Long Test Reviewer

ES Chapters 1-4
I.

CHAPTER 1
A. Identification/ Fill in the blanks
_____________1. In the Frog story, an anecdote about an experiment scientists
carried out with frogs, researches put frogs directly in hot water and
the frogs immediately jumped out of the water, scathed and
shocked, but _____.
_____________2. Next, researchers put the frogs into the water at a ______
comfortable temperature, and then slowly turned up the heat.
Surprisingly, even as the water reached the same high
temperatures, the frogs did not jump out.
_____________3. Human beings react strongly to environmental catastrophes and
accidents, but tend to ignore the small _______ ________ which also
lead to environmental degradation.
_____________4. The ________ is broadly defined as everything that surrounds us.
_____________5-6. What are the two things we need to study about the physical
environment? Hint: s_____ and s______
_____________
_____________7-10. The study of the environment is divided into the _____, ______,
______ and _____.
_____________11. _______ is an interdisciplinary field which includes the basic
sciences (Bio, Chem, Physics and Math) plus other sciences.
_____________12-18 Other sciences refer to _____, ______, .
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________19-21 This interdisciplinary field (answer in 11) also include the
various medical fields such as _____, ____, _____.
_____________
_____________
_____________22-24 Engineering disciplines include ____, _____ and ____. Hint:
ISWUP
_____________
_____________
_____________25. The _____ are essential in the study of the role of society in the
environment.

_____________26. ______ seeks to reconcile economic development with

environmental principles and natural resource accounting.
_____________27. _______ can contribute to a better understanding of how people
relate to nature and their environment.
_____________28. An ________ is responsible for a companys compliance with
environmental regulations.
_____________29. A ______ looks into the sustainability of the use of natural
resources that can be renewed or regenerated.
_____________30. The bases for understanding our environmental problems are
the _________.
_____________31. The starting point of any environmental analysis ideally should
be _____, which refers to the description of the system in its original
state.
_____________32-33. The two main groups of environmental philosophies
_____________34-35. Define each using the space below
_____________
_____________36. The last example for challenges of environmental work is the
issue of economic development and poverty alleviation versus
environmental protection.
_____________37. The common slogan ______ can explain the situation where the
nature of the problem at the local level may require different
approaches.
_____________38. In what year did the UN announce 8 Millennium Development
Goals that it committed to achieve by 2015?
_____________39-41. As part of this Millennium Project, the UN commissioned
special task forces to spearhead the work on key related goals
which include ____, ____, _____
_____________
_____________
_____________42. The most significant factors in altering the environment (__&___)
_____________43-45.The 3 pressing environmental concerns which we must now
focus more explicitly on
_____________
_____________
B. Chart Completion
GOAL
1-2. Eradicate extreme ____
and ____

SPECIFIC TARGETS
3. Reduce by half the
proportion of people living on

5. Achieve _______ _________

education
7-8. Promote gender equality
and empower _____

10. Improve ____ health

12. Ensure _________
_________

15. Combat _____/AIDS, ____

and other diseases

18. Reduce ______________

21. Develop a global
partnership for _____

II.

less than a ______ a day

4. Reduce by half the
proportion of people who
suffer from _______.
6. Ensure that all boys and
girls complete a full course of
__________ schooling
9. Eliminate gender disparity
in primary and secondary
education preferably by 2005,
and at all levels by _______.
(year)
11. Reduce by ____ quarters
the maternal mortality ratio
13. Integrate the principle of
sustainable development into
country policies and
programmes; reverse loss of
environmental __________
14. Reduce by _____ the
proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe
______ _____.
16. Halt and begin to reverse
the spread of ____/______
17. Halt and begin to reverse
the incidence of _________ and
other major diseases
19. Reduce by ______ the
mortality rate among children
20. under ______
22. Develop further an open
trading and financial system
that is rule-based, predictable
and non-discriminatory.
Includes commitment to good
governance, development
and poverty reduction--nationally and _______
23. Address the least ____
countries special needs.
24. Address the special needs
of _____ and small island
developing States
25. develop a productive work
for _______.
26(Bonus). Make ____
sustainable in the long term

CHAPTER 2
A. Identification, True or False & Multiple-choice
___________

1. The concept of ecology was initially developed in what year?

_____________2. Which biologist developed this concept? (name and nationality)

_____________3. Oikos means ____ or place to live

_____________4. Ecology literally means the study of ones house. This was said
by _______ in 1971.
_____________5. The definition proposed by Haekel is stated as follows: By
ecology we mean the _________________ concerning the
__________________- the investigation of the total relations of the
animal both to its _____ and its _________ environment.
_____________6. What year marked the beginning of ecological research?
_____________7. Of the many fields in Biology, ____ provides the framework and
the tools which will enable us to understand the intricate
relationships between the living and non living components of our
environment.
_____________8. ____ is composed of organisms which belong to the same species
and live together in the same area at the same time.
_____________9. The answer in # 8 is organized into a _____ where they interact
and occupy a specific area.
_____________10. _____ can be translated as life and earth functioning together
_____________11. Sphere of life which includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere
_____________12. Encompasses biosphere and its interaction with atmosphere,
hydrosphere and lithosphere
_____________13. The principle that means a new property emerges that was not
present/evident at lower levels.
_____________14-15. The two sayings in ecology that are related to this principle
_____________
_____________16. In what year did sir Arthur Tansley coin the term ecosystem?
_____________17. A necessary input into the system
_____________18. In what form does energy enter?
_____________16. The chemical reaction of photosynthesis
_____________17. The process of photosynthesis leads to the accumulation of
energy in the form of ______.
_____________18. The rate at which energy is accumulated (from photosynthesis
_____________19. The energy that remains after cell respiration
_____________20. How is this expressed? (unit of measure)
_____________21. The equation for NPP
_____________22-24. Give factors that determine productivity
_____________

_____________
_____________25. Another name for decomposer
_____________26. Each level in a food chain is called _____
_____________27. Interconnected food chains
_____________

28. Describe the flow of energy in ecosystems

_____________29. Who developed this concept of energy flow?

_____________30. The first basis of this concept
_____________

31. Explain the first law of thermodynamics

_____________32. the second law of thermodynamics

_____________32. The second basis
_____________33. At least ___ trophic levels exist? (how many)
_____________34. The system is in ______.
_____________35. Each succeeding trophic level has less energy flow
(approximately only ____ )
_____________36. The biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem is about ____ less at each
higher trophic level.
_____________37. A pyramid of ___ show the number of organisms under each
trophic level in a given ecosystem.
_____________38. Typically, most of these pyramids show successive trophic level
being occupied by ________ organisms.
_____________39. The pyramid of biomass is usually expressed in terms of total
volume, ____ or _____ weight.
_____________40. Food is not _____; it is digested
_____________41. What illustrates the energy relationships within the ecosystem?
_____________42. Energy flows in ______ through an ecosystem
_____________43-45. The three processes in which carbon is returned to the water
and the atmosphere
_____________
_____________
_____________46. Nitrogen makes __ of the earths atmosphere (fraction)
_____________47. N2 NH3 (process)
_____________48. NH3 NO3 (process)
_____________49. Absorption of NO2/NH3 that have been formed during process in
47 and 48

_____________50. Conversion of biological nitrogen compounds into ammonia

_____________51-52. The two substances containing waste products from living
organism
_____________
_____________53. What acid is found in wastes of birds
_____________54. What is found in urine
_____________55. N03 N2 (reduction process)
_____________56. What process carries away PO4 3- molecules
_____________57. What absorb the phosphorus in the form of inorganic
phosphates?
_____________58. The leaching of excessive amounts of phosphates into our water
bodies oftentimes result to _____.
_____________59-61. Water can proceed on land in several processes
_____________
_____________
_____________62. The role of an individual within the structure and functions of an
ecosystem
_____________63. Animal ecologist who first used this term
_____________64. UC naturalist who also first used this term
_____________65. According to the latter, the word niche stands for the concept
of the ultimate distributional unit, within which each species is held
by its structural and instinctive ______ .
_____________66. no ________ can occupy for long identically the same
ecological niche
_____________67. According the former, niche means functional ______ of an
organism in its community
_____________68. Who introduced the concept of fundamental and realized niche?
_____________69. Potential ecological niche of an organism
_____________70. Lifestyle it actually pursues
_____________71. The answer in #66 can be expressed as what concept? C_____
E______
_____________72. The process in which two or more species interact so closely
that the evolutionary changes occurring in one tend to be followed
by evolutionary changes in the other.
_____________73. Refers to any intimate relationship between members of two
different species

_____________74. Both benefit

_____________75. Zooxanthelea is also known as _______ algae
_____________76. The relationship between fungi and the roots of almost all plants
_____________77. One organism benefits without causing effect to the other
_____________78. One partner benefits while the other is harmed
_____________79. A term for disease/death-causing parasites
_____________80. The community that initially develops in an area is referred to as
the ______
_____________81. Process of one stage being replaced by different species
_____________82. The relatively stable stage in a communitys development
_____________83. Parameters that are exterior to the community like physical and
chemical weathering
_____________84. Parameters that are inherent to the community itself like
nitrogen fixation, drying out of soil, immigration, growth rates and
coactions
_____________85. When succession occurs in a habitat that has not been
previously inhabited by organisms such as a bare rock or recently
formed volcanic lava
_____________86. The change in the species composition over time in a habitat
that is already substantially modified by a pre-existing community
_____________87. Climate is the ______________ on the distribution and abundance
of organisms on land
_____________88. Distinct regions within the biosphere which have characteristic
climatic conditions that support particular species of plants and
animals
_____________89-91. Three divisions of aquatic habitats
_____________
_____________
_____________92. Waters characterized by a unidirectional current which
determines the nature of the plant and animal communities
_____________93. Characterized as having different life zones- littoral, limnetic and
profundal
_____________94. Which of the 3 stated above is the area along the shore that has
shallow water characteristic?
_____________95. Which of the 3 stated above is the open-water area away from
the shore?

_____________96. Which of the 3 stated above is the deepest zone/ least light
penetrated area?
_____________97. In summer, light warms the surface waters, thus making it less
____....
_____________98. What happens to the cool and denser water?
_____________99. Term which means abrupt transition in temperature
_____________100. Cool = ______, warm = less ______
_____________101. The term estuary was derived from the latin word ____
meaning tide
_____________102. Estuaries usually contain salt marshes which are areas
dominated by ________.
a) grasses
b) rocks
c) trees
_____________103. T OR F: Estuaries are considered as one of the most fertile
areas in the world
_____________104. T OR F: The Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antartic
together with their connectors and extensions make up 70% of the
Earths surface
_____________105. _____ zone is the area of the shoreline located between low and
high tides. Hint: inter_____
_____________106-107. The two divisions of marine environment
_____________
_____________108-109 Which is the ocean floor? The ocean water?
_____________
_____________110. Treeless country located between the forests to the south, the
Arctic Ocean and the polar icecaps to the north/ harsh winters and
short summers
_____________111. Permanently frozen ground
_____________112. An adaption in which toxic substances secreted by the roots or
shed leaves inhibit the establishment of competing plants nearby
_____________113. Temperate grassland habitats with less precipitation than the
more moist grasslands (hint: s____)
_____________114. Tropical grassland composed of widely scattered trees (s_____)
_____________115. Regions characterized as having well-ordered and often
lengthy ecological succession where herbaceous plants often
precede trees Hint: trees

_____________116. Boreal forest where winters are very cold, composed of

evergreen conifers and abundant in insects
_____________117. ____ forest are characterized by greater species diversity,
consisted by pines
_____________118. Third type of forest where temperatures are high throughout
the year and precipitation occurs almost daily.