulics - On Line & Real Time Analysis - While Tripping (RIH)
RIH : Surge effect:
The down movement of the drill-string will create a positive pressure at bit location
that will translated by an overpressure effect of the mud on the formation.
The positive annular pressure losses will increase virtually the mud density and a
critical situation of over-balance can be created (ECD higher than Fracture Gradient)
and the hydrostatic pressure of the mud can break the formation causing mud
losses and eventual consequential kick.
It is fundamental for safety to monitor closely the hook velocity while RIH and to
control the value of the ECD.
If ECD at this speed becomes higher than Fracture Gradient at casing shoe, give
immediately the necessary alarm !!!
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!!! Take extreme care when you save the new profile. DO NOT SAVE IT for the real
time because in this case all volumes calculations and depth synchronization will
be destroyed !!!
Update the drill-string used for simulations and save it for simulations :
!!! Take extreme care when you save the new drill-string. DO NOT SAVE IT for the
real time because in this case all volumes calculations and depth synchronization
will be destroyed !!!
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By pressing the Simulation button, the program allows the data entry of all
parameters :
Example :
What will be the pressure losses at 4000m, using a mud density of 1.8kg/l, and using
3 nozzles of 12 in/32 ?
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Insert CORRECT Gradients, input all data and click Re-compute and display.
Each 100m the program calculates the time per stand necessary to keep the ECD
equal, not lower than the Pore Gradient at TD.
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Each 100m , the graph shows what is the MAXIMUM ALLOWED trip velocity to keep
ECD not lower than 1.57kg/l (value of the Pore Gradient at TD).
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Each 10m , the graph shows what is the MAXIMUM ALLOWED trip velocity to keep
ECD not higher than 2.1kg/l (value of the Fracture Gradient at Casing Shoe).
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At 10s per stand ECD will be higher than Fracture Gradient @ Shoe.
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3 TVD
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4 D EXPONENT ON LINE
It calculates D exponent Time or depth based, and the relative pressure Gradients:
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5 FLOW-GUARDIAN
FlowGuardian is a set of 5 programs providing assistance to flow control and interpretation.
Pipe connection modelling : allows to interpretate the mud volumes in critical moments : when the
pumps stops and the mud volume increases in the tanks, and when the pumps restart and the total mud
volume decreases.
Transient flow analysis : allows to visualize and to interpretate small flow rate variations.
Tripping monitor : redesigned trip analysis program.
Total mud loss monitor : calculate the water table level from then injection pressure.
Pumps efficiency monitor : calculate the real pumps efficiency from the flow-in sensor.
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Context menus: on the plots you can display/hide the following elements:
X-scale : is visible by default on Pumps Stop and Pumps start. It should remain hidden on Flow rates
because it is a virtual 0..1 scale.
Y-scale : is visible by default on all plots
Plot legend : is visible by default on all plots. It gives access to many settings, like:
o Color (but color is forced by the program). After a color change, you can restore the default colors by
clicking the command Set colors to default.
o Line style
o Line width
o Plot type and interpolation
o Filling (not recommended)
o Points style
These settings are not saved when the screen is closed.
Scale legends settings are hidden by default.
Graph palette is hidden by default on all plots. It is useless since the plots are continuously refreshed
and scales are recomputed.
Cursor legend is visible by default only on Flow rates. It allows to configure the cursors shapes and
behaviour. It is recommended to keep the default settings since cursors are integrated to the monitor
functions.
We call cursors the highligted crosses on the plot surface which allow to scan through displayed data:
When you move the mouse over them, the mouse cursor changes into a handle which allows to grap
and move the plot cursor. By default the cursors will link to the plot which is closest to them.
You can also move the cursors with the dedicated keypad:
Right arrow : moves the active cursor(s) from the oldest to the more recent points.
Left arrow : moves the active cursor(s) from the recent to the older points.
Top/down arrows : switch the cursor from one to the next plot.
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Real time and memorized values : combined with the plot legend, the
program displays the curent value for each of the 7 curves. Just on the right,
it gives the values at main cursor position. These values are obviously readonly.
The main cursor is the yellow one.
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The plot is a fixed configuration: you can not display any other variable. Related DBRs are :
Flow rate pumps:
7 01 05
Flow meter IN :
7 01 07
Flow meter OUT :
7 01 09
Normalized flow rate OUT :
7 01 10
Hook position :
2 01 01
Pressure IN :
7 01 01
Active mud volume :
9 01 02
Displays are refreshed every 2 seconds.
When you move the main cursor, the program indicates on which plot it is locked: just above the black
display zone. The message also contains its current temporal position.
The secondary cursor allows to measure variations between different zones of the plot area. In this example,
both cursors are locked to the pressure line. The program displays the difference between the 2 positions,
as well in time as in pressure units:
You can also read values from different curves, but some (like : hook position pressure) makes no
sense. The program will display *?! if the units are not exactly the same.
Command read flow rate data allows to read the last 2 hours of data from the time based database. This
operation is made automatically at startup.
If data do not load, check if the local clock is synchronized with the time of Saert-2. If it is, check if the time
based storage has been running for at least 2 hours.
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actual number
current event, -1
The legend has space for 14 curves maximum. You can configure the plot so as to show more than 14
events but the curves above #14 will not be accessible for configuration.
The colors are redefined every time a new plot is created:
Bright orange and thick line for the most recent complete
event (event 1)
Orange thin line for event 2
Blue thin lines for events 3 to N, with decreasing
brightness.
If the registration is still running for an event (event 0), it
is displayed as a thin
0
yellow line with red
points. This plot is
-3
redesigned as bright
-2
orange when the event
-1
closes.
To identify an event, just move the cursor to a curve. The program will react as following :
The curve becomes bright yellow which makes it easier to distinguish in between all the other plots
The rectangle below the plot displays :
o The event identification number
o The time at which this point was saved
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The volume variation since event start. Dragging the cursor right or left you can inspect all the values of
the plot, point by point. On curves intersections it may happen that the
cursor jumps to the other plot. You can display the cursor legend
and use the cursors keypad to follow eactly one curve.
The id of the complementary event (for a pumps stop it is the previous
pumps start and vice-versa)
The volume difference at the events termination. Lets suppose that event #231 is a pumps start, which
terminated after 4 minutes with a volume variation of -2.51 m3. Its complementary event is #230 (pump
stop) with a volume variation of +2.30 m3. The final volume variation (stop--> start) is a loss of 0.21 m3.
When moving the cursor of the pumps start plot, the complementary event of the pumps stop plot
(above) will position automatically.
If you need more details about an event, you can click the checkbox Show event details . The yellow
bordered rectangle below the plots will be covered with additional informations about the selected event:
Start date and time
Stop date and time
Total measured depth at start time
Annular volume at start time
To see the associated pumps data collection click the checkbox Show
numeric values . The alarms zone and the legend of Flow rates will be
covered with two numeric tables. Note that the program finds
automatically the records associated to the current cursor positions.
If an alarm rises while the tables are open, the alarm messages will
partially recover the tables.
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Envelop is set.
No envelop at all
Cancel envelop )
(command
The envelope should be representative of the real volume evolution. You should eliminate incomplete or
abnormal events so as to allow an accurate detection of well flowing or mud loss.
On every new event , the program will automatically calculate and draw the envelope.
After selecting and hiding the wrong curves, we obtain the following graphics. It is now much better adapted
to the detection of anomalies.
Envelop was defined as 5% in this example.
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Alarms
The program rises alarm messages on 3 types of situations, all of which are related to the pumps events.
The new volumes curve lies outside of the envelope: it means that the volume increase or decrease is
N% more than in all the previous similar situations. This alarm would trigger immediately, giving an early
warning. It resets when the event terminates.
The difference between the new curve and the previous one is more than the percentage defined for the
envelope. This is computed point by point as the curve progresses. This alarm would trigger
immediately, giving an early warning. It remains active even after the event terminates.
When a pump start event completes: if the final volume decrease does not correspond to the volume
increase at previous pump stop. The difference threshold lies again at the percentage defined for the
envelope. This alarm can trigger only after 2 minutes. It remains active after the event completes.
LED : in case of alarm, the alarm LED starts blinking Red/Orange. The blinking frequency increases with
the intensity of the detected anomaly.
Hereafter some examples :
In this cas the new curve is far away as well from the previous one as from the
envelope.
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Last Version
001.003 released 2006/08/07
Build 89 Size 259232
none
catext_drill_pits_fr.txt
C
100 / 100 sec
None
Chapter 99 63 00 of the catalog
Depth-based for descriptions + Events-based for data
RT_EVENTS and RT_PUMPS
DB-Ref
31 02 62
31 10 01
31 10 02
31 10 11
31 10 12
31 10 13
31 10 22
W
W
W
W
W
R
Description
R
Flow status (=1 if flow rate IN is significative)
R Number of managed events
R Shift in events table
Event #0 Alarm
Event #1 Alarm
Event #2 Alarm
Un it
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99 31 12
99 31 15
99 63 04
99 63 05
99 63 09
99 63 11
99 63 12
99 63 16
99 63 17
R
R
W
W
W
W
W
W
R
R
R
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The corresponding descriptions are created in the D_ALIAS and D_TAB_ALIAS tables of the depth-based
DB.
Pumps related events
The trigger variable for pumps events is the FLOW STATUS (31 02 62). Every change of its value creates a
new pumps event. The program starts to memorize the total active volume and the different flowrates.
Timing is provided though the column RPTU_DT which holds the system time. Recording frequency is 0.5
Hz (1 record every 2 seconds).
Event types are :
6 : pumps stop, associated to the DBR 31 10 17
7 : pumps start, associated to the DBR 31 10 18
The recording stops after a fix time, defined in the DBR 99 63 17. By default it is 5 minutes, but depending on
the rig settings, it must be increased so as to record pump events as completely as possible. 15 minutes
could be the maximum time.
Records of the RT_EVENTS table or of the RT_PUMPS table are never