Chapter 4

Practice Exercise
4.1

1 mol Al
mol Al = 3.47 g Al
= 0.129 mol Al
26.98 g Al

4.2

1 mol K 2SO 4
-5
Uncertainty in moles = 0.002 g
= 1.15 x 10 mol K2SO4
174.25 g K 2SO 4

4.3

Find the mass of 5.64 1018 molecules of C18H38 (MW = 254.50 g/mol

1 mol C18 H38

g = 5.64 1018
23
6.022 10 molecules C18 H38

254.50 g C H
18 38

3
1 mol C18 H38 = 2.38 10 g

g = 2.38 103 g = 0.00238 g

Many laboratory balances can measure 1 mg (0.001 g); therefore, it is possible to weigh 5.64 1018
molecules of C18H38.
4.4

Formula mass of sucrose = (12 C)(12.011 g/mol) + (22 H)(1.0079 g/mol) +

(11 O)(15.9994 g/mol) = 342.299 g/mol
If the massing uncertainty is 0.002 g what is the uncertainty of mol of sucrose?

1 mol sucrose
6
Uncertainty of mol of sucrose = 0.002 g
= 5.8 10 mol sucrose
342.299
g

6.022 1023 molecules sucrose

Uncertainty of molecules of sucrose = 5.8 106 mol sucrose
=

1 mol sucrose

3.5 1018 molecules of sucrose

4.5

Aluminum sulfate: Al2(SO4)3, the aluminum is Al3+

3+

mole Al = 0.0774 mol SO4

4.6

2 mol Al3+
3 mol SO 2
4

= 0.0516 mol Al3+

The formula of dinitrogen pentoxide is N2O5

2 mol N
mol N = ( 8.60 mol O )
= 3.44 mol N atoms
5 mol O

4.7

1 mol O 2 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe

g Fe = ( 25.6 g O )

= 59.6 g Fe
16.00 g O 3 mol O 1 mol Fe

35

4.8

1 mol Fe2 O3 2 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe

g Fe = (15.0 g Fe2 O3 )

= 10.5 g Fe
159.7 g Fe2 O3 1 mol Fe2 O3 1 mol Fe

4.9

1 mol O 1 mol TiO 2

g Ti = (12.0 g O)

16.00 g O 2 mol O

4.10

4.10

1 mol Ti
1 mol TiO

47.87 g Ti

= 18.0 g Ti
1 mol Ti

0.0870 g H
mass H
100% =
% H =
100% = 13.04%

total mass
0.6672 g total

0.3481 g C
mass C
% C =
100% =
100% = 52.17%

total mass
0.6672 g total
It is likely that the compound contains another element since the percentages do not add up to 100%.
4.11

% N = 0.2012/0.5462 100% = 36.84% N

% O = 0.3450/0.5462 100% = 63.16% O
Since these two values constitute 100%, there are no other elements present.

4.12

We first determine the number of grams of each element that are present in one mol of sample:
2 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g N
4 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 64.00 g O
The percentages by mass are then obtained using the formula mass of N2O4 (92.02 g):
% N = (28.02/92.02) 100% = 30.45% N
% O = (64.00/92.02) 100% = 69.55% O

4.13

N2O:

NO:

NO2:

N 2O 3:

Formula mass = 44.02 g/mol

2 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g N

% N = (28.02/44.02) 100% = 63.65% N

1 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 16.00 g O

% O = (16.00/44.02) 100% = 36.34% O

Formula mass = 30.01 g/mol

1 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 14.01 g N

% N = (14.01/30.01) 100% = 46.68% N

1 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 16.00 g O

% O = (16.00/30.01) 100% = 53.32% O

Formula mass = 46.01 g/mol

1 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 14.01 g N

% N = (14.01/46.01) 100% = 30.45% N

2 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g O

% O = (32.00/46.01) 100% = 69.55% O

Formula mass = 76.02 g/mol

36

N 2O 4:

N 2O 5:

2 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g N

% N = (28.02/76.02) 100% = 36.86% N

3 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 48.00 g O

% O = (48.00/76.02) 100% = 63.14% O

Formula mass = 92.02 g/mol

2 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g N

% N = (28.02/92.02) 100% = 30.45% N

4 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 64.00 g O

% O = (64.00/92.02) 100% = 69.55% O

Formula mass = 108.02 g/mol

2 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g N

% N = (28.02/108.02) 100% = 25.94% N

5 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 80.00 g O

% O = (80.00/108.02) 100% = 74.06% O

The compound N2O3 corresponds to the data in Practice Exercise 4.11.

4.14

We first determine the number of mol of each element as follows:

1 mol N
mol N = ( 0.712 g N )
= 0.0508 mol N
14.01 g N
We need to know the number of grams of O. Since there is a total of 1.525 g of compound and the only
other element present is N, the mass of O = 1.525 g 0.712 g = 0.813 g O.

1 mol O
mol O = ( 0.813 g O )
= 0.0508 mol O
16.00 g O
Since these two mole amounts are the same, the empirical formula is NO.

4.15

First, find the number of moles of each element, then determine the empirical formula by comparing the
ratio of the number of moles of each element.
Start with the number of moles of S:

1 mol S
mol S = 0.7625 g S
= 0.02378 mol S
32.066 g S
Then find the number of moles of O: since there are only two elements in the compound, S and O, the
remaining mass is O
g O = 1.525 g compound 0.7625 g S = 0.7625 g O

1 mol O
mol O = 0.7625 g O
= 0.04766 mol O
15.9994 g O
The empirical formula is

37

S0.02378O0.4766
The empirical formula must be in whole numbers, so divide by the smaller subscript:

S 0.02378 O 0.04766 which becomes SO2

0.02378

4.16

0.02378

2000 lb Al 454 g Al 1 mol Al

5
mol Al = 5.68 tons Al

= 1.91 10 mol Al

1 ton Al 1 lb Al 26.98 g Al
2000 lb O 454 g O 1 mol O
5
mol O = 5.04 tons O

= 2.86 10 mol O

1 ton O 1 lb O 16.00 g O
Empirical Formula: Al1.91105 O 2.86105
In whole numbers: Al1.91105 O 2.86105 which becomes AlO1.5 and multiply the subscripts by 2: Al2O3
1.91105

4.17

1.91105

We first determine the number of mol of each element as follows:

1 mol N
mol N = ( 0.522 g N )
= 0.0373 mol N
14.01 g N
We need to know the number of grams of O. Since there is a total of 2.012 g of compound and the only
other element present is N, the mass of O = 2.012 g 0.522 g = 1.490 g O.

1 mol O
mol O = (1.490 g O )
= 0.0931 mol O
16.00 g O
Since these two mole amounts are not the same, the empirical formula is N0.0373O0.0931; to have the
empirical formula in whole numbers, first divide by the smaller number of moles:

N 0.0373 O 0.0931 which gives

0.0373

NO 2.5

0.0373

Now to have whole numbers, multiply the subscripts by 2: N2O5.

4.18

It is convenient to assume that we have 100 g of the sample, so that the % by mass values may be taken
directly to represent masses. Thus there is 32.4 g of Na, 22.6 g of S and (100.00 32.4 22.6) = 45.0 g of
O. Now, convert these masses to a number of mol:

1 mol Na
mol Na = ( 32.4 g Na )
= 1.40 mol Na
23.00 g Na
1 mol S
mol S = ( 22.6 g S)
= 0.705 mol S
32.06 g S

38

 1 mol O
mol O = ( 45.0 g O )
= 2.81 mol O
16.00 g O
Next, we divide each of these mol amounts by the smallest in order to deduce the simplest whole number
ratio:
For Na: 1.40 mol/0.705 mol = 1.99
For S: 0.705 mol/0.705 mol = 1.00
For O: 2.81 mol/0.705 mol = 3.99
The empirical formula is Na2SO4.
4.19

It is convenient to assume that we have 100 g of the sample, so that the % by mass values may be taken
directly to represent masses. Thus there is 81.79 g of C, 6.10 g of H and (100.00 81.79 6.10) = 12.11 g
of O. Now, convert these masses to a number of mol:

1 mol C
mol C = ( 81.79 g C )
= 6.81 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
mol H = ( 6.10 g H )
= 6.05 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
mol O = (12.11 g O )
= 0.757 mol O
16.00 g O
Next, we divide each of these mol amounts by the smallest in order to deduce the simplest whole number
ratio:
For C: 6.81 mol/0.757 mol = 9.00
For H: 6.05 mol/0.757 mol = 7.99
For O: 0.757 mol/0.757 mol = 1.00
The empirical formula is C9H8O.

4.20

Find the moles of S and C using the stoichiometric ratios, and then find the empirical formula from the
ratio of moles of S and C.
Molar mass of SO2 = 64.06 g mol1

Molar mass of CO2 = 44.01 g mol1

1 mol SO 2 1 mol S
3
mol S = 0.640 g SO2

= 9.99 10 mol
64.06 g SO 2 1 mol SO 2

1 mol CO2 1 mol C

3
mol C = 0.220 g CO2

= 5.00 10 mol
44.01
g
CO
1
mol
CO
2
2

39

Empirical Formula C5.00103 S9.99103 divide both subscripts by 5.00 103 to get CS2.
4.21

Since the entire amount of carbon that was present in the original sample appears among the products only
as CO2, we calculate the amount of carbon in the sample as follows:

1 mol CO2 1 mol C

g C = ( 7.406 g CO 2 )

44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2

12.01 g C

= 2.021 g C
1 mol C

Similarly, the entire mass of hydrogen that was present in the original sample appears among the products
only as H2O. Thus the mass of hydrogen in the sample is:

1 mol H 2 O 2 mol H 1.008 g H

g H = ( 3.027 g H 2 O )

= 0.3386 g H
18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol H
The mass of oxygen in the original sample is determined by difference:
5.048 g 2.021 g 0.3386 g = 2.688 g O
Next, these mass amounts are converted to the corresponding mol amounts:

1 mol C
mol C = ( 2.021 g C )
= 0.1683 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
mol H = ( 0.3386 g H )
= 0.3359 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
mol O = ( 2.688 g O )
= 0.1680 mol O
16.00 g O
The simplest formula is obtained by dividing each of these mol amounts by the smallest:
For C: 0.1683 mol/0.1680 mol= 1.002
for H: 0.3359 mol/0.1680 mol= 1.999
For O: 0.1680 mol/0.1680 mol = 1.000
These values give us the simplest formula directly, namely CH2O.

4.22

To find the molecular formula, divide the molecular mass by the formula mass of the empirical formula,
then multiply the subscripts of the empirical formula by that value.
Formula mass of CH2Cl: 49.48 g mol1
Formula mass of CHCl: 48.47 g mol1

40

For CH2Cl

100
289
= 2.02 and
= 5.84
49.48
49.48

For CHCl:

100
289
= 2.06 and
= 5.96
48.47
48.47

The CH2Cl rounds better using the molecular mass of 100, therefore multiply the subscripts by 2 and the
formula is C2H4Cl2.
For CHCl, the molecular mass of 289 gives a multiple of 6, therefore the formula is C6H6Cl6.

4.23

The formula mass of the empirical unit is 1 N + 2 H = 16.03. Since this is half of the molecular mass, the
molecular formula is N2H4.
32.0 g/mol hydrazine x 1 mol NH2/16.03 g = 2 mol NH2/mol hydrazine

4.24

3CaCl2(aq) + 2K3PO4(aq)
Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6KCl(aq)

4.25

3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2(NH4)3PO4(aq)

4.26

1 mol O 2
mol O 2 = ( 6.76 mol SO3 )
= 3.38 mol O 2
2 mol SO3

4.27

1 mol H 2SO 4
mol H 2SO 4 = ( 0.366 mol NaOH )
= 0.183 mol H 2SO 4
2 mol NaOH

4.28

Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s)

Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 6 NH4NO3(aq)

2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)

1 mol Fe 1 mol Al2 O3

102.0 g Al2 O3
g Al2 O3 = ( 86.0 g Fe )

55.85 g Fe 2 mol Fe 1 mol Al2 O3 mol Al2 O3

= 78.5 g Al2O3

4.29

4.30

1 mol CaO 1 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2

2
g CO2 = (1.50 102 g CaO)

1 mol CO = 1.18 10 g CO2

56.08
g
CaO
1
mol
CaO

2
First determine the number of grams of CaCO3 that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of HCl:

1 mol HCl 1 mol CaCO3 100.088 g CaCO3

g CaCO3 = (125 g HCl)
= 171.57 g CaCO3

36.461 g HCl 2 mol HCl 1 mol CaO3

Since this is more than the amount that is available, we conclude that CaCO3 is the limiting reactant. The
rest of the calculation is therefore based on the available amount of CaCO3:

41

 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO2 44.01 g CO2

g CO2 = (125 g CaCO3)

100.088 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO 2

= 55.0 g CO2

For the number of grams of left over HCl, the excess reagent, find the amount of HCl used and then
subtract that from the amount of HCl started with, 125 g.

1 mol CaCO3 2 mol HCl 36.461 g HCl

g HCl used = (125 g CaCO3)

100.088 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol HCl

= 91.1 g HCl
g HCl remaining = 125 g 91.1 g = 34 g HCl remaining

4.31

First determine the number of grams of O2 that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of ammonia:

1 mol NH3 5 mol O 2 32.00 g O 2

g O2 = ( 30.00 g NH3 )

17.03 g NH3 4 mol NH3 1 mol O 2

= 70.46 g O 2
Since this is more than the amount that is available, we conclude that oxygen is the limiting reactant. The
rest of the calculation is therefore based on the available amount of oxygen:

1 mol O2 4 mol NO 30.01 g NO

g NO = ( 40.00 g O 2 )

32.00 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol NO

= 30.01 g NO

4.32

First determine the number of grams of salicylic acid, HOOCC6H4OH that would be required to react
completely with the given amount of acetic anhydride, C4H6O3:

g HOOCC6H4OH = (15.6 g C4H6O3)

1 mol C4 H 6 O3 2 mol HOOCC6 H 4 OH 138.12 g HOOCC6 H 4 OH

1 mol C4 H 6 O3
102.09 g C4 H 6 O3
1 mol HOOCC6 H 4 OH
= 42.2 g HOOCC6H4OH
Since more salicylic acid is required than is available, it is the limiting reagent. Once 28.2 g of salicylic
acid is reacted the reaction will stop, even though there are 15.6 g of acetic anhydride present. Therefore
the salicylic acid is the limiting reactant. The theoretical yield of aspirin HOOCC6H4O2C2H3 is therefore
based on the amount of salicylic acid added. This is calculated below:

42

g HOOCC6H4O2C2H3 = (28.2 g HOOCC6H4OH)

1 mol HOOCC6 H 4 OH 2 mol HOOCC6 H 4 O 2 C2 H3 180.16 g HOOCC6 H 4 O2 C2 H3

138.12 g HOOCC6 H 4 OH 2 mol HOOCC6 H 4 OH 1 mol HOOCC6 H 4 O 2 C2 H3

= 36.78 g HOOCC6H4O2C2H3
Now the percentage yield can be calculated from the amount of acetyl salicylic acid actually produced,
30.7 g:

30.7 g HOOCC6 H 4 O 2 C2 H3
actual yield
percent yield =
100%
100% =
theoretical yield
36.78 g HOOCC6 H 4 O 2 C2 H3
= 83.5%
4.33

First determine the number of grams of C2H5OH that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of sodium dichromate:

1 mol Na 2 Cr2 O7 3 mol C2 H5 OH 46.08 g C2 H5 OH

g C2 H5 OH = ( 90.0 g Na 2 Cr2 O7 )

262.0 g Na 2 Cr2 O7 2 mol Na 2 Cr2 O7 1 mol C2 H5 OH

= 23.7 g C2 H5 OH
Once this amount of C2 H5 OH is reacted the reaction will stop, even though there are 24.0 g C2H5OH
present, because the Na 2 Cr2 O7 will be used up. Therefore Na 2 Cr2 O7 is the limiting reactant. The
theoretical yield of acetic acid (HC2H3O2) is therefore based on the amount of Na 2 Cr2 O7 added. This is
calculated below:

1 mol Na 2 Cr2 O7 3 mol HC2 H3O2 60.06 g HC2 H3O2

g HC2 H3O 2 = ( 90.0 g Na 2 Cr2 O7 )

262.0 g Na 2 Cr2 O7 2 mol Na 2 Cr2 O7 1 mol HC2 H3O 2

= 30.9 g HC2 H3O 2
Now the percentage yield can be calculated from the amount of acetic acid actually produced, 26.6 g:

26.6 g HC2 H3O 2

actual yield
percent yield =
100 =
theoretical yield
30.9 g HC2 H3O 2
4.34

100 = 86.1%

Three step synthesis overall yield = (0.872 x 0.911 x 0.863) x 100 = 68.6 %
Two step synthesis overall yield = (0.855 x 0.843) x 100 = 72.1 %
Therefore, the two step process is the preferred process.

43

Review Questions
4.1

To estimate the number of atoms in a gram of iron, using atomic mass units, u, convert g to kg, then use the
relationship, 1.661 1027 kg = 1 u, finally using the atomic mass of Fe (55.85 u) to find the number of
atoms:
1 molecule
1 kg
1u
1 g Fe
= 1.08 1022 atoms Fe

27

kg 55.85 u
1000 g 1.661 10

4.2

The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. A mole is equal in quantity to Avogadros number
(6.022 1023) of particles, or the formula mass in grams of a substance.

4.3

Moles are used for calculations instead of atomic mass units because they have the right units for
converting from grams to moles and vice versa.

4.4

There are the same number of molecules in 2.5 moles of H2O and 2.5 moles of H2.

4.5

There are 2 moles of iron atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3. The stoichiometric equivalent between Fe and Fe2O is
2 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2O3.
For the number of iron atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3:

1 mol Fe2O3 2 mol Fe

1
mole
Fe
O
2 3

4.6

(a)

1 mol S
2 mol O

(b)

2 mol As
3 mol O

(c)

(d)

4.7

6.022 1023 Fe atoms

24

= 1.204 10 atoms Fe

1
mol
Fe

1 mol S 2 mol O

1 mol SO 2 1 mol SO 2
3 mol O 2 mol As 3 mol O
2 mol As 1 mol As O 1 mol As O

2 3
2 3

2 mol O
1 mol S

2 mol K 1 mol S 4 mol O

1 mol K 2SO 4 1 mol K 2SO 4 1 mol K 2SO 4

1 mol S 1 mol S 4 mol O 4 mol O
2 mol K 4 mol O 2 mol K 1 mol S

2 mol K
1 mol S

2 mol K
4 mol O

2 mol Na
1 mol H
1 mol P
4 mol O

1 mol Na 2 HPO 4 1 mol Na 2 HPO 4 1 mol Na 2 HPO 4

1 mol Na 2 HPO 4
2 mol Na 2 mol Na
2 mol Na 1 mol H 1 mol H 1 mol H
1 mol H 1 mol P
4 mol O 2 mol Na 1 mol P 4 mol O

1 mol P
2 mol Na

1 mol P
1 mol H

(a)

3 mol Mn
4 mol O

4 mol O
3 mol Mn

(b)

2 mol Sb
5 mol S

5 mol S
2 mol Sb

1 mol P
4 mol O

4 mol O
2 mol Na

3 mol Mn

1 mol Mn 3O 4
2 mol Sb

1 mol Sb2S5

44

4 mol O
1 mol H

4 mol O

1 mol Mn 3O 4
5 mol S

1 mol Sb2S5

4 mol O
1 mol P

2 mol N

1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2

4 mol O

1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2

8 mol H 1 mol S
4 mol O 2 mol N

(c)

2 mol N
8 mol H

1 mol S

1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2

2 mol N
1 mol S

1 mol S
8 mol H

2 mol Cl

2 mol Hg

2 mol Hg
2 mol Cl

(d)

8 mol H

1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2

2 mol N
4 mol O

1 mol S
4 mol O

2 mol Hg

2 mol Hg 2 Cl2

8 mol H
2 mol N

4 mol O
2 mol N

4 mol O
8 mol H

8 mol H
1 mol S

4 mol O
1 mol S

2 mol Cl

2 mol Hg 2 Cl2

4.8

The molecular mass is required to convert grams of a substance to moles of that same substance.

4.9

The statement, 1 mol O, does not indicate whether this is atomic oxygen, O, or molecular oxygen, O2. The
statement 64 g of oxygen is not ambiguous because the source of oxygen is not important.

4.10

1 mol Al
26.98 g Al
1 mol Al and 26.98 g Al

4.11

At a minimum, the identity and mass of each atomic element present must be known. If the total mass of
the compound is known, then it is necessary to know all but one mass of the elements that compose the
compound.

4.12

When balancing a chemical equation, changing the subscripts changes the identity of the substance.

4.13
4.14

The subscripts in a formula may not be changed unless one is determining the molecular formula from the
empirical formula.
There are three distinct empirical formulas represented AB2, AB3, and A3B8. There are two molecules with
the empirical formula AB3; AB3 and A2B6. There is one A3B8, and there are two with the formula AB2;
A6B12 and A3B6.

4.15

Avagadro's number would become 5 1023.

1000 g
Avagadro's number = 2 1027 kg

1 kg

4.16

= 5 1023

To convert grams of a substance to molecules of the same substance, the molecular mass of the substance,
and Avagadro's number are needed.

4.17
H
H

H
H
H

H
H

45

4.18

S
O

4.19

Student B is correct.
Student A wrote a properly balanced equation. However, by changing the subscript for the product of the
reaction from an implied one, NaCl, to a two, NaCl2, this student has changed the identity of the product.
When balancing chemical equations, never change the values of the subscripts given in the unbalanced
equation.

4.20

Convert moles of B to moles of compound, A5B2; then using the stoichiometric ratio of moles of A to
moles of A5B2, determine the moles of A; and finally convert the moles of A to grams of A using the
molecular mass of A.
1 mol A 5 B2 5 mol A 100.0 g A
(10 mol B)

2 mol B 1 mol A 5 B2 1 mol A

The pieces of information that were not needed were the molecular mass of B and the number of molecules
of A in a mole of A

4.21

Their formula weights must be identical.

4.22

To determine the number of grams of sulfur that would react with a gram of arsenic, the stoichiometric
ratio of the arsenic to the sulfur in the compound is needed, as well as the atomic masses of sulfur and
arsenic.

4.23

(a)

The balanced equation describes the stoichiometry

(b)

The scale of the reaction is determined by the number of moles used as reactants in the
experiment.

4.24

2H2O2
2H2O + O2

4.25

First write the balanced equation for the reaction of NH4NO3 as an explosive:
2NH4NO3 (s)
2N2 (g) + O2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
Then find the molecular mass of NH4NO3 (80.04 g/mol).
Then calculate the number of moles of NH4NO3 is in 1.00 kg of NH4NO3:
Finally, using the stoichiometric ratio of N2 to NH4NO3 calculate the number of moles of N2 and then
multiply by Avagadro's number:

46

 1000 g NH 4 NO3 1 mol NH 4 NO3

molecules of N2 = (1.00 kg NH4NO3)

1 kg NH 4 NO3 80.06 g NH 4 NO3

1 mol N 2

1
mol
NH
NO
4
3

4.26

6.022 1023 molecules N

2

1
mol
N
2

Reaction 1

= 7.53 1024 molecules of N2

Reaction 2

Review Problems
4.27

1:2,

4.28

1:4,

4.29

4.30

2 mol N to 4 mol O or in the smallest whole number ratio 1 mol N to 2 mol O

1 mol C:4 mol H

1 mol Ta
3
1.56 1021 atoms Ta
= 2.59 10 mole Ta
23
6.022 10 atoms Ta

1 mol I2
3.65 1024 molecules of I2
6.022 1023 molecules I
2

4.31

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

6 atom C:11 atom H

12 mole C:11 mole O
2 atom H: 1 atom O
2 mole H: 1 mole O

4.32

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2 atom C: 1 atom O
2 mole C: 1 mole O
1 atom C:2 atom H
1 mole C:2 mole H

= 6.06 mole I2

4.33

2 mol Bi
mol Bi = (2.24 mol O)
= 1.49 mol Bi
3 mol O

4.34

2 mol V
mol V = (0.565 mol O)
= 0.226 mol V
5 mol O

4.35

2 mol Cr
mol Cr = (3.64 mol Cr2O3)
= 7.28 mol Cr
1 mol Cr2 O3

47

4.36

3 mol O
mol O = (4.25 mol CaCO3)
= 12.8 mol O
1 mol CaCO3

4.37

(a)

2 mol Al
3 mol S
3 mol S or 2 mol Al

(b)

3 mol S
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3

or

3 mol S

1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3

(c)

mol Al =

(d)

mol S =

(a)

3 mol Fe
1 mol Fe3O 4

or

3 mol Fe
1 mol Fe3O 4

(b)

3 mol Fe
4 mol O
4 molO or 3 mol Fe

(c)

3 mol Fe
mol Fe = (2.75 mol Fe3O4)
= 8.25 mol Fe
1 mol Fe3O 4

(d)

mol Fe 2 O3 =

4.38

4.39

( 0.638 mol S)

2 mol Al
= 0.425 mol Al
3 mol S

3 mol S
= 7.62 mol S
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3

( 2.54 mol Al2 (SO4 )3 )

3 mol Fe
1
mol
Fe3O 4

( 4.50 mol Fe3O4 )

1 mol Fe 2 O3

= 6.75 mol Fe2 O3

2 mol Fe

Based on the balanced equation:

2 NH3(g)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
From this equation the conversion factors can be written:

1 mol N 2
3 mol H 2

and

2 mol NH3
2 mol NH3
To determine the moles produced, simply convert from starting moles to end moles:

1 mol N 2
mole N2 = 0.287 mol NH3
= 0.144 mol N 2
2 mol NH3
The moles of hydrogen are calculated similarly:

3 mol H 2
mole H2 = 0.287 mol NH3
= 0.431 mol H 2
2 mol NH3

48

4.40

Based on the balanced equation:

2 Al(s) + 3 S(g)
Al2S3(s)
From this equation the conversion factor can be written:

3 mol S
2 mol Al

To determine the moles of S needed, simply convert from the moles of Al2S3 produced:

3 mol S
mol S = (0.225 mol Al)
= 0.338 mol S
2 mol Al

4.41

4 mol F
mol UF6 = (1.25 mol CF4)
1 mol CF4

1 mol UF6

6 mol F

4.42

2 mol Fe 1 mol Fe3O 4

mol Fe3O4 = (0.395 mol Fe2O3)

1 mol Fe2 O3 3 mol Fe

4.43

1 mol C3 H8
atoms C = (4.13 mol H)
8 mol H

= 0.833 mol UF6

= 0.263 mol Fe3O4

23
6.022 10 molecules C3 H8

1 mol C3 H8

3 atoms C

1 molecule C3 H8

= 9.33 1023 atoms C

4.44

4.45

8 mol H
atom H = (3.21 mol C3H8)
1 mol C3 H8

6.022 1023 atoms H

= 1.55 1025 atoms H

1
mol
H

Number of C, H and O atoms in glucose = 6 atoms C + 12 atoms H + 6 atoms O = 24 atoms

6.022 1023 molecules glucose

24 atoms
Number of atoms = (0.260 mol glucose)

1 mol glucose

1 molecule glucose
= 3.76 1024 atoms

4.46

Number of N, H and O atoms in glucose = 2 atoms N + 4 atoms H + 3 atoms O = 9 atoms

6.022 1023 molecules NH NO

9 atoms
4
3
Number of atoms = (0.648 mol NH4NO3)

1
mol
NH
NO
1
molecule
glucose

4
3

= 3.51 1024 atoms

4.47

1 mol C-12
mol C12 = 8.00 g
= 0.667 mol C12
12.00 g C-12
6.022 1023 atoms C-12
Number of atoms C12 = 0.667 mol
= 4.01 1023 atoms C12

1
mol
C-12

49

4.48

6.022 1023 atoms C-12

Number of atoms of C12 = 1.5 mol C12
= 9.033 1023 atoms C12

1
mol
C-12

12.00 g C-12
g C12 = 1.5 mol C12
= 18 g C12
1 mol C-12

4.49

4.50

(a)

55.85 g Fe
g Fe = (2.46 mol Fe)
= 137 g Fe
1 mole Fe

(b)

16.0 g O
g O = (13.8 mol O)
= 221 g O
1 mole O

(c)

40.08 g Ca
g Ca = (0.688 mol Ca)
= 27.6 g Ca
1 mole Ca

(a)

32.07 g S
g S = (0.546 mol S)
= 17.5 g S
1 mole S

(b)

14.01 g N
g N = (3.29 mol N)
= 46.1 g N
1 mole N

(c)

26.98 g N
g Al = (8.11 mol Al)
= 219 g Al
1 mole N

4.51

39.10 g K
1 mol K
20
g K = 4 102 atoms K

= 3 10 g K
23
1
mol
K

6.022 10 atoms K

4.52

196.9665 g Au
1 mol Au
4
g Au = 4 1017 atoms Au

= 1.31 10 g Au
23
1
mol
Au

6.022 10 atoms Au

4.53

1 mol Ni
mol Ni = 22.4 g Ni
= 0.382 mol Ni
58.69 g Ni

4.54

1 mol Cr
mol Cr = 85.7 g Cr
= 1.65 mol Cr
52.00 g Cr

4.55

Note: all masses are in g/mole

(a)

(b)

NaHCO3

(NH4)2CO3

1Na + 1H + 1C + 3O

(22.98977) + (1.00794) + (12.0107) + (3 15.9994)

84.00661 g/mole = 84.0066 g/mol

2N + 8H + C + 3O

50

(c)

(d)

(e)

4.56

CuSO45H2O

K2Cr2O7

Al2(SO4)3

(2 14.0067) + (8 1.00794) + (12.0107) + (3 15.9994)

96.08582 g/mole = 96.0858 g/mol

1Cu + 1S +9O + 10H

63.546 + 32.065 + (9 15.9994) + (10 1.00794)

249.685 g/mole

2K + 2Cr + 7O

(2 39.0983) + (2 51.9961) + (7 15.9994)

294.1846 g/mole

2Al + 3S + 12O

(2 26.98154) + (3 32.065) + (12 15.9994)

342.15088 g/mole = 342.151 g/mol

Note: all masses are in g/mole

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Ca(NO3)2

Pb(C2H5)4

Na2SO410H2O

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

Mg3(PO4)2

1Ca + 2N + 6O

(40.078) + (2 14.0067) + (6 15.9994)

164.0878 g/mole = 164.088 g/mol

1Pb + 8C + 20H

(207.2) + (8 12.0107) + (20 1.00794)

323.4 g/mole (Since the mass of Pb is known exactly.)

2Na + 1S +14O + 20H

=
=

(2 22.98977) + 32.065 + (14 15.9994) + (20 1.00794)

322.19494 g/mole = 322.195 g/mol

7Fe + 18C + 18N

(7 55.845) + (18 12.0107) + (18 14.0067)

859.2282 g/mole = 859.228 g/mol

3Mg + 2P + 8O

(3 24.3050) + (2 30.97376) + (8 15.9994)

262.85772 g/mole = 262.8577 g/mol

51

4.57

(a)

310.18 g Ca 3 ( PO 4 )
2
g Ca3(PO4)2 = (3.25 mol Ca3(PO4)2)
1 mol Ca 3 ( PO 4 )
2

= 1010 g Ca3(PO4)2

(b)

241.86 mg Fe ( NO3 )
3
mg Fe(NO3)3 = (0.975 mmol Fe(NO3)3)
= 236 mg Fe(NO3)3
1 mmol Fe ( NO3 )
3

= 0.236 g Fe(NO3)3

4.58

(c)

58.12 g C4 H10
5
g C4H10 = (0.750 mol C4H10)
= 43.6 g C4H10 = 4.36 10 g C4H10
1

mol
C
H
4 10

(d)

96.09 g ( NH 4 ) CO3
2
= 308 g (NH4)2CO3
g (NH4)2CO3 = (3.21 mol (NH4)2CO3)
1 mol ( NH 4 ) CO3
2

(a)

136.31 g ZnCl 2
g ZnCl2 = (0.754 mol ZnCl2)
= 103 g ZnCl2
1 mol ZnCl2

(b)

1 mol KIO

3 214.00 g KIO3
g KIO3 = (0.194 mol KIO3)
106 mol KIO 1 mol KIO3
3

= 4.15 105 g KIO3

4.59

(c)

1 mol POCl

3 153.33 g POCl3
= 0.0494 g POCl3
g POCl3 = (0.322 mmol POCl3)
103 mmol POCl 1 mol POCl3
3

(d)

132.1 g ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
g (NH4)2HPO4 = (4.31 103 mol (NH4)2HPO4)
1 mol ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2

(a)

1 mole CaCO3
moles CaCO3 = ( 42.6 g CaCO3 )
= 0.426 moles CaCO3
100.09 g CaCO3

(b)

1 g NH
1 mole NH
3
3

moles NH3 = ( 2.16 ng NH3 )

= 1.27 1010 moles NH3
9
110 ng NH 17.03 g NH3
3

(c)

1 mole Sr ( NO3 )
2
moles Sr ( NO3 )2 = 9.78 g Sr ( NO3 )2
211.6 g Sr ( NO3 )
2

(d)

1 g Na CrO
2
4
moles Na 2 CrO 4 = ( 4.89 g Na 2 CrO 4 )
106 g Na CrO
2
4

= 3.01 108 moles Na 2 CrO 4

52

= 0.569 g (NH4)2HPO4

= 4.62 102 moles Sr ( NO3 )2

1 mole Na CrO
2
4

162.0 g Na 2 CrO 4

4.60

(a)

1 mole Ca(OH)2
mol Ca(OH)2 = (9.36 g Ca(OH)2
= 0.126 mol Ca(OH)2
74.10 g Ca(OH)2

(b)

1000 g PbSO 4 1 mole PbSO4

mol PbSO4 = (38.2 kg PbSO4)

= 126 mol PbSO4

1 kg PbSO 4 303.3 g PbSO 4

(c)

1 mole H 2 O 2
mol H2O2 = (4.29 g H2O2)
= 0.126 mol H2O2
34.01 g H 2 O2

(d)

1 g NaAuCl4 1 mol NaAuCl4

mol NaAuCl4 = 4.65 mg NaAuCl4

1000 mg NaAuCl4 361.8 g NaAuCl4

= 1.29 105 mol NaAuCl4

4.61

The formula CaC2 indicates that there is 1 mole of Ca for every 2 moles of C. Therefore, if there are 0.278
moles of C there must be 0.139 moles of Ca.

40.078 g Ca
g Ca = (0.139 mol Ca)
= 5.57 g Ca
1 mole Ca

4.62

2 moles I
mol I = 0.500 mol Ca ( IO3 )2
1 mole Ca ( IO3 )
2

= 1.00 moles I

389.9 g Ca ( IO3 )
2
g Ca ( IO3 )2 = 0.500 mol Ca ( IO3 )2
1 mole Ca ( IO3 )
2

4.63

= 195 g Ca ( IO3 )
2

2 moles N
= 1.30 mol N
mol N = (0.650 mol (NH4)2CO3)
1 mole ( NH 4 ) CO3
2

96.09 g (NH 4 )2 CO3

g (NH4)2CO3 = (0.650 mol (NH4)2CO3)
= 62.5 g (NH4)2CO3
1 mole (NH 4 )2 CO3

4.64

2 moles N
mol N = (0.549 mol NH4NO3)
= 1.10 mol N
1 mole NH 4 NO3
80.04 g NH 4 NO3
g NH4NO3 = (0.549 mol NH4NO3)
= 43.9 g NH4NO3
1 mole NH 4 NO3

4.65

1000 g N 1 mol N 1 mol ( NH 4 )2 CO3

kg fertilizer = (1 kg N)

2 mol N
1 kg N 14.01 g N

96.09 g ( NH 4 ) CO3 1 kg ( NH 4 ) CO3

2
2

= 3.43 kg fertilizer

1 mol ( NH 4 ) CO3 1000 g ( NH 4 ) CO3

2
2

53

4.66

4.67

1000 g P 1 mol P 1 mol P2 O5

kg P2O5 = (1.5 kg P)

1 kg P 30.97 g P 2 mol P
= 3.4 kg P2O5

141.94 g P2 O5 1 kg P2 O5

1 mol P2 O5 1000 g P2 O5

Assume one mole total for each of the following.

(a)

The molar mass of NaH2PO4 is 119.98 g/mol.

% Na =

(b)

(c)

(d)

23.0 g Na
100% = 19.2%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO 4

%H=

2.02 g H
100% = 1.68%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO4

%P=

31.0 g P
100% = 25.8%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO4

%O=

64.0 g O
100 % = 53.3 %
119.98 g NaH 2 PO4

The molar mass of NH4H2PO4 is 115.05 g/mol.

%N=

14.0 g N
100% = 12.2%
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4

%H=

6.05 g H
100% = 5.26%
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4

%P=

31.0 g P
100% = 26.9%
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4

%O=

64.0 g O
100 % = 55.6 %
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4

The molar mass of (CH3)2CO is 58.08 g/mol

%C=

36.0 g C
100% = 62.0%
58.08 g ( CH3 )2 CO

%H=

6.05 g H
100% = 10.4%
58.08 g ( CH3 )2 CO

%O=

16.0 g O
100% = 27.6%
58.08 g ( CH3 )2 CO

The molar mass of calcium sulfate dihydrate is 172.2 g/mol.

54

% Ca =

(e)

%S=

32.1 g S
100% = 18.6%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

%O=

96.0 g O
100% = 55.7%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

%H=

4.03 g H
100 % = 2.34 %
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

The molar mass of CaSO42H2O is 172.2 g/mol.

% Ca =

4.68

(a)

(b)

40.1 g Ca
100% = 23.3%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

40.1 g Ca
100% = 23.3%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

%S=

32.1 g S
100% = 18.6%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

%O=

96.0 g O
100% = 55.7%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

%H=

4.03 g H
100 % = 2.34 %
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O

The molar mass of (CH3)2N2H2 is 60.12 g/mol.

%C=

24.02 g C
100% = 40.0%
60.12 g (CH3 )2 N 2 H 2

%H=

8.06 g H
100% = 13.4%
60.12 g (CH3 )2 N 2 H 2

%N=

28.0 g N
100% = 46.6%
60.12 g (CH3 )2 N 2 H 2

The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100.1 g/mol.

% Ca =

40.08 g Ca
100% = 40.0%
100.1 g CaCO3

%C=

12.01 g C
100% = 12.0%
100.1 g CaCO3

%O=

48.00 g O
100% = 48.0%
100.1 g CaCO3

55

(c)

(d)

(e)

The molar mass of Fe(NO3)3 is 241.9 g/mol.

% Fe =

55.85 g Fe
100% = 23.1%
241.9 g Fe ( NO3 )3

%N =

42.03 g N
100% = 17.4%
241.9 g Fe ( NO3 )3

%O =

144.00 g O
100% = 59.5%
241.9 g Fe ( NO3 )3

The molar mass of C3H8 is 44.11 g/mol.

%C =

36.03 g C
100% = 81.7%
44.11 g C3 H8

%H =

8.08 g H
100% = 18.3%
44.11 g C3 H8

The molar mass of Al2(SO4)3 is 342.2 g/mol.

% Al =

4.69

54.0 g Al
100% = 15.8%
342.2 g Al2 ( SO4 )3

%S =

96.2 g S
100% = 28.1%
342.2 g Al2 ( SO 4 )3

%O =

192.0 g O
100% = 56.1%
342.2 g Al2 ( SO 4 )3

% C in morphine =

% C in heroin =

204.17 g C
100% = 71.556% C
285.36 g C17 H19 NO3

252.21 g C
100% = 68.276% C
369.44 g C21H 23 NO5

Therefore morphine has a higher percentage carbon.

4.70

% N in carbamazepine =

28.02 g N
100% = 11.9% N
236.29 g C15 H12 N 2 O

% N in carbetapentane =

14.01 g N
100% = 4.20% N
333.52 g C20 H31 NO3

Therefore, carbamazepine has a higher percentage of nitrogen.

56

4.71

% Cl in Freon-12 =

70.90 g Cl
100% = 58.63% Cl
120.92 g CCl2 F2

% Cl in Freon 141b =

70.9 g Cl
100% = 60.62% Cl
116.95 g C2 H3Cl2 F

Therefore Freon 141b has a higher percentage chlorine.

4.72

% Cl in Freon-12 =

70.90 g Cl
100% = 58.63% Cl
120.92 g CCl2 F2

% Cl in Freon 113 =

106.35 g Cl
100% = 56.759% Cl
187.37 g C2 Cl3 F3

Therefore Freon-12 has a higher percentage chlorine.

4.73

%P =

0.976 g P
100% = 22.9%
4.26 g compound

% Cl = 100% 22.9% = 77.1%

4.74

%N =

0.896 g N
100% = 25.9%
3.46 g compound

%O = 100% 25.9% = 74.1%

4.75

For C17H25N, the molar mass (17C + 25H + 1N) equals 243.43 g/mole, and the three theoretical values for
% by weight are calculated as follows:

%C=

204.2 g C
100% = 83.89%
243.4 g C17 H 25 N

%H=

25.20 g H
100% = 10.35%
243.4 g C17 H 25 N

%N=

14.01 g N
100% = 5.76%
243.4 g C17 H 25 N

These data are consistent with the experimental values cited in the problem.
4.76

For C20H25N3O, the molar mass (20C + 25H + 3N + O) equals 323.44 g/mole, and the theoretical values for
% by weight are calculated as follows:

57

%C=

240.22 g C
100% = 74.27%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O

%H=

25.20 g H
100% = 7.791%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O

%N=

42.02 g N
100% = 12.99%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O

%O=

16.00 g O
100% = 4.947%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O

(a)

The % by mass oxygen in the suspected sample may be determined by difference:

100% (74.07 + 7.95 + 9.99)% = 7.99 %.

(b)

These data are not consistent with the theoretical formula for LSD.

4.77

5 mol O 16.0 g O
1 mol N
g O = 1.28 1022 atoms N

= 0.850 g O
23
6.02 10 atoms N 2 mol N 1 mol O

4.78

5 mol C 12.01 g C
1 mol H
g C = (4.25 1023 atoms H)

= 3.53 g C
23
6.02 10 atoms H 12 mol H 1 mol C

4.79

The molecular formula is some integer multiple of the empirical formula. This means that we can divide
the molecular formula by the largest possible whole number that gives an integer ratio among the atoms in
the empirical formula.
(a)

SCl

(b)

CH2O

(c)

NH3

(d)

AsO3

(e)

HO

4.80

(a)

CH3O

(b)

HSO4

(c)

C2H5

(d)

BH3

(e)

C2H6O

4.81

We begin by realizing that the mass of oxygen in the compound may be determined by difference:
0.896 g total (0.111 g Na + 0.477 g Tc) = 0.308 g O.
Next we can convert each mass of an element into the corresponding number of moles of that element as
follows:

1 mol Na
3
mol Na = ( 0.111 g Na )
= 4.83 10 mol Na
23.00
g
Na

1 mol Tc
3
mol Tc = ( 0.477 g Tc )
= 4.82 10 mol Tc
98.9
g
Tc

1 mol O
2
mol O = ( 0.308 g O )
= 1.93 10 mol O
16.0
g
O

Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for Na, 4.83 103 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 1.00
for Tc, 4.82 103 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 1.00

58

for O, 1.93 102 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 4.00

These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula: NaTcO4.
4.82

1 mol C
mol C = (0.423 g C)
= 0.0352 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol Cl
mol Cl = (2.50 g Cl)
= 0.0705 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
1 mol F
mol F = (1.34 g F)
= 0.0705 mol F
19.00 g F
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 0.0352 moles / 0.0352 moles = 1.00
for Cl, 0.0705 moles / 0.0352 moles = 2.000
for F, 0.0705 moles / 0.0352 moles = 2.00
These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula CCl2F2

4.83

To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies we have 14.5 g C,and 85.5
g Cl.:

1 mol C
mol C = (14.5 g C)
= 1.21 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol Cl
mol Cl = (85.5 g Cl)
= 2.41 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 1.21 moles / 1.21 moles = 1.00
for Cl, 2.41 moles /1.21 moles = 2.000
These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula CCl2
4.84

To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies that we have 77.26 g Hg,
9.25 g C, 1.17 g H and 12.32 g O. The amount of oxygen was determined by subtracting the total amounts
of the other three elements from the total assumed mass of 100 g. Convert each of these masses into a
number of moles:

1 mole Hg
moles Hg = ( 77.26 g Hg )
= 0.3852 moles Hg
200.59 g Hg

59

 1 mole C
moles C = ( 9.25 g C )
= 0.770 moles C
12.011 g C
1 mole H
moles H = (1.17 g H )
= 1.16 moles H
1.008 g H
1 mole O
moles O = (12.32 g O )
= 0.7700 moles O
15.999 g O
The relative mole amounts are determined as follows:
for Hg, 0.3852 moles / 0.3852 moles = 1.000
for C, 0.770 moles / 0.3852 moles = 2.00
for H, 1.16 moles / 0.3852 moles = 3.01
for O, 0.7700 moles / 0.3852 moles = 1.999
and the empirical formula is HgC2H3O2. The empirical formula weight is 259.6 g/mole, which must be
multiplied by 2 in order to obtain the molecular weight. This means that the molecular formula is twice the
empirical formula, or Hg2C4H6O4.
4.85

To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies we have 72.96 g C, 5.40 g
H, and 21.64 g O. The grams of O are determined knowing that the total mass of all elements in the
compound must add to 100 g.:

1 mol C
mol C = (72.96 g C)
= 6.074 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
mol H = (5.40 g H)
= 5.36 mol H
1.008 g H
To find the number of moles of O, first we have to find the number of grams of O:
100 g total = (72.96 g C) + (5.40 g H) + (x g O)
g O = 21.64 g O

1 mol O
mol O = (21.64 g O)
= 1.353 mol O
15.999 g O
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 6.074 moles / 1.353 moles = 4.49
for H, 5.36 moles / 1.353 moles = 3.96
for O, 1.353 moles / 1.353 moles = 1.00

60

These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula C4.5H4O

Since we cannot have decimals as subscripts, multiply all of the subscripts by 2 to get the formula: C9H8O2
4.86

Assume a 100 g sample:

1 mol C
mol C = (63.2 g C)
= 5.26 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
mol H = (5.26 g H)
= 5.22 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
mol O = (31.6 g O)
= 1.98 mol O
16.00 g O
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 5.26 moles / 1.98 moles = 2.66 = (8/3)
for H, 5.22 moles / 1.98 moles = 2.64 = (8/3)
for O, 1.98 moles / 1.98 moles = 1.00 = (3/3)
These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula C8H8O3
4.87

All of the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide so,

1 mol CO 2 1 mol C 12.01 g C

g C = (1.104 g CO2)

= 0.3013 g C
44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2 1 mol C
1 mol C
2
mol C = (0.3013 g C)
= 2.509 10 mol C
12.01 g C
All of the hydrogen is converted to H2O, so

1 mol H 2 O 2 mol H 1.008 g H

g H = (0.678 g H2O)

= 0.0758 g H
18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol H
1 mol H
2
mol H = (0.0758 g H)
= 7.52 10 mol H
1.008 g H
The amount of O in the compound is determined by subtracting the mass of C and the mass of H from the
sample.
g O = 0.578 g 0.3013 g 0.0758 g = 0.201 g O

1 mol O
2
mol O = (0.201 g O)
= 1.26 10 mol O
16.00 g O

61

The relative mole ratios are:

for C, 0.02509 moles / 0.0126 moles = 1.99
for H, 0.0758 moles/ 0.0126 moles = 6.02
for O, 0.0126 moles / 0.0126 moles = 1.00
The relative mole amounts give the empirical formula C2H6O
4.88

All of the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide so,

1 mol CO 2 1 mol C
g C = (2.01 g CO2)

44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2

12.01 g C

= 0.549 g C
1 mol C

1 mol C
mol C = (0.549 g C)
= 0.0457 mol C
12.01 g C
All of the hydrogen is converted to H2O, so

1 mol H 2 O 2 mol H 1.008 g H

g H = (0.827 g H2O)

= 0.0925 g H
18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol H
1 mol H
mol H = (0.0925 g H)
= 0.0918 mol H
1.008 g H
The amount of O in the compound is determined by subtracting the mass of C and the mass of H from the
sample.
g O = 0.822 g 0.549 g 0.0925 g = 0.181 g

1 mol O
mol O = (0.181 g O)
= 0.0113 mol O
16.00 g O
The relative mole ratios are:
for C, 0.0457 moles / 0.0113 moles = 4.04
for H, 0.0918 moles/ 0.0113 moles = 8.12
for O, 0.0113 moles / 0.0113 moles = 1.00
The relative mole amounts give the empirical formula C4H8O
4.89

This type of combustion analysis takes advantage of the fact that the entire amount of carbon in the original
sample appears as CO2 among the products. Hence the mass of carbon in the original sample must be equal
to the mass of carbon that is found in the CO2.

62

 1 mole CO 2 1 mole C
g C = (19.73 103 g CO2)

44.01 g CO2 1 mole CO 2

12.011 g C
3

= 5.385 10 g C
1
mole
C

Similarly, the entire mass of hydrogen that was present in the original sample ends up in the products as
H2O:

1 mole H 2 O 2 mole H 1.008 g H

g H = (6.391 103 g H2O)
= 7.150 104 g H

18.02 g H 2 O 1 mole H 2 O 1 mole H

The mass of oxygen is determined by subtracting the mass due to C and H from the total mass:
6.853 mg total (5.385 mg C + 0.7150 mg H) = 0.753 mg O.
Now, convert these masses to a number of moles:

1 mol C
4
mol C = (5.385 103 g C)
= 4.484 10 mol C
12.011
g
C

1 mol H
4
mol H = (7.150 104 g H)
= 7.094 10 mol H
1.0079
g
H

1 mol O
5
mol O = (7.53 104 g O)
= 4.71 10 mol H
15.999
g
O

The relative mole amounts are:

for C, 4.483 104 mol / 4.71 105 mol = 9.52
for H, 7.094 104 mol / 4.71 105 mol = 15.1
for O, 4.71 105 mol / 4.71 105 mol = 1.00
The relative mole amounts are not whole numbers as we would like. However, we see that if we double the
relative number of moles of each compound, there are approximately 19 moles of C, 30 moles of H and 2
moles of O. If we assume these numbers are correct, the empirical formula is C19H30O2, for which the
formula weight is 290 g/mole.
In most problems where we attempt to determine an empirical formula, the relative mole amounts
should work out to give a nice set of values for the formula. Rarely will a problem be designed that gives
very odd coefficients. With experience and practice, you will recognize when a set of values is reasonable.
4.90

This type of combustion analysis takes advantage of the fact that the entire amount of carbon in the original
sample appears as CO2 among the products. Hence the mass of carbon in the original sample must be equal
to the mass of carbon that is found in the CO2.

1 mole CO 2 1 mole C 12.0107 g C

3
g C = (23.085 103 g CO2)

= 6.3002 10 g C
44.0095
g
CO
1
mole
CO
1
mole
C

2
2

63

Similarly, the entire mass of hydrogen that was present in the original sample ends up in the products as
H2O:

1 mole H 2 O 2 mole H 1.0079 g H

4
g H = (7.764 103 g H2O)

= 8.688 10 g H
18.015
g
H
O
1
mole
H
O
1
mole
H

2
2

The mass of oxygen is determined by subtracting the mass due to C and H from the total mass:
7.468 mg total (6.3002 mg C + 0.8688 mg H) = 0.299 mg O.
Now, convert these masses to a number of moles:

1 mol C
4
mol C = (6.3002 103 g C)
= 5.2455 10 mol C
12.0107
g
C

1 mol H
4
mol H = (8.688 104 g H)
= 8.620 10 mol H
1.0079
g
H

1 mol O
5
mol O = (2.99 104 g O)
= 1.87 10 mol H
15.999 g O
The relative mole amounts are:
for C, 5.2455 104 mol / 1.87 105 mol = 28.1
for H, 8.620 104 mol / 1.87 105 mol = 46.1
for O, 1.87 105 mol / 1.87 105 mol = 1.00
and the empirical formula is C28H46O.
4.91

(a)

Formula mass = 135.1 g

270.4 g/mol
= 2.001
135.1 g/mol
The molecular formula is Na2S4O6
(b)

Formula mass = 73.50 g

147.0 g/mol
= 2.000
73.50 g/mol
The molecular formula is C6H4Cl2
(c)

Formula mass = 60.48 g

181.4 g/mol
= 2.999
60.48 g/mol
The molecular formula is C6H3Cl3

64

4.92

(a)

Formula mass = 122.1 g

732.6 g/mol
= 6.000
122.1 g/mol
The molecular formula is Na12Si6O18
(b)

Formula mass = 102.0 g

305.9 g/mol
= 2.999
102.0 g/mol
The molecular formula is Na3P3O9
(c)

Formula mass = 31.03 g

62.1 g/mol
= 2.00
31.03 g/mol
The molecular formula is C2H6O2

4.93

The formula mass for the compound C19H30O2 is 290 g/mol. Thus, the empirical and molecular formulas
are equivalent.

4.94

The formula mass for the compound C28H46O is 399 g/mol. Thus, the empirical and molecular formulas
are equivalent.

4.95

From the information provided, we can determine the mass of mercury as the difference between the total
mass and the mass of bromine:
g Hg = 0.595 g compound 0.170 g Br = 0.425 g Hg
To determine the empirical formula, first convert the two masses to a number of moles.

1 mole Hg
3
mol Hg = (0.425 g Hg)
= 2.12 10 mol Hg
200.59
g
Hg

1 mole Br
3
mol Br = (0.170 g Br)
= 2.13 10 mol Br
79.904 g Br
Now, we would divide each of these values by the smaller quantity to determine the simplest mole ratio
between the two elements. By inspection, though, we can see there are the same number of moles of Hg
and Br. Consequently, the simplest mole ratio is 1:1 and the empirical formula is HgBr.

65

To determine the molecular formula, recall that the ratio of the molecular mass to the empirical mass is
equivalent to the ratio of the molecular formula to the empirical formula. Thus, we need to calculate an
empirical mass:
(1 mole Hg)(200.59 g Hg/mole Hg) + (1 mole Br)(79.904 g Br/mole Br) = 280.49 g/mole HgBr.
The molecular mass, as reported in the problem is 561 g/mole. The ratio of these is:

561 g/mole
= 2.00
280.49 g/mole
So, the molecular formula is two times the empirical formula or Hg2Br2.
4.96

From the information provided, the mass of sulfur is the difference between the total mass and the mass of
antimony:

g S = 0.6662 g compound 0.4017 g Sb = 0.2645 g S

To determine the empirical formula, first convert the two masses to a number of moles.

1 mole S
3
mol S = (0.2645 g S)
= 8.249 10 mol S
32.065
g
S

1 mole Sb
3
mol Sb = (0.4017 g Sb)
= 3.299 10 mol Sb
121.76
g
Sb

Now, divide each of these values by the smaller quantity to determine the simplest mole ratio between the
two elements:

For Sb: 3.299 103 moles/3.299 103 moles = 1.000 mol Sb

For S: 8.249 103 moles/3.299 103 moles = 2.500 mol S

Hence the empirical formula is Sb2S5, and the empirical mass is (2 Sb) + (5 S) = 403.85 g/mol. Since
the molecular mass reported in the problem is the same as the calculated empirical mass, the empirical
formula is the same as the molecular formula.

4.97

First, determine the amount of oxygen in the sample by subtracting the masses of the other elements from
the total mass:
0.8306 g (0.2318 g C + 0.01944 g H + 0.2705 g N) = 0.3089 g O.
Now, convert these masses into a number of moles for each element:

66

 1 mole C
2
mol C = (0.2318 g C)
= 1.930 10 mol C
12.011
g
C

1 mole H
2
mol H = (0.01944 g H)
= 1.929 10 mol H
1.0079
g
H

1 mole N
2
mol N = (0.2705 g N)
= 1.931 10 mol N
14.007 g N
1 mole O
2
mol O = (0.3089 g O)
= 1.931 10 mol O
15.999 g O
These are clearly all the same mole amounts, and we deduce that the empirical formula is CHNO, which
has a formula weight of 43. It can be seen that the number 43 must be multiplied by the integer 3 in order
to obtain the molar mass (3 43 = 129), and this means that the empirical formula should similarly be
multiplied by 3 in order to arrive at the molecular formula, C3H3N3O3.
4.98

To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies that we have 75.42 g C,
6.63 g H, 8.38 g N and 9.57 g O. The amount of oxygen was determined by subtracting the total amounts
of the other three elements from the total assumed mass of 100 g. Convert each of these masses into a
number of moles:

1 mole C
mol C = (75.42 g C)
= 6.279 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mole H
mol H = (6.63 g H)
= 6.58 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mole N
mol N = (8.38 g N)
= 0.598 mol N
14.01 g N
1 mole O
mol O = (9.57 g O)
= 0.598 mol O
16.00 g O
The relative mole amounts are determined as follows:
for C, 6.279 mol / 0.598 mol = 10.5
for H, 6.58 mol / 0.598 mol = 11.0
for N, 0.598 mol / 0.598 mol = 1.00
for O, 0.598 mol / 0.598 mol = 1.00

In order to obtain whole numbers, each of these values is multiplied by 2 and we determine the empirical
formula is C21H22N2O2. The empirical formula weight is 334 g/mole. This means that the molecular
formula is the same as the empirical formula, or C21H22N2O2.

67

4.99

2 Ba(OH)28H2O contains:
(a) 2 atoms of Ba, 20 atoms of O, and 36 atoms of H

(b) 2 moles of Ba, 20 moles of O, and 36 moles of H

4.100

3Ca3(PO4)2 contains: 9 atoms of Ca, 6 atoms of P, and 24 atoms of O.

There are 9 moles of Ca, 6 moles of P, and 24 moles of O present.

4.101

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)
2Fe2O3(s)

4.102

2NO(g) + O2(g)
2NO2(g)

4.103

(a)

Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl
CaCl2 + 2H2O

(b)

2AgNO3 + CaCl2
Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl

(c)

Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4
PbSO4 + 2NaNO3

(d)

2Fe2O3 + 3C
4Fe + 3CO2

(e)

2C4H10 + 13O2
8CO2 + 10H2O

(a)

2SO2 + O2
2SO3

(b)

2NaHCO3 + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

(c)

P4O10 + 6H2O
4H3PO4

(d)

Fe2O3 + 3H2
2Fe + 3H2O

(e)

2Al + 3H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

(a)

Mg(OH)2 + 2HBr
MgBr2 + 2H2O

(b)

2HCl + Ca(OH)2
CaCl2 + 2H2O

(c)

Al2O3 + 3H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

(d)

2KHCO3 + H3PO4
K2HPO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

(e)

C9H20 + 14O2
9CO2 + 10H2O

(a)

CaO + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O

(b)

Na2CO3 + Mg(NO3)2
MgCO3 + 2NaNO3

(c)

(NH4)3PO4 + 3NaOH
Na3PO4 + 3NH3 + 3H2O

(d)

2LiHCO3 + H2SO4
Li2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2

4.104

4.105

4.106

68

(e)

C4H10O + 6O2
4CO2 + 5H2O

4.107

4NH2CHO + 5O2

4CO2 + 6H2O + 2N2

4.108

4NH2CHO + 5O2

4CO2 + 6H2O + 2N2

4.109

(a)

1 mole Na 2S2 O3
mol Na2S2O3 = (0.24 mol Cl2)
= 0.060 mol Na2S2O3
4 mole Cl2

(b)

8 mole HCl
mol HCl = (0.24 mol Cl2)
= 0.48 mol HCl
4 mole Cl2

(c)

5 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (0.24 mol Cl2)
= 0.30 mol H2O
4 mole Cl2

(d)

5 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (0.48 mol HCl)
= 0.30 mol H2O
8 mole HCl

(a)

25 mole O2
mol O2 = (6.84 mol C8H18)
= 85.5 mol O2
2 mole C8 H18

(b)

16 mole CO 2
mol CO2 = (0.511 mol C8H18)
= 4.09 mol CO2
2 mole C8 H18

(c)

18 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (8.20 mol C8H18)
2 mole C8 H18

(d)

25 mole O 2
mol O2 = ( 6.00 mol CO2)
= 9.38 mol O2
16 mole CO2

4.110

= 73.8 mol H2O

2 mole C8 H18
mol C8H18 = (6.00 mol CO2)
= 0.750 mol C8H18
16 mole CO 2

4.111

(a)

1 mol Zn
0.23 mol Au(CN)2

2 mol Au(CN)2

2 mol Au

(b)

0.23 mol Au(CN)2

2 mol Au(CN)2

(c)

2 mol Au(CN)
2
0.23 mol Zn

1
mol
Zn

65.39 g Zn

1 mol Zn = 7.5 g Zn

197.0 g Au

1 mol Au = 45 g Au

249.0 g Au(CN)
2

1 mol Au(CN)
2

69

= 110 g Au(CN)2

4.112

4.113

4.114

(a)

5 mol O 2 32.00 g O 2
3.45 mol C3H8

= 552 g O2
1 mol C3 H8 1 mol O 2

(b)

3 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
0.177 mol C3H8

= 23 g CO2
1 mol C3 H8 1 mol CO 2

(c)

4 mol H 2 O 18.01 g H 2 O
4.86 mol C3H8

= 350 g H2O
1 mol C3 H8 1 mol H 2 O

(a)

4P + 5O2
P4O10

(b)

1 mol P 5 mol O 2 32.0 g O2

g O2 = (6.85 g P)
= 8.85 g O2

30.97 g P 4 mol P 1 mol O 2

(c)

1 mol O2 1 mol P4 O10 283.9 g P4 O10

g P4O10 = (8.00 g O2)
= 14.2 g P4O10

32.00 g O2 5 mol O 2 1 mol P4 O10

(d)

1 mol P4 O10 4 mol P

g P = (7.46 g P4O10)

283.9 g P4 O10 1 mol P4 O10

(a)

2C4H10 + 13O2
8CO2 + 10H2O

(b)

1 mol H 2 O 2 mol C4 H10 58.12 g C4 H10

g C4H10 = (5.32 g H2O)
= 3.43 g C4H10

18.02 g H 2 O 10 mol H 2 O 1 mol C4 H10

(c)

1 mol C4 H10 13 mol O2 32.0 g O 2

g O2 = (3.43 g C4H10)

= 12.3 g O2
58.12 g C4 H10 2 mol C4 H10 1 mol O 2

(d)

8 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
g CO2 = (0.0590 mol C4H10)

= 10.4 g CO2
2 mol C4 H10 1 mol CO 2

30.97 g P

= 3.26 g P
1 mol P

4.115

1 mol Cu 8 mol HNO3 63.013 g HNO3

g HNO3 = (9.705 g Cu)
= 25.66 g HNO3

63.546 g Cu 3 mol Cu 1 mol HNO3

4.116

1 mol N 2 H 4 7 mol H 2 O 2 34.02 g H 2 O 2

g H2O2 = (852 g N2H4)

= 6330 g H2O2
32.05 g N 2 H 4 1 mol N 2 H 4 1 mol H 2 O 2

4.117

1000 g H 2 O 2 1 mol H 2 O 2 1 mol O2 32.00 g O 2 1 kg O2

kg O2 = 1.0 kg H2O2

1 kg H 2 O 2 34.01 g H 2 O 2 2 mol H 2 O 2 1 mol O 2 1000 g O 2

= 0.47 kg O2

70

4.118

1000 g KClO3 1 mol KClO3 3 mol O2 32.00 g O 2 1 kg O 2

kg O2 = 1.5 kg KClO2

1 kg KClO3 122.6 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3 1 mol O 2 1000 g O 2

= 0.59 kg O2

4.119

The picture shows 9 molecules of O2 and 3 molecules of C2H6S. The balanced reaction shows that
2 molecules of C2H6S react with 9 moles of O2. Therefore, O2 is the limiting reagent.
Molecules of SO2 = (9 molecules O2)(2 molecules SO2/9 molecules O2) = 2 molecules of SO2

4.120

The product mixture consists of 2 SO2, 6 H2O, 4 CO2, and 1 O2 molecules. Since you have an unreacted
oxygen molecule in the mixture, the reaction mixture had an excess of O2 and C2H6S was the
limiting reagent.

4.121

(a)

First determine the amount of Fe2O3 that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of Al:

1 mol Fe2 O3
mol Fe2O3 = (4.95 mol Al)
= 2.48 mol Fe2O3
2 mol Al
Since only 2.35 mol of Fe2O3 are supplied, it is the limiting reactant. This can be confirmed by
calculating the amount of Al that would be required to react completely with all of the available
Fe2O3:
2 mol Al
mol Al = (2.35 mol Fe2O3)
= 4.70 mol Al
1 mol Fe2 O3
Since an excess (4.95 mol 4.70 mol = 0.25 mol) of Al is present, Fe2O3 must be the limiting
reactant, as determined above.
(b)
4.122

(a)

2 mol Fe 55.847 g Fe
g Fe = (2.35 mol Fe2O3)

= 262 g Fe
1 mol Fe2 O3 1 mol Fe
First determine the amount of H2O that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of C2H4:
1000 g C2 H 4 1 mol C2 H 4 1 mol H 2 O
kg H2O = 1.62 kg C2H4

1
kg
C
H
28.05
g
C
H
1
mol
C
H
2
4
2
4
2
4

18.02 g H 2 O 1 kg H 2 O

= 1.04 kg H2O
1 mol H 2 O 1000 g H 2 O
Since only 0.0148 kg of H2O are supplied, it is the limiting reactant. This can be confirmed by
calculating the amount of C2H4 that would be required to react completely with all of the available
H2O:

1000 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol C2 H 4

g C2H4 = 0.0148 kg H2O

1 kg H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O

71

 28.05 g C2 H 4 1 kg C2 H 4

= 0.024 kg C2H4
1 mol C2 H 4 1000 g C2 H 4
Thus, water is the limiting reagent/ The mass of ethanol produced from 0.0148 kg of water is:
1000 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O
g C2H5OH = (0.0148kg H2O)

1 kg H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O
1 mol C2 H5 OH 46.08 g C2 H5 OH

= 37.8 g C2H5OH

1 mol H 2 O 1 mol C2 H5 OH

4.123

3AgNO3 + FeCl3 3AgCl + Fe(NO3)3

Calculate the amount of FeCl3 that are required to react completely with all of the available silver nitrate:

1 mol AgNO3 1 mol FeCl3 162.21 g FeCl3

g FeCl3 = (18.0 g AgNO3)

169.87 g AgNO3 3 mol AgNO3 1 mol FeCl3

= 5.73 g FeCl3
Since more than this minimum amount is available, FeCl3 is present in excess, and AgNO3 must be the
limiting reactant.
We know that only 5.73 g FeCl3 will be used. Therefore, the amount left unused is:
32.4 g total 5.73 g used = 26.7 g FeCl3
Notice that we decided in the beginning to calculate the amount of FeCl3 required to react with
AgNO3. Instead, we could have calculated the grams of AgNO3 required to react with FeCl3. In that case
we would have seen that AgNO3 was in excess.

4.124

First, calculate the amount of H2O needed to completely react with the available ClO2;

1 mol ClO 2 3 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O

g H2O = 168.0 g ClO2

= 22.44 g H2O
67.45 g ClO 2 6 mol ClO2 1 mol H 2 O

So, there is excess H2O present. The amount that remains is 39.7 g 22.44 g = 17.3 g H2O.
4.125

First calculate the number of moles of water that are needed to react completely with the given amount of
NO2:

1 mol NO2 1 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O

4
g H2O = 0.0010 g NO2

= 1.3 10 g H2O
46.01
g
NO
3
mol
NO
1
mol
H
O
2
2
2

Since this is less than the amount of water that is supplied, the limiting reactant must be NO2.
Therefore, to calculate the amount of HNO3:

72

 1 mol NO 2 2 mol HNO3 63.02 g HNO3

g HNO3 = 0.0010 g NO2
= 0.913 mg HNO3

46.01 g NO 2 3 mol NO 2 1 mol HNO3

4.126

(a)

First calculate the number of moles of water that are needed to react completely with the given
amount of PCl5:

4 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (0.450 mol PCl5)
= 1.80 mol H2O
1 moles PCl5
Since this is less than the amount of water that is supplied, the limiting reactant must be PCl5.
This can be confirmed by the following calculation:
1 mol PCl5
mol PCl5 = (3.80 mol H2O)
= 0.950 mol PCl5
4 mol H 2 O
which also demonstrates that the limiting reactant is PCl5.
5 mol HCl
g HCl = (0.450 mol PCl5)
1 mol PCl5
First determine the theoretical yield:

(b)
4.127

36.46 g HCl

= 82.0 g HCl
1 mol HCl

1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2 1 mol BaSO 4 233.39 g BaSO 4

g BaSO4 = (79.25 g Ba(NO3)2

261.34 g Ba(NO3 )2 1 mol Ba(NO3 ) 2 1 mol BaSO 4

= 70.77 g BaSO4
Then calculate a % yield:
actual yield
63.78 g
100 =
100 = 90.12%
% yield =
theoretical yield
70.77 g
4.128

The theoretical yield is

1 mole NaCl 1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol Na 2 CO3 105.99 g Na 2 CO3

g Na2CO3 = 120 g NaCl

58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 2 mol NaHCO3 1 mol Na 2 CO3

= 108.8 g Na2CO3
actual yield
85.4 g
% yield =
100 =
100 = 78.5%
theoretical yield
108.8 g
4.129

First, determine how much H2SO4 is needed to completely react with the AlCl3

1 mol AlCl3 3 mol H 2SO 4

g H2SO4 = 25.0 g AlCl3

133.34 g AlCl3 2 mol AlCl3

= 27.58 g H2SO4
There is an excess of H2SO4 present.
Determine the theoretical yield:

73

98.08 g H 2SO 4

1 mol H 2SO 4

 1 mol AlCl3 1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 342.17 g Al2 (SO 4 )3

g Al2(SO4)3 = 25.0 g AlCl3

133.33 g AlCl3 2 mol AlCl3 1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3

= 32.08 g Al2(SO4)3

% yield =
4.130

actual yield
28.46 g
100 =
100 = 88.72%
theoretical yield
32.08 g

Assume there is excess oxygen present and determine the theoretical yield of carbon dioxide.

1 mol CH3OH 2 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO2

g CO 2 = ( 7.35 g CH3OH )

= 10.1 g CO 2
32.04 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol CO 2
% yield =

4.131

8.46 g
100% = 83.8%
10.1g

If the yield for this reaction is only 71% and we need to have 12.8 g of product, we will attempt to make
18.0 g of product. This is determined by dividing the actual yield by the percent yield. Recall
actual yield
100 . If we rearrange this equation we can see
that; % yield =
theoretical yield
that theoretical yield =

actual yield
100 . Substituting the values from this problem gives the 18.0 g of
% yield

product mentioned above.

4.132

1 mol KC7 H5 O 2 1 mol C7 H8 92.14 g C7 H8

g C7 H8 = 18.0 g KC7 H5O 2

= 10.4 g C7 H8
160.21 g KC7 H5 O2 1 mol KC7 H5 O2 1 mol C7 H8
First, determine how much MnI2 is needed to completely react with the F2
1 mol F2 2 mol MnI 2 308.75 g MnI2
g MnI2 = 15.0 g F2

= 18.8 g MnI2
38.00 g F2 13 mol F2 1 mol MnI2

There is an excess of F2 present.

Note that MnI2 is the limiting reactant and that MnI2 and MnF3 are in a 1:1 ratio, so the number of mole of
MnI2 equals the number of moles of MnF3. According to the problem statement, we will only prepare 56%
of this number of moles of MnF3.

1 mol MnI2 2 mol MnF3 111.93 g MnF3

g MnF3 = 15.0 g MnI2
( 0.56 ) = 3.05 g MnF3

308.75 g MnI 2 2 mol MnI 2 1 mol MnF3

Additional Problems
4.133

2000 lb Hg 1 kg Hg 1000 g Hg 1 mol Hg

lb (CH3)2Hg = (263 tons Hg)(0.010)

1 ton Hg 2.205 lb Hg 1 kg Hg 200.59 g Hg

74

 1 mol (CH3 )2 Hg 230.66 g (CH3 ) 2 Hg

6
= 2.7 10 g (CH3)2Hg

1
mol
Hg
1
mol
(CH
)
Hg

3 2

1k g (CH3 )2 Hg 2.205 lb (CH3 )2 Hg

2.7 106 g (CH3)2Hg

= 5950 lb (CH3)2Hg
1000 g (CH3 ) 2 Hg 1 kg (CH3 )2 Hg
4.134

Only 27% of the paint is left in paint chip after 73% has evaporated.
The mass of the wet paint is:

0.23 g
= 0.85 g
0.27
g PbCr2O7 = 0.85 g sample 14.5% PbCr2O7 = 0.124 g PbCr2O7

1 mol PbCr2 O7 1 mol Pb

207.2 g Pb
g Pb = 0.124 g PbCr2O7

= 0.060 g Pb
423.2
g
PbCr
O
1
mol
PbCr
O
2 7
2 7 1 mol Pb

4.135

Assume 100 g of magnesium boron compound, therefore there are 52.9 g of Mg and 47.1 g of B.

1 mol Mg
mol of Mg = 52.9 g Mg
= 2.18 mol Mg
24.305 g Mg
1 mol B
mol of B = 47.1g B
= 4.36 mol Mg
10.811 g B
Divide the number of moles of each element by the least number of moles:

2.18 mol Mg
=1
2.18 mol Mg
4.26 mol B
=2
2.18 mol Mg
Formula is MgB2.

4.136

First, we determine the number of grams of chlorine in the original sample:

1 mol AgCl 1 mol Cl 35.453 g Cl

g Cl = (0.4857 g AgCl)

= 0.1201 g Cl
143.32 g AgCl 1 mol AgCl 1 mol Cl

The mass of Cr in the original sample is thus 0.1789 0.1201 g = 0.0588 g Cr. Converting to moles, we
have:

75

 1 mol Cl
3
for Cl: 0.1201 g
= 3.388 10 mol Cl
35.453
g
Cl

1 mol Cr
3
for Cr: 0.0588 g Cr
= 1.13 10 mol Cr
51.996
g
Cr

The relative mole amounts are:

for Cl: 3.388 103 mol / 1.13 103 mol = 3.00
for Cr: 1.13 103 mol / 1.13 103 mol = 1.00
The empirical formula is thus CrCl3.

4.137

First determine the percentage by weight of each element in the respective original samples. This is done
by determining the mass of the element in question present in each of the original samples. The percentage
by weight of each element in the unknown will be the same as the values we calculate.

1 mol CaCO3 1 mol Ca 40.1 g Ca

g Ca = (0.240 g CaCO3)

= 0.0962 g Ca
100.09 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol Ca

% Ca = (0.0962/0.375) 100% = 25.7% Ca

1 mol BaSO 4 1 mol S 32.07 g S

g S = (0.374 g BaSO4)

= 0.0513 g S
233.8 g BaSO 4 1 mol BaSO 4 1 mol S

% S = (0.0513/0.125) 100% = 41.0% S

1 mol NH3 1 mol N 14.01 g N

g N = (0.206 g NH3)

= 0.169 g N
17.03 g NH3 1 mol NH3 1 mol N
% N = (0.169/0.946) 100% = 17.9% N
% C = 100.0 (25.7 + 41.0 + 17.9) = 15.4% C. Next, we assume 100 g of the compound, and convert
these weight percentages into mole amounts:

76

 1 mol Ca
mol Ca = ( 25.7 g Ca )
= 0.641 mol Ca
40.08 g Ca
1 mol S
mol S = ( 41.0 g S )
= 1.28 mol S
32.07 g S
1 mol N
mol N = (17.9 g N )
= 1.27 mol N
14.07 g N
1 mole C
moles C = (15.4 g C )
= 1.28 moles C
12.01 g C
Dividing each of these mole amounts by the smallest, we have:
For Ca: 0.641 mol / 0.641 mol = 1.00
For S: 1.28 mol / 0.641 mol = 2.00
For N: 1.27 mol / 0.641 mol = 1.98
For C: 1.28 mol / 0.641 mol = 2.00
The empirical formula is therefore CaC2S2N2, and the mass of the empirical unit is Ca + 2S + 2N + 2C =
156 g/mol. Since the molecular mass is the same as the empirical mass, the molecular formula is
CaC2S2N2.
4.138

(a)

One mole of N2, 2 moles of H2O and 1/2 mole of O2 for a total of 3 1/2 moles of gases.

(b)

2000 lb 453.59 g
mol of gases = (1.00 ton NH4NO3)

1 ton 1 lb
1 mol NH 4 NO3 3.5 mol gas
4

= 3.97 10 mol gas

80.04 g NH 4 NO3 1 mol NH 4 NO3

4.139

4.140

6.00 g N 1 mol N 1 mol (NH 2 )2 CO 60.06 g (NH 2 )2 CO

g (NH2)2CO = 150g fertilizer

1 mol (NH ) CO
2 mol N

100 g Fertilizer 14.007 g N

2 2

= 19.4 g (NH2)2CO

Calculate the cost of one mole nitrogen from each compound:

(a)

(b)

1 kg NH 4 NO3 80.04 g NH 4 NO3 1 mol NH 4 NO3

$625
$ per mol N =

2 mol N

25 kg NH 4 NO3 1000 g NH 4 NO3 1 mol NH 4 NO3

= $1.00 per mol N

$55
$ per mol N =
1 kg ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2

1 mol ( NH 4 ) HPO4
2

2
mol
N

1 kg ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2

1000 g ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2

= $3.66 per mol N

77

132.1 g ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2

1 mol ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2

(c)

(d)

1 kg CH 4 ON 2 60.06 g CH 4 ON 2
$60
$ per mol N =

5 kg CH 4 ON 2 1000 g CH 4 ON 2 1 mol CH 4 ON 2
= $0.36 per mol N

1 mol CH 4 ON 2

2 mol N

$128 1 kg NH3 17.03 g NH3 1 mol NH3

$ per mol N =

50 kg NH3 1000 g NH3 1 mol NH3 1 mol N

= $0.04 per mol N

NH3 is the cheapest and could be the most economical.

4.141

4.142

1 mol C6 H 6 6 mol C
g Na2C2O4 = (155 g C6H6)

78.11 g C6 H 6 1 mol C6 H 6
= 798 g NaC2O4

1 mol Na 2 C2 O 4

2 mol C

134.00 g Na 2 C2 O 4
1 mol Na C O

2 2 4

Assume the hydrogen is the limiting reactant.

1 lb O 2
453.59237 g 1 mol H 2 1 mol O 2 31.9988 g O 2
lb O2 = 227,641 lb H2

1 lb

2.01588 g H 2 2 mol H 2 1 mol O 2 453.59237 g O2

=1,806,714 lb O2
Since this is more than the amount of O2 that is supplied, the limiting reactant must be O2. Next calculate
the amount of H2 needed to react completely with all of the available O2.

1 lb H 2
453.59237 g 1 mol O 2 2 mol H 2 2.01588 g H 2
lb H2 = 1,361,936 lb O2

1 lb

31.9988 g O 2 1 mol O 2 1 mol H 2 453.59237 g H 2

=171,600 lb H2

Since only 171,600 lb. of H2 reacted, there are 227,641 lb. 171,600 lb. = 56,041 lb. of unreacted H2.

4.143

Since 6.00 g represents 86.0% of the required amount, we can solve for the amount that should be made:
6.00 g = 86.0 % of X; X = 6.98 g Pb(NO3)2.

1 mol Pb(NO3 )2 1 mol PbO

g PbO = (6.98 g Pb(NO3)2)

331.21 g Pb(NO3 ) 2 1 mol Pb(NO3 )2

223.2 g PbO

= 4.70 g PbO
1 mol PbO

4.144

1 mol Cl 1 mol F 18.998 g F

9
g F = (2.2 109 g Cl)

= 1.2 10 g F
35.453 g Cl 1 mol Cl 1 mol F

4.145

Overall percentage yield = (0.835)(0.714) 100% = 59.6%

78