Hydrogenation

1.
This reaction convert unsaturated hydrocarbon to saturated
hydrocarbon.
2.
Condition for the reaction:
a.
Catalyst: Platinum/nickel
b.
Temperature: 180C
3.
This is the process used to produce margarine
1.

Alkenes can also react with oxidising agents such as potassium

permanganate(VII) to produce a diol.
2.
A diol is an alcohol with 2 hydroxyl group (-OH).
3.
This process is an addition reaction.
4.
Chemical reaction below shows the oxidation reaction (also addition
reaction) between ethene and potassium permanganate(VII).

5.

In the reaction, we use the square bracket with an O, [O], to represent

the oxidising agent.
6.
The product produced is ethan-1,2-diol.
7.
During the reaction, the purple colour of acidified potassium manganate
(VII) solution change to colourless
Dehydration of Alcohols Using Aluminium Oxide as Catalyst

Catalyst:
Aluminium oxide/ Porcelain chips

Dehydration of alcohols using an acid catalyst

Catalyst:
Sulphuric acid or Phosphoric acid
Temperature: 170C
Dehydrationof alcohol
1.
The oxidising agent used:
a.
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
b.
Acidified potassium manganate (VII)
2.
Observation:
a.
For acidified potassium dichromate(VI), if oxidation occurs, the
orange solution containing the dichromate(VI) ions is reduced to a
green solution containing chromium(III) ions.
b.
For acidified potassium manganate (VII), the purple colour of
potassium manganate (VII) decolourised.
3.
The alcohol is heated under reflux with excess oxidising agent.
4.
The reflux technique used to prevent the alcohol vapour escape to the
surrounding.
5.
When the reaction is complete, the carboxylic acid is distilled off

Making Carboxylic Acids by Oxidising Primary Alcohols

1.

Alcohols can be oxidised to carboxylic acids using potassium

dichromate(VI) solution in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid.

2.

Chemical Equation below represent the reaction.

3.

Figure below shows the apparatus setup to prepare ethanoic acid.

4.

The mixture is heated under reflux to prevent the ethanol to evaporate

and escape to the surrounding before it has time to be oxidised to the
carboxylic acid.
5.
Ethanol vapour will condense into liquid in the Liebig condenser and
flow back into the flask to complete the reaction.
6.
The mixture is heated by using a water bath:
a.
to keep the temperature constant
b.
to ensure a uniform heating (heat is evenly supplied)
1.

Ester can be prepared through a reaction between carboxylic acid and

alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid.
2.
The concentrated sulphuric acid acts as
a.
a drying agent to absorb the water that is produced
b.
a catalyst
3.
The reactant mixture needs to be heated under reflux.
Preparing of Propyl Ethanoate (ester) in Laboratory

1.

Propyl ethanoate, CH3COOC2H5 can be prepared in the laboratory by

heating a mixture of propanoic acid and ethanol, with concentrated
sulphuric acid under reflux.
2.
The mixture is heated under reflux to prevent the alcohol and propyl
ethanoate to evaporate and escape to the surrounding.
3.
The mixture is heated in a water bath:
a.
to maintain temperature so that the temperature is not too high

b.

to ensure uniform heating