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0 OBJECTIVE
To measure level of pollutant in waste water by assess the strength of discharge waste
through oxidation and reduction agent
2.0 THEORY
Chemical Oxygen Demand is used as a measure of oxygen requirement of the sample
that is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidant. The dichromate reflux
method is preferred over procedures using other oxidants like potassium
permanganate because of its superior oxidizing ability, applicability to a wide variety
of samples and ease of manipulation. Oxidation of most organic compounds is 95100% of the theoretical value.
To determine the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration in mg/L for the
sample, we use formula:
3.0 PROCEDURE
1. Add substances to the round bottom flask (labeled as Blank (B) and Sample (S):
Cr2O72- H+
CO2 +
H2O + Cr3+
1. 90 ml distilled water
2. 10ml potassium dichromate
K2C2O7
3. 30ml Concentrated Sulfuric
acid reagent (H2SO4 )
4. Titration
4.0 RESULT
Table 1: FAS standard Titration Data:
First reading
0.0
Last reading
14.0
14.0
= 14.0 ml
= 10 mL x 0.25 N
14.0 mL
= 0.179 N
Notes: The 0.25 is the Standard potassium dichromate solution, 0.0416M K2Cr2O
undergoes a six-electron reaction; the equivalent concentration is 6 x 0.0416M
or 0.2500N.
Sample volume
(N)
(ml)
0.179
5.2
(mL)
(mL)
9.5
10.0
150
Where:
A
Notes: The 8000 milliequivalent is to express the results in units or milligrams per
liter of oxygen since 1 liter contains 1000mL and the equivalent weight of
oxygen is 6.
COD as mg O2 / L
71.6 mg/L
6.0 DISCUSSION
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is commonly used to indirectly measure the
amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount
of organic pollutants found in surface water.
Where b is the volume of FAS used in the blank sample, s is the volume of FAS in the
original sample, and n is the normality of FAS. If milliliters are used consistently for volume
measurements, the result of the COD calculation is given in mg/L.
In our experiment, the result that we got is not accurate because of the error while
experiment. The largest error is caused by using a non-homogeneous sample. Every effort
should be made to blend and mix the sample so that solids are never excluded from any
aliquot. Another like the equipments were not in good condition before starting the
experiment and the equipment is not really clean before used. Then, reading of COD may be
not accurate because less that 2 hour, the volume may be decrease during burning, loss of
material during testing and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was not mix and swirl well with
distilled water.
So, according to all of the errors, I suggest some method to improved and avoid the
error so that the error can not be repeated. The first thing is we should always use the largest
sample practical and use the largest glassware that is in keeping with good laboratory
practice. Then, we should use volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes with a large bore. To
make sure the oxidizing agent (K2Cr2O7) can be measured precisely, we must use a
volumetric pipette and use the same one each time if possible. When titrating, be certain that
the burette is clean and free of air bubbles and we should always read the bottom of the
meniscus and position the meniscus at eye level.
7.0 CONCLUSION
According to the experiment, I can make conclusion that the Chemical Oxygen
Demand is to measure the level of effectiveness of waste water sample in water or waste
water.
After I do the experiment, I made conclusion that measurement of Chemical Oxygen
Demand ( COD ) is not only depend on the ability of microorganism to degrade the waste
but it is also about the knowledge of the particular substance. This experiment is not easy
like we assume because every mixture of substance should be doing carefully and if a
little mistake happen on our mixture, for sure it will affect to our result.
As a conclusion, I can also say that this COD test is including the measurement of the
ability of hot chromic acid solution to oxidize organic matter and pollutants in natural and
waste waters and to assess the strength of discharged waste such as sewage and industrial
effluent waters. This analyzes both biodegradable and non-biodegradable (refractory)
organic matter expressed as O2.
So for the last result of the experiment, we got the COD is 136.4 mg/L. Actually, we
should get our COD within range 60m/L to 80mg/L. This error maybe was affected by
several factors that we have discussed before.
8.0 QUESTION
ii. Name the oxidation and reduction agent used in COD test.
The oxidation agent that used in COD test:
i. Potassium Dichromate (K2C2O7)
ii. Oxygen (sulfuric acid, (H2SO4).
The reduction agent that used in COD test:
i. Ferrous ion ferrous ammonium sulfate, Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2.
iii. Give the chemical formula of the following:
a) Sulfuric acid
= H2SO4
= Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2
c) Potassium dichromate
= (K2C2O7)
d) Argentums Sulfate
= (Ag2SO4)
e) Mercuric Sulfate
= (HgSO4)
= 2(1) + 32 + 4(16)
= 98
= 280
c) Potassium dichromate
= 246
d) Argentums Sulfate
= 108 + 32 + 4(16)
= 204
e) Mercuric Sulfate
= 201 + 32 + 4(16)
= 297
v.
To make sure the result of the experiment is accurate, we must know and
conscious about the precaution that must be taken during COD test is doing. First,
we must make sure all the equipment such as pipette, glass beads, flask and beaker
that we use along the experiment should be cleaned by using distilled water.
However, burette that we use in titration process should be cleaned by using FAS
because the mole of FAS may change easily when it mixed to any substance or
liquid. Then, we must make sure the volume of substance for each bottle must be
same. We should use glove to transfer the flask after heated from condenser to
fume hood. We must transfer the acid sulfuric reagent into substance in fume hood
because the reaction between acid sulfuric reagents with asid asetic will produce
poison gas that may effect our healthy. To avoid parallax error, we must be careful
during recording the read on the pipette.