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337
A
b
C
vt
V
immersed area
facewidth
constant in moment equation [see the
Appendix, (c)]
moment coefficient, various definitions (see
the Appendix)
depth of immersion
Froud number, defined in the Appendix
height [see the Appendix, (c)]
gearbox geometrical parameter [see the
Appendix, (c)]
length [see the Appendix, (b) and (c)]
moment, torque
pitch radius
tip radius half of outside diameter
Reynolds number, various definitions (see the
Appendix)
pitch line velocity
volume
kinematic viscosity
density
angular velocity
CM
d
Fr
H
lh
L
M
R
Ra
Re
The MS was received on 22 February 1999 and was accepted after revision
for publication on 10 August 1999.
Corresponding author: Tribology Section, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine,
Exhibition Road, London SW7 2BX, UK.
INTRODUCTION
338
BACKGROUND
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
A simple two-shaft test rig was used, the second shaft being
removed for the measurements on single gears (Fig. 3). The
gears were straddle-mounted on tubular shafts with internal
miniature ball bearings (20 mm outside diameter) to
minimize the frictional bearing torque. Churning losses
were measured by direct determination of the torque using
a strain-gauged, aluminium alloy hub shaft. This eliminated
bearing losses for the primary shaft. No further correction
was applied to account for bearing losses.
339
RESULTS
4.1
Kinematic viscosity
at 20 8C (cSt)
Kinematic viscosity
at 100 8C (cSt)
390
95
1.004
15.1
6.0
0.294
Density at 20 8C
(kg=m3 )
865
850
998
Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 213 Part G
340
Fig. 4 Experimental churning torques for a single 72-tooth, 3 mm module, 20 mm facewidth spur gear immersed
to a depth of 54 mm (d=R 0:5) in various fluids. Predicted torques for two of the fluids are given in Figs
1 and 2
4.3
Tests were carried out, in 10W oil and at 19 8C only, for the
three-module gears with tooth numbers of 72:56 and 72:40,
mounted at nominal centre distance, with the shafts at the
same height. Following Hohn et al. [9], results are
presented in Figs 10 and 11 as plots of torque (horizontal
axis) against immersion depth for three different pitch line
speeds. The pinion root depth is shown.
Fig. 5 Experimental churning torques for a single 72-tooth, 3 mm module, 20 mm facewidth spur gear immersed
to a depth of 27 mm (d=R 0:25) in various fluids
Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 213 Part G
341
Fig. 6 Experimental churning torques for a single 56-tooth, 3 mm module, 20 mm facewidth spur gear immersed
to a depth of 21 mm (d=R 0:25) in various fluids
Fig. 7 Experimental churning torques for a single 56-tooth, 3 mm module, 20 mm facewidth spur gear immersed
to a depth of 42 mm (d=R 0:5) in various fluids
Fig. 8 Experimental churning torques for a single 48-tooth, 2 mm module, 20 mm facewidth spur gear immersed
to a depth of 12 and 24 mm (d=R 0:25 and 0:5) in water
5
5.1
DISCUSSION
Introduction
342
Fig. 9
Plot of moment coefficient, C M , against Reynolds number, Re, using the definitions given by Boness
Fig. 10 Experimental torque against immersion depth for three different pitch line speeds for 72:56 ratio spur
gears of 3 mm module and 20 mm facewidth in 10W oil at 19 8C
Fig. 11 Experimental torque against immersion depth for three different pitch line speeds for 72:40 ratio spur
gears of 3 mm module and 20 mm facewidth in 10W oil at 19 8C
5.2
Individual gears
343
1:379
Fig. 12 Comparison of the measured power loss with that predicted from the Boness equations for all the single
gear experiments
Fig. 13 Plot of moment coefficient, C M , against Reynolds number, Re, using the definitions given by Boness,
except that the viscosity of air has been used in the calculation of the Reynolds number
G00999 # IMechE 1999
344
5.3
Mating gears
CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 14 Comparison of the experimental torque with Terekhov's prediction for all the single gear experiments
Fig. 15 Comparison of the measured and predicted power loss for the mating gear experiments using the equations
of Terekhov
Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 213 Part G
345
Fig. 16 Comparison of the measured and predicted power loss for the mating gear experiments using the equations
of Hohn et al.
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
In all that follows, M is the churning torque, b is the face
width, Ra is the outside radius, is the kinematic viscosity,
r is the density, is the angular velocity and d is the
immersion depth.
C M 4:75Re
0:6
3
V1
Vm
0:6
0:75
, 8:7 3 10
0:25
Fr
0:3
Fr
V
Vm
0:2
b
Ra
0:4
d
Ra
1:5
where
CM
M
,
r2 R4a b
Fr
2 Ra
,
g
Re
R2a
V1
Vm
0:6
Fr
0:53
0:25
V
Vm
0:2
b
Ra
0:4
d
Ra
1:5
V1
3
Vm
0:6
Fr
[0:4640:037( Ra =d)]
0:376
V
Vm
0:2
b
Ra
0:124
d
Ra
0:37
346
0:32
Fr
0:8
V
Vm
0:25
0:2
b
Ra
0:27 2:1
d
Ra
20
Re
C M 8:6 3 10
5 3 108
Re 2
and
Re
RL
d1 d2
C1 0:063
10 mm
b
0:0128
10 mm
Re 1=3
for 2000 , Re , 10 000 (`transition')
CM
2M
r2 R3 A
where
CM
Here
d1 d2
0:2,
C2
800 mm
CSp
3
,
1:5
2Ra2
4d 2
lH
3Ra2