RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENERGY

MANAGEMENT
Indrajeet Kumar, 1PI06EE019, 7thsem, Electrical-PESIT Bangalore

Abstract- This paper is an approach to when required, quality is also poor and
obtain energy balance in a typical rural highly inefficient.
Indian economy. The objective is to
completely eliminate the use of This paper makes an attempt to
conventional energy sources. To develop a approach this problem and find
system of technically and economically feasible solution.
viable solution for providing energy from
non- conventional and renewable energy
sources.

-As a specific case a typical rural area in

“North Bihar” is considered for the study.
1.1 System data
-The availability of energy sources and the
Geographical details:
nature of the demand are broadly
identified and categorized. Map:
-An optimum energy generation system
and distribution planning adopting DSM1
technique is suggested, which would meet
the quality and reliability needs of the
system.

1. INTRODUCTION
A typical rural area considered
basically covers the following details:

-description of economy

-natural resources availability.

-population and standard of living.

-energy demand.

Present problem: There is no power

supply in most of the areas and
wherever it is present, not available
 By the north-east Monsoon this area
gets good rain in July, August and
September months.

The soil is one of the best fertile soil,

which is available in the world,
because river Ganga brings new soil
every year.

The main crops are wheat, rice,

mustard-oil, corn potato , pulses etc.

1.2 Present Economic Situation:

Most of the people depend on

farming and animal husbandry.

-The soil of this area is best for

sugarcane. But there is no sugarcane
factory nearby so no one goes for it.

There is no industry at all , even not a

single one based on agriculture.

The rural area Mohiuddin Nagar is The people who don’t have land go to
situated in the district Samastipur. big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
There is a proper rail and road etc. Searching for jobs.
connectivity for the towns Samastipur,
Barauni and Hazipur. All these towns
are just 50km to 60km apart. Also this
rural area is 90km far from the capital 1.3 Economic status of people:
Patna.

River Ganga crosses this rural area in

south and also two small rivers (Baya
and Noon) cross this area in north.
The water –table is just 60ft down to
For lighting purpose most of the
the ground surface, so there is no
house- holds use kerosene –oil in the
scarcity of water.
night.
This area gets good sun for minimum
But because of telecom boom ,95%
10months in a year, so there is a lot of
house-holds has minimum one cell-
potential for solar energy.
phone. So there is a mobile battery No. of CFL lights 500
charging problem facing by every supply
house-holds.
Monthly income Rs(500*60)
Case study: =Rs30,000

Entrepreneurship was started by a Daily Fuel(diesel) 6 liters

person in the village: A person consumption
observed the two basic problems Monthly fuel cost RS(6*30*40)
facing by village people- =Rs7,200
➢ The increasing cost of kerosene Monthly Rs2,000
oil and maintenance cost
➢ The mobile battery charging
problem being faced by people. Hence monthly Rs(7,200+2,000)
running cost
He established a diesel-Generator set =Rs 9,200
in the middle of the village and supply So monthly net Rs(30,000-9,200)
electric power to house-holds with the profit for the
following norms: supplier is =Rs20,800

– If you are a customer then, for Net profit per year Rs(20,800*12)
every single CFL2 connection =Rs2,96,000
(approximate 20w), you have to
pay Rs 60 per month.
– He will supply power in evening
It can be seen that the investment is
between 6pm to 10pm
recovered within 3months only.
uninterrupted, means 4 hours
every day. Actually for lighting and charging
– But there is a facility that you purpose Rs60 is not a big amount, it
can charge your cell-phone seems.
battery from the CFL holder
itself, free of cost. Let us do actual analysis from
consumer point of view:
Total profit analysis from the supplier
point of view: Total energy (20+5)w*(30*4)hr
consumed by one
Rating of the 6KVA CFL and mobile =3kwh
generator battery per month
Total investment Rs 70,000 Per month Rs 60
(generator Consumers are
+cables+CFL+ paying for this
switches)
So tariff is Rs(60/3)=Rs20 per
unit
Max tariff taken by Rs4 houses
any big generation connecte load
plant d

Amount consumers Rs(20-4)=Rs16 other 10computers+50street

are paying more for loads for lights+2 flour mill
each unit is one =(10*300+50*50+2*1
village 000)w =7.5kw
ha! For one (136+7.5)kw =143.5kw
so, I am going to propose a feasible village Or approx 150kw.
solution to these problems using connecte
Renewable energy sources and the d load
resources that is available in this rural
area, adopting DSM techniques, so
that economical development of this So for 20 villages connected load is
area can be started. =(20*150)KW =3MW

There are few instructions for

1. PROPOSED SYSTEM consumers are:
In the proposed system the entire
rural area is divided in the following – Incandescent lamps are
zones: banned.
– Washing machine, electric
mixer-grander, and electric
heating are strictly prohibited.
– Electric power theft is a crime,
Introduction of different zones: and there is a penalty for this.
– Using electric pumps are not
2.1 Village zone: allowed. For water pumping
solar water pump can be used,
About 20 villages comes under
and for that government will
this zone.
give carbon credit.
Case study for one village:
No. of 200 2.2 Proposed system for domestic
houses heating and cooking requirements:

populatio 200*7=1400 For this only feasible solution is Bio-

n gas plant. Because in villages there is
Connecte 7CFL+4fans+1TV+ excess of cow-dung available, that can
d load for 1refrigerator full fill all the cooking and water
one =(7*20+4*60+1*200+. heating energy requirements.
single 5*200)
house =680w=0.68kw

For200 (200*0.68)kw =136kw

From a survey ,it is proved that the
cow-dung of two cows is sufficient to
provide energy requirement for four
persons.
So for the population of 1500, it needs
750 cows, and that is possible for the
entire village.
2.2.1 Centralized Bio-gas plant
concept:
For every 50 houses, there will be one
big Bio-gas plant, so that in every
village there will be 4 plants. Here
single plant for entire village is not
considered because of the clustered
distribution of houses.
For every unit, there will be sufficient
number of trained manpower, whose
work will be to collect cow-dung from
those respective 50 houses at prefixed
rate and put it into the plant and
maintain the plant properly.
There will be a pipe-line methane gas
distribution system that will supply
gas to the respective houses. A gas-
meter will be connected in every
house that will measure consumption
of methane by the respective house.
Based on this consumption, that house
has to pay the gas bill at a proper
Bio-gas plant
rate.
Gas supply to
houses
Main pipe line
From this money, whole plant running
cost can be managed.
The bi-product (waste) of the plant is
again given back to the farmers at the
cheaper rate, to use it in the farm as a
fertilizer.
2.2.2 Benefits of bio-gas system: (Bio-
gas cycle)
Cow
Dun
g
2.2.3 Why the centralized plant
concept not the small plant for every
single house? Wastes (Bi-
product)
Actually two or three house-holds had
implemented small bio-gas plants in
their houses, but because of poor
maintenance, the plant became
inefficient and finally they shut down
it.
But in centralized plant concept
maintenance can be done properly.
2.2.4 Benefits of Bio-gas:
➢ The household will not depend
on woods, coal, dry cow-dung
and LPG for working purpose.
➢ This is pollution free in every
aspect.
➢ There is no external source of
energy required for running the
plant.
➢ The raw-material for this Bio-
gas plant is easily available in
village.
➢ Very cheap manpower is
available in village for running
the plant.
➢ The by-products make the soil
more fertile and use of urea can
 be avoided. We can encourage
organic farming with the help of
this by-product.
2.3 Water distribution for the villages:
Because of the high water-table,
there is no immediate water supply by
electric pump is required. One hand-
pump or well in every single house is
sufficient for the daily use. Hence for
the case considered in my paper water
resource management is not a
problem.
However considering that this
problem is actually felt in many urban
and rural areas, a brief description of
method to solve this problem is
indicated below.
provided just near to the 1st
pipe. The outlet of this pipe
goes to the open area.
➢ For the first rain in monsoon,
the water is not collected in the
tank because of impurities (like
acids and dust particles) in the
environment. But by this water
roof is cleaned and this impure
water flows by the open area
drainage pipe.
➢ Now for the second drain, the
underground tank drainage pipe
is opened and the water is
collected in the tank for the
drinking purpose.
➢ It is hard to imagine that a 2-3
hour rain serves the drinking
water problem of a 6-7 member
family for one year without any
need of drinking accessories.

2.3.1 Efficient drinking water solution:
There is a rain water harvesting
technique using in Rajasthan that has
solved the drinking water problem.
2.4 Farms:
This is the seasonal load zone
and almost all loads are pump
loads, which are basically used
for irrigation.
Farmers cultivate their land for
2 crops in a year:

This is such an efficient

arrangement; I am forced to give the
brief description of it. It should be
implemented for every single house in
country. Khariff Rabi

➢ Every house contains a big Crops Rice,corn, Wheat,musta

underground cemented water pulses rd oil,potato
tank. Seeding June /July Oct/nov
➢ The slope of the roof of the
house is towards a single Watering July/aug Dec/feb
drainage pipe. The outlet of this Harvesting Nov March
pipe goes into the cemented
tank. One more drainage pipe is Management Pumping load Watering is
of Power is required in required in
supply summer winter season
season but in .
the other
zones But in other
demand of zones in
power is at winter season
the peak. demand for
However due power is less
to the so that
monsoon remaining
season there power can be
is less supplied to
demand for the farms.
pumping.

• By proper load shedding extra

demand for pumping can be ➢ Emergency Loads like hospitals
met. need power supply for 24 hours.

2.5 Market zone:

Is the most complicated zone from

power management point of view.
It is really difficult to regulate the
voltage level in this zone because
there are about every type of
electric loads . Because people in
this zone are rich , they use all
sorts of electric appliances for their
comfort.

Examples of loads are lights ➢ Shops need minimum power

,fans , supply between 9am-12pm and
A.c,coolers,refrigerators,washing
machines,mixergrinders,ovens,water-
heaters, electrical motors for
pumping , small industrial motors etc.

Also there are different types of

consumers:

➢ Schools, colleges, banks and

other government offices that
need power supply just from
9am – 5pm.
 from 6pm-10pm.
2.5.1 How to manage the power in
market zone:
The power demand for offices and
schools after 5pm is very less. So this
remaining power can be consumed by
the shops where power requirement
after 6pm is at the peak.
Power required in this zone is at
maximum between 6-10pm, so there
will be a provision of two-part tariff for
the market area. The consumer
exceeding the fixed limit in the peak
hour will get penalized so that use of
electrical appliances can be minimized
in the peak hour.
2.5.2 Water distribution:
There will be a common water
tank for the full market zone. Water
pumping motor for residences will be
prohibited. The common water tank
will supply water in appropriate timing
in morning and evening.
The water distribution network will be:
Water tank
Water supply to
houses
Main pipe line
2.5.3 Why centralized water supply
unit:
➢ Because if we will allow every
residence to own a pumping
motor, then it will be very
difficult to manage the reactive
power.
➢ In the centralized supply unit
we will easily control the
reactive power from only one
place by using proper capacitor
bank.
➢ Also it is easy to switch on the
common pump in the off peak
hours.
➢ The main reason for the poor
voltage regulation is nothing
but the inefficient electrical
pumping motors. But by
implementing an efficient
motor at only one place we can
improve the voltage regulation.
The total power load for market zone
is estimated as 3MW.
2.6 Economic zone:
Economic zone will be located
near to the power generating station.
There will be heavy loads in economic
zone. Economic zone will have
i. Sugarcane factory
ii. Dairy factory
iii. Wood mill
iv. Cold storage
v. Other small industries
based on agriculture.
Features:
➢ This zone has to be developed
upto 3 MW power consumption.
➢ Best part in this zone is power
requirement at all time is
almost constant.
➢ Plant has to supply power in this
zone is at least 20 hours.
➢ For peak hours in villages and
market zone (6pm-10pm),
power will be cut in economic
zone.
➢ For every heavy electric
machine, there will be proper
reactive power supply, so That
voltage level of plant can be
maintained.
➢ Solar cells can be used for the
lightening of streets and houses
and offices in this zone between
6pm-10pm.
➢ There will be proper instruction,
which every factory has to
follow, like every factory has to
install proper capacitor bank for
every single inductive load.
➢ The development of this zone
implies development of rural
area.
Village
area+
Farms
1. POWER GENERATION
The proposed generating plant is a
Bio-mass plant of capacity 6.5 MW to
fulfill all the energy demand of this
rural area.
➢ The Bio-mass plant will have
three alternators which will be
coupled with three separate
generators of same rating of 3
MW. This is to improve the
reliability of power supply.
➢ Generator G1 will run by fuel as
sugarcane bagasse.
Generator G2 will run by fuel
Jolly flora plant (fuel crop).
Generator G3 will be for back up
supply if any of generators G1
or G2 fails.
➢ The generation plant will be
coupled to the sugar cane
factory so that hot steam can
be re-used before cooling so
overall efficiency of generating
plant and sugarcane factory
together will increase.
3.1 Why Bio-mass?
➢ The fuel for the Bio-mass plant
is easily available and
accessible.
➢ The whole rural area doesn’t
depend on any other external
power supply.
➢ The fuel for Bio-mass is
provided by the farmers itself
with some profit margin and the
 plant is supplying power back to Farms 2am-5am& 7am-
the farmers only with little 9am
benefit. So net rate for per unit
electrical power for the farmers
 The water tank in the
will be low as compared to the
market area will be filled
other zones.
in the off peak hours like
To 11pm-2am.
Economic
Fuel zone&
 Hospital is a emergency
Crop load so there will be a
proper back supply for 24
hours.
Sugarcan Bagass Power Electric
e e Plant
Distributi
factory Gas+ste on
am

Sugar

To Market

Steam

Electric power
supplied to farmers

TI ME

Electrical power distribution from the

substation considering diversity factor,
load demand and zone characteristics:

Zones Power Supply

Duration
1. BENEFITS OF ENTIRE SYSTEM
Economic Zone 12am-6pm& ➢ The whole area will become self
10pm-12am reliant economy.
➢ There is no environment impact
Market Area 9am-5pm& 6pm-
by this whole system.
2am
➢ The system will get carbon
Village Area 2am-9am& 5pm- credit.
10pm ➢ It will increase employment
opportunities.
➢ It will improve the living quality
of people.
➢ Farmers will get electricity at a
cheaper rate.
➢ For irrigation DG set is too
costly, by using electric pumps
the cost can be decreased up to
60%.
➢ Minimum distribution system
losses.

REFERENCES:

○ Energy manager magazine

(July-sep edition)
○ “Electrical power
th
systems”,5 edition-Ashfaq
Husain
○ “Energy efficiency and
demand side Management”-
Rangan Banerjee; IIT
Bombay
○ www.enu.edu (unup books)
○ www.xantrex.com