Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. PRELIMINARY
A. The purpose experiment of Basic Physics in Laboratory
Developing the theory and the fact that the material given in lectures more
internalized and to understand.
Checking the truth of the laws of physics and visually see some of the
events in the actual events.
Acquire the necessary skills and skills in using and understood the
usefulness of laboratory equipment.
B. Experiment Steps
1. Preparation, with special attention to the purpose of the experiment,
comprehensively understand the theory and physical quantities
related to the experiment, the function of the tools and
experimental nets.
2. Experiment, with due regard to environmental conditions, perform repeated
measurements, record all of the data is done, including the
smallest scale.
3. Analysis, check the data consistent, make the relationship in the graph and
perform calculations correctly.
4 The authors report.
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B. DURING LABORATORY
1. Practitioners can begin the experiment after preliminary tests and get
permission from the assistant Instruction to use tool.
2. Practitioners should get the data by experimenting. If you fail to obtain the
data (due to equipment failure or other things), you must report to the
assistant or lecturer responsible for the daily.
3. Practitioners must keep her safety, cleanliness and order laboratory
4. Special for experiments using electricity, before turning on the power
supply ask the assistant if the circuit is correct.
5. If the practitioners make a faults, assistants can make a rule and sanction.
C. FINISHED EXPERIMENT
After the lab is complete, before leaving the laboratory, the practitioner must:
1. Ask a preliminary report which has been re-checked.
2. Ask the signature on the control card.
3. Cleaning the table and throw garbage.
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D. OTHER PROVISIONS
1. Practicum must replace equipment damaged or lost during practicum takes
place with the same tool prior to attending the next practicum.
2. The amount of practical value is 25% of the total value of college Physics
3. Practicum is not a requirement to pass the course Physics I.
E. TIME LAB
Shift I 7:30 a.m to 10:00 a.m
Shift II: 10:00 a.m to 12:30 p.m
Shift III: 12:30 p.m to 15:00 p.m
Shift IV: 15.00 p.m to 17.30 p.m
F. COPYRIGHT
This module was written by team of PASCO that Ann Hanks, Sean
McKeever and Geoffrey Clarion. Edited by a team of editors that Chaidir
Anwar, Yusriadi, Farchreza, Ilham Suganda, Ruli Adi Lestari, Miswar Tumpu,
and Andi Rafika. Direction of Sabaruddin Rahman, ST.,MT.,Ph.D As
Responsible for the laboratory.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
13
CHAPTER III
: HOOKE'S LAW
16
CHAPTER IV
: ROTATIONAL INERTIA
19
CHAPTER V
: VARIABLE-G PENDULUM
25
CHAPTER VI
: PROJECTILE MOTION
29
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CHAPTER I
NEWTON'S 2ND LAW
I. PURPOSE
1. Determine and verify Newtons 2nd Law.
2. The purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an objects
acceleration when the net force applied to the object stays constant but the
mass of the system is changed.
3. The purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an objects
acceleration when the net force applied to the object increases but the mass
of the system is constant.
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III. EQUIPMENT
IV.
INCLUDED:
PASPORT
Xplorer GLX
PS-2002
ME-6955
Motion Sensor
PS-2103
Force Sensor
PS-2104
ME-9348
Physics String
SE-8050
ME-9470
Computer Interface
PS-2001
DataStudio Software
CI-6870
ME-9448A
EQUIPMENT SET-UP
6|Page
f. Optional: Use adjustable feet on both ends to level the track. Attach the
Motion Sensor to the end of the track as shown at right.
g. Clamp the pulley to the other end of the track. Place this end over the
edge of the table.
h. Wrap one end of a one meter length of string around the notch of the
mass hanger (m1).
i. Place the Cart/Force Sensor assembly on the track. Tie the other end of
the string to the hook of the Force Sensor. Hang the mass hanger (m1)
over the pulley
j. Level the string by adjusting the pulley.
k. Open the file 2nd Law (PP).ds.
V.
PROCEDURE
1. Procedure Newtons Second LawConstant Force
a. With no tension on the string, press the "TARE" or "ZERO" button on the
Force Sensor.
b. Pull the cart (m2) back as far as possible without allowing the mass hanger
to contact the pulley.
c. Simultaneously press the START
DataStudio and release the cart (m2). Prevent the cart from colliding with
the pulley.
d. Make sure the Force Sensors cord does not impede the carts motion.
e. Data recording will stop automatically.
f. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the velocity graph that
corresponds to the intended motion. Press the Fit
Linear Fit. Enter the value of the acceleration into the data table.
g. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the force graph that
corresponds to the accelerated motion. The legend displays the mean force
for this highlighted section. Enter the value of the mean force into the data
table.
h. Go to the EXPERIMENT menu and select "Delete all Data Runs."
i. Repeat the previous steps until a total of 4 data runs are collected. Each
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DataStudio and release the cart (m2). Prevent the cart from colliding with
the pulley.
d. Make sure the Force Sensors cord does not impede the carts motion.
e. Data recording will stop automatically.
f. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the velocity graph that
corresponds to the intended motion. Press the Fit
Linear Fit. Enter the value of the acceleration into the data table.
g. Using the cursor, highlight only the section of the force graph that
corresponds to the accelerated motion. The legend displays the mean force
for this highlighted section. Enter the value of the mean force into the data
table.
h. Go to the EXPERIMENT menu and select "Delete all Data Runs."
i. Repeat the previous steps until a total of 4 data runs are collected. Each
time increase the mass hanger(m1)
j. Observe the Force v Acceleration graph. Press the Fit button and select
Linear Fit. Record the values of the slope and vertical intercept.
k. Find the mass in kilograms of the Cart and Force Sensor.
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VI.
CALCULATIONS
Calculate the theoretical acceleration when the mass is constant and the net
force is changed and record the calculations in the Data Table 3.
The theoretical acceleration is the ratio of the net force divided by the total
mass.
m1g = (m1 + m2)a
For runs #2, #3, and #4, the total mass of the system (mass of cart plus
hanging mass) increases and the net force (hanging mass x 9.8) remains
constant.
Assuming no friction, the net force is the weight of the hanging mass
(mass x 9.8 N/kg).
Find the percent difference between the theoretical and experimental acceleration
and record it in the data table.
x 100%
theoretical
VII.
Data
VII.1. Data Newtons Second LawConstant Force
Data Table 1
Total mass of the hanging mass (m2):_________
Run
Item
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Massa(kg)
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Run
Acceleration (m/s2)
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Data Table 3
Run
Massa cart(kg)
Acc., theory
(m/s2)
Difference (%)
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Sketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. Include labels and units
for your y axes and x-axes.
Item
Massa(kg)
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Acceleration (m/s2)
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Data Table 3
Fnet, (net force) = hanging mass x 9.8 N/kg
Run
Hanging
Massa (kg)
Fnet(N)
Acc.,
Acc., exp.
theory
(m/s2)
Difference (%)
(m/s2)
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Sketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. Include labels and units
for your y axes and x-axes.
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VIII.
PRELIMINARY TASK
1. A truck can produce a force of 7000 N. If the truck can move with an
acceleration of 3.5 m / s, determine the mass of the truck!
2. A block of mass (m1) is located on a smooth horizontal surface, and is
pulled by a rope which connected to another block with mass (m2) through
a pulley (Figure 3.2). Pulleys are assumed to have not mass and friction,
and only function to deflect the direction of the pull rope. Count the
acceleration and tension rope system.
3. A block of mass m which pulled along a horizontal plane by a force F
slick forming an angle of 450 to the horizontal plane.
a. If the the mass of the block is 2.0 kg, how large a force F needed for
the the horizontal beams have velocity 4.0 m / s in 2.0 s starting from
a state of rest.
b. Determine the magnitude of the normal force
4. Block of ice which has a mass of 25 kg pushed by Rafli, with an angle of
30 . If a block of ice moving with a constant acceleration of 2m / s2,
determine major thrust of Rafli!
5. Pongki pull a block mass of 10 kg with a force of 100 N with a direction
forming an angle of 37 to the floor. The coefficient of static and kinetic
swipe material to the floor is 0.5 and 0.4. If the acceleration of gravity at
the 10 ms-2, then specify the object moves or not, if the objects are already
moving determine the acceleration!
REFERENCES
Geoffrey Clarion. Newtons 2 Law. Pasco : United States of America
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CHAPTER II
NEWTON'S 3RD LAW
I.
EQUIPMENT
INCLUDED:
1
Xplorer GLX
Force Sensor
ScienceWorkshop PASPORT
PS-2002
CI-6746
SE-2104
II.
Computer Interface
CI-6400
PS-2001
DataStudio Software
CI-6870
CI-6870
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between
interacting forces. Two Force Sensors are used to measure the paired forces in
a rubber band tug-o-war and the paired forces in a collision of two carts.
III.
THEORY
Students may be familiar with the following definition of Newton's 3rd
Law:
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IV.
V.
PROCEDURE
1.
button in DataStudio.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VI.
6.
7.
PRELIMINARY TASK
1. Please describe Newtons 3rd Law !
2. No matter how strong you jump, you always fall back to the ground. This is
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because the work yourself gravity trending downward. Newton's third law
states that the earth was withdrawn by you. Why the earth seemed to move
closer to you when you jump?
3. When a tennis ball fell to the floor, the ball bounced up. Is a force required
to make the ball bounce to the top? If he who is doing this style.
4. Why can a rocket work in space while a jet engine is not?
5. Try brother describes the application of Newton's third law on a beam that
was on the floor !
6. Are action and reaction can be mutually exclusive ? explain your opinion !
7. A block lies on a sloping field. The beam is tied by rope. If the rope is
decided what happens in this block ?
Note the image below:
REFERENCES
Geoffrey R. Clarion. Newton3 Law. Pasco : United States of America.
Congratulations work and hopefully we all will be a reliable technocrats.
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CHAPTER III
HOOKE'S LAW
I.
II.
Force Sensor
Stative
Xplorer GLX
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to find the spring constant for several
springs. The force applied to the spring is measured using a force sensor. The
subsequent extension or compression is measured with a meter stick. A close
analysis of the data produces the spring constant.
III.
THEORY
When force is applied to a spring, the resulting extension or compression
of the spring maintains a linear relationship with the applied force. This
relationship manifests itself in the following equation:
F kx
where F is the applied force, x is the extension or compression of the
spring and k is the spring constant.
Elasticity is: The tendency of an object to the change in the form of
either length, width or height, but its mass remains, it is caused by the forces
pressing or pulling, the force removed when the object back to normal shape.
IV.
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V.
VI.
PRELIMINARY TASK
1. Write the Hooke's Law.
2. Write:
a. Equality of Hooks Law
b. Definition of spring constant
c. Definition of elastic limit
d. Effect of spring constant to spring
e. The units are included in the International unit
3. In general, what pattern do you notice between the force and the
displacement/extension of the spring?
4. A spring is given a force of 10 N and a length change of 0.05 m. If the
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Some springs are considered non-Hookian. Explain what this term means.
REFERENCES
Geoffrey Clarion. Hooke law. Pasco : United States of America.
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CHAPTER IV
ROTATIONAL INERTIA
I.
EQUIPMENT
INCLUDED:
ScienceWorkshop PASPORT
Xplorer GLX
PS-2002
ME-8735
ME-8735
ME-8738
ME-8738
Mini-Rotational Accessory
CI-6691
CI-6691
ME-9348
ME-9348
CI-6538
PS-2120
SE-8723
SE-8723
SE-8711
SE-8711
Ring
Disk
NOT INCLUDED, BUT REQUIRED:
II.
Computer Interface
CI-6400
PS-2100
DataStudio Software
CI-6870
CI-6870
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to find the rotational inertia of a ring
and a disk experimentally and to verify that these values correspond to the
calculated theoretical values. A known torque is applied to the pulley on the
Rotary Motion Sensor, causing a disk and ring to rotate.
The resulting angular acceleration is measured using the slope of a
graph of angular velocity versus time. The rotational inertia of the disk and
ring combination is calculated from the torque and the angular acceleration.
The procedure is repeated for the disk alone to find the rotational inertias of
the ring and disk separately.
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III.
THEORY
Theoretically, the rotational inertia, I, of a ring is given by
I
1
M R12 R22
2
(1)
where M is the mass of the ring, R1 is the inner radius of the ring, and R2 is
the outer radius of the ring. The rotational inertia of a disk is given by
I
1
MR 2
2
(2)
where M is the mass of the disk and R is the radius of the disk.
To find the rotational inertia of the ring and disk experimentally, a known torque
is applied to the ring and disk, and the resulting angular acceleration, , is
measured. Since = I,
I
(3)
where is the torque caused by the weight hanging from the string which is
wrapped around the 3-step pulley of the apparatus.
=rT
(4)
where r is the radius of the pulley about which the string is wound and F is the
tension in the string when the apparatus is rotating. Also, a=r, where "a" is the
linear acceleration of the string.
Applying Newtons Second Law for the hanging mass, m, gives (see figure 2.
F mg F ma
(5)
F
a
mg
Figure 2 : Rotational Apparatus and free body Diagram
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(6)
Once the linear acceleration of the mass (m) is determined, the torque and the
angular acceleration can be obtained for the calculation of the rotational inertia.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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IV.
PROCEDURE
IV.1. MEASUREMENTS FOR THE THEORETICAL ROTATIONAL
INERTIA
1. Find the masses of the ring and the disk using the mass balance.
2. Find the masses of the mass set using the mass balance.
3. Measure the inside and outside diameters and calculate the radial R1 and
R2 and R.
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V.
CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the ring, load
masses 5 gr, disk, and Rotary Motion Sensor together using Equations (3),
(4), and (5).
2. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the disk and
Rotary Motion Sensor together using Equations (3), (4), and (5).
3. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the Rotary
Motion Sensor alone using Equations (3), (4), and (5).
4. Calculate the theoretical values of the rotational inertia of the ring and disk
using Equations (1), and (2).
%difference
Experimental Theoretical
x100
Theoretical
VI.
PRELIMINARY TASK
1. A system consists of two block m1 and m2 which
tied to a hollow cylindrical of pulley. In the first
block rope is wound on the outside of cylinder,
and the second block is wound on the inside of
cylinder, as shown. If the known the mass of 6
kg in the first block, a second block the mass of
9 kg, outer radius of pulley 30 cm, inner radius
of the of pulley 20 cm, 2 kg the mass of
pulley, gravity 9.8 N/kg, determine the
m1
m2
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3. A rigid ball rolled perfectly (without slip) on an inclined plane with slope
. If a ball mass of 2 kg with a radius
of 10 cm, determine the linear
acceleration the ball down the
incline and Show the step by step!
(acceleration of gravity = 10 N/kg
and tan = 21/72).
REFERENCES
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CHAPTER V
VARIABLE-G PENDULUM
I.
THEORY
A simple pendulum consists of a point mass at a distance L away from a
pivot point. In this experiment, a mass is attached to a lightweight rod and the
mass is concentrated enough to assume it is a point mass and the rod's mass
can be neglected.
The period of a simple pendulum is given by
T 2
(1)
geffective
geffective g cos
II.
(2)
EQUIPMENT
INCLUDED:
1
ME-8735
ME-8736
ME-8745
CI-6691
CI-6538
CI-6400
DataStudio Software
CI-6870
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III.
SET UP
1. Remove the thumb screw from the clamp on the Rotary Motion
Sensor. See Figure 2.
2. Remove one of the rod clamps from the Adjustable Angle Clamp.
3. Screw the Adjustable Angle Clamp onto the Rotary Motion Sensor.
Figure 3: Setup
Figure 4: Attaching Angle Indicator
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6. Slide the angle indicator onto the end of the Rotary Motion Sensor (see
Figure 4).
7. Plug the Rotary Motion Sensor into Channels 1 and 2 on the
ScienceWorkshop interface.
8. Open the DataStudio file called "Variable-g.ds".
IV.
PROCEDURE
1. Clamp the pendulum clamp at zero degrees. Click on START and
displace the pendulum from equilibrium (no more than 20 degrees
amplitude) and let go. Read the period on the digits display and type
the value into the table on the line next to zero degrees. Do NOT click
on STOP.
2. Clamp the pendulum at 5 degrees. Displace the pendulum from
equilibrium (no more than 20 degrees amplitude) and let go. Record
the new period in the table.
3. Repeat Step 2 for 10 degrees to 85 degrees, in increments of 5 degrees.
Then click on STOP.
4. Examine the graph of the period vs. geffective. To determine how the
period depends on g, use the Curve Fit by clicking on the Fit button at
the top of the graph. Select various functions to try to find which
function fits the data.
V.
PRELIMINARY TASK
1. Explain the definition of :
a. variable G
b. pendulum
c. period
d. frequency
e. length of wave
2. Explain about why T (period) in experiment Variable G is very
important.
3. Explain the working principle of a pendulum.
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REFERENCES
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CHAPTER VI
PROJECTILE MOTION
A. EQUIPMENT
INCLUDED
PASPORT
Mini Launcher
ME-6825
Smart Timer
ME-8930
ME-6810
Photogate Head
ME-9498A
Photogate Bracket
ME-6821
ME-9376B
Carbon Paper
SE-8693
SE-8712A
Steel Ball
B. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to predict the horizontal range of a projectile
shot from various heights and angles. In addition, students will compare the time
of flight for projectiles shot horizontally at different muzzle velocities.
C. THEORY
The horizontal range, x, for a projectile can be found using the following
equation:
x v x t
(1)
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1
a y t 2 v y0 t
2
(2)
where y is the height, ay is the acceleration due to gravity and vy0 is the vertical
component of the initial velocity.
When a projectile is fired horizontally (from a height), the time of flight can be
found from rearranging Equation 2. Since the initial velocity is zero, the last term
drops out of the equation yielding:
2y
ay
(2a)
When a projectile is fired at an angle and it lands at the same elevation from
which it was launched, the first term in Equation 2 is dropped. Rearranging yields:
2vy 0
ay
(2b)
When a projectile is fired from a height, none of the terms drop out and
Equation 2 must be rearranged as follows:
1
a y t 2 v y 0 t y 0
2
(2c)
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1. Choose one corner of a table to place the projectile launcher. Make sure a
distance of about 3 meters is clear on the floor around the table.
2. Clamp the launcher to the corner of the table using the Universal Table
Clamp (see photo below).
3. Using the attached plumb bob, adjust the angle of the launcher to 0o.
4. Slide the Photogate Bracket into the groove on the bottom of the launcher
and tighten the thumbscrew.
5. Connect two photogates to the bracket (see photo below).
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6. Plug the photogate closest to the launcher into port 1 on the Smart Timer.
Plug the other photogate into port 2.
7. Turn on the Smart Timer. Using the red "Select Measurement" button,
choose the "Time" Measurement.
8. Plug the photogate closest to the launcher into port 1 on the Smart Timer.
Plug the Time of Flight Accessory into port 2.
9. Turn on the Smart Timer. Using the red "Select Measurement" button,
choose the "Time" Measurement.
10. Using the blue "Select Mode" button, choose the "Two Gates Mode." This
will measure the time it takes the projectile to travel between the two
photogates.
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the ball.
4. Press the Start button on the Smart Timer.
5. Pull the launch cord on the launcher.
6. Record the time from the Smart Timer display.
7. Repeat steps 2-6 for 2 clicks and 1 click.
Data Table A1
Projectile Height: _________ m
Photogate Spacing: ________________ m
Number of Clicks
3rd Click
2nd Click
1st Click
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3rd Click
2nd Click
1st Click
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1. Clamp the launcher to the edge of a table using the Universal Table Clamp
so that the ball launches from and lands at the same elevation (see photo
below).
2. Adjust the angle of the launcher to 10o. Note: With the photogate bracket
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(degrees)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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2. Using the initial velocity and the angle; calculate the horizontal range in
meters. Enter this value for each angle into the Calculated Range Analysis
Table. Hint: Calculate the components of the initial velocities. See the
THEORY section.
Angle (degrees)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
3. Use DataStudio to plot both the Measured Horizontal Range vs. Angle and the
Calculated Horizontal Range vs. Angle on the same graph.
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sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative
magnitudes of the velocities.
3. Draw another sketch of the trajectory of your projectile when it was shot at
25 degrees. Draw 5 qualitative horizontal acceleration vectors at different
locations on your sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent
the relative magnitudes of the accelerations.
4. Draw 5 qualitative vertical acceleration vectors at the same points on your
sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative
magnitudes of the accelerations.
5. Draw a force diagram of the ball as it rests in the Launcher. Draw a force
diagram of the ball as it flies through the air.
6. Refer to your Angle vs. Range graph. What angle corresponds to the
maximum range? Explain why this particular angle produces the
maximum range.
7. In general terms, at what angle is the Launcher the most precise? Explain.
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G. PRELIMINARY TASK
1. Draw projection track of projectile motion along with projection
component that work at any high?
2. Mention of components which work in projectile motion?
3. Write formulas contained in projectile motion?
REFERENCES
If you train hard, you'll not only experiencing difficulties, but you will be hard
to beat. (Herschel Walker)
Congratulations work and hopefully we all will be a reliable technocrats.
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