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1.
2.
Through qualitative analysis, the cation and anion present in a salt are determined.
3.
To identify the cation and anion in a salt, the following tests are usually conducted.
Complete the diagram.
UNKNOWN SALT
1. Physical properties
3. Add distilled
water
4. Effect of
heat
2. Observed colour
of salts
Soluble?
Inference :
Presence of
CO32-
CO2
Yes
Cl2
Ion in aqueous
solution
SO42NO2
6. Confirmatory
tests for ions
7. Test for
anions
Reagent
8. Test for
cations
8.a)
Using
NaOH
9. Test for
specific cations
8 b)
Using
NH3 (aq)
NO3 -
4. Colour of Salts
a.
b.
Salts of transition metals are coloured because they form coloured ions.
Examples :
(a)
(b)
(c)
c.
Ion
copper (II) ions, Cu2+
iron (II) ions, Fe2+
iron (III) ions, Fe3+
Colour
Aqueous
Colourless
Green
Insoluble
Fe2+ example: FeSO4 ,FeCl2 ,Fe(NO3)2
Light green
Blue
Salts/Metal oxide
Blue
Brown
Black
Fe3+
CuO
Insoluble
Insoluble
ZnO
Colour
Smell
Hydroge Colourles
n
s
Oxygen
Odourles
s
Carbon
dioxide
Odourles
s
Effect on
Reagen
damp
Confirmatory test
t used
litmus
paper
Lighted Method : Bring a lighted splinter to
splinter the mouth of test tube.
Observation : Gives '______'
sound
Glowin Method :
g
splinter Observation :
Lime
water
Ammoni Colourles
a
s
Blue to red,
Greenish
Pungent then
Chlorine yellow
_______
Nitrogen
dioxide
Pungent
Method :
Sulphur Colourles
Pungent Blue to red
dioxide s
Observation :
Method : Dip a glass rod in
concentrated ammonia solution an
insert into the test tube
Observation : White fumes formed
Hydroge Colourles
Pungent Blue to red
n
s
chloride
Salt
metal oxide
(residue identification
refers to specific cation
only)
gas
(gas identification
refers to anion)
b)
Type og gas released
Colour of residue
salt
predict the identity of ________ presence in salt
Can predict the identity of ______ presenceCan
in salt
heat
c) Draw the correct labeled diagram for the set-up to test carbon dioxide gas liberated when
the carbonate salt is heated strongly.
d) Write down the chemical equations for the reactions that occur :
Ion
K+
Na+
Carbonate salt
Nitrate salt
No reaction
No reaction
Sulphate salt
Sulphate salts usually do not
decompose
Chloride salt
Chloride salts do not
decompose except NH4Cl
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
A13+
No reaction
ZnSO4, CuSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3
decompose when heated to
produce metal oxide and SO3
Zn2+
Fe3+
Pb2+
Cu2+
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
Sublimes when heated to produce
NH3 (g) and H2SO4 (g)
No reaction
Sublimes when heated to
produce NH3 (g) and HCl (g)
NH4
+
Carbonate + acid
Chloride + H2SO4
Nitrate + conc.H2SO4
gas CO2
gas HCl
gas NO2
+ dilute
acid
Gas turns
limewater
___________
_________
precipitate
formed
________ ion
confirmed
________ ion
confirmed
+ H2SO4 dilute
+ _______
+ _____________
+ ______
+ ______
+ HNO3
+ ______
________ ring
formed
SO42- ion
confirmed
_________ ion
confirmed
ii)
10
damp
11
d) Complete the following diagram to summarises the qualitative analysis of cations in salts.
12
e. If a salt X is given as zinc nitrate, how can we test the compound to confirm the presence
of Zn2+ and NO3- ions in that salt?
Conduct the experiment as follows :
Experiment
1. Observed the colour of salt X
Observation
White salt
_________
gas.
_____ litmus
turns _____.
_________
_________ splint.
Inference
______ gas
released.
Acidic gas.
O2 released.
Probably NO3present.
Probably ______
Residue
present.
colour :
Hot : ____________
_________
X is soluble salt
in water
Confirms presence
of ________, ____
CONCLUSION : The ions present in salt X are confirmed as _____ and _____ ions.
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Structural question
1.
Figure 2 shows a flow chart summarizing the series of changes for a compound T.
Solid T
Heated up
Solid U
Gas V
Solution Y
Gas V
Heated up
Solution W
Solid U
Gas Y
Gas Z
+ ammonia solution
Solid U is yellow in colour when hot and white in colour when cooled.
(a)
(b)
(c )
(e)
(f)
What is solid U?
[ 1 mark ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
Name the cation and anion in solid T.
[ 2 marks ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
(i)
Name gas V.
[ 1 mark ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
What is observed when gas V is passed through limewater?
[ 1 mark ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
(iii)
Write the chemical equation for reaction between gas T with limewater.
[ 3 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
(i)
Name solution Y.
[ 1 mark ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
Describe briefly a chemical test to identify the anion in solution Y.
[ 3 marks ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Name the type of reaction which occurs when solid U reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form
solution W.
[ 1 mark ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
14
(g)
(i)
What are gas Y and gas Z ?
[ 2 marks ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
Write the balance chemical equation for the effect of heat on solution Y.[ 1 mark ]
_________________________________________________________________________________
2.
Lead(II)
nitrate
Heated up
+
Solid J
Add dilute
hydrochloric
acid
Add dilute
nitric
acid
White
precipitate M
Solution N
Figure 3
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
What is solid J ?
[ 1 mark ]
What is the colour of solid J when hot and cooled ?
[ 1 mark ]
Write a balance chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on lead(II) nitrate to form solid J and a
mixture of gas K and N.
[ 3 marks ]
(i)
Name precipitate M.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)
State a way to test compound M.
[ 1 mark ]
(iii)
Write the ionic equation to show then formation of precipitate M.
[ 1 mark ]
Sodium hydroxide solution is added little by little into solution N until there is no more change. What
can be observed ?
[ 1 mark ]
How can you obtain dry crystal salt, N , from solution N ?
[ 3 marks ]
A piece of zinc is put into solution N.
(i)
Predict the observation.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)
Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction which has occurred.
[ 1 mark ]
15
Compound J
Heat
Gas K
[Brown colour
and acidified]
+
Gas L
[Colourless]
Dissolved in
water
White
precipitate Q
Dissolved in
excess sodium
hydroxide
solution
+
Solid M
Reaction I
+ NaOH (aq)
Reaction II
Colourless J
solution
+ Na2SO4 (aq)
White
precipitate R
Figure 3
3.
(a)
With refer to reaction I, white precipitate Q is formed which is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide
solution. Name all the ions which are probably presence in solution J.
[ 1 mark ]
(b)
Referring to reaction I and II, name the cation presence in solution J.[ 1 mark ]
(c )
Write down the ionic equation for the reaction forming the white precipitate, R.
[ 3 marks ]
(d)
(i)
Name two cations which produced white precipitate that will not dissolve
in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)
State one confirmatory test for one cation presence in (d)(i). [ 3 marks ]
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