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1. The Rift: Explaining Europe's Divergent Iraq Policies in the Run-Up of the
American-Led War on Iraq by JRGEN SCHUSTER; HERBERT MAIER;
Foreign Policy Analysis, 07/01/2006, Vol 2 (3), p223[4DD9AA9E6ED6131ABBFD]

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dd

2. Personality and Foreign Policy: Tony Blair's Iraq Decisions by STEPHEN

BENEDICT DYSON; Foreign Policy Analysis, 07/01/2006, Vol 2 (3),
p289- [4199BFBAB3CDFA37BD3A]

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dd

3. Role Theory and Foreign Policy Change: The Transformation of Russian

Foreign Policy in the 1990s by Michael MG Grossman; International
Politics, 09/01/2005, Vol 42 (3), p334- [46A1B40F3D83918CABDA]

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dd

4. Integrating Cognitive and Rational Theories of Foreign Policy Decision

Making by Lasha Tchantouridze; Canadian Journal of Political Science /
Revue canadienne de science politique, 03/01/2005, Vol 38 (1), p256[43C3A93C1534AE860D0D]

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dd

5. Explaining and Forecasting Leaders' Decisions: A Poliheuristic Analysis of

the Iran Hostage Rescue Decision by David J. Brul; International
Studies Perspectives, 02/01/2005, Vol 6 (1), p99[46BEB2C22BADA41B1910]
PDF Full Text

A
dd

6. Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective by

Brandon J. Kinne; International Studies Perspectives, 02/01/2005, Vol 6
(1), p114- [4AEA9637AD22B92A1693]

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dd

7. To Shape the Nations Foreign Policy: Struggles for Dominance

among American International Relations Scholars by Tom TF Farer;
Diogenes, 08/01/2004, Vol 51 (3), p71- [41538FAFCAA940A22894]

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dd

8. Traditional Decision Analysis and the Poliheuristic Theory of Foreign

Policy Decision Making by Raymond Dacey; Lisa J. Carlson; Journal of
Conflict Resolution, 02/01/2004, Vol 48 (1), p38[ACUFLJ9GXNYF5U6XPMNW]

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dd

9. Initial Crisis Reaction and Poliheuristic Theory by Karl DeRouen Jr.;

Christopher Sprecher; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 02/01/2004, Vol 48
(1), p56- [EX6TYJLUCK678EANV6DK]

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dd

10. To Protect and to Serve: Alliances And Foreign Policy Portfolios by T.

Clifton Morgan; Glenn Palmer; Journal of Conflict Resolution,
04/01/2003, Vol 47 (2), p180- [HVK7NMUE7FEX5THBPHFM]

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dd

11. Russian Strategic Realignment and the Post-Post-Cold War Era? by G.P.
Herd; E. Akerman; Security Dialogue, 09/01/2002, Vol 33 (3), p357[26W8MMAK4FNVPR8AKU93]

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dd

12. The Influence of Advisers on Foreign Policy Decision Making: An

Experimental Study by Steven B. Redd; Journal of Conflict Resolution,
06/01/2002, Vol 46 (3), p335- [YD3REAW0HR8M1KVJNGGD]

A
dd

13. Give or Take: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Substitutability by G.

Palmer; S.B. Wohlander; Journal of Peace Research, 01/01/2002, Vol 39
(1), p5- [T9228C8MQL479RF66NF0]

A
dd

14. Trading Butter for Guns: Domestic Imperatives for Foreign Policy
Substitution by D.H. Clark; Journal of Conflict Resolution, 10/01/2001,
Vol 45 (5), p636- [HRBV8K9XEXRLB14766JX]

A
dd

15. The Cognitive Calculus of Foreign Policy Decision Making: An

Experimental Assessment by N. Geva; Journal of Conflict Resolution,
08/01/2000, Vol 44 (4), p447- [0T3Q62ML24R5545YU2X8]

A
dd

16. Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy by Gideon. Rose;

World Politics, 10/01/1998, Vol 51 (1), p144[75U2CU6YK6D0FDJV146B]

A
dd

17. DOMESTIC POLITICS, FOREIGN POLICY, AND THEORIES OF

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by James D. Fearon; Annual Review of
Political Science, 06/01/1998, Vol 1 (-1), p289[414C95195E139220E862]
PDF Full Text

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1-17 of 17

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Title:

Blair's Iraq Decisions

Personality and Foreign Policy: Tony

Author(s):
STEPHEN BENEDICT DYSON
Source:
Foreign Policy Analysis 07/01/2006, Vol
2 (3), p289ISSN:
17438586
Affiliation:
STEPHEN BENEDICT DYSON; Wabash
College
Abstract:
The British choice in Iraq has been
characterized as Tony Blair's War, with many believing that the
personality and leadership style of the prime minister played a crucial part in
determining British participation. Is this the case? To investigate, I employ
at-a-distance measures to recover Blair's personality from his responses to
foreign policy questions in the House of Commons. I find that he has a high
belief in his ability to control events, a low conceptual complexity, and a high
need for power. Using newly available evidence on British decision making, I
show how Blair's personality and leadership style did indeed shape both the
process and outcome of British foreign policy toward Iraq. The research
reemphasizes the importance of individual level factors in theories of foreign
policy, as well as offering a comprehensive explanation of a critical episode.
Entry Date:
20060530
Library of Congress Classification: 20221; 10009
Unique ID:
4199BFBAB3CDFA37BD3A
Persistent link to this record:
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vid=32&hid=115&sid=e200d5ae-875a-4d54-a2aef4a3d5da31c2%40SRCSM2

Explaining and Forecasting Leaders' Decisions: A Poliheuristic

Analysis of the Iran Hostage Rescue Decision
Title:

Author(s): David J. Brul

Source: International Studies Perspectives 02/01/2005, Vol 6 (1), p99ISSN: 15283577
Affiliation: David J. Brul; Texas A&M University
Abstract:
In an increasingly dangerous world, forecasting national leaders' decisions
during crises is a central concern of policy analysts. But with a wide range of
specific military responses available to leaders, pinpointing a likely decision
can be difficult. This essay argues that the poliheuristic theory of foreign
policy decision making is a useful tool for aiding policy analysts in
forecasting the decisions of national leaders. The theory's emphasis on a
noncompensatory decision dimension facilitates the elimination of many of
the possible decision alternatives, reducing uncertainty. Then, surviving
alternatives are weighed against additional, nontrivial dimensions, producing
a likely decision. As an illustrative case, I examine Carter's decision to
implement the hostage rescue mission, demonstrating that Carter ruled out
alternatives that failed to satisfy criteria on the noncompensatory decision
dimensionreelection. The president's final choice was selected from the
remaining alternatives according to its ability to simultaneously maximize
net benefits with respect to military and strategic concerns. Following a
comparison of the analysis with compensatory models of decision making, I
suggest a general forecasting framework rooted in the poliheuristic theory.
The theory can be applied to international crises provided that policy
analysts obtain information concerning (1) the leader's noncompensatory
decision criteria, (2) the set of alternatives that satisfy those criteria, and
(3) the expected net benefits of the remaining alternatives on other
dimensions (i.e., the military and strategic dimensions).
Entry Date:
Library of Congress Classification:
Unique ID:
Persistent link to this record:

20050114
20093; 10009
46BEB2C22BADA41B1910

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Title:
Decision Making in Autocratic
Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective
Author(s):
Brandon J. Kinne
Source:
International Studies Perspectives
02/01/2005, Vol 6 (1), p114ISSN:
15283577
Affiliation:
Brandon J. Kinne; Yale University
Abstract:
This paper applies the poliheuristic
theory of foreign policy decision making to non-democratic states.
Poliheuristic theory asserts that state leaders assign primary
importance to their political survival; however, the meaning of
the political varies dramatically from country to country.
Furthermore, the types of actors who hold leaders politically
accountable also vary between countries. Consequently, leaders
often pursue vastly different means of ensuring their political
survival. The author uses the common distinction between singleparty, military, and personalist autocracies to show that
apparently arbitrary differences in autocratic leaders' political
concerns actually vary in systematic and potentially predictable
ways. Because this argument is generalized to non-democratic
states as a whole, it has important implications for the ways in
which democratic states craft their policies toward autocracies.
Entry Date:
20050114
Library of Congress Classification: 20093; 10009
Unique ID:
4AEA9637AD22B92A1693
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Title:
Give or Take: Foreign Aid and
Foreign Policy Substitutability
Author(s):
G. Palmer; S.B. Wohlander
Source:
Journal of Peace Research
01/01/2002, Vol 39 (1), p5ISSN:
00223433
Affiliation:
G. PalmerS.B. Wohlander;
Department of Political Science, Pennsylvania State
University,Department of Political Science, Rice University
Abstract:
The article attempts to explain
state donations of foreign aid with the application of a general
theory of foreign policy. This places foreign aid within the context
of a state's creation of a foreign-policy portfolio. The general
theory is based upon the assumption that states pursue two
goods: 'change', defined as the ability to alter the status quo in
desirable ways, and 'maintenance', the ability to prevent changes
in favored aspects of the status quo. By applying the 'two-good'
model of foreign policy toward an explanation of foreign aid, we
are able to derive hypotheses regarding the relationship between
state power and foreign aid donations, as well as further
implications regarding foreign policy substitutability. The twogood model posits a more complex but better specified conception
of foreign policy substitutability, and it implies that state
donations of foreign aid are substitutable for other foreign policy
choices, such as the initiation of interstate conflict and
participation in certain types of alliances, that are directed toward
the same goal, namely change. We test these hypotheses using
data on official development assistance obtained from the OECD,
and additional data from the Correlates of War (COW) Project for
21 states over the 1966-92 period. Our findings indicate that aid
allocation is affected by other aspects of a state's foreign policy
portfolio. The application of a general framework of foreign policy
to the study of foreign aid is fruitful.
Entry Date:
20040219
Library of Congress Classification: 20008; 10001
Unique ID:
T9228C8MQL479RF66NF0
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Title:
Neoclassical realism and theories
of foreign policy
Author(s):
Gideon. Rose
Source:
World Politics 10/01/1998, Vol 51
(1), p144ISSN:
00438871
Abstract:
Although international relations
theory has been dominated for two decades by debates over
theories of international politics, recently there has been a surge
of interest in theories of foreign policy. These seek to explain, not
the pattern of outcomes of state interactions, but rather the
behavior of individual states. The author surveys three prominent
theories of foreign policy and shows how the works under review
set out a compelling alternative, one that updates and
systematizes insights drawn from classical realist thought.
Neoclassical realism argues that the scope and ambition of a
country's foreign policy is driven first and foremost by the
country's relative material power. Yet it contends that the impact
of power capabilities on foreign policy is indirect and complex,
because systemic pressures must be translated through
intervening unit-level variables such as decision-makers'
perceptions and state structure. Understanding the links between
power and policy thus requires close examination of both the
international and the domestic contexts within which foreign
policy is formulated and implemented.
Entry Date:
20040219
Library of Congress Classification: 10007
Unique ID:
75U2CU6YK6D0FDJV146B
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Title:
Trading Butter for Guns: Domestic
Imperatives for Foreign Policy Substitution
Author(s):
D.H. Clark
Source:
Journal of Conflict Resolution
10/01/2001, Vol 45 (5), p636ISSN:
00220027
Affiliation:
D.H. Clark; Department of Political
Science, Binghamton University (SUNY)
Abstract:
The international relations
literature largely presumes that leaders engage in foreign policy
substitution but does not provide a compelling theoretical
explanation or convincing empirical evidence that substitution
occurs. This article offers a theory of foreign policy choice based
on the differences between private and public goods. It assumes
that private goods and public goods are useful under different
circumstances and conditions. Leaders select a policy based on
political needs, so private- and public-goods approaches are
employed alternatively depending on domestic situations: policies
are substituted one for another. The trade-off between aggressive
unilateral economic behavior and military conflict as the United
States conducted foreign policy during the cold war is examined.
Results show that leaders facing economic concerns and/or
domestic opposition prefer trade aggression, a patently privategood-like policy, and substitute such policies in response to
changing domestic stimuli.
Entry Date:
20040219
Library of Congress Classification: 20093; 10009
Unique ID:
HRBV8K9XEXRLB14766JX
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Theories of Foreign Policy

GFIR 842: Theories of Foreign Policy
Preliminary Syllabus
Spring 1995 Mr. John S. Duffield
Cabell 331 B-18A Cabell Hall, 924-3345
M 2:00-4:15 MW 1-2, W 3:30-4:30
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course examines leading theoretical approaches to the study of foreign
policy and their application to a variety of states and issue areas. It seeks to
prepare students both to evaluate critically the theoretical literature on foreign
policy and to conduct their own research in the field. Theories representing all of
the major approaches -- international, domestic, decision-making, and
psychological -- are explored.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
The course will be taught as a seminar. Student preparation, attendance, and
active participation are required and will constitute an important part of the
final grade. Students should come to class ready to offer a summary of each of
the assigned readings.
Participants will write a research paper of 25-35 pages that is due at the end of
the semester. They will prepare two critical analyses, each devoted to one of the
assigned readings, that are 7-10 pages in length. Finally, each student will be
responsible for organizing and leading class discussion one week.
READINGS
The following books have been ordered and should be available at the university
bookstore:
Gary King, Robert Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry
Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire
Graham Allison, Essence of Decision
All other readings are on reserve in Clemons Library. The following
abbreviations are used for journal titles:
APSR = American Political Science Review
IO = International Organization
IS = International Security
ISQ = International Studies Quarterly
JCR = Journal of Conflict Resolution
COURSE SCHEDULE
1. Introduction to the Theoretical Study of Foreign Policy
2. Metatheoretical and Methodological Issues
Assigned Reading:
King, Keohane, and Verba, Designing Social Inquiry
10

3. The International Setting: Realist/Structural Theories

Assigned Readings:
Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (1987), 17-26
Stephen Walt, "Testing Theories of Alliance Formation," IO
42/2 (Spring 1988): 275-316
Randall Schweller, "Tripolarity and the Second World War,"
ISO 37/1 (March 1993): 73-103
Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (1984), 13-15,
34-41, 59-79
David Lake, "International Economic Structures and American
Foreign Economic Policy, 1887-1934," WP 35/4 (July 1983): 517-34
4. The International Setting: International Institutions
Assigned Readings:
Louis Henken, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy (1979),
39-87 (ch. 3)
Oran Young, International Cooperation (1989), 11-30 (ch. 1)
and 58-80 (ch. 3)
M. Karns and K. Mingst, The United States and Multilateral
Institutions (1990), 1-10
John Duffield, "International Regimes and Alliance Behavior: Explaining NATO
Force Levels," IO 46 (Autumn 1992): 819-55
Harald Mueller, "The Internalization of Principles, Norms, and Rules
by Governments: The Case of Security Regimes," in V. Rittberger, ed., Regime
Theory and International Relations (1993), 361-88
5. The Domestic Setting: Domestic Political Structures
Assigned Readings:
John Owen, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace," IS 19/2
(Fall 1994): 87-125
Randall Schweller, "Domestic Structure and Preventive War: Are
Democracies More Pacific?," WP 44/2 (Jan. 1992): 235-69
Michael Barnett and Jack Levy, "Domestic Sources of Alliances and
Alignments," IO 45/# (Spring 1991): 369-95
Stephen Krasner, Structural Conflict (1985), 32-58 (ch. 2)
6. The Domestic Setting: Myths of Empire
Assigned Reading:
Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition
(1991)
7. The Domestic Setting: Public Opinion
Assigned Readings:
Ole Holsti, "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy," ISQ 36/4 (Dec. 1992):
11

439-66
Bruce Russett, "Who Controls Whom?" in Controlling the Sword (1990),
87-118 (ch. 4)
B. Page and R. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy,"
APSR 77 (1983): 175-90
R. Shapiro and B. Page, "Foreign Policy and the Rational Public,"
JCR 32/2 (June 1988): 211-47
Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign
Policy in Liberal Democracies," WP 43/4 (July 1991): 479-512
8. The Domestic Setting: Political Culture, Ideology, and Nationalism
Assigned Readings:
Judith Goldstein and Robert Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy
(1993), 3-30 (ch.1)
D. Elkins and R. Simeon, "A Cause in Search of Its Effect, or What Does
Political Culture Explain?" Comparative Politics 11/2 (Jan. 1979): 127-46
Paul Egon Rohrlich, "Economic Culture and Foreign Policy: The
Cognitive Analysis of Economic Policy Making," IO 41/1 (Winter 1987):61-92
Thomas Burger, "From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan's Culture of AntiMilitarism," IS 17/4 (Spring 1993): 119-50
Judith Goldstein, "Ideas, Institutions, and American Trade Policy,"
IO 42/1 (Winter 1988)
9. The Domestic Setting: Interest Groups in Pluralist Systems
Assigned Readings:
Andrew Moravcsik, "Liberalism and International Relations Theory" (1992)
Jeff Frieden, "Sectoral Conflict and Foreign Economic Policy, 1914-1940"
IO 42/1 (Winter 1988), pp. 59-90
Peter Gourevitch, "Breaking with Orthodoxy: The Politics of Economic
Policy Responses to the Depression of the 1930s," IO 38/1 (Winter 1984), pp. 95129
Helen Milner, "Resisting the Protectionist Temptation: Industry and the Making
of Trade Policy in France and the United States During the 1970s," IO 41/4
(Autumn 1987): 639-65
10. State-Centered Explanations
Assigned Readings:
Michael Mastanduno, David Lake, and John Ikenberry, "Toward a Realist
Theory of State Action," ISQ 33 (1989): 457-74
Andrew Moravcsik, "Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic
Theories of International Bargaining," in
Double-Edged Diplomacy (1993), 3-34 (skim 18-22)
Stephen Krasner, Defending the National Interest (1978), 5-34

12

(skim 21-30)
David Lake, "The State and American Trade Strategy in the Pre-Hegemonic
Era," IO 42/1 (Winter 1988): 33-58
11. The Decision-making Process: Bureaucratic Politics
Assigned Readings:
Graham Allison, Essence of Decision (1971), chs. 5 and 6, pp. 144-244
Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (1974), pp. 1-5 and
ch. 16
J. Krause and L. Wilker, "Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy in the FRG," in
Krippendorf and Rittberger, The Foreign Policy of West Germany (1980), 147-70
Stephen Krasner, "Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland,"
Foreign Policy 7 (Summer 1972)
12. The Decision-making Process: Organizational Behavior
Assigned Readings:
Graham Allison, Essence of Decision, ch. 3 and 4, pp. 67-143
Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (1984), 41-59
Stuart Kaufman, "Organizational Politics and Change in Soviet Military
Policy," WP 46/3 (April 1994): 355-82
David Welch, "The Organizational and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms:
Retrospect And Prospect," IS 17 (Fall 1992)
13. Individual Behavior: Psychological Models
Assigned Readings:
Yaacov Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds (1990), ch. 3. 111-91
Keith Shimko, Images and Arms Control (1992), 1-41
Alexander George, "The Operational Code," ISQ 13/4 (Dec. 1969): 190-222
Robert Jervis, "Hypotheses on Misperception," World Politics 20/3
(April 1968): 454-79
Richard Herrmann, "Empirical Challenge of the Cognitive Revolution," ISQ
32/2 (June 1988): 175-204
14. Learning and Foreign Policy Change
Assigned Readings:
G. Breslauer and P. Tetlock, Learning in U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy
(1991), 3-61
Jack Levy, "Learning and Foreign Policy," IO 48/2 (Spring 1994): 279-312
Dan Reiter, "Learning, Realism, and Alliances," WP 46/4 (July 1994): 490-526
Sarah Mendelson, "Internal Battles and External Wars," WP 45/3 (April 1993):
327-60

13

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Lizenz / license
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URN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-opus-16178
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Rittberger, Volker

Approaches to the study of foreign policy. Derived from

international relations theories
pdf-Format:
Dokument 1.pdf (174 KB)

Kurzfassung in englisch
An investigation of theories of foreign policy derived from three competing "schools of
thought" or "paradigms" in current International Relations, viz. neorealism, utilitarian
liberalism, and constructivism. Both neorealist and utilitarian liberal theories of foreign policy
work from the assumption of rational actors making decisions based on the self-interested
calculation of benefits and costs of available behavioral options. They differ sharply, however,
with respect to the question of who are to be regarded as the fundamental actors of
international relations and, by implication, of foreign policy making: for neorealism, foreign
policy is the exclusive domain of black-boxed, unitarily acting states; utilitarian liberalism, by
contrast, envisions states not as actors in the first place but as institutions which domestic
societal actors (including both organized private actors and politicians and bureaucrats) use
to further their interests at home and abroad. Constructivism breaks with the rationalist
consensus shared by the other two theories, replacing homo oeconomicus with homo
sociologicus and hence advocating, and building upon, an image of actors as norm-guided
"role players" rather than "utility maximizers". In another respect, constructivist foreign policy
occupies a middle ground between neorealist and utilitarian liberal theories, i.e. the level at
which the most important sources of foreign policy behavior are located. By taking into
account norms at both the domestic and international levels, constructivism comes down
neither on the side of "top-down" theories (as neorealism) nor on the side of "bottom-up"
theories (as utilitarian liberalism).

Kurzfassung in englisch
Diese Untersuchung von Theorien der Auenpolitik nimmt auf drei konkurrierende "Schulen"
oder "Paradigmen" der gegenwrtigen Internationalen Beziehungen Bezug, nmlich auf den
Neorealismus, Utilitarismus und Konstruktivismus. Sowohl neorealistische als auch
utilitaristische Theorien der Auenpolitik gehen von der Annahme eines rationalen Akteurs
aus, dessen Entscheidungen auf der egoistischen Berechnung von Vorteilen und Kosten der
vorhandenen Verhaltensoptionen beruhen. Sie unterscheiden sich jedoch stark in Bezug auf
die Frage dessen, wer als grundstzlicher Akteur im Bereich der internationalen Beziehungen
und - daraus folgend - des auenpolitischen Entscheidungsprozesses betrachtet werden soll:
Fr den Neorealismus ist Auenpolitik das exklusive Gebiet einheitlich handelnder Staaten,
die nach dem black-box-Prinzip betrachtet werden mssen; Utilitaristen stellen nicht die
Staaten als Akteure an erste Stelle, sondern sehen sie als Institutionen, in denen innere
gesellschaftliche Akteure (darunter organisierte private Akteure als auch Politiker und
Brokraten) nach ihren inneren und ueren Interessen handeln. Der Konstruktivismus bricht
mit der rationalistischen Konsens, welchen die beiden anderen Theorierichtungen teilen,
ersetzt den "homo oeconomicus" durch den "homo sociologicus" und baut ein Bild der
Akteure als normgeleitete "Rollenspieler" auf, im Gegensatz zu "Nutzenmaximierern". In einer
anderen Beziehung nimmt die konstruktivistische Sicht von Auenpolitik einen mittleren Platz
zwischen Neorealisten und Utilitaristen ein, in Bezug auf das Level, auf dem die wichtigsten
Beweggrnde des auenpolitischen Verhaltens vermutet werden. Weder nimmt der
Konstruktivismus die Sicht einer "top-down"-Theorie (wie der Neorealismus) noch jene einer
"bottom-up"-Theorie (wie der Utilitarismus) ein.

19

SWD-Schlagwrter:
Internationale Politik , Theorie , Auenpolitik
Freie Schlagwrter (englisch):
foreign policy , international relations , theory
Institut:
Bereich 08 Fakultt fr Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften
DDC-Sachgruppe:
Politik
Dokumentart:
ResearchPaper
Quelle:
Tbinger Arbeitspapiere zur internationalen Politik und Friedensforschung ; 46
Sprache:
deutsch
Erstellungsjahr:
2004
Publikationsdatum:
04.03.2005
Lizenz:
Verffentlichungsvertrag (Version 1998)
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Wilhelmstr. 32, 72016 Tbingen, H232, 235, 236

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Foreign Policy
November/December 2004

One World, Rival Theories

By Jack Snyder | Nov 1, 2004 | 4141 words, 0 images

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The U.S. government has endured several painful rounds of scrutiny as it tries to figure out what
went wrong on Sept. 11, 2001. The intelligence community faces radical restructuring; the
military has made a sharp pivot to face a new enemy; and a vast new federal agency has
blossomed to coordinate homeland security. But did September 11 signal a failure of theory on
par with the failures of intelligence and policy? Familiar theories about how the world works still
dominate academic debate. Instead of radical change, academia has adjusted existing theories

23

to meet new realities. Has this approach succeeded? Does international relations theory still
have something to tell policymakers?
Six years ago, political scientist Stephen M. Walt published a much-cited survey of the field in
these pages (One World, Many Theories, Spring 1998). He sketched out three dominant
approaches: realism, liberalism, and an updated form of idealism called constructivism. Walt
argued that these theories shape both public discourse and policy analysis. Realism focuses on
the shifting distribution of power among states. Liberalism highlights the rising number of
democracies and the turbulence of democratic transitions. Idealism illuminates the changing
norms of sovereignty, human rights, and international justice, as .../continued/
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Copyright 2001-2006, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
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