11.

OSPF
Summary
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a classless, link-state routing protocol. The current
version of OSPF for IPv4 is OSPFv2 introduced in RFC 1247 and updated in RFC 2328
by John Moy. In 1999, OSPFv3 for IPv6 was published in RFC 2740.
OSPF has a default administrative distance of 110, and is denoted in the routing table
with a route source code of O. OSPF is enabled with the router ospf process-id global
configuration command. The process-id is locally significant, which means that it does
not have to match other OSPF routers in order to establish adjacencies with those
neighbors.
The network command used with OSPF has the same function as when used with other
IGP routing protocols, but with slightly different syntax.
Router(config-router)#network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id
The wildcard-mask is the inverse of the subnet mask, and the area-id should be set to
0.
OSPF does not use a Transport layer protocol, as OSPF packets are sent directly over IP.
The OSPF Hello packet is used by OSPF to establish neighbor adjacencies. By default,
OSPF Hello packets are sent every 10 seconds on multiaccess and point-to-point
segments and every 30 seconds on non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) segments
(Frame Relay, X.25, ATM). The Dead interval is the period of time an OSPF router will
wait before terminating adjacency with a neighbor. The Dead interval is four times the
Hello interval, by default. For multiaccess and point-to-point segments, this period is
40 seconds. For NBMA networks, the Dead interval is 120 seconds.
For routers to become adjacent, their Hello interval, Dead interval, network types and
subnet masks must match. The show ip ospf neighbors command can be used to
verify OSPF adjacencies.
The OSPF router ID is used to uniquely identify each router in the OSPF routing
domain. Cisco routers derive the router ID based on three criteria and with the
following precedence:
1. Use the IP address configured with the OSPF router-id command.
2. If the router-id is not configured, the router chooses highest IP address of any of its
loopback interfaces.
3. If no loopback interfaces are configured, the router chooses highest active IP
address of any of its physical interfaces.
RFC 2328 does not specify which values should be used to determine the cost. Cisco
IOS uses the cumulative bandwidths of the outgoing interfaces from the router to the
destination network as the cost value.
Multiaccess networks can create two challenges for OSPF regarding the flooding of
LSAs, including the creation of multiple adjacencies - one adjacency for every pair of
routers, and extensive flooding of LSAs (Link-State Advertisements). OSPF elects a DR
(Designated Router) to act as collection and distribution point for LSAs sent and
received in the multiaccess network. A BDR (Backup Designated Router) is elected to

take over the role of the DR should the DR fail. All other routers are known as
DROthers. All routers send their LSAs to the DR, which then floods the LSA to all other
routers in the multiaccess network.
The router with the highest router ID is the DR, and the router with the second highest
router ID is the BDR. This can be superseded by the ip ospf priority command on that
interface. By default, the ip ospf priority is "1" on all multiaccess interfaces. If a router
is configured with a new priority value, the router with the highest priority value is the
DR, and next-highest the BDR. A priority value of "0" means the router is ineligible to
become the DR or BDR.
A default route is propagated in OSPF similar to that of RIP. The OSPF router mode
command, default-information originate is used to propagate a static default route.
The show ip protocols command is used to verify important OSPF configuration
information, including the OSPF process ID, the router ID and the networks the router
is advertising.