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Lecture 2
Page 1 of 13
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 2 of 13
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 3 of 13
E
H
E
z
Fig. 1
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 4 of 13
i z, t
+
v z, t
i z, t
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 5 of 13
v z, t
i z z , t
Lz
C z
Gz v z z , t
-
Fig. 2
C z
z
Lz
C z
z
Lz
C z
z
Lz
C z
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 6 of 13
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 7 of 13
v z z 0 , t
i z z , t i z , t
C
(5)
z
t
Again, in the limit as z 0 the term on the LHS is the
forward difference definition of derivative. Hence,
i z , t
v z , t
C
(2.2b),(6)
z
t
Equations (4) and (6) are a pair of coupled first order partial
differential equations (PDEs) for v z , t and i z , t . These two
equations are called the telegrapher equations or the
transmission line equations.
Recap: We expect that v and i are not constant along microwave
circuit interconnects. Rather, (4) and (6) dictate how v and i vary
along the TL at all times.
TL Wave Equations
We will now combine (4) and (6) in a special way to form two
equations, each a function of v or i only.
To do this, take
(4) :
z
of (4) and
of (6):
z
t
2
v z, t
2i z , t
L
2
z
zt
(7)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
2i z , t
2v z, t
(6) :
C
t
t z
t 2
Substituting (8) into (7) gives:
2v z , t
2v z, t
LC
2
z
t 2
Similarly,
2i z , t
2i z , t
LC
2
z
t 2
Page 8 of 13
(8)
(9)
(10)
Equations (9) and (10) are the governing equations for the z and
t dependence of v and i. These are very special equations. In
fact, they are wave equations for v and i!
We will define the (phase) velocity of these waveforms as
1
vp
[m/s]
(2.16)
LC
so that (9) becomes
2v z , t 1 2v z , t
2
(11)
2
2
z
v p t
(12)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 9 of 13
z 2.5 m
So the peak has now moved to position z = 2.5 m at t = 2 s.
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
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1
vp
t 1 s
s
2. v z , t v t vzp
(13)
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 11 of 13
+ z wave
- z wave
i v pCv
into (6),
(17)
But,
v pC
1
C
C
L
LC
We will define
L
[]
(2.13),(18)
C
as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. (Note
that in some texts, Z 0 is denoted as Rc , the characteristic
resistance of the TL).
Z0
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
i t vzp
v t vzp
i t
(19)
Z0
Page 12 of 13
v t vzp
(20)
Z0
(21)
(22)
Power Flow
These voltage and current waves transport power along the TL.
The power flow carried by the forward wave p z , t is
v2 z , t
p z , t v z , t i z , t
(23)
Z0
which is positive indicating power flows in the +z direction.
Similarly, the power flow of the reverse wave is
Whites, EE 481
Lecture 2
Page 13 of 13
v2 z , t
p z , t v z , t i z , t
Z0
which is negative indicating power flows in the -z direction.
(24)