ISSN 2347-1921

Generating Relations by Using SomeClasses of Near Open Sets

M. J. Iqelan and N. A. Rajab
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science
Al-Azhar University - Gaza, P. O. Box 1277, Gaza, Palestine

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to introduce some definitions of relations generated by using some
classes of near open sets in topological spaces. Proved results and examples are provided.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A05, 54D10

Keywords: Topological space; Near open sets.

Council for Innovative Research

Peer Review Research Publishing System
Journal: JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS
Vol .11, No.3
www.cirjam.com , editorjam@gmail.com
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1. Preliminaries
This section presents a review of some fundamental notions of topological spaces.
A topological space [6] is a pair
following conditions:
(T1)

(T3)
(T2)

(X , )

consisting of a set X and a family

of subsets of X satisfying the

X .

and

is closed under arbitrary union.

is closed under finite intersection.

Throughout this paper

subsets of

(X , )

belonging to

denotes a topological space. The elements of

is also called a topology on

is denoted by

belonging to

. The family

of open

X.

(X , )

(X , ) . The family of
X called the discrete topology and it is denoted by . A topological space (X , ) is

A subset A of X in a topological space

all subsets of

are called points of the space, the

are called open sets in the space. The complements of the subsets of

are called closed sets in the space, and the family of all closed subsets of
subsets of

is a topology on

is said to be clopen if it is both open and closed in

called a quasi-discrete topology [10] if every member of

is clopen subset of X.

B is called a basis for (X , ) iff every nonempty open subset of X can be represented as a union of
subfamily of B . Clearly, a topological space can have many bases. A family S is called a subbasis for (X , )
A family

iff the family of all finite intersections of

The

-closure of a subset A

Evidently,

Ao
of a subset A

is a basis for

is denoted by

X
Ao

is the smallest closed subset of

interior of a subset
Evidently,

of

of

is denoted by

is the largest open subset of

of

(briefly

BN (A)

and it is defined by

which contains

) is denoted by

A is closed iff A A . The A o G X : G A and G .

. Note that,

and it is defined by

which contained in

A F X : A F and F * .

A is open iff A A o . The boundary

A A Ao .

. Note that,

and it is defined by

2. Near open sets in topological spaces

In this section, we introduce some results on some classes of near open sets in topological spaces. Some forms
of near open sets which are essential for our present study are introduced in the following definition.

Definition 2.1. Let (X , )

be a topological space. The subset

of

is called:

A A o .

i)

Regular-open [12] (briefly r-open) if

ii)

Semi-open [7] (briefly s-open) if

iii)

Pre-open [9] (briefly p-open) if

iv)

v)

-open [10] if A A o o .

vi)

-open [1] (Semi-pre-open [3]) if A A o .

-open [5] (b-open [4]) if

A Ao .

A A o .

A Ao A o .

The complement of an r-open (resp. s-open, p-open,

-open,

-open

and

-open)

set is called r-closed (resp. s-

-closed and - closed) set. The family of all r-open (resp. s-open, p-open, -open, open and -open) sets is denoted by RO (X ) (resp. SO (X ), PO (X ), O (X ), O (X ) and O (X )). The
family of all r-closed (resp. s-closed, p-closed, -closed, -closed and -closed) sets is denoted by RC (X ) (resp.
SC (X ), PC (X ), C (X ), C (X ) and C (X )).
closed, p- closed,

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-closed,

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The near interior (briefly
(resp.

A j )

j -interior)

(resp. near closure (briefly

j -closure)) [2] of

a subset A of X is denoted by

A jo

and it is defined by

A jo G X : G A , G is a j -open set

resp. A j H X : A H , H is a j -closed s et ,

where j {r , s , p , , , } .

A jo for all j {s, p, , , } is the largest j-open subset of X which contained in A. Note that, A is a j-open
jo
j
set iff A A . Also, A for all j {s, p, , , } is the smallest j-closed subset of X which contains A. Note that A
j
is a j-closed set iff A A .
Evidently,

The j-boundary of a subset A of X (briefly

by

BN (A ) ) is denoted by A jb

for all

j r , s , p , , ,

and it is defined

A jb A j A jo .

From known results [1, 5] we have the following two remarks.

Remark 2.1. Let (X , )

be a topological space. Then

RO (X ) O (X ) SO (X ) PO (X ) O (X ) O (X ).

i)

ii) RC (X ) * C (X ) SC (X ) PC (X ) C (X ) C (X ).
Remark 2.2. Let (X , )

be a topological space and let

be a subset of X. Then

A r o A o A o A s o A po A o A .

i)

ii) A A A s A p A A A r .
Proposition 2.1. Let (X , )

be a quasi-discrete topological space. Then

i)

RO( X ) SO( X ) O( X )

ii)

PO( X ) O( X ) O( X ) .

Proof.
i) Let

G SO (X ) , then G G o . Since

Thus

G G o . But G o G

, then

is quasi-discrete, then

G G o , that is G

G o G o .

. Hence

SO (X )

SO (X ) . Then SO (X ) .
Similarly, we can prove O (X ) .
But

is quasi-discrete, then G * and G o G . Thus

G RO (X ) . Hence RO (X ) . But RO (X ) . Then RO (X ) .
o
ii) Let G . Since is quasi-discrete, then G
G . Hence G G o ,
Now, let

. Since

since

G G . That is G PO (X ) . Thus PO (X ) . But PO (X ) .

Then

PO (X ) .

Similarly, we can prove

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O (X ) O (X ) .

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Definition 2.2 [6].

(X , )

A topological space

x U

there exist two open sets U, V such that

Lemma 2.1 [8]. Let (X , )

subset of X , x X .

y U

T1 space if for each x , y X

x V .

is said to be a
and

y V

be a topological space. Then

(X , )

is a

T1 space if and only if x

x y

is a closed

Definition 2.3 [6]. A topological space (X , ) is said to be regular at a point x X if for every closed
subset F of X not containing x , there exist two disjoint open sets U, V such that x U and F V . A topological
space (X , ) is said to be regular space if it is regular at each of its points.
Proposition 2.2. Every finite regular topological space is a quasi-discrete topological space.
Proof. Let (X , ) be a finite regular topological space and G
each x G , there exists H x such that X G H x

. Then

X G . Since X

x Hx

and

. Thus

is regular, then for

X G

and

x G

x Hx
x G

then

H x
x G
is open. Thus X

. Then

G X . But H x G , hence H x X G . Since X is finite,

x G

x G

G is open set, and so G is closed. Therefore (X , ) is a quasi-discrete topological

x G

space.

Lemma 2.2 [6]. Let (X , )

or {x} { y} .
Proposition 2.3.

{x}

{ y}

or

Let

(X , )

{x}

{ y}

either

be a finite regular topological space. Then for any two points

for all

Let (X , ) be a finite regular topological space. Then by Proposition 2.2,

Proposition 2.1 part (i), we have

RO (X ) SO (X ) O (X ) .

{x} { y}

x, y X

Hence for any point

x X

is quasi-discrete. Thus by

, we get

{x} r {x} s {x} {x} . Since X is regular, then by Lemma 2.2, we have for any two points x, y X
{x} j { y} j or {x} j { y} j for all j r , s , . Also by using Proposition 2.1 part (ii), we have
PO (X ) O (X ) O (X ) . Hence for any point x X

{x} p {x} {x} {x} {x} .

{x}

{ y}

for all

Lemma 2.3 [6].

j { p, , } .

Lemma 2.4.
Proof. Let A
A Ao .

Then

for

any

two

points

x, y X

either

{x} j { y} j

(X , )

and

x X

. Then

Let A be an s-open (r-closed) subset of X in a topological space

if and

be an s-open subset of X . Then

A A o .

Thus

(X , ) . Then A A o .

A A o . Since A o A , A o A .

Hence

(X , )

a topological space

Proof.

A A o . Hence x A

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x A

meets A.

Proposition 2.4. Let A be an s-open (r-closed) subset of X in

o
Then x A if and only if every open set containing x meets A .
A

or

Similarly, we can prove this lemma if A is r-closed.

Let

either

, we get

Let A be a subset of X in a topological space

only if every open set containing

either

j r , s , p , , , .

Proof.

x, y X

be a regular topological space. Then for any two points

be an s-open subset of X. Then by Lemma 2.4, we have

iff

and

x X

x Ao ,

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iff every open set containing x meets

Ao

by Lemma 2.3.

Similarly, we can prove this proposition if A is r-closed.

Proposition 2.5.
BN (A ) BN (A o ) .

Let

be an s-open (r-closed) subset of X in a topological space

Proof. Let A be an r-closed subset of X

BN (A o ) (A o ) (A o )o A A o BN (A ).

Lemma 2.6.
A o Ao .

G X

such that

(X , )
G A .

x G

and

and

x X

Let A be an s-closed (r-open) subset of X in a topological space

. Then

(X , )

and

Proof. Let A be an s-closed subset of X . Then A o A . Thus A o A o . But A o A o ,

o
Hence A
Ao .
Similarly, we can prove this lemma if A is r-open.

Proposition 2.6.
Then

x A

Proof.

Let

G X

G X

x G

and

Similarly, we can prove this proposition if A is r-open.

Proposition 2.7.
BN (A ) BN (A )
Proof.
Hence

Let

such that

x Ao

if and

x X

. Then

since

(X , )

Let A be an s-closed (r-open) subset of X in a topological space

such that

be an s-closed subset of X. Then by Lemma 2.6, we have

there exists an open set

Hence

A A.

if and only if there exists an open set

Then

Let A be a subset of X in a topological space

only if there exists an open set

Ao A .

. Then by Lemma 2.4, we have

Similarly, we can prove this proposition if A is s-open.

Lemma 2.5 [6].

(X , ) .

G A

x G

and

G A

and

x X

A o A o . Hence x A o iff x A o

iff

by Lemma 2.5.

be an s-closed (r-open) subset of X in

a topological space

(X , ) .

Then

A be an r-open subset of X. Then by Lemma 2.6, we have A o A o .

BN (A ) (A ) (A )o A A o BN (A ) . Similarly, we can prove this proposition if A is s-closed.
Let

Lemma 2.5.

(X , )

Let A be a subset of X in a topological space

for each j-open set G containing x, we have

G A ,

where

and

x X

x A j

. Then

if and only if

j r , p , s , , , .

Proof. We shall prove this lemma in the case of j and the other cases can be proved similarly. Let
x A . Suppose contrary that G is a -open set such that x G and G A . Then x X G and
A X G . But X G is a -closed set containing A. Hence x A , which is a contradiction. Thus
G A .
Conversely, assume that for each

-open

G A . Suppose contrary that x A ,

A H . Hence X H is a -open set containing x,

set G containing x,

-closed set H such that x H and

(X H ) A , which is a contradiction. Thus x A .

then there exists

and

Lemma 2.8. Let A be a subset of X in a topological space (X , ) and x X

there exists a j-open set G such that x G A , where j r , p , s , , , .
Proof.
x A o

We shall prove this lemma in the case of

iff

x A jo

if and only if

and the other cases can be proved similarly. Now,

x G X : G A, G is a open set

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. Then

iff

there exists a

-open

set

G X

such that

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x G A .

Proposition 2.8.
where

Let A be an s-open subset of X in a topological space

j s , p , , , , then each open set containing x

Proof.

Let A be an s-open subset of X and let

j s , p , , , ,
A

intersects

x A .

then

intersects

(X , )

x X

and

x A j , where j s , p , , , . Since A j A

x A o , where j s , p , , ,

and

iff each open set containing x intersects

Proof. Let A be an r-closed subset of X. Then A A o . But A o

j s , p , , , . Thus A j A o . Hence
iff

x A j

x A

Proof.

Ao

by Lemma 2.3.
and

x X

. Then

Let A be an s-closed subset of X in a topological space

then there exists a j-open set G such that

. Then

is a closed set, and so it is a j-closed set for all

iff each j-open set containing x intersects A by Lemma 2.7.

Proposition 2.11.

x X

is a closed set, and so it is a j-closed set for all

Proposition 2.10. Let A be an r-closed subset of X in a topological space (X , )

x A o if and only if each j-open set containing x intersects A for all j s , p , , , .

x Ao

for each

Since A is s-open, then by Proposition 2.4, every open set containing x

Proof. Let A be an r-closed subset of X . Then A A o . But A o

j s , p , , , . Thus A j A o . Hence
iff

x A j

Ao .

Proposition 2.9. Let A be an r-closed subset of X in a topological space (X , )

x A j if and only if each open set containing x intersects A o , where j s , p , , , .

x A j

. If

(X , )

and

x X

. If

x G A , where j s , p , , , .

We shall prove this proposition in the case of

and the other cases can be proved similarly. Let

A o A . But A o is open set, and so it is -open set contained in A .

x A o , then x A o . Hence by Lemma 2.8, there exists an -open set G such

A be an s-closed subset of X. Then

A o A o .
x G A .

Thus
that

Now if

Proposition 2.12. Let A be an r-open subset of X in a topological space (X , ) and x X .

x A jo where j s , p , , , if and only if there exists an open set G such that x G A .
Proof.

We shall prove this proposition in the case of

A be an r-open subset of X and

. Then x

iff

x A

x A

. Then

A A

j
o

and the other cases can be proved similarly. Let

. But

A o

is open set, and so it is

iff there exists an open set G such that

x G A

-open set. Thus

by Lemma 2.5.

Proposition 2.13. Let A be an r-open subset of X in a topological space (X , ) and x X

x A o if and only if there exists a j-open set G such that x G A , where j s , p , , , .
Proof.

. Then

We shall prove this proposition in the case of j=s and the other cases can be proved similarly. Let A

be an r-open subset of X. Then

x A o

Then

iff

x Aso

A o A . But A o

is open set, and so it is s-open set. Thus

iff there exists an s-open set G such that

x G A

by Lemma 2.8.

A o A so . Then

3. Generating relations using some classes of near open sets

In this section we introduce some definitions of relations generated by using some classes of near open sets .

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Definition 3.1 [11].
R and it is defined by

(X , )

Let

be a topological space. Then the relation on X generated by

is denoted by

R (x , y ) : x y .

Example 3.1.

X , ,a

Let

X a, b , c .

on

X , b b , c and c b , c .

Hence

The family of closed sets is

according

to

, X ,b ,c . Then

Definition

3.1,

we

get

R (a, a),(b , a),(c , a),(b , b ),(c , b ),(b , c ),(c , c ) .

Definition 3.2. Let (X , ) be a topological space. Then the relation on X generated by the class RO(X ) (resp.
PO(X ) , SO(X ) , O(X ) , O(X ) and O(X ) ) is denoted by R r (resp. R p , R s , R , R and R ) and it
is defined by

(resp.
R ( x, y) : x { y} ,
R ( x, y) : x { y} ,
( x, y) : x { y} , R ( x, y) : x { y} and R ( x, y) : x { y} ).

R r ( x, y) : x { y}r

Example 3.2.

Let

X a, b , c , d

and

and

X , ,a,b ,d ,a,b , d . Then

RC (X ) { , X ,{a, b , c },{c , d }}. Thus

c , d .

and

RO (X ) {X , ,{d },{a, b }},

Hence

according

to

Definition

b a, b , c ,
r

3.2,

we

get

R r (a, a),(b , a),(c , a),(a, b ),(b , b ),(c , b ),(c , c ),(c , d ),(d , d ) .

Proposition 3.1.

(X , )

Let

be a topological space. Then

R R R s R p R R R r .
Proof. Let y X

, then by Remark 2.2, we get

{ y } { y } { y }s { y }p { y } { y } { y }r .
Hence

R R RS R P R R R r .
Definition 3.3 [8].

A relation

on a set

is said to be an equivalence relation if it satisfies the

following conditions:
i)

(x , x ) R , x X

ii) If

(x , y ) R ,

then

iii) If

(x , y ) R

and

Proposition 3.2.

(reflexive).

( y , x ) R (symmetric).
( y ,z )R,
(X , )

Let

then

(x , z ) R

(transitive).

be a topological space. Then

j r , s , p , , , .

Proof.

Since

(x , x ) R j

x x

for all

x X .

Proposition 3.3.

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and

Let

x x

Hence

(X , )

and

for all

Rj

x X

and

and

Rj

j r , s , p , , , ,

are reflexive relations on X for all

be a topological space. Then

are reflexive relations on X for all

and

Rj

then

(x , x ) R

j r , s , p , , , .

and

are transitive relations on X for all

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j s , p , , , .

Proof.

Let

(x , z ) R

(x , y ), ( y , z ) R .

. Therefore

Similarly, we can prove

Rj

x y

Then

y z

and

. Thus

and so

x z

. Then

is transitive relation on X.

j s , p , , , .

is transitive relation on X for all

X , ,a,b , d ,a,b , d

Example 3.3. Let X a, b , c , d ,

be a topology on X. Then

RO (X ) {X , ,{a},{b , d }},

O (X ) {X , ,{a},{a,b , d },{b , d }},

SO (X ) {X , ,{a},{a, c },{a, b , d },{b , d },{b , c , d }},

PO (X ) {X , ,{a},{b },{d },{a, b },{a, d },{a, b , c},{a, b , d },{a, c , d },{b , d }},

O (X ) {X , ,{a},{b },{d },{a,b },{a,c},{a, d },{a,b ,c},{a,b , d },{a,c , d },{b ,d }

{b , c , d }}, and

O (X ) {X , ,{a},{b },{d },{a, b },{a, c },{a, d },{a, b , c },{a, b , d },{a, c , d },{b ,c },{b , d }
{b , c , d },{c , d }}.

Thus

RC (X ) {X , ,{b , c , d },{a, c }},

C (X ) {X , ,{b ,c , d },{c},{a,c}},
SC (X ) {X , ,{b , c , d },{b , d },{c },{a, c},{a}},
PC (X ) {X , ,{b , c , d },{a, c , d },{a, b , c},{c , d },{b , c},{d },{c},{b},{a, c}},

C (X ) {X , ,{b ,c , d },{a,c , d },{a,b ,c},{c , d },{b , d },{b ,c},{d },{c},{b },{a,c }

{a}}, and

C (X ) {X , ,{b , c , d },{a, c , d },{a, b , c },{c , d },{b , d },{b , c },{d },{c },{b },{a , d },{a ,c }
{a},{a, b }}.

a a

Hence

a, c , b b b

c c

a , b b , d , c c , d b , d ,

a, c , b

c , d d d

b , c , d ,

b , c

a , b b

b , c , d ,

c , d

d ,

b , c c

c ,

and

d .

According to Definition 3.1 and Definition 3.2, we get

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R R r R (a, a),(c , a),(b , b ),(c , b ),(d , b ),(c , c ),(b , d ),(c , d ),(d , d ) ,
R s (a, a ), (b , b ), (d , b ), (c , c ), (b , d ), (d , d ) ,
R p (a, a ), (c , a ), (b , b ), (c , c ), (d , d ) , and

R R (a, a),(b , b ),(c , c ),(d , d ) .

Then

R , R j

are reflexive and transitive relations on X for all

Proposition 3.4. Let (X , )

be a topological space. Then

R R j (x , x ) : x X ,

Proof. Let (X , )

and

for all

R Rj ( x, x) : x X Then
.

. Hence by Lemma 2.1, we have

Proposition 3.5.

(X , )

Let

equivalence relations on X for all

Proof.

(X , )

(X , )

x y

j s , p , , , .

( y , x ) R . Therefore R

Proposition 3.7.

x x , for

is a T1 space.

Let

x X

all

. Thus

(X , )

be a regular topological space. Then

is a

T1 space,

then

Rj

and

are

is symmetric relation on X.

is symmetric relation on X.

(x , y ) R .

is regular, then by Lemma 2.2, we have

(X , )

is a closed set

be a regular topological space and

Since

j s , p , , , .

j s , p , , , .

Proposition 3.6. Let (X , )

Let

for all

be a topological space. If

By Proposition 3.4, the proof is obvious.

Proof.

for all

is a T1 space if and only if

x is a closed subset of X for all x X . Thus

j
j s , p , , , . Hence x x . Therefore

R R j (x , x ) : x X ,

x X

(X , )

be a T1 space. Then by Lemma 2.1, we have

x x . But x

Conversely, let

j s , p , , , .

x y

Then

. But

. Hence

x x

y x

. Thus

, and so

be a finite regular topological space. Then

Rj

is symmetric relation on X for all

j r , s , p , , , .

Proof. We shall proof this proposition in the case of j r , and the other cases can be
proved similarly. Let

x x

. Thus

(X , )

all

Let

(x , y ) R r .

y . Hence by Proposition 2.3, we have x y

r

( y , x ) R r . Therefore R r

Proposition 3.8.

be a finite regular topological space and

is symmetric relation on X.

(X , )

x y

. Then

y x

and

Rj

j r , s , p , , , .

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. But

. Thus

x X and
x G and F H ,

is said to be a j-regular topological space, if for each point

for each j-closed set F does not contain x, there exist two disjoint j-open sets G and H such that
where

are equivalence relations for

Proof. By Proposition 3.2, Proposition 3.3, Proposition 3.6 and Proposition 3.7, the proof is obvious.
Definition 3.4. A topological space (X , )

be a finite regular topological space. Then

j s , p , , , .

Then

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Example 3.4. Let X a, b , c , d and let

X , ,a, b , d , a,b , d be a topology on X. Then

SO (X ) X , , a , a, c , a, b , d , b , d , b , c , d

and

SC (X ) X , , b , c , d , b , d , c , a, c , a .
Hence X is s-regular, since for each point

x G

disjoint s-open sets G and H such that

Proposition 3.9.

Let

(X , )

x X

F X

and for each s-closed set

and

F H

such that

x F,

there exist two

j s , p , , , .

be a j-regular topological space where

Then for each two

points x and y of X we have either

or

Proof. We shall prove this proposition in the case of j

(X , )

proved similarly. Let

x y

either

exist two disjoint

containing

x.

or

Proposition 3.10.

x y

. Let

sets G and H

Then

, since

such that

X H

and the other cases can be

-regular topological space and let x, y X

be

y y

-open

is an

. Suppose that

and

Hence

. Then

-closed set does not contain x , then there

y H . But

x y (X

x G

X H

is an

-closed

H )H .

set

Therefore

Let

(X , )

be a

j-regular topological space where

j s , p , , , .

Then

Rj

is

symmetric relation on X.

Proof. We shall prove this proposition in the case of j

be a
Since

and the other cases can be proved similarly. Let

-regular topological space and (x , y ) R . Then x y

Therefore

is

. But

-regular, then by Proposition 3.9, we have x y

is symmetric relation on X.

Proposition 3.11.

Let

(X , )

x x

. Hence

. Thus

y x

, and so

(X , )

(y , x ) R .

be a j-regular topological space where

j s , p , , , .

Then

Rj

is

equivalence relation on X .

Proof. By Proposition 3.2, Proposition 3.3 and Proposition 3.10, The proof is obvious.

4. Conclusions
In this paper, we introduced some definitions of relations generated by using some classes of near open sets. Also, we
introduced some properties of some classes of near open sets in topological spaces .

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