1

INFANT CARE
Ways to burp the baby:
Over the shoulder:
1. Place the baby on high on his cheek,
babys head peeking over the shoulder
while supporting the back and buttocks
2. Gently rub the babys back until you hear
a burp
On the lap:
1. Place the baby on his tummy across your
lap
2. Gently rub the babys back until you hear
a burp
Infant growth used to denote an
increase in physical size
Infant development used to denote an
increase in skills, ability to function
Cyanosis (bluish discoloration) newborns
lips, hands and feet
Jaundice (yellowish discoloration) result
of breakdown of fetal hemoglobin
Pallor (paleness) result of anemia
Lanugo fine, downy hair that covers a
newborns skin after 24 hours
ADULT CARE
Precaution if client is having an
oxygen therapy?
1. No smoking tag
2. Verbally instruct the client and relatives
about hazard of smoking with oxygen
therapy are in used.
3. Inspect all electrical equipment
4. Do not allow the patient and his relatives
to use any electrical equipment during
oxygen therapy
5. Know the location of fire extinguisher
6. Check the flow rate and oxygen
humidifier
7. Provide oral hygiene by moistening the
lips and mouth of the client to encourage
fluid intake if allowed.
Feeding using a vaso gastric tube?
1. Dissolve the formula with blender
2. Aspirate some of the substance in the
stomach
3. Put the syringe type cylinder into the
tube
4. Unlock the tube to release the formula.
5. Elevate the syringe type cylinder to free
flow the formula into the stomach.

6. Lock the tube after feeding

INDWELLING URINARY CATHETER:
1. Wash hands
2. Assemble materials needed
3. Identify client
4. Introduce yourself and procedure to do
5. Provide privacy
6. Check vital signs
7. Wear gloves
8. Lift the top gown to expose perineum
9. Cover with bath blanket and place in
dorsal recumbent position
10. using your thumb-index finger separate
the labia and wipe the inner part from top
to bottom
11. Put antiseptic on the area around the
tube was inserted
12. make sure that it is draining well
13. Remove bath blanket and pull down the
gown
14. Discard equipment used
15. Record the observation done
VITAL SIGNS
1. How to get respiratory rate?
1. Dont let the client be aware of your
counting because he may not breathe
normally.
2. Watch closely the chest by counting the
number of ups and down of the chest for
1minute
3. Record the respiratory rate
2a. take care of thermometer:
Always clean the thermometer before and
after use. Before using, wipe using an
alcohol and cotton balls, in a circular stroke
from bulb to stem then dry it using a clean
cotton balls. Then after using it, wipe it from
stem to bulb in straight stroke.
1. Hand it carefully
2. Never clean the thermometer with hot
water
3. Always put inside the receptacle to
prevent breakage
2b. taking oral temperature?
1. Clean thermometer
2. Shake the mercury down
3. Gently put the bulb end in the clients
mouth under the tongue
4. Position the thermometer to the side of
the mouth

2
5. Tell the client to keep the thermometer
under the tongue by closing the lips around
the thermometer
6. Leave for 3-5minutes
7. Take out the thermometer and record the
temperature
3a. how to get radial pulse?
1. Place your index and middle finger into
the radial artery of the person
2. Feel the radial pulse and count for
1minute
3. Record the count after 1minute
3b. how to get apical pulse?
1. Prepare the material needed
2. Uncover the persons chest
3. Locate the apex of the heart by placing
the diaphragm of the stethoscope under the
left breast
4. Listen for the heart sound for 1minute
5. Record the sound after 1minute
Baseline:
Adult 60-100bpm
Child 120-140bpm
Infant 140-160bpm
4a. BLOOD PRESSURE
1. Wrap the cuff on the clients arm, one
inch above the antecubital fossa. it should
be 2-3 inches breath in the brachial artery.
2. BP apparatus inflated up to the point
where the last sound is heard.
3. Stethoscope is worn, the brachial artery
is palpated and the diaphragm is place over
the brachial artery.
4. Thumbscrew tighten and the cuff is
inflated up to the expected palpatory.
5. Thumbscrew loosened and released the
air slowly.
6. Eyes should be kept on the level of the
mercury.
7. Systolic and diastolic is noted.
8. Air from the cuff is released. record the
BP
4b. BP
1. When getting blood pressure, make sure
that the client has rested.
2. Place the hand on flat surface.
3. Put the cuff on clients arm and
stethoscope in the brachial artery.

4. Lock thumbscrew, inflate air. Then open,

hear the first bound sound which is systolic
and last significant sound is the diastolic.
FIRST AID
Calling for 911 or emergency help:
1. Dial 911, give your name, address, exact
location of the incident, landmark
2. Give the cause and nature of accident,
condition of casualty
3. Give the name, sex, age of casualty,
follow instructions for first aid
How to handle emergency situation?
1. Assess the situation
2. Survey the scene
3. Ask for help, 911 or even those
bystanders
4. Act immediately, give first aid
Body mechanics
1. Widen base of support
2. Maintain center of gravity
3. Bend on your knees and not in your back
when lifting
4. Tighten your stomach muscle when
lifting, dont hold your breath
5. Minimize reaching and bending
6. Prevent further injury and back pain
Stop CPR
1. Patient recovered already
2. Turn over to medical team
3. Operator exhausted
4. Physician takes over
5. Scene become unsafe
CHOKING - the obstruction on the airway
caused by a foreign body
First aid:
1. caused by a piece of food or other object
like small toys and other items, open his
mouth and make a finger sweep or hooked
finger deep inside to remove
the
obstruction
2. If none is found, slap the victim hard
between the shoulder blade 4x with the
heal of the hand.
3. If the blockage remains do the heimlich
maneuver or abdominal thrust.
Choking of an infant?

3
1. Place the infant on your lap while
supporting the chest and the head is lower
than the other rest of his body
2. Use the palm heel of your hand, give 5
gentle back blows beetween the shoulder
blades until object is out.
Heimlich maneuver to conscious adult?
1. Position yourself behind the person
2. Wrap your hands around his waist
3. Make a fist placing the fist two fingers
above the navel of the person
4. Grasp your fist with other hand
5. Make an inward-upward pushes or hook
motion until object is out
Heimlich maneuver to unconscious
adult?
1. Place the person in lying position
2. Straddle yourself between the victims leg
around the tight region
3. Put your 1 hand with the palm heel into
the navel region at the middle of the
abdominal.
4. Grasp your fist with other hand
5. Make a thrust downwards into the
abdomen with a quick rapid movement until
object is out
Heimlich maneuver to pregnant woman
or obese person?
1. Stand behind the person
2. Place your arm under the persons armpit
and encircle the chest
3. Place a fist on the middle of the victims
breast bone with knuckles up
4. Grasp your fist with other hand and press
backward with quick thrust
DYSPHAGIA is difficulty in swallowing
Feed patient with dysphagia:
1. Sitting in upright position reduce the risk
of food aspiration
2. make sure dentures are in place
3. Make sure diet is served is appropriate to
patients ability
4. Offer fluids and solid separately
What will you do if client has dentures,
mouth sores or dysphagia?
1. Provide soft food that are easily eaten
2. Cut food into small pieces
3. Assist with the feeding if necessary

4. Clean & brush dentures after feeding

DOING FOOT CARE?

1. Prepare necessary materials
2. Soak foot for 3-5 minutes
3. Wash with soap and rinse. Pay attention
between the toe nails
4. Rinse nails and pat dry. Use foot powder
if necessary
HYPERVENTILATION state of breathing
faster deeper than necessary
First aid:
1. Talk to client calmly
2. Ask him to breath and re-breath in a
paper bag 10x then outside for 15seconds
3. Repeat until the breathing has
normalized
HYPERTENSION dangerous condition
where blood pressure is higher than the
normal
sy/sx:
1. Numbness of the back of the neck
2. Nausea & vomiting
3. Severe headache
4. Dizziness
Avoid:
1. Stop smoking
2. Avoid caffeine and alcohol intake
3. Avoid fatty and salty foods
4. Increase high fiber diet and water intake
Management:
1. Exercise regularly
2. Learn to manage stress
3. Take a rest
4. Teach client to take his own blood
pressure
HYPERTHERMIA is overheating of the body
or high heat.
First aid:
Conscious:
1. Place the victim in a cool area
2. Provide cold drink
Un-conscious:
1. Place in recovery position
2. Ensure breathing and pulse
3. Ask for medical help

4
1. Carelessness with match and cigarettes
2. Hot liquid
3. Defective heating, cooking and electrical
equipment
HYPOTHERMIA - low body temperature
due to exposure to extreme cold
sy/sx:
1. Skin cold to touch
2. Weakness, muscle rigidity
3. Cyanosis or bluish discoloration
4. Unconsciousness
5. Disorientation
Management:
1. Remove from cold environment
2. Remove wet clothing
3. Wrapped with blanket
4. Instruct not to turn the affected part
5. Rush to nearest hospital
HYPERGLYCEMIA or High Blood Sugar too much sugar and too little insulin in the
blood
sy/sx:
1. Drowsiness
2. Thirsty
3. Dehydration
4. Fever
5. Deep or fast breathing
Management:
1. Encourage client to eat moderately
HYPOGLYCEMIA - low blood sugar and too
much insulin in the body
sy/sx:
1. Hunger, shakiness and nervousness
2. Dizziness, headache, anxiety, weakness
3. Convulsion, blurred vision
4. Difficulty to speak
Management:
1. Encourage to limit carbohydrate intake
2. Avoid coffee, soda and alcohol
CONTROL BLEEDING
First aid:
1. Apply direct pressure
2. Elevate the injured part above the heart
to prevent from blood flowing
3. Put dressing and bandage
BURNS - type of injury to skin caused by
heat, electricity or chemicals
Common causes:

Management:
1. Remove the patient from source of heat
2. Check for the vital signs
3. Determine the variety of the burn
4. Flush it with flowing water / wash gently
with soap then rinse
5. Apply sterile non-stick dressing with
loose bandage
6. Care for shock
7. Rush to the nearest hospital
Chemical burn:
1. Flush it with flowing water
2. Remove the contaminated clothing while
flushing with water
3. Wash a mild soap then rinse
4. Apply sterile non-stick dressing with
loose bandage
5. Rush to the nearest hospital
Radiation burns:
1. For 1st and 2nd degree burns with no
open blister, flush with running water
2. Apply moist dressing and bandage
loosely
3. Do not attempt to open the blister
4. For 3rd and 4th degree burns with open
blister, apply moist dressing and bandage
loosely
5. Do not flush water in open blister
because it increase the risk of shock
Electrical burns:
1. be careful on responding, check for the
source of electrical fault
2. If in doubt, call the power company
3. If outside, keep away the bystanders
4. If inside, turn off the main electrical
switch
5. Do primary survey, check abc of the
person
6. Call emergency help
7. Do secondary survey, check for other
burn site
8. Apply moist dressing and bandage
loosely
9. Care for shock

FIRE
Precautions:
1. Store flammable liquid on a safe
environment, out of reach of children
2. Label all containers and always cover the
containers
First aid:
1. Secure client, bring in a safe place
2. If controllable, get the fire extinguisher
P - pull the pin
A - aim to the flame
S - squeeze the lever
S - swipe the nozzle
3. If
not controllable, contact
fire
emergency
Causes:
1. Careless disposal of smoking material
2. Improper use of candles
3. Short or overloaded circuit
Do in case of fire/earthquake:
1. Remove the person from the vicinity of
fire
2. Activate the alarm
3. Extinguish the fire if safe to do so
Child inside the burning house:
1. presence of mind, do not panic
2. Locate place to escape or fire exit if any.
Check the door know before touching, if its
hot do not open
3. Get a blanket and wet it to cover the
child and yourself
4. Assist and secure the safety of the client
before yourself
5. Once outside, check for the abc
6. Call for fire emergency
Frying pan on the stove burn:
1. Dont panic, just put a lid or cover on it
2. Never throw water in fire because it will
spread the fire
3. Throw big box of baking soda
4. If it is uncontrollable, get a fire
extinguisher
DISEASES

JERKING - abrupt, sudden involuntary

muscular movement
LEG CRAMPS - painful sensations caused
by muscle contraction or over shortening
First aid:
1. Massage the muscle firmly
2. Stretch the affected area
3. Apply hot compress
4. Get medical help
HEAT CRAMPS - muscle spasms that result
from loss of large amount of salt and water
through exercise
sy/xs:
1. Severe thirst
2. Fatigue
3. Headache
4. Nausea and vomiting
Management:
1. Remove from hot environment
2. Cool the patient with moist level
3. Loose tight clothing
4. Administer oral hydration
5. Elevate legs 8-12 inches
RHEUMATISM - conditions that cause
aches and pains affecting the joints on your
arms and legs
Factors contribute rheumatism:
sy/sx:
1. Tender, warm and swollen joints
2. Morning stiffness and pain
3. Fatigue, low fever, loss of appetite
4. Dry eyes and mouth
Factors:
1. Allergy
2. Injury
3. Infection
4. Stress
5. Heredity
First aid:
1. Exercise and rest
2. Give appropriate medication
3. Weight reduction
4. Go to physical therapist

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ALLERGIC REACTION - is the body's way
of responding to an "invader." When the
body senses a foreign substance, called an
antigen, the immune system is triggered.
The immune system normally protects the
body from harmful agents such as bacteria
and toxins.
sy/sx:
1. Itchiness or mild skin redness
2. Mild swelling
3. Runny nose
4. Sneezing
5. Watery eyes
Management:
1. Contact a doctor if the person has an
allergic reaction that is severe
2. Avoid substance that can make the
allergic reaction worst
3. Ask for medical help
SPRAINED ANKLE - injury to one or more
ligaments in the ankle
First aid:
1. Place in sitting position
2. Remove socks and shoes
3. Elevate the leg
4. Apply cold compress
5. Dry and put proper bandage
TOOTHACHE - aching pain in or around a
tooth
First aid:
1. Gargle water with salt
2. Give prescribed medicine
3. Avoid eating spicy foods
4. If symptoms persist, contact dentist
FROSTBITE - damage is caused to skin and
other tissues due to extreme cold
First aid:
1. Remove from cold environment
2. Warm the affected part by using your
hands, armpit or lap
3. Remove wet clothing
4. Soak the injury part in warm water with
40c temperature
5. Dry carefully and apply sterile dressing
6. Elevate the affected area to ease
swelling
7. Rush to the nearest hospital

COLDS - viral infectious disease of the

upper respiratory system, caused primarily
by viruses
sy/sx:
1. Cough and runny nose
2. Nasal congestion
3. Sore throat
Management:
1. Complete rest
2. Increase fluid intake
3. Encourage vitamin c intake
4. Give nasal congestant
FEVER - state where the elevation of
temperature is above the normal range
First aid:
1. Check body temperature
2. Apply a tsb
3. Loose clothing
4. Increase fluid intake
5. Give prescribed medicine
6. Provide regular diet
7. If symptoms persist, rush to the nearest
hospital
FLU or INFLUENZA - is an infectious
disease caused by virus that can make you
sick for a week or longer
sy/sx:
1. Fever
2. Chills and sweats
3. Sore throat and coughing
4. Muscle pain
5. Severe headache
Prevention:
1. Get annual flu vaccine
2. Wash your hand
3. Eat right and sleep right
4. Exercise regularly
Management:
1. Drink plenty of water, increased intake of
vitamin c
2. Give prescribed medication
3. Bed rest
VOMITING - forceful expulsion of the
contents of one's stomach through the
mouth and sometimes the nose.
First aid:
1. Apply hot compress in the abdomen
2. Maintain body temperature
3. Seek medical help

7
ASTHMA - chronic lung disease that
inflames and narrows the airways
sy/sx:
1. Difficulty in breathing
2. Breathing rapidly
3. Wheezing sound
4. Chest tightness
5. Dry cough
Factors:
1. Cold air or irritating odor
2. Air pollutant (smoke, fumes, cigarettes)
3. Inhalant antigens (pollen, dust)
Management:
1. Place in a comfortable position
2. Increase oral intake
3. Nebulize as needed
4. Ask for medical help
5. Monitor vital signs
NOSE BLEEDING are usually the result of
nasal drying
First aid:
1. Advice the victim to sit down and lean his
head forward
2. Pinch his nose using your index finger
and thumb for 15minutes until bleeding
stops
3. Apply cold compress on the nose and
face
4. Instruct to breathe on his mouth and
avoid coughing
5. If the bleed didnt stop, rush to the
nearest hospital
URINARY TRACT INFECTION - bacterial
infection that affects any part of the urinary
tract
sy/sx:
1. Abdominal pain
2. Genital pain
3. Back pain
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Fever
6. Presence of blood in the urine
Avoid:
1. Avoid salty food, caffeine and alcohol
2. Increase water intake
3. Exercise regularly

SHOCK - life threatening condition happens

when blood flow to your brain stops.
Types:
1. Hypovolemic
2. Cardiogenic
3. Distributive
4. Neurogenic
5. Anaphylactic
Causes:
1. Hypervolemia - state of decreased blood
volume
2. Severe bleeding
3. Infection
4. Crushing or bullet injury
Factors contribute shock:
1. Pain
2. Rough handling
3. Improper transportation
4. Crushing injuries
5. exposure to extreme temperature
6. Fatigue
sy/sx:
1. Cold clammy skin / pale face / weak or
rapid pulse
2. Thirsty / breathing irregular
3. Nausea and vomiting / dilated pupils
4. Low blood pressure / low temperature
5. Unconsciousness
Objective:
1. Improve blood circulation
2. Give adequate supply of oxygen
3. Maintain body temperature
First aid / management:
1. Seek medical help
2. Control bleeding
3. Put in comfortable position
4. Elevate feet 12 inches
5. Loose tight clothing
6. Proper transfer
7. Maintain normal temperature

CONVULSION - medical condition where

body muscles contract and relax rapidly
and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled
shaking of the body.
Management:

8
1. Protect the head
2. Loose clothing
3. Apply cold compress on extremities area
(neck, face, axilla, perineum)
4. Increase water intake
5. Complete bed rest
6. Ask for medical help
SEIZURE - abnormal electrical discharges
in the brain causes someone to collapse,
convulse resulting to loss of consciousness.
Management:
1. Support the head with something soft
2. Loose tight clothing
3. If seizures stop, check the condition of
the victim
4. Place in recovery position
5. Give cpr, call emergency help
6. Never leave the casualty
EPILEPSY - a brain disorder that causes
people to have recurring seizures
First aid:
1. Call for medical help
2. Turn the patient to the side to promote
drainage of saliva
3. Loose clothing around the neck
4. Maintain an open airway
5. Apply cold compress or tsb
6. Do not put anything in the mouth or force
to open the teeth apart
7. Remove object that may cause injury &
protect the person from injury
8. Never leave the patient until medical
help arrives
FAINTING / CLIENT FALL - loss of
consciousness due to decrease blood flow
to the brain.
First aid:
1. Try to catch the person
2. Place the person in lying position &
elevate the feet 8-12inches or turn the
persons head to the side so the tongue
does not fall back into the throat
3. Loose tight clothing
4. Maintain an open airway
5. Apply moist towel in the face and neck
5. If he did not recover, call emergency help
CANCER - its a class of diseases in which a
group of cells display uncontrolled growth. it
destroys adjacent tissues spreading to other
locations in the body via blood.
sy/sx:

1. Change in bowel or bladder habits

2. Sore does not heal
3. Unusual bleeding
4. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
5. Unexplained weigh loss
Management:
1. Assist the client and family
2. Understand the feeling and give special
considerations
3. Show support and help the client
4. Discuss possible changes in weight and
hair loss to decrease anxiety
5. Give proper care
ASPERGERS
SYNDROME
autism
spectrum disorder that is characterized by
significant difficulties in social interaction,
along with restricted and repetitive patterns
of behavior and interests
sy/sx:
1. Communication difficulties
2. Social skills problem
3. Repetitive behavior
DIABETES MELLITUS - person has high
sugar and absence of insulin
sy/sx:
1. Thirsty, sweating
2. Fatigue and weakness
3. Increase in appetite
4. Loss of weight
5. Blurred vision
6. Low blood sugar
Food to eat:
1. High fiber, low sugar, low fat
2. Encourage to exercise
Management:
1. Healthy diet
2. Exercise regularly
3. Increase fluid intake
4. Maintain normal weight
5. Learn to manage stress
TUBERCULOSIS - is a contagious disease
usually attacks the lungs, but they can also
damage other parts of the body. Like the
common cold, it spreads through the air.
sy/sx:
1. having cough for more than 3 weeks and
colored sputum
2. Difficulty in breathing and shortness of
breath
3. Loss in weight

9
4. Fever, sudden feeling of chill
5. Tiredness and weakness
6. May result to chest pain, back and
kidney, if infections to the lungs reaches to
its worst position
Management:
1. Seek consultation
2. Maintain isolation precaution
3. Educate the client and family about
tuberculosis
4. Encourage to have a good nutrition
PARKINSONS DISEASE - chronic disease
of the central nervous system, causing
tremors to the body characterized by
shaking of the hands, shuffling of the feet
when walking and expression less face
sy/sx:
1. Muscular rigidity
2. Muscle weakness
3. Resting tremor to the body
4. Shuffling of the feet
Management:
1. Provide warm bath
2. Encourage exercise / physical therapy
3. Massage to help relax the muscles
4. Encourage high fluid intake
5. Increase calories and decrease protein in
diet
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE - most common
form of dementia among older people. It is
a brain disorder that seriously affects a
person's ability to carry out daily activities.
sy/sx:
1. Screaming and abnormal sexual behavior
2. Hallucination
3. Dramatic changes in mood or behavior
4. Increased in tendency to misplace things
5. Confusion and disorientation
6. Loss of ability to communicate
First aid / management:
1. Always provide orientation to the patient
2. make sure the client is wearing tag which
indicates his name, address and contact
numbers of the immediate family in case of
emergency
3. Regular exercise and give emotional
support
4, provide healthful diet
5. Learn to manage stress
6. Close supervision

HEART
ATTACK
/
MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION - interruption of blood supply
to a part of the heart causing heart cells to
die
sy/sx:
1. Chest pain
2. Numbness of shoulder, neck and arms
pain
3. Sweating and shortness of breath
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. High blood pressure
First aid / management:
1. Place in a comfortable half sitting
position
2. Check the abc, cpr if necessary
3. Call emergency assistance
4. Monitor abc until medical help arrives
5. Give prescribed medicines for angina
CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA)
OR STROKE - rapidly developing loss of
brain functions due to disturbance in the
blood supply to the brain.
Avoid:
1. Maintain a healthy diet, high fiber diet
2. Maintain normal cholesterol level
3. Maintain normal body weight
4. Control blood pressure
5. Avoid smoking, caffeine and alcohol
intake
6. Exercise regularly, learn to manage
stress
First aid:
1. Call for medical help
2. Maintain open airways to ensure
breathing
3. Keep the person warm
4. Do not give anything by mouth
5. Pay attention with the person until
medical help arrives
6. Provide cpr if necessary, monitor abc
sy/sx:
1. Numbness of face, arms and legs
2. Sudden trouble in sighting, speaking and
understanding
3. Sudden weakness, dizziness and balance
4. Sudden severe headaches with no cause
Management:
1. Give a balanced diet
2. When feeding place the food in the unaffected part of the mouth
3. Assist the person to prevent fall
4. Improving mobility to prevent deformities

10
HEAT
STROKEstate
where
temperature is greater than 40.6C
sy/sx:
1. Skin is warm to touch
2. Hot and dry
3. Rapid weak pulse
4. Unconsciousness
5. Weakness and dilated pupils
Management:
1. Remove from hot environment
2. Open airways
3. Remove loose clothing
4. Cool patient by cold water
5. Bring to nearest hospital

body

HEART BURN - burning sensation in the

lower chest, behind the breastbone. It may
be accompanied by nausea or a sour or
bitter taste in the throat and mouth.
Causes:
1. Smoking, alcohol and coffee or tea
2. Fatty or spicy foods
3. Chocolates
4. Certain medicines like aspirin and
ibuprofen
5. Overweight or pregnancy
First aid:
1. Loose tight clothing
2. Give medications prescribed by doctors
3. Elevate the upper body when sleeping
4. If the pain last more than 2 minutes,
consult a doctor
Management:
1. Avoid stress
2. Take small meals
3. Do not smoke or minimize alcohol intake
4. Eat slowly and chew your food well
5. Maintain a healthy weight

NUTRITION
THIAMINE - water soluble vitamin (B2) also
known as anti-beriberi. It is essential for
converting food into energy and for the
transmission of electrical signal in the
nerves and muscles. It also has an
important role in the formation of red blood
cell and a member of digestive process.
Main functions:

1. Converts food into energy

2. Keep the brain functioning well
3. Improves all around health
Deficiency syndrome:
1. Weakness and muscle pains
2. Irritability
3. Nausea and stomach pain
4. Poor concentration
Food source:
1. Bread or pasta
2. Lean meat pork, eggs, fish
3. Dried beans or soy beans
4. Cereal or whole grain
5. Fruits and nuts
IODINE - food that contain iodized salt
and bread contain
Main functions:
1. Ensure proper thyroid gland functioning
Food source:
1. Yogurt - low fat
2. Egg whole boiled
3. Strawberries
4. Mozzarella cheese
5. Sea vegetable and fish
Deficiency syndrome:
1. Goiter
2. Fatigue and weakness
3. Weight gain
CARBOHYDRATE - major source of energy
for the body
Food source:
1. Bread, sodas and pasta
2. Wines and beer
3. Fruits, milk, rice and potato

PROTEIN - nutrient needed by the human

body for growth and maintenance
Function:
1. Building and repair of body tissue
2. Helps skin, hair and nails healthy
Food source:
1. Egg, milk, meat
2. Fish, cheese, nuts
3. Avocado, broccoli, asparagus
FAT - organic compounds that are made up
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Function:
1. Source of energy in food

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2. Supply calories to the body
3. Concentrated source of energy
Food source:
1. Soybeans, fish, corn, pork, beef chicken
2. Milk, cheese, egg, oil, meat and nuts
CALCIUM - mineral found mainly in the
hard part of bones, where it is stored
Functions:
1. Helps build and maintain bones and teeth
2. Helps regulate muscle tone
3. Initiate blood clotting
Deficiency syndrome:
1. Osteoporosis
2. Bone deformities
3. Muscle cramps
Food source:
1. All dairy products
2. Cereals, juices
3. Egg, green leafy vegetables
IRON - essential mineral that helps our red
blood cell deliver oxygen to the rest of the
body
Functions:
1. Transport and storage of oxygen
2. Aid in energy production
3. helps the immune and central nervous
system
Food source:
1. Meats, fish, beans
2. Spinach
3. Liver, salmon, tuna
VITAMIN C - also known as ascorbic acid is
a water-soluble vitamin and anti-oxidant
Functions:
1. Required for growth and repair of tissues
in all parts of the body
2. Essentials for healing of wounds
Food source:
1. Citrus, fruit juices
2. Mango, watermelon, cabbage
3. Pineapples, blue berries
VITAMIN D - steroid vitamin, which
encourages the absorption and metabolism
of calcium and phosphorous.
Food source:
1. Exposure to sunlight
2. Fatty fish
3. Salmon, sardines, egg and milk

VITAMIN B6 - water-soluble vitamin and is

part of the vitamin B complex group.
Functions:
1. Production of essential fatty acid
Deficiency syndrome:
1. Irritability
2. Convulsion
3. Poor growth
Food source:
1. Corn oil, peanut oil, legumes
2. Soybean and wheat
NIACIN - also called vitamin B3, used to
lower cholesterol
Functions:
1. Act as hydrogen and energy metabolism
2. Fat metabolism
Deficiency syndrome:
1. Pellagra
2. Bilateral dermatitis
Food source:
1. Protein source and corn
RIBOFLAVIN - also called Vitamin B2,
forms part of your daily diet, and plays a
certain role in maintaining your health,
vitality and wellbeing.
Food source:
1. Milk, egg, cheese and liver
2. Legumes and seaweed
COPPER - essential trace element found
throughout the body. The liver and brain
contain the largest amounts of copper in
the body
Functions:
1. Plays unexplained role in bone formation
2. Associated with iron function
Food source:
1. Fresh fruit, organ meats, oyster, egg
2. Mushroom, nut and fish
ZINC - essential mineral that is naturally
present in some foods and available as a
dietary supplement
Functions:
1. Host in immune disease
2. in the eyes and male sex gland and
secretion in the hair
Food source:
1. Milks, oyster and nuts
2. Meat, liver, egg and legumes

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MAGNESIUM - fourth most abundant
mineral in the body and is essential to good
health. 50% of total body magnesium is
found in bone.
Food source:
1. Nuts, meat and milk
2. Cocoa, whole grains and soybeans
CHLORINE - substance that offers many
benefits to the body. It can help maintain a
good acid-base balance and helps promote
retention of potassium.
Food source:
1. Cocoa powder, butter and olives
2. Pizza and bacon
SODIUM - helps in maintaining
balance and acid balance
Food source:
1. Table salt
2. Processed food
3. Soy sauce
4. Fish sauce

fluid

SULFUR - Keratin protein of hair, skin and

nails
Food source:
1. Dairy, meat and milk
POTASSIUM - very important mineral for
the proper function of all cells, tissues, and
organs in the human body
Food source:
1. Banana
2. Fruit juices and dark green vegetable
PHOSPHORUS - essential mineral that is
required by every cell in the body for
normal function
Food source:
1. Cheese, milk and other dairy product
2. Meat, egg and fish
OTHERS
Importance of water in body
1. its vital since 2/3 of our body weight is
water
2. It lubricates our eyes, internal organs,
mouth and lips, joints and other parts of the
body
3. It helps in transport of nutrients and
oxygen to various tissues and cells
4. It regulates the body temperature

5. Maintain body function

6. Help to convert the food we eat into the
energy we need
Benefits of exercise
1. important to enhance body function
2. Make body strong and healthy
3. Maintain muscle strength
4. Gives proper blood
circulation
6. Improved appetite
5. Increased mental alertness