Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AND
LUBRICATION
SCOPE
Need
Types of lubrication
Viscosity
Petroffs equation
Stable lubrication
Thick-film lubrication
Hydrodynamic theory
Design considerations
The relations of the variables
Steady-state conditions in self-contained bearings
Clearance
Pressure fed bearings
Load and materials
Bearing types
Boundary lubricated bearings
Need
Types of lubrication
Hydrodynamic
Thick-film, fluid mechanics, speed is necessary
Hydrostatic
Lubricant is introduced at high pressure, speed could be small
Elasto-hydrodynamic
Occurs in rolling contact, like in gears and rolling element bearings, Hertzian
contact theory and fluid mechanics are required
Boundary
Insufficient surface area, drop in velocity, lessening of lubricant quantity,
increase in bearing load, or increase in lubricant temperature lead to no thick
film; partial metal to metal contact occurs which is mixed hydrodynamicboundary lubrication before gross metal-to-metal contact occurs; fluid
mechanics and viscosity are less important and chemical composition is more
important
Solid-film
Necessary when operation is to be at extremely high temperatures because
ordinary minerals oils degrade; graphite and molybdenum disulphide are often
used; composite bearing materials are being researched because liquid lubricants
also proved to be environmentally non-sustainable
F
U
= =
A
h
Then,
du / dy = U / h
F
du
= =
A
dy
VISCOSITY
180
Z k = 0.22t
m2/sec.
180 6
= 0.22t
(10 )
t
Pa-s.
(m / sec ) = 10 Z k (cSt )
180 6
= 0.22t
10
(
)
Since,
T
T
f
i
2
Nevertheless, petroffs bearing theory explains the useful (i) dimensionless groups
(ii) gives an equation for coefficient of friction that is good even for eccentric
bearings
He assumed that the shaft is concentric hence his theory is not good for actual
bearing which is eccentric when it is running
Petroff was the first person to explain the phenomenon of bearing friction
Tf
=
+
T
T
f
i
2
PETROFFS EQUATION:
U 2 r N
= =
h
c
2 3
r
2 N r
2
=
f = 2
2
S
c
P c
P c
r N
S =
c P
Petroffs
equation
(1883)
f = 2 2
N r
4 r l N
2 r N
T = ( A)(r ) =
(2 rl )(r ) =
c
c
Contd.
density
Q& gen
& p T = lc rN j C p T
Q& gen = mC
T f = T + 16
U 0 A0 c
2 3
N
j lr
3
Q& gen U 0 A0 (T f T ) 2
T =
=
& p
mC
lc rN j C p
2
N j ( 2rl ) c
fr c
r
3
rWN j = 4
rWN j
= 2 TN j = 2 fWrN j = 2
c r
W
r
c
U 0 A0 (T f T )
Average velocity
m& = lc U 2 = lc rN j
area
Contd.
Stable Lubrication
N j
0.362 (10
e
=
c
Hydrodynamic Theory
dp
2u
= 2
dx
y
integrating
1 dp 2
u=
y + C1 y + C2
2 dx
Substituting,
u
=
y
dp
=
+
+
F
p
dx
dydz
dxdz
dy dxdz pdydz = 0
dx
y = 0; y = h
u = 0; u = U
u 1 dp
=
y + C1
y dx
dp
=
dx y
Q = udy
Uh h3 dp
Q=
2 12 dx
U
u= y
h
dQ
=0
dx
If the lubricant is incompressible, then the volume flow rate is same for all crosssections. Hence
U
h dp
; C2 = 0
C1 =
h 2 dx
1 dp 2
U
u=
y hy ) y
(
2 dx
h
Sommerfelds conclusion
d h3 dp
dh
= 6U
dx dx
dx
r N
r
f =
c
c P
h p h p
h
= 6U
x x z z
x
dQ U dh d h 3 dp
= 0
=
dx 2 dx dx 12 dx
Contd.
N = N j + Nb 2 NW
NW = N f
2
Nb
NW
r
( N j + Nb 2 NW )
= S 1 +
2
S=
P
Nj
c
Nj
2
r
Nj
S =
c P
1)
2)
3)
4)
1) The viscosity,
2) The load per unit of projected bearing area, P
3) The speed N
4) The bearing dimensions r, c,
Design Considerations
C p T
Q
= Flow variable
rcNl
Qs
= Flow ratio
Q
P
= Maximum film pressure ratio
Pmax
r
f = coefficient of friction variable
c
h0
= Minimum film thickness variable
c
= Position of minimum film thickness, degrees
First:
Contd.
T in oC
= 0e
b & 0 may be obtained from
1.8T +127
Absolute viscosity:
0.120Tc
rf c
=
P
1 Qs
Q rcN j l )
(
1
2 Q
The value of P
must be substituted
in MPa
Contd.
Contd.
clratio=r/c
%clearance ratio
r=jdia/2
c=(bmin-dmax)/2
%radial clearance
% In minimum clearance design, we look for maximum shaft (journal) and minimum hole (sleeve)
% The radial clearance c is then equal to the cmin, the minimum clearance of the fit
pause off
%Iterative programme for the determination of the film temperature in journal bearning
%from Raymondi and Boyd charts
% This is for SAE30; for other grades the viscosity temperature relation must be appropriately substituted
% The design is for minimum radial clearance scenario
% this computer program is valid only for l/d=1, 1/2 or 1/4
W=3000 %load on the bearing, in Newtons
N=8 % journal speed in rps
Ts=60 % sump temperature in degree centrigrade
lbyd=1 % the l/d ratio
jdia=80 % nominal diameter of the journal in mm
jtol=-0.01 % unilateral tolerance (deviation) on journal diameter, mm; must be a signed quantity
bdia=80.08 % nominal diameter of the sleeve, in mm
btol=0.03 % unilateral tolerance (deviation) on bearing diameter, mm; must be a signed quantity
iteration=iteration+1
% From Table 12-1 for SAE30, for the current trial of Tav
while (abs(dis)>0.2)
iteration=0
% For finding the average temperature of the film, Tav or Tf, a trial and error procedure is needed
P=W/(jdia*l)
l=lbyd*jdia
Contd.
% Now discrepancy being less than one, we can consider the latest trail of Tav as the valid
end
pause
deltaT=dT2
Tav=Tav-dis/2
% Now the next trial for Tav can be made as Tav-dis/2; sign willbe automatically taken care of
dis=deltaT-dT2
dT2=(P/0.12)*(0.349+6.009*S+0.0475*(S^2))
%From Fig. 12-21, for SAE oils, the second estimate of temperature increase, for l/d=1, dT2 is
S=((clratio)^2)*(mu*0.001*N)/(P*10^6)
%sommerfeld number
deltaT=2*(Tav-Ts)
Contd.
y=
(l d )
l
l
l
l
l
1
1
8 1 d 1 2 d 1 4 d y + 3 1 2 d 1 4 d y1
l
l
l
l
1
1 1 4 y1 2 + 1 1 2 y1 4
d
d
d
d
4
24
T f Tb = (Tb T )
&
Qloss = UA (Tb T )
Tb =
Q& loss
1+
U 0 A0
=
T f T )
(
1+
T f + T
Solving the preceding equation for Tb and substituting in the heat loss rate
gives the following equation in proper variables
Contd.
Another example:
Solution:
Contd.
Contd.
example
Contd.
Contd.
Fig. 12.26
Fig. 12.27
Fig. 12.32
Fig. 12.33
Fig. 12.34
Fig. 12.35
Fig. 12.37
Fig. 12.38
Fig. 12.39