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In the above Diagram employment of home and foreign country is measured on OX axis and
Marginal Product of Labour (MPL) is measured on OY axis. Each country is represented by a MPL
curve.MPL represent the marginal product of labour of home country and MPL* represents
marginal product of labour of the foreign country. The Diagram gives the explanation of two
countries that is home and foreign.
The home's labor force of home country is at point C and labor force of foreign country is at point
B. In the absence of labor mobility, these points would stay the same. However, when you allow
labor to move between countries, assuming the costs of movement are zero, the real wage
converges on point A, where the home country workers gain and to foreign where they will earn a
higher wage. No doubt such a movement leads to gain in home country workers, where as there will
be loss in wages of workers in the foreign country. The overall effect is equalization of real wages
which is a positive effect. However the net positive effect depends on the number of labourers
involved in the increase and decrease of real wages.
2. Effect on Skilled and Unskilled labour: Countries where there are shortages of skilled
and unskilled labour will benefit when there is movement of labour from other country to
that country. Labour can be productively employed who can contribute to economic
development in a positive manner.
3. Effect on Unemployment: Emigration enables some countries to relieve their excess
manpower and unemployment. The emigrant labour force forms a significant portion of the
total labour force of several countries. In some of the European countries, emigrations
helped to reduce employment demand which otherwise could not have absorbed
domestically.
4. Remittance: Emigrant remits a part of their income back to the native country for their
families. It helps the home country to reduce their balance of payment problem and increase
investment at home, import capital goods and promote development of the home country.
Remittance from developed and developing economies with higher levels of per capita
income, have become an increasingly important source of external development finance.
Remittance rose steadily in the 1990s, reaching more than$60 billion in 2001.
Negative Effects of Migration:
1. Brain Drain: Flight of human capital, more commonly referred to as brain drain. It is the
large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge.
M.COM SEM II: ECONOMICS OF GLOBAL TRADE & FINANCE
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Short Notes:
Role of MNCs
Drawbacks of MNCs
Bretton Woods System and IMF
Relation between the IMF and the developing countries.
Introduction
The Term Multinational Corporation is used to identity an enterprise which controls assets,
factories, mines, sales and other offices in two or more countries. The MNCs are oligopolistic in
nature and gigantic in size. The total value of their individuals assets and turnover runs into billion
dollars. There are over 800 such giants in the world to-day. More than 86% of the MNCs have their
parent companies in USA, UK, France and W. Germany. These parent companies take decisions and
control the operation of their branches or subsidiaries in other countries. A few MNCs have
originated in Japan, Switzerland, Netherlands and Italy. These multinational corporations have
spread their branches throughout the world and have dominated the socio-economic and political
scenario in number of countries. These MNCs have become a problem for number of developing
countries which are unable to free themselves from the clutches of these MNCs.
Developing countries today are widely opening the doors for the entry of the multinational
corporations by encouraging foreign collaborations as well as foreign investment. The foreign
investment acts as a vital input for rapid economic development of the developing countries. The
rise of MNCs has been the most remarkable phenomenon of the post- war era. The MNCs are the
product of industrial revolution, advancement in science and technology and speedy rate of growth
of transportation and telecommunication system all over the world during the post world war
period.
Meaning and Characteristics of Multinational Companies (MNCS)
Multinational company is the company which is registered in one country but conduct its business
operations in multiple countries. It evolved during the 19th century. First multinational company
was formed in 1860 in U.S.A. At present these companies are operating worldwide.
Multinational company are not only found in USA, but also in many other countries like China,
England, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea etc. These companies are doing well in India also.
Multinational companies are also known as Trans-National Corporations or the International
Corporations or the Global Giants. Hindustan Lever Limited, Hero Honda, Reliance Infosys, etc.
are some examples of multinational companies operating in India.
M.COM SEM II: ECONOMICS OF GLOBAL TRADE & FINANCE
1. Service MNCs: A service MNCs is defined as a transnational company which derives more
than 50 percent of its revenues from services. Service MNCs are found in areas such as
banking, insurance, finance, transport, tourism, etc.
M.COM SEM II: ECONOMICS OF GLOBAL TRADE & FINANCE
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