NLNVLNP

qo ^ k pcl o j bo p

Electrical Transformer An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company. Mfr. Quality Electrical Transformer www.reconsindia.com/Enquire_Now

Impulse voltage Test Impulse voltage generator Impulse voltage test systme www.shkaroth.com
Power distribution units Rackmount intelligent PDUs. power management solutions. www.servertech.co.in
Transformer Winding Resistance tester. Automatic - 10 / 20 / 40 Amps www.udeyraj.com
TRANSFORMERS

Power Transformers-Indian
Standards

Insulating OilsIndian & IEC

standards

Internet site: MENU-DRIVEN

GRAPHICAL USER
INTERFACE (GUI)
PROGRAMS-Performance
from Transformer equivalent
circuit

OBJECTIVE
QUESTIONS

TYPE

HOME takes you to the start page after you have read these Topics. Start page has links to other topics.
MENU-DRIVEN GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) PROGRAMS- by Prof. H. Sadat. -The transformer program obtains the
transformer equivalent circuit from open-circuit and short-circuit tests. It also finds the transformer performance characteristics using the
transformer parameters. In the induction motor program the parameters of the equivalent circuit can be entered on the circuit diagram.
The program draws the Thevenin's equivalent circuit. Performance characteristics are then obtained for the specified slip and the torque slip
curve is plotted on the screen. The analysis can be repeated for different slips. A GUI program deals with the design of a first-order
controller in the forward path of a closed-loop control system. This GUI program designs the following controllers: Proportional, phaseClose Ad
lag, phase-lead, PD,PI, and PID controllers. To run the controller design program at the MATLABprompt type>> rldesigngui
TRANSFORMERS -OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. For a delta-star 3-phase transformer the primary winding has N1 turns/phase and a secondary has N2 turns /phase. The single-phase equivalent circuit will have a
turns ratio
a. N1/N2
b. N1/ 3/N2
c. N1/N2/ 3
Ans: (b)
2.

The use of higher flux density in transformer design

a) reduces the transformer weight per kVA

b) increases the weight/kVA
c) increases the weight/kW
Ans. a
3.

The conservator is used in a transformer because

a) it supplies oil to the transformer whenever needed

b) protects the transformer from damage when oil expands due to rise in temperature
c) it provides fresh air and cools down the oil.
Ans. b
4.

Which of the following has the highest efficiency?

a) dc shunt motor
b) transformer
c) induction motor
d) synchronous motor
Ans. b

Power Transformers-Indian Standards

TOP
Power Transformers [ISD: 2026 (Part 1)-1977]
TYPE TESTS
S. No.
1
2

Type test
Measurement of winding resistance
Measurement of voltage ratio and check of
voltage vector relationship

~K K L SK

Purpose
To know resistance of winding utilized
To know correct voltage ratio at each tap and to check
vector symbol (To ascertain phase displacement)
NLP

NLNVLNP

qo ^ k pcl o j bo p
3

4
5
6
7
8

Measurement of impedance voltage/ shortcircuit impedance (principal tapping) and load

loss
Measurement of no-load loss and current
Measurement of insulation resistance
Dielectric tests (Lightning impulse on line
terminals
Temperature rise test
Tests on on-load tap changer (where
appropriate)

To know copper (load) loss and impedance voltage

To know core loss & excitation current

To check insulation strength
To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of
insulation (Line terminal to earth & other winding)
To check temperature rise of transformer under
loading conditions
To ensure proper operation of OLTC

SPECIAL TESTS
S. No.
1

Special test
Dielectric test (Modified impulse test on Neutral

2
3

Measurement of zero sequence impedance of 3phase transformers

Short circuit test

Measurement of acoustic noise level

Measurement of harmonics of the no-load

current
Measurement of power taken by fans & oil
pumps

Purpose
To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of
insulation (Neutral terminal to earth & other winding)
To check zero sequence impedance of 3-phase
transformers
To ensure mechanical strength under short circuit
condition
To measure sound level produced by transformer
during rated excitation under no-load condition
To measure harmonics of the no-load current
To know power consumption of fans & oil pumps

ROUTINE TESTS

S. No.
Routine test
Purpose
Type Tests 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 9 will also be the Routine Tests. In addition, the following Dielectric tests will be
performed as a Routine test
Dielectric Tests
Separate AC source
To verify power frequency withstand capacity
Induced over voltage
of winding (winding to other winding and to
earth)
To verify power frequency withstand capacity
of winding (phases to earth and other winding)

ACCEPTANCE TESTS
The routine tests on each transformer are to be considered as acceptance tests
SAMPLE CRITERIA: Each power transformer to be tested

TOP
Insulating Oils- Indian & IEC standards

INSULATING OILS [IS: 335-1983 OR IEC: 296-1982]

There are no specific lit of type/routine /acceptance tests to be performed on manufactured insulating oil. However, the manufacturer shall verify the following
characteristics by carrying out relevant tests on the insulating oil.

S. No.

Property

As per IS: 335

(Un-inhibited)
Clear & transparent
and free from
suspended matter or
sediments

As per IEC: 296

Un-inhibited
Inhibited -IA
Clear & transparent and
Clear & transparent and
free from suspended matter free from suspended matter
or sediments
or sediments

0.89 at 270 C

< 0.895 at 200 C

< 0.895 at 200 C

16.5 cSt

Appearance

Density

g/cm3
Kinematic viscosity at

27 cSt

16.5 cSt

at 270 C

at 40 0 C

at 40 0 C

270 Max.
Interfacial tension Min.

0.04 N/m at 270 C

0.04 N/m at 250 C

0.04 N/m at 250 C

Flash point
Pansky-Marten (closed)

1400 C

1400 C

1400 C

~K K L SK

OLP

NLNVLNP

qo ^ k pcl o j bo p

10

Min
Pour point
Max.
Neutralization value
Total acidity
Max.
Inorganic
acidity/alkalinity
Corrosive sulpher
Electric Strength
(Breakdown voltage)
Min.
New unfiltered oil
After filtration
Dielectric dissipation

11

factor( tand) at 900 Max.

Specific resistivity

6
7

8
9

12

At 900 Min.

At 27 0 Min.
Oxidation stability
Neutralization
value after
oxidation Max.
Total sludge
after oxidation
Max.

-90 C

-300 C

-300 C

0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil

0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil

0.03mg
KOH/g
Nil

Non-corrosive

Non-corrosive

Non-corrosive

30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)
0.005

30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)
0.005

30 kV (RMS)
50 kV (RMS)
0.005

30x 1018 ohm-cm

0.40 mg
KOH/g

0.40 mg
KOH/g

No limit

0.10% by weight

0.10% by weight

500x 1018 ohm-cm

SAMPLING CRITERIA
As per IS:6855-1973 OR relevant specification of equipment where oil is required.

Electrical Transformer An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company. Mfr. Quality Electrical Transformer www.reconsindia.com/Enquire_Now

Impulse voltage Test Impulse voltage generator Impulse voltage test systme www.shkaroth.com
vacuum circuit breaker Air type Vacuum type www.Panickker.com/vcb.htm
Coil Winding Machine For small transformers and coils At very low cost in india www.namanenterprises.net

~K K L SK

PLP