Galena

Clover Technology
Version 3
for Windows
Slope Stability Analysis System
Users Guide
Version 3.1
For Windows 95/98/Me and Windows NT4/2000

Copyright 1990-2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the work of Messrs Bishop, Spencer, Wright and Sarma whose methods are
used in GALENA, and the original BHP geotechnical team lead by Dr Peter Gray for their efforts
in the initial development of GALENA and its predecessors, and for the ongoing support, advice
and technical assistance provided by Peter Gray.
The use of the following names and trademarks is acknowledged:
IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
Windows, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows NT and Windows 2000 are either
trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Adobe and Acrobat are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Copyright
The GALENA software is Copyright 1990-2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited. All rights
reserved.
This document (GALENA Users Guide) is Copyright 1990-2001 Clover Associates Pty
Limited. It may not be copied in any form whatsoever without the prior written permission of
the copyright holder.
Trademarks
GALENA is a registered trademark and trademark of Clover Associates Pty Limited in Australia
and/or other countries.
Clover Technology is a registered business name of Clover Associates Pty Limited.
Conditions of Use
Use of the GALENA package shall be in accordance with the GALENA Software Licence
Agreement.
Users Guide Revision History:

GALENA version:
0.9
1.0
1.1
2.0
2.0a
Clover Technology
March 1990
February 1991
February 1992
April 1994
August 1996
(Clover Associates Pty Limited)

PO Box 20
Robertson NSW 2577
Australia
3.0
3.1
Ph:
Fax:
eMail:
Internet:
Internet:
October 1999
May 2001
(Australia)
02 4888 2022
(International)
+61 2 4888 2022
(Australia)
02 4888 2033
(International)
+61 2 4888 2033
Galena@acenet.com.au
http://www.clovertechnology.com.au
http://galena.clovertechnology.com.au
SOFTWARE LICENCE AGREEMENT
This is a legal document. It is an agreement between you the Licensee and Clover Associates
Pty Limited. By installing the GALENA software you will agree to be bound by the terms of this
Agreement.
If you do not accept the terms of this Agreement please do not install the GALENA software and
promptly return the GALENA package and all supplied items (including CD-ROMs, disks,
hardware key, written materials, binders or other containers) which are part of this product to the
place where you obtained them for a full refund.
In order to preserve and protect its rights under applicable law Clover Associates Pty Limited
does not sell any rights in the GALENA software but rather grants to you the right to use the
GALENA software by means of this Software Licence Agreement.
Clover Associates Pty Limited specifically reserves and retains title to, and copyright in, all the
GALENA software.
Terms And Conditions

1)
Clover Associates Pty Limited (hereinafter referred to as "Clover Technology"), grants the
Licensee, upon the Licensee paying Clover Technology the price shown in the Clover
Technology documentation for the number of copies of GALENA software (hereinafter
referred to as the "Software") shown herein, a personal non-exclusive and non-transferable
licence to use the Software subject to the terms and conditions contained in this
Agreement. Any support services, including servicing of the Software and training of the
Licensee or its employees to use the Software (hereinafter referred to as the "Services"),
provided by Clover Technology in connection with the Software are also subject to the
terms and conditions of this Agreement.
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The Licensee owns the magnetic or other physical media on which the Software is
recorded or fixed, but Clover Technology retains ownership of, and copyright in, the
Software so recorded or affixed, and all subsequent copies of the Software on whatever
media or in whatever form.
3)
The Software is licensed for use on only one Personal Computer (the "Licensed System")
at any one time except that the Licensee may use the Software on a different single
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Licensed System. The Licensee may make archival (back-up) copies of the Software.
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Clover Technology may consent to transfer the Software to a substitute Licensed System
on such conditions as it thinks fit.
5)
Should the Licensee wish to acquire additional copies of the Software to operate on
additional computers such copies may be purchased from Clover Technology at terms set
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systems shall be subject to these terms and conditions.
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The Software and the accompanying written materials are covered by copyright. Copying
of the Software, except under the terms of and conditions of this Agreement, is expressly
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The Licensee is not permitted to transfer the Software from one computer to another over a
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The Licensee is not permitted to modify, adapt, translate into another language, decompile
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The Licensee is not permitted to assign, rent, lease, sell or otherwise dispose of the
Software, without the prior written consent of Clover Technology. The Licensee must
ensure any transferee who receives the Software agrees to be bound by the terms of this
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10)
Clover Technology may create, from time to time, updated versions of the Software,
without notice. The Licensee shall be granted access to such updated versions of the
Software on such reasonable terms to be determined by Clover Technology. The
information contained in this document and in the Software is subject to change without
notice.
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Except as expressly provided in this Agreement and to the extent permitted by law, even if
given knowledge of the possibility of potential loss or damage, Clover Technology, its
agents or employees shall have no liability to the Licensee whether based on warranty,
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non-performance of any Services by or on behalf of Clover Technology, its agents or
employees.
ii
12)
In the event of defects being detected in the Software within 90 days of it being properly
installed on the Licensed System, Clover Technology shall replace the media upon which
the Software is recorded, on the media being returned by the Licensee to Clover
Technology. Should Clover Technology be unable to replace the media within a
reasonable time, Clover Technology shall refund the purchase price upon return of all
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representations concerning the use of the Software, the results of such use, the data
generated or the accompanying written materials in terms of corrections, accuracy,
reliability or otherwise.
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Except as expressly provided in this Agreement and to the extent permitted by law, in
respect of a breach of any term, condition or warranty, whether express or implied by law,
the liability of Clover Technology to the Licensee in connection with the supply, use or
performance of the Software or the Services performed by or on behalf of Clover
Technology in connection therewith shall be limited
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Software repaired, and
(b) in the case of Services, at the election of Clover Technology to any of (i) re-supplying
the Services in question; or (ii) the cost of having the Services re-supplied.
14)
The Software is designed to operate on an IBM or IBM compatible personal computers

using the Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows NT version 4.0, or Windows
2000 operating systems. While Clover Technology has attempted to ensure compatibility
of the Software with IBM or IBM compatible personal computers and the operating
systems mentioned herein, performance specifications may vary depending on the type of
personal computer and/or operating system used.
15)
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than those expressly written in this Agreement and to the extent permitted by law. Clover
Technology expressly excludes all warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose.
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Clover Technology's rights in the Software, and constitutes breach of this Agreement.
iii
17)
At its option, Clover Technology may provide Services to the Licensee in connection with
the Software on such terms and conditions as Clover Technology at its sole discretion sees
fit. Where such Services are to be provided at the Licensee's premises or locations
nominated by the Licensee, Clover Technology may require payment from the Licensee in
respect of such Services rendered, the amount of such payment to be a sum that is
reasonable in the circumstances but which is determined at the sole discretion of Clover
Technology.
18)
This Agreement remains effective unless terminated. This Agreement shall automatically
be terminated without notice if the Licensee fails to comply with any of the terms of this
Agreement.
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These terms and conditions shall be read and construed in accordance with the laws of the
Commonwealth of Australia and the State of New South Wales, and the Licensee consents
to the jurisdiction of the state and federal courts of New South Wales. In the event that any
of these terms and conditions would be rendered void or invalid under any applicable law,
the part or whole of such term or condition causing the same to be so rendered void or
invalid shall be deemed severed from the remainder, which shall continue in full force and
effect amended as necessary to preserve the intent of such term and condition.
20)
This document constitutes the entire agreement between the Licensee and Clover
Technology with respect to the purchase, sale and licence of the Software and the
provision of any Services by or on behalf of Clover Technology and no representation or
statement not contained herein shall be binding upon the Licensee or Clover Technology as
a warranty or otherwise unless in writing and signed by the party to be bound thereby. The
terms and conditions set forth herein shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the
Licensee and Clover Technology and their respective successors and assigns.
21)
Use, duplication or disclosure by the Crown is subject to the limitations imposed by

Australian law.
The GALENA software is Copyright 1990-2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited. All rights
reserved.
iv
Version 3
for Windows
SUMMARY
The GALENA system is designed to be a simple, user-friendly yet very powerful, slope
stability software system. It was originally developed to satisfy the requirements of
BHP geotechnical engineers who realised there were many problems with other slope
stability analysis software systems available. Geotechnical engineering very rarely
gives one unique answer and extensive parametric studies are often required before
realistic results are obtained. GALENA enables such parametric studies to be undertaken
quickly and easily.
The GALENA system considers slope stability problems as they are encountered in the
field. That is, the overall geology always remains the same; it is only the slope profile
itself that changes. In GALENA, the overall geology is input in the definition of the
Model including the material properties. The slope profile can then cut through this
Model, as a slope would be excavated in the real world. Material above the slope
profile is ignored since this has been removed or mined out. In this way, GALENA
enables a large number of analyses to be undertaken without redefining the Model each
time.
In addition, a range of different constraints and methods of analysis can then be used on
that same Model. This enables parametric studies to be undertaken very easily. The
program is structured such that parameters can be defined or input in almost any
sequence provided they follow basic rules as outlined in this Users Guide - for example
the slope surface need not be defined before the material profiles.
GALENA incorporates the Bishop Simplified, the Spencer-Wright and the Sarma
methods of analysis to determine the stability of slopes and excavations. The Bishop
method is used to determine the stability of circular failure surfaces, the Spencer
method is applicable for circular and non-circular failure surfaces, and the Sarma
method is used for problems where non-vertical slices are required, or is used for more
complex stability problems.
It is possible to analyse multi-layered slopes with tension cracks, earthquake forces,
externally distributed loads, and water pressures from within or above the slope (e.g.
dams) including phreatic surfaces and piezometric pressures. GALENA incorporates
various techniques for locating the critical failure surface with user-supplied restraints.
Back analyses can also be performed to obtain critical material strength parameters
from known or assumed failure surfaces.
Either effective or total stresses may be used on any material layer. For the total stress
case, the increase in undrained shear strength with depth can be simulated using
Skempton's relationship by simply entering the value of the plasticity index for that
material.
GALENA produces printed results and graphical images. The slope cross-section and the
critical or specified failure surface are imaged along with the resulting factor of safety.
GALENA also enables back analyses to be easily performed and curves of the critical
Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Not to be used or copied except as expressly authorised
Gal310/5.01
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Version 3
for Windows
SUMMARY
relationships between material strength parameters, cohesion and angle of shearing

resistance, are produced.
GALENA also allows either the traditional shear strength values (c and phi) to be used as
input data, or shear strength values in terms of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion using
values m, s and UCS.
GALENA was developed by geotechnical engineers to be a system for practising
engineers rather than for researchers, although many researchers now feel at home with
GALENA for their slope stability studies. The GALENA system has been field-tested on a
wide variety of earth and rock slopes, dams and cuttings and has proved to be reliable,
accurate and easy to use, although you should note the Limited Warranty which applies
to this software.
Finally, we hope that you are able to undertake some interesting slope stability
engineering with GALENA, and now more quickly, more easily and more efficiently
with GALENA for Windows. Any comments on how the system could be improved
would be welcomed and we may be able to include your suggestions in future upgrades.

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2.1
INTRODUCTION
Commentary
Geotechnical engineering is rarely an exact science and a considerable amount of
engineering judgement is necessary for many practical geotechnical problems.
Additional information on the location of the failure surface, or on the physical
properties, or on the geological structure, would almost always be desirable, but time
and financial constraints necessitate that the geotechnical engineer use his or her
judgement about many of these parameters.
Over the past fifteen years or so, probability concepts have been applied to geotechnical
problems to try and overcome the difficulties of using engineering judgement and to
take some of the guesswork out of the natural variability of geological materials.
However, difficulties arise with probability analyses if there is limited input data
available. For example, it should not be assumed that input parameters have a simple
normal distribution about some mean value. In most instances the shape of the
distribution function for the input parameters is unknown, and so even with probability
analyses, engineering judgement is often used to assume the shape of this distribution
function. Probability analyses may be a useful way of analysing slope stability
problems, providing the assumptions on which they are based are fully recognised.
Another issue that has been fiercely debated in the geotechnical literature, is which
slope stability method is correct? This debate focuses on such questions as:
Does it consider force equilibrium?
Does it consider moment equilibrium?
Does it have a local or global factor of safety?
Does it consider inter-slice shear strengths and forces?
Does it allow non-vertical slices?
Does it allow for progressive failure?
Is it kinematically admissible?
Different methods of slope stability analysis are then often compared by quoting Factor
of Safety values to three or more decimal places and then comparing these limiting
equilibrium methods to finite element analyses of the same problem to determine a
"right answer". This approach is inappropriate for most geotechnical applications.
Firstly, even finite element analyses using the most sophisticated modelling techniques,
do not necessarily produce the "right" answer, and for slope stability analyses in
complex geology could, in fact, produce misleading results. Secondly, Factor of Safety
values should not be quoted to high levels of accuracy since the input parameters will
rarely be known with sufficient accuracy to warrant this level of definition for the
Factor of Safety.

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INTRODUCTION
In summary, the stability of any slope is independent of the method of stability analysis.
Some methods of slope stability analysis are better suited to some problems than others,
and in this respect, the geotechnical engineer should choose the method of analysis
carefully. No one method is ideally suited to all problems and you should be aware of
the advantages and limitations of different methods before using GALENA (refer to the
References for further information on each of the methods of slope stability analysis).
In a large number of cases, the error range of the input parameters is likely to exceed the
difference in "accuracy" between the various possible analytical techniques.
2.2
Methods Of Analysis
GALENA incorporates three different methods of slope stability analysis. These are:
(i)
BISHOP SIMPLIFIED METHOD - suitable for circular failure surfaces.
(ii)
SPENCER-WRIGHT METHOD - suitable for circular and non-circular failure

surfaces.
(iii) SARMA METHOD - suitable for more complex problems particularly where
non-vertical slice boundaries (such as faults or discontinuities) are significant.
In most instances, slope stability problems can be analysed with one of the above
methods. However, for complex slope stability problems where in-situ stresses are
significant, it may be more appropriate to use a stress analysis method such as finite
element or finite difference etc. Nevertheless, GALENA will provide rapid answers for
most slope stability problems and it has some features that are designed specifically for
the practising geotechnical engineer. Section 5 of this Users Guide explains these
features in detail.
2.3
Searching
One of the other problems, which frequently occupy much discussion in the
geotechnical literature, is how to search for the failure surface with the minimum Factor
of Safety or with the greatest probability of failure. BHP Engineering geotechnical staff
investigated the various methods of searching including simplex methods, and
concluded that automatic computer searching can be misleading. The reason that it can
be misleading is simply that geotechnical engineers are not really interested in the
failure surface with the minimum Factor of Safety.
In some homogenous slopes, the minimum Factor of Safety is given by a very small
failure circle in the upper part of the slope near the crest. This failure surface is so small
that it is not relevant for practical problems. Therefore BHP Engineering introduced,
through GALENA and its predecessors, the concept of "restraints" so that geotechnical
engineers could focus their investigations on failure surfaces that were meaningful.
Automatic computer searching does not allow this to occur.

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INTRODUCTION
In addition, for practical problems, failures nearly always pass through, or near to, the
toe of the slope. GALENA therefore also uses the concept of X-LEFT, X-RIGHT and
RADIUS rather than XC, YC and R (as most other programs do) and this rapidly enables
you to define and explore the area of interest. (The XC, YC and R option is retained to
allow you to make comparisons with existing analyses, etc., but we strongly
recommend the use of X-LEFT, X-RIGHT and RADIUS.) Information regarding the use
of Restraints is provided in this Users Guide and it will become obvious that the
relevant minimum Factor of Safety values can be determined very rapidly with
GALENA.
2.4
BackAnalysis
Backanalysis is a subject that is also mentioned extensively in the literature but few
programs have a specific facility to undertake such. GALENA has a specific
backanalysis capability that can be used for both backanalysis of past failures and the
design of existing slopes. Backanalysis answers the common question of What
strength is required? rather than What is the stability? of a given slope. Further
information on backanalysis is provided in Section 5.19 of this Users Guide.
2.5
Software Validation
The GALENA software system has undergone extensive validation at each stage of
development, as well as now being assessed by a vast number of users world-wide,
and invariably having its results compared with those of other slope stability analysis
programs and spreadsheets. GALENA has also been used for benchmark testing
(ACADS 1989) with other software packages and the results have been very favourable
(full details are available on request).
Some sample model files, which were actually used in the benchmark testing, are
provided with GALENA to assist with software familiarisation and model definition.
As a means of verifying the limit equilibrium method of analysis, a slope configuration
previously evaluated by GALENA using the Bishop Simplified method was modelled
using the FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) program marketed by
ITASCA Corp.
The original GALENA analysis (using Version 1 of GALENA) investigated the stability of
a 20m high, 70 clay slope. The clay was assigned the following soil parameters:
c = 42 kPa phi = 20
Unit Weight = 18 kN/m3
The result image from this GALENA analysis is shown in Figure 2.1 following. The
Factor of Safety is virtually at 1 (actual value is 1.054), and such a slope is thus on the
brink of failure.

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INTRODUCTION
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2

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INTRODUCTION
The FLAC model was constructed using the same density and friction angle, while
elastic properties were assigned that were consistent with a soil of this nature. Initially
a higher cohesion, 60 kPa, was used; this was steadily reduced until continuing
displacement was observed.
The cohesion was then reduced to 42 kPa and the graphic output is shown in Figure 2.2.
It can be seen that some of the material has started to move, and the moving mass is
broadly delineated from the relatively undisturbed soil by an arcuate surface.
Two particular points arise from this comparison between the limiting equilibrium
GALENA analysis and the Continuous Element method of FLAC:
(i)
The two approaches yield the same basic conclusion, i.e. the slope configuration
is unstable. FLAC does not yield a Factor of Safety as such; the various
parameters have to be varied until a condition of incipient failure is found. A
limiting equilibrium program like GALENA can achieve this much more rapidly.
(ii)
The failure surfaces defined by the two methods are in only approximate
agreement. This is because the actual position of the yield surface will depend on
elastic as well as shear strength properties. Thus extremely refined searching for
minimum Factor of Safety slip circles with any limiting equilibrium method of
analysis has no real value.
For most design and backanalysis purposes, GALENA will obtain valid, useable answers
to the problem much more quickly than more complex methods. Even where the
circumstances of the problem demand the application of Continuous Element or Finite
Element methods, GALENA can be used to define the limits of the problem and thus save
a lot of modelling time.
2.6
System of Units
GALENA will operate with any internally consistent system of units. The recommended
units for the S.I. and USA systems are outlined below:
Parameter and Applications
S.I.
USA
Length
All surfaces and profiles
Metres (m)
Feet (ft)
Force
External forces
kN
lbf
kN/m3
lbf/ft3
kN/m2 (kPa)
lbf/ft2
Unit Weight
Material properties
Water / medium-above-ground
Stress
Material properties (cohesion)

Distributed loads
Seismic
Earthquake loads

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Pore pressure
INTRODUCTION
Dimensionless (calculated as fraction

of slice weight)
Ru
Notes: 1) GALENA requires unit weights to be used, not Densities, as the program
uses this directly in calculating the various slice forces.
2) Distributed loads are input as Stresses.

Selected Conversion Factors
1 ft =
1m =
0.3048 m
3.28 ft
1 lbf
1 kN
=
=
1 lbf/ft2
1 kPa =
=0.04788 kPa
20.885 lbf/ft2
1 lbf/ft3 =
1 kN/m3 =
0.00445 kN
224.82 lbf
0.1571 kN/m3
6.366 lbf/ft3
Typical Conversion Examples
2.7
S.I.
USA
Cohesion
75 kPa
1566 lbf/ft2
Friction Angle
28o
28o
Unit Weight
(Clay)
(Fresh water)
19 kN/m3
9.807 kN/m3
121 lbf/ft3
62.43 lbf/ft3
External force
50 kN
11,241 lbf
Distributed Loads
100 kPa
2088 lbf/ft2
Pore Pressure (Ru)
0.25
0.25
Earthquake load
0.15
0.15
Modelling Capability
As part of an optimisation process for GALENA, limits are placed on certain parameters.
These limits are under constant review and are currently set as follows:
Model Parameter
Maximums or Limits
Project Title
(110 characters per title)
Analysis Title
(per analysis; 80 characters per title)
Slope Surface
(48 points per surface)
Material Profiles
24
(48 points per profile)

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INTRODUCTION
Material Properties
24
Phreatic Surface
Piezometric Surfaces
24
Distributed Loads
16
Earthquake Loads
External Forces
24
Failure Surface
Multiple Analysis Trial Surfaces
(unlimited)
Sarma Slice Boundaries
20
BackAnalysis Curves
10
(per analysis)
Annotation Labels
24
(40 characters per label)
Grid Accuracy
(definable)
Conventions Used
Throughout this Users Guide key presses (other than for data entry) are indicated with
arrow brackets thus < >, e.g. <Enter> is for the Enter key; is for the P key.
Shortcut/accelerator keys or key combinations are similarly shown, e.g. <Ctrl+Pg Dn>
is for the Ctrl key held down and the Pg Dn (Page Down) key pressed.
Italic and bold fonts are used to highlight important information in most cases such
information (and additional explanation) is placed in a separate paragraph headed
Note: with the information then following.
ToolTips are provided for all toolbar buttons - to use simply move the mouse cursor to a
point over any one of the toolbar buttons a small text box (ToolTip) will appear after a
second or two describing the toolbar button function.
2.9
References
ACADS, 1989, "Soil Slope Stability Programs Review"
ACADS Publication No U255, ACADS Australia

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GETTING STARTED
GALENA can be invoked (started) via the Windows Start menu through
ProgramsGalenaGalena v3.1, or via a shortcut Icon on the Windows Desktop.
GALENA displays a main window with structures and displays as described in Section
3.1 following. Section 3.2 describes the mouse and keyboard controls available to
manipulate the window, create and process models, and examine analysis results;
Section 3.3 describes GALENA model files; and Section 3.4 (Quick Start to GALENA)
includes a short tutorial on GALENA.
Descriptions of the various menu options (except Define and Tools) are provided in
Section 4 (Using GALENA); Define options are described in Section 5 (Model
Definition); further information on stability analysis, in general and as related to
GALENA, is included in Section 6 (Stability Analysis); and Tools options are described
in Section 7.
3.1
Main Window Structure and Display

The main GALENA window has the usual Windows-style menu system, which contains
options for file control, data definition, view control, process control, accessing of
results and help functions. Shortcut keys or key combinations, where available, are
shown adjacent to the menu option on the drop-down menus under each option.
A selection of toolbar buttons also appears in the upper and left/lower areas of the
window and a status bar in the lower area of the window. Currently two toolbars are
available the Main Toolbar is displayed below the menu (upper window area) and the
Data Definition Toolbar is displayed either to the left or at the bottom of the window
(above the status bar) depending on the screen resolution available. ToolTips are
displayed for each button as the mouse cursor is placed above each in turn. Both
toolbars are displayed at start-up and can be removed if required.
The main part of the window is the drawing pane - the area where models are displayed
graphically and where the mouse-draw function is performed.
The status bar below the drawing pane has 6 segments with displays for the following:
(i)
Current model file name - shown while a model file is open and named;
(ii)
EDIT status the word EDIT appears when editing of model data is available;
(iii) Analysis number and total analyses - changes as new analyses are added to a
model during editing, and for the current analysis during model processing
shown in the form Analysis 1/3 (Analysis 1 of a total of 3 in this example);
(iv) Model/Analysis/Processing status - model load/read status, analysis method for
current analysis, or processing status;
(v)
X/Y co-ordinate position for the mouse cursor - used during mouse draw;
(vi) Messages - other general messages are displayed here as necessary.

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3.2
Mouse and Keyboard Inputs
3.2.1
Mouse Input
GETTING STARTED
The left mouse button is used to select menu items, toolbar buttons, dialog buttons and
dialog fields for data entry. The right mouse button accesses floating menus where
available, and terminates mouse line draw.
3.2.2
Mouse Line Draw

The left mouse button is also used when drawing surfaces, profiles and slice boundaries
to indicate the beginning and ending of a line segment - line draw is available as
advised via a message on selected dialogs as described below.
When line draw is available the cursor will change shape to a crosshair when moved off
the dialog area. The cursor can be moved to any point within the drawing pane with its
position indicated as an x/y co-ordinate in the window status bar - moving the cursor
will change the indicated x/y co-ordinate value. The x/y co-ordinate value will be
within the range set by the axis limits, or as defined automatically by GALENA based on
data read from an existing model file.
(i) Slope Surface, Material Profiles, Phreatic Surface, Piezometric Surfaces.
To draw a line move the mouse cursor to the desired x/y position, press and hold
the left mouse button (at this stage the current dialog will disappear to provide a
clear and refreshed drawing pane) and move the mouse (a magenta line joining the
last position with the current mouse crosshair position will be displayed). Continue
moving the mouse until the cursor and the end of the magenta line are at the
desired x/y position for the end of the line, or the end of the first segment of a
multi-segment line, and then release the mouse button. The line drawn thus far will
refresh to red. To continue with a multi-segment line press and hold the left mouse
button again without moving the mouse from its last x/y position, then move the
mouse to the next desired x/y position and release the button. Repeat this presshold-move-release process until the desired multi-segment line has been defined.
When the desired line has been defined press the right mouse button. The current
dialog will be displayed with the x/y co-ordinates of the ends of the line, or those
making up a multi-segment line, in a grid within the dialog.
(ii) Sarma Slice Boundaries
When drawing Sarma Slice boundaries the procedure is as described in (i) above
except that the right mouse button option as described is not available - once the
two ends of the slice boundary are defined the current dialog will return as no more
than two x/y co-ordinates are necessary to define a slice boundary.
Once the mouse line draw operation is complete the returned x/y co-ordinates in the
grid may be edited manually if required.

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Mouse Area Definition

Some options may require an area to be defined by their lower left and upper right x/y
co-ordinates. In addition to co-ordinate keyboard entry the mouse can be used
following the rubber-banding technique of definition. Availability of this technique is
indicated via a message on selected dialogs.
When area definition is available the cursor will change shape to a crosshair when
moved off the dialog area. The cursor can be moved to any point within the drawing
pane with its position indicated as an x/y co-ordinate in the window status bar - moving
the cursor will change the indicated x/y co-ordinate value. The x/y co-ordinate value
will be within the range set by the Axis Limits, or as defined automatically by GALENA
based on data read from an existing model file.
To define an area move the mouse cursor to the desired lower left x/y position, press
and hold the left mouse button (the current dialog will disappear to provide a clear and
refreshed drawing pane) and move the mouse until the cursor is at the desired upper
right x/y position - a magenta rubber-band box will define the area and will stretch and
shrink as the mouse is moved. Once the desired area is defined release the mouse
button. The rubber-band box will refresh to red and the current dialog will be re-appear
with the minimum and maximum x/y co-ordinates of the area defined displayed in
relevant fields within the dialog. The x/y co-ordinates displayed in the dialog can be
edited if required.
3.2.4
Keyboard Input
A number of dialogs for data definition are presented in the course of operation of
GALENA. Where dialogs with separate fields are presented the <Tab> key can be used
to move between fields. Where dialogs containing grids are presented movement
within the grid is by use of the keypad arrow keys.
The usual Alt followed by underlined letter can be used to activate menu items.
Various menu options also have keyboard accelerators (shortcuts) available and these
are shown next to the menus items. A key that may prove useful is the accelerator key
F4, which is for the main menu item Process this accelerator key is not referenced on
the main menu.
Another useful key - the <Esc> (Escape) key - is not matched to any menu item but is
available to Escape the data loading function. When a model file is opened it will
normally be loaded for viewing and subsequent processing. Some menu items are not
available at this stage; the Esc key can be used to exit the EDIT mode, thereby making
some menu options available (eg File-Datasheet).
Note: When the Esc key is used as described none of the editing functions are
available the model will need to be reloaded (<Ctrl+R>) before model parameters
can be edited (EDIT mode).

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Numeric Input
When using GALENAs dialog system of data entry it is not necessary to type in the
decimal point or trailing zero of real numbers (enter 20 for 20.0 for example). GALENA
automatically reads and records real numbers where necessary.
It will be necessary to enter real numbers with the decimal point and trailing zero if data
is entered in GALENAs Datasheet editor or any other form of editor.
3.2.6
Grid Controls
Many of GALENAs Define menu options use grids for co-ordinate or parameter value
entry and/or display. Some options contain simple two column grids, while others
contain multi-column grids, such as those used for material properties, distributed loads,
external forces and annotation.
All of the grids used in GALENAs dialogs can be manipulated using the standard
Windows cut, copy and paste options individual cells, rows and columns, groups of
cells, rows and columns and blocks of cells can all be manipulated in this way.
To select and copy a single cell double-click on that cell (the contents will be
highlighted) and select <Ctrl+C>, or click the right mouse button, while the mouse
cursor is over that cell, and select Copy from the floating menu presented. An
individual cell can also be selected by clicking the cell once and then clicking the right
mouse button, while the mouse cursor is over that cell, and then selecting Select All
from the floating menu.
To select:
Single rows of cells - click on the row label to the left of the cells.
Single columns of cells - click on the column header above the cells.
Multiple rows - click on the row label of the first row, hold down the <Shift> key
and then click on the row label of the last row.
Multiple columns - click on the column header of the first column, hold down the
<Shift> key and then click on the column header of the last column.
All cells - click on the box that is above the row headers and to the left of the
column headers.
Once any cell, row, or column is selected the right mouse button can be clicked while
the mouse cursor is over the selection, to bring up the floating menu with options to
Cut, Copy Paste and Delete those cells selected. The Undo option on the floating menu
is available for individual cells where the contents have been deleted.
Cell/row/column contents that are cut or copied can be then pasted into other
cells/rows/columns on the same grid, other grids within GALENA or to spreadsheets (e.g.
Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, etc.). The same is true for cells cut/copied from spreadsheets they
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can be pasted directly into GALENA grids. The normal restrictions on matching areas
apply (e.g. three columns cannot be pasted into two columns, etc.).
The cut/copy/paste facility available for use with grids provides a quick and simple way
to edit the contents of grids rows of values that are no longer required can be deleted
and other rows can, and should, be moved up to replace those deleted.
Similarly, cut and paste can be used to move rows down where an additional row is
required to be inserted for an additional co-ordinate point or data value. However, the
following note should be considered before undertaking such row-insert operations.
Note: When using cut and copy with selected cells that are not in view, only those cells
or rows that are in view on the grid will be cut or copied (this does not apply when the
entire grid is selected, or when columns are selected). When cutting or deleting rows
from grids it is important that subsequent rows be moved up and that no empty rows
are left within defined rows if model data is accepted with blank or empty rows
before or within defined rows, only those grid rows up to the blank row will be
retained for use. We recommend starting near the bottom of the grid when using cut
and paste to move rows down to make way for an additional row or rows.
3.3
Galena Model Files

GALENA operates by analysing a model that is created to represent a slope or
excavation. A model can be defined as the data components necessary for an analysis
to be undertaken. The basic data components that must be defined for an analysis
include at least one material profile, physical properties of that material, a slope surface,
a failure surface, and a method of analysis. These component parts that make up the
model are stored in a model file, which can be loaded for editing and processing.
GALENA includes facilities for the creation and processing of models, and examining the
results of processing using methods described in this Users Guide.
When processing is initiated, model files are read in a streamed manner and the various
parameters set as they are encountered in the model file. Similarly, analysis statements
initiate methods of analysis such as a Bishop analysis or Bishop backanalysis using the
parameters that have been set to that point. By utilising model files in this way GALENA
provides a powerful system where a model can be created with certain parameters, an
analysis undertaken, one or more parameters can then be modified and another analysis
undertaken to quickly ascertain the effects of such parameter changes, all within the one
processing stream. It is not necessary to re-define all parameters for the subsequent
analysis in such cases, only the parameters to be modified.
Neither is it necessary to re-define parameters before running another analysis. A
Bishop analysis can be run on a model with defined parameters, then a Spencer analysis
can be run on the same model with the same parameters, all within the same model. In
this way direct comparisons can be made between the results of each method, if desired.

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These two basic procedures allow other parameter and analysis combinations which go
towards making GALENA so powerful in its application.
GALENA assigns an Analysis number, incrementally, to each analysis defined during
model creation, or encountered during model processing. During model creation
GALENA assigns Analysis 1 up to and including definition of an analysis method. Once
an analysis method has been defined GALENA assigns Analysis 2 up to and including the
definition of the next analysis method. However, if no further analysis methods are
encountered there will only be one analysis - Analysis 1. There is no limit to the
number of analyses that can be defined in this way within a single model.
When a model is opened GALENA determines the total number of analyses defined for
that model and displays the model with the parameters defined for the first analysis
Analysis 1. The analysis number appears within the title bar of all Define menu options
and with the total number of analyses in the status bar, at the bottom of the window
these values change as analyses are added and as subsequent analyses within a single
model are selected for display and/or editing.
3.4
Quick Start to Galena

This section is specifically designed for those users wishing to simply and quickly run a
slope stability problem without reading the GALENA Users Guide in detail. The model
created here is very simple and not all of GALENAs definition capabilities are utilised.
Once GALENA has been installed and setup to run on a suitable PC it is ready for use.
Creation of a model from scratch can be undertaken using either the menu system, or
GALENAs toolbars for standard functions and data definition - both are described here.
Note: The 8 symbol indicates mouse input, movement or selection; the 7 symbol
indicates keyboard input; key presses are bracketed and indicated thus < >, e.g.
<Enter> is for the Enter key, is for the P key. To verify a toolbar button move
the mouse cursor to a point over the toolbar button a small text box (ToolTip) will
appear after a second or two describing the toolbar button function.
8
7
Double-click the GALENA shortcut on the Windows desktop, or select GALENA

from the Start Menu - ProgramsGalenaGalena v3.1 and press <Enter>.
Or
Press <Alt+S> to access the Start Menu, press for Programs and arrow to
Galena, press <Enter>, arrow to Galena v3.1 and press <Enter>.
GALENA will start and display an opening banner while the program is loaded.
Click on the Axis Limits button on the Data Definition Toolbar;

Or

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Press <Alt> for the main menu, then <D> for Define, then <X> for Axis Limits;
The Axis Limits dialog will appear. Enter the following values: 10 for X-axis
minimum, 80 for X-axis maximum, 0 for Y-axis minimum, 40 for Y-axis maximum
and click OK or press <Enter>. A grid with these limits is displayed.
8
7
Click on the Project Title button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define, <T> for Titles, for Project.
The Project Title dialog will appear. Enter the following: Slope Stability Analysis Trial
1, and click OK or press <Enter> to accept. This generates a title for this project.
8
7
Click on the Material Properties button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define and <M> for Material & Water
Properties.
The Material & Water Properties dialog will appear. Ensure Mohr-Coulomb in the
Material Strength Parameters group is checked (default) - if not use the mouse or the
keyboard arrow keys to select Mohr-Coulomb.
8
7
Click on the Cohesion cell for material type 1 in the Material Properties grid.
Or
Press <Tab> to move to the Cohesion cell for material type 1 in the Material
Properties grid.
Enter the following values in the appropriate cells of the grid for material type 1 (use
the mouse to click into the next cell within the grid, or the keyboard arrow keys to move
between cells within the grid (recommended) - the grid will scroll as necessary):
Cohesion
Phi
P.I.
Unit Weight
30
19.6
20
Ru
1.1
Description
Clayey Gravel
To select a colour to represent this material type use the mouse to click into, or use the
keyboard arrow keys to move to, the cell for colour. When any of the colour cells
are clicked or selected a Colour dialog is displayed. Use the mouse to select a colour or
use the keyboard arrow keys to select a colour (a light colour is recommended, e.g.
yellow), and select OK or press <Enter>. A colour band, in the selected colour, will be
displayed below any Material Profile that is defined to have this material type below it
any particular material type can be used below more than one Material Profile.

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Use the mouse or the keyboard <Tab> key to select the Water (in ground) field in the
Water/Medium Unit Weights group and enter the value 9.81; use the same procedure to
select the Medium (above ground) field and enter the value 9.81.
Note: GALENA does not default to a universal value for the unit weight of water, as it is
a unitless system allowing you to use either SI or Imperial/US units.
This completes definition of the Material Properties (in metric units for this example).
Properties assigned here are C (Cohesion) of 30 kPa, f (Phi or friction angle) of 19.6,
plasticity index (P.I.) of 0, Unit Weight of 20 kN/m3, an Ru value of 1.1 (meaning that
in this case a Phreatic Surface applies). Click OK or press <Enter> to accept.
8
7
Click on the Material Profiles button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define and for Material Profiles.
The Material Profiles dialog will appear.
Move the mouse cursor to x/y co-ordinate 20.0/35.0 (the cursor x/y co-ordinate is
displayed within the status bar), press and hold the left mouse button (the dialog
will disappear), drag the mouse to x/y co-ordinate 70.0/35.0, release the left
mouse button, and click the right mouse button (the dialog will re-appear).
Or
Enter the following x/y co-ordinates into the dialog grid: 20 (X-Position), and 35
(Y-Position) for point 1 and 70 (X-Position) and 35 (Y-Position) for point 2 (use
the <Tab> key to move to the grid, and the arrow keys to move within the grid).
Note: When using the dialog system of data entry it is not necessary to type in the
decimal point or trailing zero for numbers such as 20.0 for example.
From the drop-down list box below the with Material Type and Description beneath
line select 1- Clayey Gravel. This drop-down box will list all material types defined
previously using the Material & Water Properties option/dialog. As only one material
type has been defined there will only be one within the selection. All material below
this Material Profile will have the Material Properties of material type 1. Click OK or
press <Enter> to accept. The defined Material Profile is shown as a dash-dot green line
with the number 1 at each end, referring to the profile number, and with a yellow colour
band beneath.
Note: When using the mouse-draw system the x/y co-ordinate values returned to the
dialog grid can be manually edited as required once the dialog is re-displayed.
Click on the Slope Surface button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Or

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Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define and <S> for Slope Surface.
The Slope Surface dialog will appear.
mouse button, press and hold the left mouse button again and drag the mouse to
x/y co-ordinate 50.0/30.0, release the left mouse button, press and hold the left
mouse button again and drag the mouse to x/y co-ordinate 70.0/30.0, release the
left mouse button, and then click the right mouse button (the dialog will reappear).
Or
Enter the following x/y co-ordinates into the dialog grid: 20/15 for point 1, 30/15
for point 2, 50/30 for point 3, and 70/30 for point 4, (use the Tab key to move to
the grid, and the arrow keys to move around within the grid).
This defines the surface of the slope being analysed and the respective x/y co-ordinates
of points defining the surface. Edit the returned mouse-draw values if necessary, and
click OK or press <Enter> to accept. The Slope Surface is shown as a solid black line.
8
7
Click on the Phreatic Surface button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define and <H> for Phreatic Surface.
The Phreatic Surface dialog will appear.
mouse button, and then click the right mouse button (the dialog will re-appear).
Or
Enter the following x/y co-ordinates into the dialog grid: 20/15 for point 1 and
70/15 for point 2 (use the <Tab> key to move to the grid, and the arrow keys to
move around within the grid).
As an Ru value was set for the material type (Ru = 1.1) GALENA will use the Phreatic
Surface to calculate the pore-water pressures on the base of slices. Click OK or press
<Enter> to accept. The Phreatic Surface is shown as a dashed blue line.
Click on the Circular Failure Surface button on the Data Definition Toolbar.
Or

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Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define, <F> for Failure Surface and <C>
for Circular.
The Circular Failure Surface dialog will appear. Ensure the Parameter Descriptor
selected is XL XR R (default) - if not use the mouse and the drop arrow on the list
box, or the keyboard arrow keys to select from the available descriptors.
The parameters chosen (Parameter Descriptors) are shown above the position fields.
8
7
Click on the X-Left position field.

Or
Press <Tab> to move to the X-Left position field.
Enter 30 for the X-Left value, select the X-Right field using the mouse or the keyboard
<Tab> key and enter 55, select the Radius field similarly and enter 20.
This defines a Circular Failure Surface for this model. The failure surface will be
displayed once the entered data is accepted (by clicking OK or pressing <Enter>), or by
pressing the Refresh button, which will display the failure surface. Click OK or press
<Enter> to accept and close the dialog. The Failure Surface is shown as a curved solid
red line.
Note: The Parameter Descriptors X-Left and X-Right refer to the X co-ordinates of the
left and right intercepts of the Failure Surface with the Slope Surface. This method is
recommended due to its simplicity of application.
8
7
Click on the Analysis Method button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define and <Y> for Analysis Method.
The Analysis Method dialog will appear. Ensure the Bishop Single method is
selected (default) - if not use the mouse or the keyboard arrow keys to select from the
available methods.
This selects the Bishop Simplified method of analysis for this model, which is suitable
for the Circular Failure Surface defined. Click OK or press <Enter> to accept.
That completes the data entry for this model. The model data must now be saved.
8
7
Click on the Model Definition Complete button on the Data Definition Toolbar.
Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <D> for Define and <E> for Model Definition
Complete.

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The Save Model File As dialog will appear. Enter the name Example01 in the File
name field (a .gmf extension is added automatically) and click Save or press <Enter>.
Note: It is necessary to signify that the model is complete in this way, as GALENA is
capable of performing multiple analyses on the one model using different methods of
analysis, or with the same analysis method and different parameters (e.g. a slightly
different position for the Phreatic Surface). In this way different scenarios can be
examined without the need to create new models and files that are essentially the same.
Time is not wasted or model information lost by making parameter changes and
re-processing using the one model file. Multiple analysis and multiple analyses are
discussed further in Section 5 (Model Definition).
The completed model is now ready to be processed using the parameters defined.
8
7
Click on the Process Model Data button on the Main Toolbar.

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then for Process, or press the <F4> key.
GALENA will then clear the main screen area and process the model data. The Project
Title is shown in the GALENA main window title bar; the model as analysed is displayed
in an Analysis Result window; and the analysis result is shown within a Results dialog.
The Results dialog title bar will indicate the Analysis Number and the dialog will report
the Analysis Method, Type and Surface, and the resultant Factor of Safety (1.46 in this
case), and any Reported Errors.
Buttons are presented to either Continue or Cancel the processing sequence, or to Print
the analysis result image and results. Printing the analysis results will provide a
hardcopy graphical image of the model and details of the analysis result.
The Reported Errors shown for this analysis refer to negative normal stresses on the
bases of the last two slices, indicating tension in that area and that inclusion of a
Tension Crack may be necessary. (Inclusion of a 2.6m deep Tension Crack alleviates
the tension condition and gives a Factor of Safety result of 1.43.)
8
7
Click on the Print button on the Results dialog.

Or
Press <Tab> until the Print button is highlighted and press <Enter>.
GALENA will print a hardcopy landscape image to the default printer (or as defined in
GALENA under FilePage Setup) using margin settings similarly defined.
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7
Click on the Continue button on the Results dialog.

Or
Press <Tab> until the Continue button is highlighted and press <Enter>.

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The Analysis Results window and Results dialog are cleared, an analysis results file is
written and the model is re-displayed on-screen.
The detailed Analysis Results for this model can now be viewed or printed.
8
7
Click on the View Analysis Results button on the Main Toolbar.

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <R> for Results, then <V> for View Analysis
Results;
The Analysis Results for this model will then be displayed in a maximised window
within the main GALENA window. The result header contains the Project Title, the
model file name and the date and time of processing. Detailed information on the
model parameters for each analysis run is then presented, followed by detailed
information on the results and slice information for the failure mass. To exit Analysis
Results click on the Close button (top right corner of the Analysis Results window), or
press <Alt+F4> on the keyboard.
8
7
Click on ResultsPrint Analysis Results on the main menu;

Or
Press <Alt> for the menu, then <R> for Results, then for Print Analysis
Results;
Analysis Results for this model are printed to the default printer (or as defined in
GALENA under FilePage Setup) using page settings similarly defined.
It is possible to now experiment with different slope surfaces, material properties, water
table positions, etc. simply by editing and processing the model file, but it is firstly
recommended that Section 4 (Using GALENA), Section 5 (Model Definition) and
Section 6 (Stability Analysis) be studied for more information on editing and processing
procedures.
GALENA includes a number of example model files to demonstrate the principles and
features described briefly here. These examples would have been copied to an Example
directory (as a sub-directory of the GALENA program directory) during Installation, and
may be copied, edited and modified to gain experience.
The model described is available with GALENA and would have been copied to the
Examples directory during Installation. See Appendix B (Installation and Setup) for
further information.

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This Section describes in detail the GALENA main menu options File, View, Process and
Help, which provide the ability to load, process and examine results of stability analyses
and backanalyses. The main menu Define options, used for the model definition, are
covered in Section 5 (Model Definition), and the Tools option, used for estimation of
soil and rock strengths, are covered in Section 7 (Tools).
In general, not all options are available all of the time during model creation or editing,
loading or processing. An option is not available when it is greyed, as is the standard
Windows fashion. As options are selected and completed further options become
available or unavailable, thus guiding you through model creation, editing and
processing using GALENA.
Many of the menu options described here are also available from buttons on the Main
Toolbar where a toolbar button is available an image of such is shown adjacent to the
option name in the following descriptions, as well as any available shortcut or
accelerator key.
4.1
File Menu Options
4.1.1
New
<Ctrl+N>
New initialises GALENA by clearing all parameter values from memory, clearing the
drawing pane, clearing input and output file names, and clearing and resets the status
bar to an initial state. GALENA is then ready for definition of a new model to begin.
Prompts are provided to save changes to any current open model before initialising.
4.1.2
Open
<Ctrl+O>
Open and load a model file. The file is selected via the standard Windows file selection
dialog where Galena Model Files (*.gmf) or Galena Version 1 & 2 Data Files (*.dat)
can be displayed for selection. The selection will display files in the default model file
location (default data directory). See Section 4.2.8 (Preferences) for more information
on the default model file location. Other directories can be selected to load a model file
from - when a model file is selected in this way and then processed any backup file and
analysis result files for that model file are saved to this location.
Once the model file has been successfully loaded the definitions for the first analysis
(Analysis 1) is displayed on the drawing pane. The model is then available for editing
of any of the analyses defined within the model, or for processing.
Prompts are provided to save changes to any current open model before opening and
loading a model file.
Note: Version 1 & 2 data files (*.dat) are loaded, automatically converted and saved
as Version 3 model files with the .gmf extension - .dat files are not deleted.
Version 3.0 model files containing multiple backanalyses (backanalyses contained
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between the obsolete Initialise and Generatecommands) are loaded, automatically

converted and saved in Version 3.1 format overwriting the Version 3.0 model file.
4.1.3
Close
<Ctrl+W>
Closes the current model file, clears all parameter values from memory, clears the
drawing pane, clears input and output file names, and clears the status bar. The actions
of this option are similar to the New option, except that GALENA is not set to an initial
state for definition of a new model the New option should be used for such.
Prompts are provided to save changes before closing the current model file.
4.1.4
Datasheet
Datasheet allows the current model file to be viewed and/or edited, and is available
once a newly created model has been saved, or, for a current model, either when all
analyses have been stepped through (ViewNext Analysis or <PageDown>), or the
Escape key (<Esc>) has been pressed to exit the Edit mode.
The current model file is loaded into a window where it may be scrolled with the
vertical scroll bar or the normal PageUp/PageDown functions (<PgUp>/<PgDn> keys),
and edited using the following menu or button options:
FileSave or Save button
Save the model file.
FileSave As
Save the model file with a different name.
FileExit or Close button (top-right corner of window)
Exit the Datasheet window prompts to save changes are provided.
EditUndo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete and Select All or Cut, Copy, Paste and Undo
buttons providing standard Windows editing functions.
SearchFind, Find Next and Replace or Find button providing standard Windows
search and replace functions.
The Datasheet window can also be closed using the keyboard <Alt+F4> combination prompts to save changes are provided.
Note: Use of Datasheet editing is not recommended unless you are very familiar with
GALENAs model file syntax.

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Page Setup
Page Setup provides for setting of paper size and source, page orientation and margins
for hardcopy output. A Printer button also provides access to a sub-dialog to select a
specific printer and to modify its properties - printer status is shown on this sub-dialog.
Changes made here to page orientation and margins become the defaults for GALENA
and are saved to a hardcopy options file. These defaults are used until changed.
Changes made to paper size and source, and printer selection are temporary and used
only for the current GALENA session, whether it be to a hardcopy device or otherwise.
Windows provides facilities to change the default printer, paper size and source.
Note: All hardcopy output of graphical model images (current model image and
analysis result images) are in landscape format. Page orientation settings chosen here
are used for all other hardcopy output.
4.1.6
Print
<Ctrl+P>
Various GALENA images and files can be printed as follows:

Current Model Image
The current on-screen model image is printed, as it appears on the screen,
including profile sections, surfaces and slices with numbering where appropriate
this image is printed in a landscape orientation.
Current Model File
The current model file (for the on-screen image) is printed.
Model File on disk
A model file selected from the standard Windows file selection dialog is printed.
Current Analysis Results
Analysis results for the current model are printed. This option should only be
used after the current model has been processed. An option is included on the
main menu (ResultsPrint Analysis Results), which is more direct.
Analysis Results on disk
Analysis results selected from the standard Windows file selection dialog are
printed.
Last Analysis Summary
The analysis result summary from the last (most recent) multiple analysis
undertaken for the current model is printed. Analysis summaries can be printed

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during processing (Print option on the Multiple Analysis Result Summary dialog,
which is accessed via the Results button on the Results dialog).
Error log
The error log created since the start of the present GALENA session is printed.
The number of print copies can be specified, and Printer selection and Page Setup
dialogs can also be accessed from the Print dialog. Hardcopy orientation is according to
the Page Setup settings except as noted.
4.1.7
Save
<Ctrl+S>
Saves updated data to the model file. The save option will also create a backup model
file depending on the current preference settings. See Section 4.2.8 (Preferences) for
more information on backup files. Newly created models data are named and saved
using the Model Definition Complete option. See Section 5.23 (Model Definition
Complete) for more information on the Model Definition Complete option.
Note: When editing existing models it is not always necessary to save model data
before processing as GALENA includes an AutoSave option where model data will
automatically be saved to the current model file before processing AutoSave must be
active. See Section 4.2.8 (Preferences) for more information on AutoSave.
4.1.8
Save As
<F12>
Save As allows for a currently named model file, and contained definitions, to be saved
with another name. Save As will display the Save Model File As dialog and prompt for
a file name.
4.1.9
Previous Files
Previous Files is not an option, but a list of up to nine previously opened model files is
included at this position on the File menu. Each model file name is prefixed with a
number that can be used to open that model file again (e.g. <Alt> File2 to open the
model file with the prefix 2).
Prompts are provided to save changes to the current model before opening a model file.
4.1.10
Exit
<Alt+F4>
Exit will shut down and exit GALENA. Prompts are provided to save changes to the
current model before exiting.

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4.2
View Menu Options
4.2.1
Next Analysis
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<Pg Dn> or <Page Down>
A GALENA model file can contain definitions for more than one analysis - Next
Analysis provides a way to step through those analyses. Next Analysis is available
once a model file has been opened and when selected the next analysis and definitions
applicable to that analysis are loaded and displayed. The analysis number and analysis
method are both updated in the status bar as analyses are stepped through.
If a model file contains only one analysis and Next Analysis is selected then the display
will refresh and display the model with definitions for the last analysis. The status bar
will then clear the EDIT mode, Analysis number and load status. A model must be
reloaded to re-enter EDIT mode for editing of model parameters. EDIT mode is
available from the time a model is opened or reloaded until all analyses have been
stepped through.
4.2.2
Reload
<Ctrl+R>
Reload clears the current display, reloads the current model file (that shown in the status
bar) and displays the definitions for the first analysis (Analysis 1) on the drawing pane.
The model is then available for editing, as indicated by the status bar EDIT mode.
No prompts for saving changes are provided with this option, thereby providing a
convenient and quick way of returning to the model prior to editing. When AutoSave is
not enabled the Save option must be used to save any changes before reloading.
4.2.3
Refresh
<F5>
Refreshes the display by clearing the drawing pane and re-drawing the model at its
current state with parameters and data currently defined.
4.2.4
Grid
Grid toggles display of a background grid on the drawing pane, which is provided as an
aid to positioning of surfaces, profiles, and the like. When the grid is shown a check
mark will appear adjacent to the ViewGrid menu option, the Grid button on the main
toolbar will appear depressed and graticules (a series of dotted light grey lines) are
drawn for both the x and y axes, generally at the tick mark positions. To hide the grid
select Grid again, or click on the Grid button on the main toolbar.
4.2.5
Main Toolbar
This option toggles display of the main toolbar. A check mark will appear/not appear
against the ViewMain Toolbar menu option indicating the display of the main
toolbar, although this should be self-evident. By default the main toolbar is shown.

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Note: In most situations the main toolbar would be shown and not removed from the
display. If display of the main toolbar were changed it would be advisable to re-start
GALENA. The reason for such is that during startup GALENA determines the size of the
area available for image display with an aspect ratio of 1:1 - if that area changes by
removal of either the main toolbar or the data definition toolbar then the aspect ratio
changes as well display refresh will not currently correct the aspect ratio.
4.2.6
Data Definition Toolbar

This option toggles display of the data definition toolbar. A check mark will appear/not
appear against the ViewData Definition Toolbar menu option indicating the display
of the data definition toolbar, although this should be self-evident. By default the data
definition toolbar is shown.
During initial startup GALENA determines the PCs screen resolution and sets a default
position for the data definition toolbar if the screen resolution is greater than 800x600
then the data definition toolbar will default to the left side of the window; if the screen
resolution is 800x600 or less then the data definition toolbar will default to the bottom
of the window above the status bar. The default position can be changed at any time in
Preferences (see Section 4.2.8 for information on the use of Preferences) changes to
the position of the data definition toolbar only take effect at the next startup of GALENA.
Note: In most situations the data definition toolbar would be shown and not removed
from the display. The note on such for the main toolbar in Section 4.2.5 applies equally
for display of the data definition toolbar.
4.2.7
Zoom
Zoom toggles the zoom function, which is used at the model display stage on the
drawing pane. When Zoom is activated a check mark will appear against the
ViewZoom option, the Zoom button on the main toolbar will appear depressed and
the cursor shape will change to that of a four-pointed crosshair.
The Zoom function can only be used with the mouse at present, simply by moving the
mouse to a position that is approximately at the centre of the area of interest and
clicking the left mouse button once. The display will refresh to display an image with
the axis limits reduced by 25% of that previously displayed, thus 75% of the previous
display is shown centred around the x/y co-ordinate position of the mouse cursor when
the left mouse button was pressed. The displayed image can be further zoomed by
again clicking the left mouse button the area subsequently displayed will again
depend on the position of the mouse cursor at the time the left button was clicked.
Increments of 25% of the display area are used each time an image is zoomed.
To de-activate zooming select the Zoom menu item or the Zoom button on the main
toolbar again the display is refreshed to display the full model.

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Any position on the image display can be selected as the centre for a zoomed display,
and zooming can be repeated an indefinite number of times. The EDIT mode remains
unchanged while an image is zoomed thus allowing model definition options to be
selected for precise checking and/or re-definition of co-ordinate positions on profiles,
surfaces, loads, slices and forces. Mouse-draw is not available while an image is
zoomed.
Note: Zoom need not be de-activated before a model is processed zooming is
automatically de-activated when the Process menu option is selected. A zoomed image
is not carried forward to the Analysis Result image to show a selected area on a
model in more detail on the Analysis Result image use the GALENA Image Window
option, available form the Define menu and on the data definition toolbar (see Section
5.20 for more information on the Image Window option).
4.2.8
Preferences
<F11>
Preferences provide control over some operational behaviour; define print and view
settings; and allow definition of file locations used by GALENA. When this option is
selected the Preferences dialog is displayed. Default values are used at initial startup,
which are displayed and can be changed, either then or at any time. A default model
file location is requested at initial startup and once that and other preferences are
accepted they are recorded in an initialisation file (Galena.ini) in the Windows directory
on the PC where GALENA is started. See Appendix B (Installation and Setup) for more
information on startup directories.
Changes made to preferences, except for the data definition toolbar position, take effect
immediately after OK is clicked or <Enter> pressed on the Preferences dialog.
Some of the preference settings can be overridden during operation of GALENA where
such options are available the Preference setting is the default and will be used unless
overridden such overrides are temporary and usually for that operation only.
Note: If the initialisation file Galena.ini is not found when GALENA is started there will
be notification of such, followed by display of the Preferences dialog for completion.
Available preference options are:
General Mouse-draw snap accuracy
This option allows you to define a snap value for GALENA to use when digitising
mouse click actions, such as those described in Section 3.2.2 (Mouse Line Draw).
This value is applied to the x and y co-ordinates digitised such that returned
co-ordinate values are in multiples of this snap value. For example: If the snap
value is set to 0.25 then all co-ordinates returned from any line draw will be
multiples of the snap values (1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, etc.).

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Save - AutoSave for load, edit and process

If this option is ticked GALENA will automatically save model definitions
(whether modified or not) during model file loading and editing, and before
model processing. If AutoSave is not ticked, you must initiate a save of edited
definitions (for the current model) with the Save option. The use of AutoSave is
recommended to all users to streamline use of GALENA.
Save - Create backup model files
If this option is ticked GALENA will create a backup copy of the current model file
with the backup extension (.bak). This backup file will contain definitions for
current model before any save operation is undertaken using either AutoSave or
the Save option, thereby allowing access to the model definitions before any
changes were applied and saved.
Note: Backup files are saved to the Default Model File Location (described in
Preferences following). Backup files may be opened using the Open option by
entering the file name with a .bak extension, or by entering *.bak in the File name
field and clicking Open or pressing <Enter> to view a selection of such files. The
relevant backup file can then be selected as required. Backup files opened this
way should be saved using the Save As option to ensure the correct file type
extension. See Section 4.1 (File Menu Options) for information on Open and
Save As options.
Print Hardcopy image line width
This option allows selection of a line width for all printed GALENA model images
and is included for use with high-resolution printers where the normal 0.5-pt
(point) line width may not produce an image with lines that are sufficiently
pronounced. Values from 0.5-pt to 2.0-pt can be selected.
Print Print pure black and white (no colour)
If this option is ticked GALENA will print all images in black and white, even to
colour printers. Colour bands used to indicate material types will not be printed.
This option allows you to print images to colour printers that would be suitable
for faxing, or to economise on the use of colour when producing draft images.
This option also applies to result images copied to the Windows clipboard.
Default Model File Location
This option is used to specify a location where all model and result files
(including backup files) are to be stored and loaded from. Type a location or
press the Browse button to select a location from any of the drives and directories
available on the PC being used. A standard Windows drive/directory location
dialog is provided.

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Startup View Data definition toolbar position

This option allows the default position of the data definition toolbar to be chosen
according to available screen resolution or personal preference. The choices are
the left or right side of the main GALENA window, or the bottom of the window
above the status bar.
Startup View Show background grid on drawing pane
If this option is ticked the background grid on the drawing pane is displayed at
startup and while ever a model is being defined. The grid can be shown or hidden
temporarily, or for an entire GALENA session, by selecting the ViewGrid menu
option or the Grid button on the main toolbar.
4.3
Process Menu Option
<F4>
The Process option on the main menu initiates the processing of the current model file
in a sequential manner. The file is read and model parameters are set as they are
encountered. Analyses are undertaken according to the method defined for each
analysis using the model parameters defined, results are written to the analysis results
and summary files as appropriate, and errors are written to the error log.
During multiple analyses and backanalyses a Processing dialog is displayed with a
count of trial analyses for multiple analyses, or curve determination for backanalyses.
A progress bar is included to visually track the processing, and a Cancel button to allow
cancellation of the processing. If the Cancel button is selected the current analysis will
be terminated and any subsequent analyses abandoned. The Processing dialog may
only be displayed momentarily for some analyses and backanalyses, such is the speed
of most processing within GALENA.
When processing of an analysis or backanalysis is complete the analysis image or
backanalysis curve(s) image is displayed graphically on-screen in an Analysis Result
window, and results (for analyses) or criteria (for backanalyses) displayed in a Results
or Criteria dialog. The analysis title (if defined) is included within the title bar of the
Analysis Result window.
For analyses the Results dialog includes the analysis number (within the title bar);
details of the analysis method, analysis type, and failure surface shape; the resultant
Factor of Safety (FoS), and Final Angle of Interslice Forces (Spencer-Wright analyses)
or Critical Acceleration (Sarma analyses); and any Reported Errors.
For backanalyses the Criteria dialog includes the analysis number (within the title bar);
details of the backanalysis method, backanalysis type, and failure surface shape; the
criteria includes the Material Type, Minimum Phi and Required Factor of Safety for the
backanalysis; and any Reported Errors.

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Processing Reported Errors

The errors shown within the Reported Errors group on the Results and Criteria dialogs
cover two main areas: those relating to the analysis results themselves, including slice
properties; and those primarily related to geometrical errors encountered during
multiple analysis. The first class of errors are discussed further in Section 6 (Stability
Analysis) and the second class basically flag errors that have been recorded in the error
log during processing of the model.
Many geometry related errors can be avoided and usually result from restraints
inappropriately or excessively applied. Inappropriately applied restraints include those
applied to failure surfaces that start or terminate near the toe of a slope where the
restraint applied allows generated trial failure surfaces that are above the slope surface
at some point, and in many cases. Excessively applied restraints include those applied
that allow generated trial failures surfaces to extend horizontally beyond the defined
horizontal limit of the slope surface, or those generated such that they are substantially
above the slope surface this can happen with definition of the mid-point restraint for
non-circular failure surfaces.
A measure of the geometry related errors is provided on the Multiple Analysis Result
Summary dialog, accessible with the Results dialog Results button. If an excessive
number of bad geometry errors are reported then the error log should be examined
before continuing. Information on the Results button option and accessing the error log
at this stage of processing is provided in Sections 4.3.2 (Analysis Result Dialog
Options) and Section 4.3.3 (Analysis Result Post-Process Options) respectively.
Note: The Reported Errors group on both the Results and Criteria dialogs may not
always be displayed if no errors are reported the dialog size is adjusted to exclude the
Reported Errors group before display.
4.3.2
Analysis Result Dialog Options

At this stage of processing there are a number of options available: those provided on
the Results or Criteria dialog, and those accessible from a floating menu. The Results
and Criteria dialog option buttons are:
Results
The Results button will be greyed and not available for single analyses and all
backanalyses, but is available for multiple analyses. Select the Results button to
display the Multiple Analysis Result Summary dialog.
The Multiple Analysis Result Summary dialog contains geometrical information
and Factor of Safety (FoS) results for the lowest 10 calculated Factor of Safety
surfaces; an initial FoS approximation; and statistics on successful, aborted and
failed analyses undertaken during the multiple analysis. Individual analyses are
aborted if the geometry does not allow the analysis to proceed (bad geometry)
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several reasons, which can be related to non-convergence during Spencer-Wright

analyses, or to numerical errors while satisfying the iterative and convergent logic
used during Sarma analyses. Information provided in Section 6 (Stability
Analysis) may assist with understanding and avoiding analysis failures.
The Print button on the Multiple Analysis Result Summary dialog is provided to
produce a hardcopy of the multiple analysis summary results. The result
summary is printed using settings defined with the Page Setup option - see
Section 4.1.5 (Page Setup) for information on page settings.
The Close button on the Multiple Analysis Result Summary dialog simply closes
the dialog and returns control to the Results dialog.
Print
The Print button is provided to obtain a hardcopy, or to produce an image file, of
the analysis result. The hardcopy or image will include the analysis image
(shown in the analysis result window) along with the details shown within the
Results or Criteria dialog. Information such as the model file name, project and
analysis titles, model file last edit date, processing date, licensee name, and the
figure number (described in Section 4.3.3 (Analysis Result Post-Process
Options) are also included.
If the Print to File option has been selected from Print Options (Section 4.3.3
(Analysis Result Post-Process Options)) then an image file will be created when
Print is selected, otherwise hardcopy is be produced on the default or selected
printer.
Attributes and settings defined in Failure Surface Display, Figure Number and
Print Options (Section 4.3.3 (Analysis Result Post-Process Options)) are used
for both the image file and for the hardcopy the exception is that the number of
copies defined on the Print Options dialog will not apply for creation of the image
file.
The hardcopy is printed using settings defined with the Page Setup option - see
Section 4.1.5 (Page Setup) for information on page settings.
Once Print is selected for image file creation the Number of Copies, Print to File
and file format settings on the Print Options dialog will return to defaults.
Continue
The Continue button will clear and close the Analysis Result window and Results
or Criteria dialog and continue with the processing of any subsequent analyses
defined within the model file.

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All attributes and settings defined with Failure Surface Display, Figure Number
and Print Options (Section 4.3.3 (Analysis Result Post-Process Options)) will
return to defaults once Continue is selected.
Cancel
The Cancel button will clear and close the Analysis Result window and Results or
Criteria dialog and terminate processing of the current model. Results written to
the analysis results file for the current analysis will be incomplete. The current
analysis image, as defined at the time the Cancel button was selected, is
re-displayed on the drawing pane.
All attributes and settings defined with Failure Surface Display, Figure Number
and Print Options (Section 4.3.3 (Analysis Result Post-Process Options)) will
return to defaults once Cancel is selected.
4.3.3
Analysis Result Post-Process Options

While the Analysis Result window is displayed a number of options are available from
a floating menu that is accessed by clicking the right mouse button while the mouse
cursor is over the Analysis Result window.
Attributes and settings defined with some of the floating menu options are temporary
and applicable to actions undertaken in regard to the current analysis only, (i.e. only
while the current analysis result and image are displayed).
The attributes and settings defined with Failure Surface Display, Figure Number and
Print Options are temporary and primarily intended for use with the Results dialog Print
option and the floating menu Copy to Clipboard option - attributes and settings thus
defined are not carried forward to subsequent analysis results. Default attributes and
settings apply unless alternatives are chosen. The remaining options apply as described.
Note: The floating menu, with the options described here, will not appear if the mouse
cursor is over the Results or Criteria dialog when the right mouse button is clicked.
The floating menu options are:
Failure Surface Display
This option will be greyed for single analyses and all backanalyses, and therefore
not available. It is however, available for multiple analyses and provides the
ability to display on the analysis result image more of the analysed failure
surfaces other than just the critical failure surface (the failure surface with the
lowest Factor of Safety (FoS)).
When selected the Failure Surfaces dialog is displayed with an option to display
either the Critical failure surface only, or a Number of lowest FoS surfaces. To
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enter the number of surfaces to be displayed, or use the spinner control for such.
The maximum number of surfaces that can be nominated is shown on the dialog.
To display the Critical failure surface only select the adjacent radio button this
option is the default.
When the OK button is selected the display is updated. Either the critical failure
surface only is displayed, or the number of lowest FoS surfaces defined are
displayed. When a number of lowest FoS surfaces are displayed all surfaces
other than the critical surface are drawn in light grey. The critical failure surface
is drawn in a slightly thicker red line.
Figure Number
It often becomes necessary to describe analysis result images by use of a figure
number, drawing number or some identifying reference - this option provides the
ability to suitably annotate the analysis result image with a reference that is
included prominently within the title block area.
A pre-defined prefix can be selected from the Prefix group on the Figure Number
dialog, or a user-defined prefix can be entered. To choose a prefix select the
radio button adjacent to the required prefix, and enter a number or reference in the
Figure number/reference field.
To include a user-defined prefix select the radio button adjacent to the
User-defined field in the Prefix group and enter the prefix to be used. A figure or
drawing number or reference can then be entered in the Figure number/reference
field. A drawing number or reference can be entered into the Figure number/
reference field without selecting any of the options from the Prefix field. The
length of the user-defined prefix and figure number or reference is limited only by
what can be entered into each of these two fields, and can be alphanumeric.
Print Options
Print Options provides additional useful options when printing the Analysis
Result image. The Print Options dialog allows the number of copies to be
specified; that the image be printed in black and white on colour printers, when
saved to the clipboard and to image files; and provides for the Analysis Result
image to be saved to an image file in a variety of file formats.
When saving analysis results to image files the model file name is used; an
underscore (_) and one or two numeric characters are appended to the file name,
along with an appropriate extension indicating the file format contained therein.
The one or two characters added represent the analysis number, thereby providing
an instant indication of the image file source and content. As an example: File
Example07_15.emf is an image file in emf (Enhanced Metafile) format produced
from the results of Analysis 15 within model file Example07.gmf.
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Note: To ensure image files can be produced with the appropriate source
reference all model file names should be no longer than 29 characters in length.
Model file names of greater than 29 characters in length will have the
appropriate image file extension added, but may be subject to overwriting during
subsequent image file saves.
Print Options (Pure Black and White printing only) are subsequently used during
the creation of image files using this option.
Page Setup
The Page Setup option provided here is for convenience, and is exactly the same
in use and function as that described in Section 4.1.5 (Page Setup).
Settings or selections made using Page Setup apply to any subsequent hardcopy
images initiated with the Print option described in Section 4.3.2 (Analysis Result
Dialog Options).
Copy to Clipboard
This option allows the Analysis Result image, complete with title block and
results as described under the Print option in Section 4.3.2 (Analysis Result
Dialog Options) to be copied to the Windows Clipboard for pasting directly into
word processing documents or other programs that can accept graphical images.
Print Options (Pure Black and White printing only) are used with this option.
Once Copy to Clipboard has been selected the Number of Copies, Print to File
and file format settings on the Print Options dialog will return to defaults.
View Error Log
The View Error Log option provided here is for convenience, and is exactly the
same in use and operation as that described in Section 4.4.3 (View Error Log).
Note: An unintended consequence of including the Print to File option (on the Print
Options dialog) and the Copy to Clipboard option is that any selected printer (selected
with the Page Setup option) is not retained for the remainder of the current GALENA
session following use of either option the printer for all subsequent hardcopy output
becomes the default Windows printer.

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4.4
Results Menu Options
4.4.1
View Analysis Results
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<F8>
This option can display Analysis Results for either the current model or for any other
model that has been processed. If there is a model open and current (the model file
name appears in the status bar) then the results from the last processing run are
displayed; if there is no model open and current (there is no model file name in the
status bar) then the standard Windows file selection dialog will appear where an
analysis results file (*.res) can be selected for viewing.
Analysis results are displayed in a window that will fill the main GALENA window
(maximised).
A vertical scrollbar is provided additional to the normal
<PgUp>/<PgDn> functions for movement through the results.
The results header contains the project title, the model file name and the date and time
of processing. Detailed information is included for each analysis undertaken including
the model parameters, results and slice information for the failure mass.
Button options are provided as follows:
Copy button
Standard Windows copy function (for selected text).
Find button
Standard Windows search function.
The Analysis Results window can be closed by clicking on the Close button (top-right
corner of window), or by using the keyboard <Alt+F4> combination.
4.4.2
Print Analysis Results

This option can print Analysis Results for either the current model or for any other
model that has been processed. If there is a model open and current (the model file
name appears in the status bar) then the results from the last processing run are printed;
if there is no model open and current (there is no model file name in the status bar) then
the standard Windows file selection dialog will appear where an analysis results file
(*.res) can be selected for printing.
Analysis results are printed using settings defined with the Page Setup option - see
Section 4.1.5 (Page Setup) for information on page settings. GALENA analysis results
contain a significant amount of tabulated information, which is contained to 124
columns. GALENA automatically adjusts the fonts and spacing used so that all
information is printed correctly for both landscape and portrait page orientations it is
not necessary to have a printer with paper larger than A4/A size.

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View Error Log

At startup GALENA creates an error log to record errors encountered during model
loading and processing - any existing error log is deleted before the new error log is
created. The error log is maintained for the duration of a GALENA session (i.e. until
GALENA is exited), thus only errors encountered during the current GALENA session can
be viewed.
Information recorded in the error log may prove very useful when investigating causes
of analysis failures, particularly when they involve model geometry.
The error log is displayed in a window - a vertical scrollbar is provided additional to the
normal <PgUp>/<PgDn> functions for movement through the listing.
The error log header records the date and time the error log was created. When a model
file is loaded the name of the model file and time of loading are recorded along with
any errors encountered. Similar information is recorded when a model file is processed.
Button options are provided as follows:
Copy button
Standard Windows copy function (for selected text).
Find button
Standard Windows search function.
The View Error Log window can be closed by clicking on the Close button (top-right
corner of window), or by using the keyboard <Alt+F4> combination.
4.4.4
Print Error Log

The error log is printed using settings defined with the Page Setup option - see Section
4.1.5 (Page Setup) for information on page settings.
4.5
Help Menu Options
4.5.1
On-line Users Guide
<F2>
This option displays this Users Guide using Adobes Acrobat Reader program. The
GALENA Users Guide displayed with Acrobat Reader is indexed to allow Acrobat
Reader to provide quick and easy access to information by Section headings,
sub-headings, and via a comprehensive search facility. The entire Users Guide can be
printed from Acrobat Reader, or selected sections or pages can be printed.
Information on the using Acrobat Reader is available and can be accessed from the
Acrobat Reader Help menu.

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Clover Technology
4.16
Version 3
for Windows
4.5.2
USING GALENA
About Clover Technology

About Clover Technology provides useful contact information for Clover Technology,
the developers and suppliers of GALENA. Mail, Telephone, Facsimile, eMail and
Internet contact details are included.
4.5.3
About Galena
This option displays a dialog that shows the licence type, the version number, and the
release date and licence details for the copy of GALENA in use. This information may
be necessary to access support and future GALENA upgrades.
Also displayed is the result of an internal check of the graphics screen for 24-bit colour
support. If the graphics screen in use supports 24-bit colour then GALENA will use and
provide access to a 24-bit colour palette for selection of colours from a theoretical 16
million. If 24-bit colour is not supported then GALENA will use and provide access to a
256-colour palette.

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MODEL DEFINITION
This Section describes in detail the Define main menu options for model definition,
which provide the ability to define all model parameters for undertaking stability
analyses and backanalyses. Options are also included for image result enhancement
through annotation and the use of image windows. All options are available for new
models and editing of existing models, unless otherwise noted.
In general, not all options are available all of the time during model creation. An option
is not available when it is greyed, as is the standard Windows fashion. As options are
selected and completed further options become available or unavailable, thus guiding
you through model creation and editing using GALENA.
GALENAs profiles, surfaces and slices are defined as lines or multi-segment lines,
which are in turn, are defined by a series of x/y co-ordinate pairs. Other parameters
including Distributed Loads, External Forces and Failure Surface intercepts are defined
by x co-ordinate values. Mouse line draw is available for most line-based definitions
and is noted in the descriptions that follow and on relevant dialogs. Data entry is
generally via the keyboard, and grid controls are available for all dialogs that contain
grids. See Section 3.2 (Mouse and Keyboard Inputs) for more information on mouse
line draw, keyboard inputs, and grid controls.
All Define menu options described here are also available from buttons on the Data
Definition Toolbar (except the New Analysis option, which is available from a button
on the Main Toolbar). An image of the toolbar button is shown adjacent to the option
name in the following descriptions, as well as any available shortcut or accelerator key.
Note: Before beginning model definition, you should be aware that when using
GALENA it is not necessary to define a Slope Surface before defining Material Profiles
and Material and Water Properties, or vice-versa. The choice of which of these three
parameters to define first is yours. The order of presentation of these options within
GALENA and this Users Guide is intended to illustrate one of GALENAs unique and
powerful features - that of the independence of the Slope Surface and Material
Profiles from each other.
5.
Define Menu Options
5.1
Axis Limits
Axis limits must be defined for all new models, and are required to ensure the drawing
pane area provides sufficient range for subsequent definitions. Fields for entry of
minimum and maximum values for both the x and y-axes are provided on the Model
Axis Limits dialog. GALENA will adjust these values to maintain a true aspect ratio for
full model display.
It is not necessary to define axis limits for model files that exist and are opened with the
FileOpen option - GALENA automatically sets axis limits to display the model fully at

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a true aspect ratio. Axis limits can be re-defined for existing models when model
parameters such as material profiles or the slope surface are to be extended.
Note: Negative and/or large values are able be defined for axis limits in GALENA
thereby allowing use of non-zero real-world or site co-ordinates the axis limits can
then more easily and realistically reflect the situation being modelled.
5.2
Title Project
The Project Title dialog provides for definition of an overall title, of up to 110
characters in length, for each model. This title is displayed within the GALENA main
window title bar, and on all printed results and images for easy identification.
5.3
Title Analysis
The Analysis Title dialog provides for definition of an analysis title, of up to 80
characters in length, for each analysis within a model. The analysis title is displayed
within the GALENA Analysis Result window title bar, and on all printed results and
images for easy identification.
Note: An analysis title can be defined for each analysis within a model. However, if an
analysis title is defined for the first analysis in a model then that analysis title is used
and displayed on all subsequent analysis results and images until re-defined for any
subsequent analysis.
5.4
Material and Water Properties

Material types are referenced during definition of material profiles, and material
properties must therefore be defined for each material type thus referenced. A single
material type (and therefore the material properties associated with that type) can be
referenced by one or several different material profiles, thus it is possible to have a
greater number of material profiles than material types.
The Material and Water Properties dialog allows selection of the material strength
parameters for definition of material properties - the choices are Mohr-Coulomb (the
default) and Hoek-Brown. Mohr-Coulomb parameters allow strengths to be defined in
terms of cohesion (c) and phi (f), where phi is the angle of shearing resistance in
degrees. A Plasticity Index (PI) value can be defined when utilising Skemptons
relationship for calculation of cohesion - see Section 5.4.1 following for more
information on using defined PI values for such.
Hoek-Brown parameters allow strengths to be defined in terms of m, s and UCS, where
m and s are material constants used in the Hoek-Brown failure criteria, and UCS is the
material Unconfined Compressive Strength. Clicking the radio button adjacent to the
criteria of choice causes the column headings in the Material Properties group grid to
change appropriately.

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Values should be entered into the Material Properties grid, according to the parameters
selected, as well as values for unit weight and Ru. A short description, of up to 40
characters, can be included for each material type defined. See Section 2.6 (System of
Units) for more information on unit weight and its definition, and Section 5.4.2
following for more information on the use of Ru values.
The colour column allows a colour to be associated with each material type - the
selected colour is then displayed on model and result images as a narrow band below
material profiles that represent that material type. To associate a colour with a material
type either click or <Tab> into the colour cell for a material type the Colour dialog is
displayed allowing selection from either a 256-colour palette or a palette providing a
choice from a theoretical 16 million colours. The palette presented depends on the
colour capability of the PC and screen that GALENA is being used on. The 16 millioncolour palette is only presented where 24-bit colour support is available see Section
4.5.3 (About Galena) and Appendix B (Installation and Setup) for more information on
24-bit support and availability.
A colour can be selected from the Basic Colours, Custom Colours or by moving the
crosshair over the colour selection area, or clicking anywhere on the colour selection
area. A slide bar to the right of the colour selection area allows the intensity of the
selected colour to be varied. When OK is selected the chosen colour will be returned
and displayed in the colour cell for that material type.
Note: If any values are entered into the material properties grid and an alternative
material strength parameter option (Mohr-Coulomb/Hoek-Brown) is then selected all
values are cleared from the grid and are not retained.
If a phreatic or piezometric surface is to be used, and the Ru value has been set at 1.1,
then a unit weight for water (in-ground) must be defined. A value in the range of 9.807
to 9.81 (SI units) or 62.43 to 62.45 (US units) would be suitable for most situations.
Note: GALENA does not default to a universal unit weight for water, as it is a unitless
system allowing the use of either metric/SI or US units.
A unit weight for water or similar above-ground medium can also be defined if the
situation being modelled includes water or a heavier-than-water medium above the
slope surface (as in the case of riverbank, dam, tailings dam or silt-laden waterway)
then the unit weight of water or medium can be defined within the Water/Medium Unit
Weights group. This value is used when a phreatic surface extends above the slope
surface and applies to the water/medium below the phreatic surface and above the slope
surface. A zero value can be applied for direct comparisons of water above/water not
above the slope, or for modelling of slopes that would be fully saturated up to the level
of the phreatic surface.

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Use of the Plasticity Index to Determine Cohesion

If the cohesion value is entered as a negative number the actual cohesion on the base of
each slice in a material profile containing that material type is computed as a function of
the effective overburden pressure at the midpoint of the slice base (i.e. cohesion
increases with depth as may be relevant to clays).
The absolute value of the input cohesion value is used as the cohesion intercept value at
the surface. Cohesion for normally consolidated clays is calculated according to
Skempton (1957) for undrained conditions (i.e. f = 0) as:
C = Ci + (0.11 + 0.0037 x PI) x effective overburden pressure
where:
Ci is the absolute value of the input Cohesion value for that material;
PI is the input Plasticity Index for that material.
The Plasticity Index is only used by GALENA if the cohesion is to be calculated as

described above where cohesion is input as a negative value. Otherwise, any dummy
value (e.g. 0) can be input for the Plasticity Index.
5.4.2
Application of the Pore Pressure Ratio

If the value of the pore pressure ratio (Ru) is entered as 1.1 for any material type then the
actual value of Ru, and therefore the pore water pressure, is calculated directly from the
phreatic surface. If any other value in the range of -0.5 to 0.5 is entered the pore water
pressure is calculated directly from the Ru value entered. Negative Ru values are
accepted - a facility that may prove useful for modelling suction heads in exposed
excavation situations with cohesive soils.
In practice, the definition of Ru values in the range of 0.0 to 0.5 can be regarded as a
first approximation, and best used in homogeneous slopes. An Ru value representing
saturation will obviously vary with soil density, and with complex models Ru in a
material will change through the different failure mass slices. It is generally far easier,
and much more accurate, to define phreatic and/or piezometric surfaces in the model,
and let GALENA do the work!
Note: It therefore stands that when an Ru value of 1.1 is defined that a phreatic
surface must be defined for the model.
5.5
Material Profiles
Material profiles are defined as a line or series of lines, in turn made up of a series of
x/y co-ordinate pairs, to represent the upper limit of a material layer - at least one
material profile must be defined for all models.
We recommend that material profiles be defined according to original geology, or in as
simple a manner as possible. For example, the easiest way to define the top material
profile is as a horizontal line above the expected slope surface level. This can be
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one at or near the x-axis maximum, or at the horizontal limits of the slope surface to be
defined. We further recommend that profiles be defined in a top-down approach i.e.
the topmost profile be defined first, then the next profile below that, and so on. This
start-at-the-surface approach approximates that used when mapping drilled holes, pits
and trenches, and generally avoids definition of unnecessarily complex profiles.
When modelling a simple horizontally layered slope it is usually easiest, and quickest,
to define the material layers as a series of horizontal lines that extend from and to the
axis or model limits, rather than to have a number of material profiles that follow the
slope profile before branching off at appropriate levels on the slope surface. The slope
surface is used to define the surface of the slope and when material profiles are defined
as described GALENA simply and efficiently handles what has been a problem for many
in the past, who ask what do I do if I want to move the slope surface - do I need to
move all of the material profiles as well?
When using material profiles to model enclosed bodies definition of profile co-ordinates
should proceed clockwise around any such body and end with the last co-ordinate
position being at the same position as the first a closed polygon. Closed bodies, such
as lenses and backfilled excavations can be modelled in this way.
In cases where one material boundary intercepts another, for example unconformities or
beds that wedge out, care should be taken to ensure that the common point is defined
for both material profiles.
Note: A material profile can have several y co-ordinates for any x co-ordinate (i.e. they
can be over-folded), provided none of the profiles cross material profiles should be
split and defined separately in cases where crossing is expected or required.
For complex geology, material profiles need to be defined with caution. For steeply
dipping geology, a horizontal line should be used above the slope surface to ensure that
all of the material to be defined is actually defined. Only material under the slope
surface will be considered in analyses.
The Material Profiles dialog allows definition either by manual entry of x/y
co-ordinates that make up profiles, or by use of the mouse line draw function, described
in Section 3.2.2 (Mouse Line Draw).
The Material Profiles dialog includes the analysis number (within the title bar), the
current profile number and the total number of profiles defined at the start of material
profile definition. The profile number will increment as profiles are defined. Also
included is a drop-down selectable field for material type. If a description for the
material type was provided during definition of material properties it will appear here as
an aid to selection. The material type chosen will become that associated with, and
defined as being beneath, this material profile.
If material and water properties have not yet been defined then the material type dropdown field provides a list of numbers from 1 through to the maximum number of
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material types available in GALENA. Any material type number can be selected, but you
should ensure that a material type matching the number chosen is defined - for new
models the material type number automatically increments in line with the material
profile number as profiles are defined.
The Next Profile button accepts the defined profile, increments the profile number and
clears the grid ready for definition of the next profile. The OK button accepts all
defined profiles and associated material types. The Cancel button closes the dialog and
discards any changes.
Note: When the Next Profile and OK buttons are selected the defined x/y co-ordinates
are checked if the first and last co-ordinate sets are identical a prompt requesting
acceptance of those co-ordinates is displayed co-ordinate sets defining closed
polygons must be accepted in this way. Additional checks are undertaken and similar
messages are provided allowing re-definition or deletion of profiles with missing or
invalid co-ordinates. When profiles are excluded (an option provided with some
advisory messages) it should be noted that all subsequent profile definitions are also
excluded (deleted).
Profiles are displayed on model images as dot-dash green lines. During model
definition they are drawn complete (even when above the slope surface) with the profile
number displayed and positioned at each x/y co-ordinate point defining them. If a
colour has been associated with a particular material type then a narrow colour band is
drawn below each material profile that represents that particular material type.
Following processing only material profiles that are below the slope surface are
displayed, without the identifying profile numbers. The colour bands associated with
material types are also displayed, but as with material profiles, only for material profiles
that are below the slope surface.
5.5.1
Editing Material Profiles

To edit material profiles select the Material Profiles option and move to the profile to be
edited (using Next Profile). The profile can then be re-defined using the mouse line
draw function or manually edited within the x/y co-ordinate grid. When the required
changes have been made select the OK button. Select Yes at the prompt to keep
additional (subsequent) material profile definitions.
Note: When the Material Profiles option is first selected all defined material profiles
are displayed on the drawing pane. However, as the profiles are stepped through,
using the Next Profile button, only profiles up to and including the current profile are
displayed on the drawing pane, providing a simple visual check of profile positions.

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Deleting Material Profiles

To delete material profiles select the Material Profiles option and move through the
profiles (using Next Profile) to the last profile to be retained, and select the OK button.
Select No at the prompt to keep additional (subsequent) material profile definitions.
Note: Deleted definitions are retained in memory for a short time during model
definition, but are not saved to the model file and are not displayed on the drawing
pane. While they are still available in memory they can be recalled. To recall select
the Material Profiles option and move through the profiles (using Next Profile) to the
last profile, and then select Next Profile again the first deleted profile will be
displayed, if available. Select the OK button to keep this profile.
5.5.3
Adding Material Profiles

To add material profiles select the Material Profiles option and move through the
profiles (using Next Profile) to the last profile, and then select the Next Profile button.
Additional profiles can then be defined as previously described.
Profiles can be inserted in the same way. The profile number assigned will be a simple
increment from the last profile number, but its defined position within the model is
where it will be considered when the model is analysed. Profiles inserted in this
manner can be positioned anywhere within the model - above, below or between
currently defined profiles.
5.6
Slope Surface
When using GALENA it is recommended that material profiles are defined to represent
geology, as it would exist before any slope was defined, excavated or created, and
where possible or practical, before slope surface definition. A slope surface is then
defined, which in effect cuts through the defined profiles. If analysis reveals that the
slope surface chosen is unsuitable and needs to be re-positioned the process within
GALENA is straightforward - re-define the slope surface.
If material profiles are defined according to geology and not to match or follow the
slope surface then there is no need to re-define any of the profiles. Additionally, there
is no need to have common material profile and slope surface co-ordinates; therefore
the slope can be re-defined to cut through the profiles at almost any position for
almost any design.
The slope surface is defined as a series of lines, in turn made up of a series of x/y
co-ordinate pairs, in a right-handed co-ordinate system (i.e. the definition of x/y
co-ordinate pairs must proceed from the left side of a model with the x co-ordinates
positively increasing).
While GALENA can handle a large number of co-ordinate points, permitting quite
complex topographic surfaces, certain configurations may cause misleading results. It

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is assumed that in most cases the slopes being analysed are excavations, cuttings,
embankments, or natural slopes with slopes less than vertical.
GALENA does not recognise overhanging slopes in calculations. When calculating the
weight of the slices below the overhang, the overhanging material is ignored. Such
cases should be modelled as vertical or near-vertical faces, provided no overhang is
created. If a very large overhang needs to be modelled, consideration of moments and
elastic behaviour put such a problem outside the scope of a limiting equilibrium
analysis of this type - this also applies to tunnels, caverns or other underground spaces.
Overhanging tension cracks are discussed in Section 5.16 (Tension Crack).
Note: GALENA will work with both right-hand rising and left-hand rising slopes, but
some caution should be exercised when using left-hand rising slopes. Bi-directional
slopes such as dams or box cuts can be analysed within one model, but care should be
taken when doing so. For complex models, bi-directional slopes are probably best
analysed as two separate cases. It is recommended that slopes be input rising to the
right (right-hand rising) wherever possible.
The Slope Surface dialog allows definition either by manual entry of x/y co-ordinates
that make up the surface, or by use of the mouse line draw function, described in
Section 3.2.2 (Mouse Line Draw). The dialog title bar includes the analysis number.
The slope surface is displayed on model images as a solid black line, defining the
absolute top of the slope - all profiles and materials above this surface will be
ignored, a function handled entirely and automatically by GALENA.
5.7
Phreatic Surface
In GALENA, phreatic water pressure refers to the head of water below a given water
table level, as defined by a phreatic surface. This water pressure increases linearly with
increasing depth below the phreatic surface, and applies to all material profiles below
the phreatic surface, unless a separate piezometric surface has been defined for a
particular material profile or an Ru value has been defined for a particular material type.
As well as being able to model groundwater conditions the phreatic surface can be used
to model situations of water above the slope surface, entirely (submerged slopes) or
partially (dams, riverbanks and flood plains), and tailings dam situations where the
density of the medium above the slope surface is higher than that of water. For
example, with a riverbank situation the phreatic surface is defined within the riverbank
and above the slope at the river level, and the water/medium (above ground) value on
the Material and Water Properties dialog is set to 9.81 (metric units), or 62.45 (US
units). If the same phreatic surface were modelling a tailings dam the water/medium
(above ground) value may be set to 11.5 (metric units), or 73.21 (US units). See
Section 5.4 (Material and Water Properties) for information on defining water and
water/medium (above ground) properties.

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When the phreatic surface is defined as being above the slope surface it is possible to
model a completely saturated (but not submerged) slope by setting the water/medium
(above ground) value to zero - resulting in only the water in the ground being
considered (to compute the uplift pressure in this case).
A phreatic surface is defined as a line or a series of lines, in turn made up of a series of
x/y co-ordinate pairs, and is displayed on model images as a dashed dark blue line.
The Phreatic Surface dialog allows definition either by manual entry of x/y co-ordinates
that make up the surface, or by use of the mouse line draw function, described in
Section 3.2.2 (Mouse Line Draw). The dialog title bar includes the analysis number.
Note: If a phreatic surface or piezometric surfaces are included in the model ensure
that the Ru value within the Material and Water Properties option is set to 1.1 otherwise
an error will result. If piezometric surfaces only are being considered and the Ru value
is set to 1.1 then a phreatic surface must be defined, even when not being considered
in such cases the phreatic surface should be included below the area of influence as a
simple horizontal line the width of the model.
5.8
Piezometric Surfaces
In slope stability problems, simple phreatic water pressures cannot always simulate
actual groundwater conditions - piezometric pressures may be more relevant, and
several different piezometric pressures could exist for the same problem.
As stated previously, in GALENA, phreatic water pressure refers to the head of water
below a given water table level, as defined by the phreatic surface.
However, where there are confined aquifers within a slope or dam, the applicable water
pressure could differ significantly between adjacent material profiles. In such situations
piezometric water pressures would be applicable, and GALENA enables a piezometric
surface to be defined for one or more material profiles.
For a typical problem, a phreatic surface is defined, with say a typical drawdown curve.
A confined aquifer may also exist in the slope in this case a piezometric surface
would be defined for the profile that contains the aquifer.
Note: The number of piezometric surfaces that can be defined cannot exceed the
number of material profiles defined, and there cannot be more than one piezometric
surface in any one material profile.
Piezometric surfaces are defined as a series of lines, in turn made up of a series of x/y
co-ordinate pairs, representing the upper surface or level of the piezometric surface.
The Piezometric Surfaces dialog allows definition either by manual entry of x/y
co-ordinates that make up surfaces, or by use of the mouse line draw function,
described in Section 3.2.2 (Mouse Line Draw).

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The Piezometric Surfaces dialog includes the analysis number (within the title bar), the
current surface number and the total number of surfaces defined at the start of
piezometric surface definition. The surface number will increment as surfaces are
defined.
Also included is a drop-down selectable field for a material profile. The material
profile chosen is the profile that this piezometric surface will be acting within. If a
material type description is associated with each defined profile it will appear here as an
aid to selection the piezometric surface is not defined to act within all material
profiles with that description however; the description is only related to the material
profile. Material profile numbers and descriptions are listed here, and those listed are
only those that have been defined for this model thus far.
The Next Surface button accepts the defined surface, increments the surface number
and clears the grid ready for definition of the next surface. The OK button accepts all
defined surfaces and associated material profiles. The Cancel button closes the dialog
and discards any changes.
Note: When the Next Surface and OK buttons are selected the defined x/y co-ordinates
are checked if missing or invalid co-ordinates are identified prompts allowing surface
re-definition or deletion are provided. When surfaces are excluded (an option provided
with some advisory messages) it should be noted that all subsequent surface definitions
are also excluded (deleted).
Surfaces are displayed on model images as dot-dot-dash cyan lines. During model
definition they are drawn with the number of the profile that they are acting within
displayed and positioned at each x/y co-ordinate point defining them.
Note: Where a confined aquifer is present close to the toe of a slope, the piezometric
pressure could theoretically exceed the effective overburden pressure. In reality, rapid
dissipation of water pressure would occur in most situations. To overcome the
numerical problems associated with confined aquifers in the toe region, the maximum
piezometric pressures calculated by GALENA do not exceed the total slice weight
(including any external water/medium or vertical loadings).
5.8.1
Editing Piezometric Surfaces

To edit piezometric surfaces select the Piezometric Surfaces option and move to the
surface to be edited (using Next Surface). The surface can then be re-defined using the
mouse line draw function or manually edited within the x/y co-ordinate grid. When the
required changes have been made select the OK button. Select Yes at the prompt to
keep additional (subsequent) piezometric surface definitions.
Note: When the Piezometric Surfaces option is first selected all defined piezometric
surfaces are displayed on the drawing pane. However, as the surfaces are stepped
through, using the Next Profile button, only surfaces up to and including the current

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surface are displayed on the drawing pane, providing a simple visual check of surface
positions and proximity to the material profile they are to act within.
5.8.2
Deleting Piezometric Surfaces

To delete piezometric surfaces select the Piezometric Surfaces option and move through
the surfaces (using Next Surface) to the last surface to be retained, and select the OK
button. Select No at the prompt to keep additional (subsequent) surface definitions.
the Piezometric Surfaces option and move through the surfaces (using Next Surface) to
the last surface, and then select Next Surface again the first deleted surface will be
displayed, if available. Select the OK button to keep this surface.
5.8.3
Adding Piezometric Surfaces

To add piezometric surfaces select the Piezometric Surfaces option and move through
the surfaces (using Next Surface) to the last surface, and then select the Next Surface
button. Additional surfaces can then be defined as previously described.
5.9
Loads & Forces - Distributed Loads

In slope stability problems, external loads may need to be applied to or behind the crest
of a slope, or to the area in front of the toe of a slope. These loads can be evenly
distributed, as may be the case for roadways, railways and structures, or unevenly
distributed, such as the high-pressure loading caused by the leading edge of a dragline
tub just behind a slope crest. For such variable distributions it is generally easier to
apply loads as pressures.
Within GALENA distributed loads are applied vertically to the slope surface and
modelled by specifying end points for each distributed load and respective pressures at
each end point. GALENA will calculate the pressure distribution between the end points
and apply these to the affected slices.
The Distributed Loads dialog provides for load definition, up to the maximum number
of distributed loads. Distributed loads are defined by entering into the grid an x-left
position, a pressure (at the x-left position), an x-right position and a pressure (at the
x-right position) for each load to be defined. Grid controls are available for use with
this dialog, as described in Section 3.2.6 (Grid Controls). The dialog title bar includes
the analysis number.
The Refresh button accepts all distributed loads defined and updates the model image to
display all loads defined. The OK button accepts all distributed loads defined, updates
the model image and closes the dialog. The Cancel button closes the dialog and

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Note: When the Cancel button is selected only those changes made after refreshing the
display (with the Refresh button) are discarded; those made before refreshing the
display (with the Refresh button) are retained. Use the dialog grid controls to delete
definitions made before refreshing the display, and select the OK button.
Distributed loads are displayed on model images as magenta vertically hatched
polygons acting on the slope surface with the relative pressure values displayed at the
end points, or centrally above the load indication where pressure values are equal.
As an example (in metric units - US units in brackets): A dragline with a total weight of
3500 tonnes (3850 tons) rests on a tub 18 m (60 ft) in diameter - bearing pressure is
about 140 kPa (2725 lbf/sq.ft). To model this situation the 140 kPa (2725 lbf/sq.ft) is
defined at each of at two x co-ordinate positions that are 18 m (60 ft) apart at the crest
of a slope, with an x co-ordinate of 120.0. The x-left position is therefore 120.0; the
pressure at the x-left position is 140.0 (2725); the x-right position is 138.0 (180.0); and
the pressure at the x-right position is 140.0 (2725). This is a single load.
As a second example (in metric units - US units in brackets): The dragline is operating
(i.e. the bucket is full and being hauled up) and the additional pressure at the leading
edge of the dragline tub is found to be around 80 kPa (1675 lbf/sq.ft) decreasing to zero
at the centre of the tub. To model this situation two distributed loads are defined. The
first load x-left position is 120.0; the pressure at the x-left position is 220.0 [140+80]
(4400 [2725+1675]); the x-right position is 129.0 (150.0) [120 + half the tub diameter];
and the pressure at the x-right position is 140.0 (2725). The second load x-left position
is 129.0 (150.0); the pressure at the x-left position is 140.0 (2725); the x-right position
is 138.0 (180.0); and the pressure at the x-right position is 140.0 (2725).
Used in this way, the Distributed Loads option can model complex loads to be applied
to the crest of a slope. Again, it is stressed that the applied values are pressures, which
are distributed linearly between the specified end points.
If a point load is required, it is necessary to specify very close end points, for example
only 0.1 m (0.3 ft) apart. For a 10 kN (2248 lbf) applied point load pressures of 100
kPa (2088 lbf/sq.ft) would be specified for each end point.
5.10
Loads & Forces - Earthquake Force

Earthquake forces can be simulated using a pseudo-static approach where an earthquake
(seismic) coefficient is defined to generate a de-stabilising horizontal force "g" times
the weight of the assumed failure mass, where g is the earthquake (seismic) coefficient.
The Earthquake Coefficient dialog provides for definition of a pseudo-static seismic
coefficient, for each analysis within a model. The dialog title bar includes the analysis
number. If an earthquake (seismic) coefficient has been defined for a specific analysis a
horizontal red arrow will be displayed on the model image with the earthquake

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(seismic) coefficient displayed below. The arrow will be pointing out-of-the-slope

indicating the horizontal direction in which it will act.
Note: The arrow described above may not correctly indicate out-of-the-slope direction
during new model definitions until a failure surface has been defined - once a failure
surface has been defined it will indicate correctly as described.
As with most other definitions in GALENA the earthquake coefficient will be applied to
all analyses after definition (i.e. if defined for Analysis 1 then it will also be considered
in all subsequent analyses, until re-defined). To have an earthquake coefficient
considered for Analysis 2 but not for Analysis 3 it is necessary to define the earthquake
coefficient for Analysis 2 (at a suitable value), and then re-define the earthquake
coefficient again for Analysis 3, but to enter a zero value this time. The indicating
arrow is not displayed for zero values.
Note: See Section 6.7.3 (Application of Pseudo-Static Seismic Coefficient) for guidance
and further information on the application of a pseudo-static earthquake coefficient.
5.11
Loads & Forces - External Forces

The application of external forces is provided within GALENA for use where forces need
to be applied to the slope surface for a variety of reasons. External forces can be
applied to any point on the slope surface, and at any angle; however, there are
limitations to their application.
External forces were originally included in GALENA to assist with modelling of bolts
and anchors in open-cut mining situations where the forces within such anchoring
devices were largely expected to be acting on the slope surface. External forces can still
be used to model a range of situations, such as retaining walls, where a force (or forces)
is applied to the slope surface, however, you should be aware of the limitations of using
external forces to model bolts and anchors where the force applied is expected to be
applied to the failure surface.
GALENAs Sarma method of analysis currently handles the application of external
non-horizontally applied forces most efficiently. See Section 6.4 (Simulation of
Ground Anchors) for further information on ground anchors and modelling thereof.
Note: When modelling point forces applied other than horizontally to the slope surface
you should be aware that external forces can actually de-stabilise the slope,
particularly if applied above the centroid of the failure mass. You are advised to use
Distributed Loads for modelling of any vertically applied force or load vertically
applied point forces can be effectively modelled using Distributed Loads, as described
in Section 5.9 (Loads & Forces Distributed Loads).
The External Forces dialog provides for force definition, up to the maximum number of
external forces. External forces are defined by entering into the grid an x-position, a
force angle, and a force value for each force to be defined. Grid controls are available

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for use with this dialog, as described in Section 3.2.6 (Grid Controls). The dialog title
bar includes the analysis number.
The Refresh button accepts all external forces defined and updates the model image to
display all forces defined. The OK button accepts all external forces defined, updates
the model image and closes the dialog. The Cancel button closes the dialog and
display (with the Refresh button) are retained. Use the dialog grid controls to delete
definitions made before refreshing the display, and select the OK button.
External forces are displayed on model images as magenta arrows on the slope surface
at the defined angles with the relative force values displayed near the tails of the arrows.
Note: The force values associated with force arrows described may not be correctly
positioned during new model definitions if a failure surface has not been defined - once
a failure surface has been defined they will be displayed correctly as described.
5.12
Failure Surface Circular

All models must have a failure surface defined before any analysis can be undertaken.
GALENA provides for circular and non-circular failure surface definition that can be
used for single analyses, backanalyses and as starting points for multiple analyses. The
choice of shape for failure surfaces is somewhat dependent on the geology and
geometry of the slope (materials, profile position, shape, layering and proximity), and
the method of analysis to be used. Some guidance on the selection of the type and
shape of failure surfaces for different conditions and materials is provided in Section 6.2
(Initial Failure Surface Selection).
In GALENA circular failure surfaces are defined by one of four sets of parameters:
(i)
XL XR R (X-Left, X-Right, Radius)

- describes the x co-ordinate for the left and right intercepts of the failure surface
with the slope surface, together with a radius.
(ii)
XC YC R (X-Centre, Y-Centre, Radius)

- describes the x/y co-ordinates of the circle centre, together with a radius.
(iii) XC YC XL (X-Centre, Y-Centre, X-Left)

- describes the x/y co-ordinates of the circle centre, together with the x
co-ordinate for the left intercept of the failure surface with the slope surface.
(iv) XC YC XR (X-Centre, Y-Centre, X-Right)
- describes the x/y co-ordinates of the circle centre, together with the x
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It should be noted that GALENAs XL, XR, R method of definition is by far the easiest
way to define a circular failure surface - XL, XR, R definition works for both left and
right-handed slopes.
Note: Circular failure surfaces can be used with the BISHOP and SPENCER-WRIGHT
methods of analysis and backanalysis.
The Circular Failure Surface dialog allows for selection of a parameter descriptor for a
circular failure surface, and for entry of values for each of the parameters described.
Selection of a parameter descriptor from the drop-down field causes the notations above
each of the entry fields to change appropriately. The dialog title bar includes the
analysis number.
The Refresh button accepts the parameter descriptor and the values defined, and
updates the model image. The OK button accepts the parameter descriptor and the
values defined, updates the model image and closes the dialog. The Cancel button
closes the dialog and discards any changes. Circular failure surfaces are displayed on
model images as a solid red arcuate line.
display (with the Refresh button) are retained.
5.13
Failure Surface - Non-Circular

All models must have a failure surface defined before any analysis can be undertaken.
GALENA provides for circular and non-circular failure surface definition that can be
used for single analyses, backanalyses and as starting points for multiple analyses. The
choice of shape for failure surfaces is somewhat dependent on the geology and
geometry of the slope (materials, profile position, shape, layering and proximity), and
the method of analysis to be used. Some guidance on the selection of the type and
shape of failure surfaces for different conditions and materials is provided in Section 6.2
(Initial Failure Surface Selection).
A non-circular failure surface is defined as a series of lines, in turn made up of a series
of x/y co-ordinate pairs, in a right-handed co-ordinate system (i.e. the definition of x/y
co-ordinate pairs must proceed from the left side of a model with the x co-ordinates
positively increasing). The surface can be curved, planar, or a combination of curved
and planar shapes and segments.
TIP: To define a non-circular failure surface with either a general circular shape or
including circular sections try defining a circular surface with the circular section(s) in
the required position(s). Once defined select the Non-Circular Failure Surface option
the non-circular failure surface grid will contain the x/y co-ordinates that make up the
circular failure surface. The co-ordinates can be accepted as they are for direct
comparison using non-circular analysis methods, or can be modified (manually) by

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changing some values or deleting some co-ordinate pairs to create a straight-line

section in place of those deleted. Use grid controls for deleting individual pairs or
blocks of pairs, and moving subsequent values up to create a contiguous data block.
When drawing or defining a non-circular failure surface it is recommended that the
surface have a concave profile. Analyses can still be undertaken when failure surfaces
include convex points and GALENA will provide warnings, or record details in the error
log, for identified convex points.
Note: Non-circular failure surfaces can be used with the SPENCER-WRIGHT and SARMA
methods of analysis and backanalysis.
The Non-Circular Failure Surface dialog allows definition either by manual entry of x/y
co-ordinates that make up the surface, or by use of the mouse line draw function,
described in Section 3.2.2 (Mouse Line Draw). Grid controls are available for use with
this dialog, as described in Section 3.2.6 (Grid Controls). The dialog title bar includes
the analysis number, and when accepted the failure surface is displayed as solid red line.
Note: In general the first and last points of a failure surface must lie on the slope
surface for analysis. This can be particularly important as non-circular surfaces are
defined manually and not automatically by GALENA, however, GALENA does allow noncircular failure surfaces to be defined where the first and last points can be either
above the slope surface (near to where the failure surface is required to be), or just
below the slope surface (again, near to where the failure surface is required to be). In
such cases GALENA attempts to complete the failure surface for analysis by determining
start or end points for the failure surface on the slope surface. In many cases this
action is entirely satisfactory, however, in some it can be inconsistent and satisfactory
completion depends on the scale of the model and the position of the first or last point.
5.14
Failure Surface Critical

During multiple analyses the critical failure surface is identified as being that with the
lowest Factor of Safety. The characteristics of the critical failure surface are retained by
GALENA and can be used as the seed surface for subsequent analyses, multiple analyses
and backanalyses.
A typical use for such can be found during multiple analysis - when the critical failure
surface is found (from multiple analysis) further analyses can be undertaken to better
define the position of the critical surface within a slope by defining the last calculated
critical surface to be the currently defined failure surface, and therefore used as the
initial approximation around which further searches are centred. This re-definition is
achieved with the Failure Surface - Critical option.
No dialog is displayed or numerical data required with this option - simply select the
Failure Surface Critical option from the main menu, or the toolbar button provided on
the data definition toolbar. See Section 6.5 (Multiple Analysis Restraints and Critical

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Failure Surfaces) for guidance on multiple analyses and the use of restraints and critical
failure surfaces.
Note: Critical failure surface definition can be used for BISHOP, SPENCER-WRIGHT and
SARMA methods of analysis and backanalysis, but are only available for use with
analyses that follow a multiple analysis.
5.15
Sarma Slices
The Sarma Slices option allows definition of non-vertical slice boundaries for use with
Sarma analyses and backanalyses. In the absence of defined Sarma slice boundaries
GALENA will automatically generate such slice boundaries as are necessary during a
Sarma analysis. Automatically generated slice boundaries will pass through all points
of inflection on the slope and failure surfaces, thereby ensuring that no slices have more
than four sides.
User-defined slice boundaries can be specified for boundary definition along geological
structures (e.g. faults, shear zones, etc.) or, if required or necessary, to define a single
slice boundary to which further automatically generated slice boundaries will be
aligned. GALENA generates additional slice boundaries to complete the model as
described - such slice boundaries are generally sub-parallel to the user-defined slice
boundaries. Properties can be defined for user-defined slice boundaries in terms of
cohesion and phi (c/f), or such properties can be determined automatically by GALENA.
A line, or pair of x/y co-ordinate pairs defining a line, defines a slice boundary. The
Non-Vertical Sarma Slices dialog allows both manual entry of x/y co-ordinates defining
a slice boundary, and mouse line draw of slice boundaries. See Section 3.2.2 (Mouse
Line Draw) for more information on mouse line draw. The Sarma slice dialog includes
the analysis number within the title bar, the current slice number and the total number of
slices defined at the start of Sarma slice definition. The slice number will increment as
slices are defined.
Entry fields are provided for definition of slice properties in terms of cohesion and phi
(c/f). When defining non-vertical slice boundaries the values of c and f are known in
many cases and are defined as being constant along the slice boundary. However, one
or both of these properties may not always be known and by checking the Auto check
box for either (or both) of these properties, the actual value will be calculated from the
properties of the materials that the slice boundary passes through. By default both
check boxes will be ticked, thereby triggering automatic slice property calculation.
Note: When drawing or defining slice boundaries it is not necessary that the endpoints
lie directly on either the slope surface or the failure surface (although they should be
proximate) as GALENA automatically calculates intersections with these surfaces. It
does not matter whether the upper or lower x/y co-ordinate is defined or drawn first, as
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The Next Slice button accepts the slice and property definitions, increments the slice
number and clears the grid and entry fields, and sets the check boxes to defaults ready
for definition of the next slice. The OK button accepts all defined slices and associated
slice properties. The Cancel button closes the dialog and discards any changes.
Note: When the Next Slice and OK buttons are selected the defined x/y co-ordinates
are checked if missing or invalid co-ordinates are identified prompts allowing slice
re-definition or deletion are provided. When slices are excluded (an option provided
with some advisory messages) it should be noted that all subsequent slice definitions
are also excluded (deleted). When the Cancel button is selected only those changes
made since selecting the Next Slice button are discarded; those made before selecting
the Next Slice button are retained.
User-defined slice boundaries are displayed as solid lime green lines, with the slice
boundary number displayed on-screen and positioned at each end of the line defining
the slice boundary. Automatically generated slice boundaries, shown on analysis result
images, are displayed as dotted lime green lines. All slice boundaries are displayed on
result images and appear only between the slope surface and failure surface.
Note: Non-vertical slices are used with the SARMA method of analysis only. Slice data
is not saved unless a Sarma analysis or backanalysis is defined for the current analysis.
Warning messages are displayed when other analysis methods are defined.
5.15.1
Editing Sarma Slices

To edit Sarma slices select the Sarma Slices option and move to the slice to be edited
(using Next Slice). The slice can then be re-defined using the mouse line draw function
or manually edited within the x/y co-ordinate grid. When the required changes have
been made select the OK button. Select Yes at the prompt to keep additional
(subsequent) slice definitions.
Note: When the Sarma Slices option is first selected all defined slices are displayed on
the drawing pane. However, as the slices are stepped through, using the Next Slice
button, only slices up to and including the current slice are displayed on the drawing
pane, providing a simple visual check of slice positions and proximity.
5.15.2
Deleting Sarma Slices

To delete Sarma slices select the Sarma Slices option and move through the slices
(using Next Slice) to the last slice to be retained, and select the OK button. Select No
at the prompt to keep additional (subsequent) slice definitions.
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and then select Next Slice again the first deleted slice will be displayed, if available.
Select the OK button to keep this slice.
5.15.3
Adding Sarma Slices

To add Sarma slices select the Sarma Slices option and move through the slices (using
Next Slice) to the last slice, and then select the Next Slice button. Additional slices can
then be defined as previously described.
5.16
Tension Crack
There will be instances during stability analyses that it will become necessary or
advisable to include a tension crack in the analysis see Section 6.7.1 (Negative
Stresses towards the Top of a Slope).
A tension crack can be manually included by defining the slope surface so that it
includes a narrow V-shaped crack to the required depth. The failure surface must then
be defined so that it terminates at the lowest point of the manually defined V-shaped
crack. Although GALENA will recognise a crack with a vertical side, it is preferable to
make both sides slightly sloping. The manual definition process must be repeated for
each analysis to be undertaken, but cannot be used for multiple analyses.
Note: In the case of an inclined tension crack, any material above the tension crack is
ignored in calculations; this is a valid assumption if the tension crack is inclined in the
opposite direction to that of the slope, since the material above the crack would be left
behind as an overhang after failure. In the less likely case, that of a tension crack
inclined in the same general direction as the slope, there is some error involved in
ignoring the mass above the crack, since this mass would in reality contribute to the
disturbing forces, so the true Factor of Safety would be lower than that reported by
GALENA. In practice, such cases would be very rare, but can still be modelled by
replacing the tension crack with a local zone of material with the same density as the
surrounding material, but with very low strength, and then constraining the failure
surface to pass through this zone.
GALENA provides for automatic generation of tension cracks during model processing
as an alternative to manual inclusion of a tension crack within the slope surface. With
automatic generation, a tension crack of a defined depth is automatically generated with
the side adjacent to the failure mass being vertical. The other face of the crack is
inclined away from the failure mass such that the width at its top (on the slope surface)
is one tenth of the defined depth.
Note: Tension crack depths should be estimated in accordance with the guidelines
outlined in Section 6.7.1 (Negative Stresses towards the Top of a Slope).
If the phreatic surface passes through the tension crack, the height of water in the crack
is calculated for inclusion within hydrostatic forces.

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The Tension Crack dialog allows definition of a depth for automatically generated
tension cracks, and includes the analysis number within the title bar. The tension crack
is included within the slope surface at the top end of the failure surface, and is displayed
on analysis result images.
As with most other definitions in GALENA a defined and automatically generated
tension crack will be included in all analyses following definition (i.e. if defined for
Analysis 1 then all subsequent analyses will include the tension crack). To exclude
automatically generated tension cracks from subsequent analyses re-define a tension
crack for any subsequent analysis, but enter a value of zero for the tension crack depth.
Note: Care is required when applying automatic tension crack generation to slopes
with shallow failure surfaces, and to benched slope surfaces that include multiple
horizontal surfaces. Tension cracks may be generated below the crest or on lower
benches for slopes with shallow failure surfaces where the failure surface and slope
surface come to within a distance equal to the defined tension crack depth. To avoid
such occurrences ensure the restraints value for radius/mid-point does not allow
excessive vertical movement near such surfaces likewise with horizontal restraints.
5.17
Multiple Analysis Restraints

The restraints capability within GALENA is one of its most powerful features; largely
because of the total control it provides you, the user. When a multiple analysis is to be
undertaken with GALENA the extent and coverage of the area to be searched must be
defined. All failure surfaces then generated for analysis will be within the defined area,
or more correctly restrained to be within that area.
Restraints define a range of variation around a defined failure surface when multiple
analyses are required to locate a potential critical failure surface - that surface with the
minimum Factor of Safety.
The Multiple Analysis Restraints dialog displays the parameters used to define the
failure surface for the current analysis and below each, provides input fields for ranges
around each of the values defining the failure surface, and the number of trial positions
to analyse within that range. The analysis number is included within the title bar.
Note: The parameters referred to here are not selectable or definable on the Restraints
dialog - the type of failure surface defined for the current analysis determines them.
If a circular failure surface has been defined for the current analysis then the parameters
on the Multiple Analysis Restraints dialog will be those chosen to describe that circular
surface. For example, if X-Left, X-Right, Radius had been selected to describe the
failure surface then these would be the parameters displayed.
If a non-circular failure surface has been defined for the current analysis then X-Left,
X-Right and Mid-Point would be the parameters displayed.

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The values entered for the range should be chosen to define the extent of the area of
interest these values are ranges around the initially defined failure surface values. For
example, if the failure surface has been defined with an X-Right value at 120.0 and the
critical failure surface is expected to be somewhere between 110.0 and 130.0 at its
X-Right position, then the range should be entered as 20.0; GALENA will then generate
trial failure surfaces such that they all have an X-Right position that is between 110.0
and 130.0 (120.0 10.0 - half of the range).
Note: The range values entered here should not be the values used to define the failure
surface they define a range around the failure surface values.
The values entered for the trial positions define the coverage of the range chosen.
Continuing with the example above, the X-Right value is 120.0 and the range defined is
20.0 giving an extent of 110.0 to 130.0 for the X-Right parameter. Defining trial
positions of 21 for the X-Right will cause GALENA to generate trial failure surfaces at
intervals of 1.0 between 110.0 and 130.0 (21 x 1.0 divisions).
The total number of trial failure surfaces generated for analysis during a multiple
analysis will be the product of the three trial position values. If trial position values of
5, 21 and 5 are entered for the three parameters then a total of 525 trial surfaces will be
generated for analysis (5 x 21 x 5 = 525). Default values of 5 apply for each of the trial
positions. Restraint values are carried forward to subsequent multiple analyses.
Note: GALENA will always analyse the defined failure surface around which the
restraints are defined. When even numbers are specified for any of the positions
GALENA will automatically add an extra analysis to ensure analysis of the defined
failure surface.
5.17.1
Restraints and Circular Failure Surfaces

Restraints can allow failure surfaces to be generated that are geometrically or physically
impossible for the slope being examined. For example, if X-Left or X-Right ranges are
too broad some circles may intersect the slope surface such that very small circles result
(e.g. at the crest or on the slope face). Broad restraints may even allow the generated
failure circle to not intersect the slope at all. The defined ranges need to be appropriate
to fit the size and geometric shape of the model.
Where restraint ranges result in failure surfaces that do not intersect the slope surface, or
are above the slope surface, GALENA will abort the analysis of that particular surface.
The omission will be recorded and processing will continue - the number of analyses
aborted due to unacceptable geometry will be displayed within the Multiple Analysis
Result Summary dialog, and within the analysis results.
Typical problems related to restraints that may be encountered during analyses are:
Surfaces extending beyond the defined horizontal range, either of the slope or the
material profiles.

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Surfaces passing above ground level. This is most commonly caused by benches
and berms, toe drains, too short radii when XC, YC, R is defined, or too great a
mid-point range in non-circular analyses.
Convex angles or unrealistically tight angles in non-circular surfaces. GALENA

will still attempt to analyse such surfaces, but will give an appropriate warning,
and may fail to achieve a result.
The problems described above are also relevant to non-circular failure surfaces.
In cases where all failure surfaces are to go through the one position on a slope (e.g.
through the toe, or through a tension crack in an existing failure) the range for the
particular parameter should be set to zero, and the trial positions to 1. For example, in
the toe case the X-Left range is set to zero, and the positions set to 1 (for a right-hand
rising slope). This will result in all failure surfaces having an X-Left position of the toe
of the slope - control of the number of trials will be based on the X-Right and Radius
positions. This approach can be applied to any of the parameters, or to two of the three
failure surface parameters, such that only one of the three parameters varies throughout
a multiple analysis.
5.17.2
Restraints and Non-Circular Failure Surfaces

Much the same comments in Section 5.17.1 above can be applied to non-circular failure
surfaces. The main difference is in the application of restraints to the general mid-point
position of a failure surface. With circular surfaces the radius value controls the general
mid-point position of a surface, however, with non-circular surfaces restraints are
applied to X-Left, X-Right and Mid-Point positions only.
The mid-point restraint controls a vertical range of variation around the initially defined
failure surface mid-point. Mid-point restraint ranges are generally more sensitive than
radius restraint ranges. For example, a radius range of 25.0 on an initial radius of 125.0
will allow the radius to vary between 112.5 and 137.5 - this will still produce acceptable
circles in most cases. A similar range applied to the mid-point on a non-circular surface
could produce surfaces of wildly differing shapes, and quite possibly convex surfaces.
When using non-circular surfaces GALENA adjusts the positions of the other points on
the surface to maintain the same general relative positions. If any of the generated
surfaces has a convex point, GALENA will provide a warning - if excessive numbers of
convex points are encountered it would be advisable to reduce the mid-point restraint
range and re-process the model.
5.18
Analysis Method
GALENA provides three methods of analysis: the BISHOP SIMPLIFIED method (for
circular failure surfaces); the SPENCER-WRIGHT method (for circular and non-circular
failure surfaces); and the SARMA method of non-vertical slices (for non-circular failure
surfaces). Each method can be defined for single and multiple analyses.

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A single analysis is one where one analysis is undertaken using the parameters defined
for the model, including the user-defined failure surface, and is not necessarily useful
for finding the potential failure surface in a slope with the lowest Factor of Safety. It is
however useful for examining existing failures and defined failure paths.
Within GALENA a multiple analysis is one where a number of analyses are undertaken
within a user-defined search area using the parameters defined for the model. A
user-defined initial failure surface is used as a seed for the searching process, together
with user-defined restraints - see Section 5.17 (Multiple Analysis Restraints). Multiple
analysis analyses the initial and generated failure surfaces to find the potential failure
surface with the lowest Factor of Safety.
GALENA provides two types of multiple analysis when using the SPENCER-WRIGHT
method - a multiple circle analysis and a multiple surface analysis. A SPENCERWRIGHT multiple circle analysis will undertake a number of analyses, as described
above, where all surfaces examined will be circular and of constant radii. A circular
failure surface must have been defined in order to use this method.
A SPENCER-WRIGHT multiple surface analysis will undertake a number of analyses, as
described above, but where all surfaces generated will be non-circular in shape - they
may be circular in general shape, made up of a number of straight lines, or a
combination of both. A circular or non-circular failure surface can be defined in order
to use this method.
Note: The paragraph above briefly describes another of GALENAs powerful features the ability to undertake multiple surface analyses using the SPENCER-WRIGHT method
on initially defined circular failure surfaces. GALENA will distort circular surfaces by
varying constant radii surfaces to create surfaces that may have varying radii over their
length, or combinations of fixed radius and/or varying radii and straight sections.
This feature assists with identification of situations where a circular surface may not be
appropriate. For example, if a very soft layer exists, a large part of any slip surface is
likely to lie within such a layer, but if the failure surface is constrained to remain
circular, the true situation and result may not emerge.
The Analysis Method dialog allows selection of a method of analysis, to be used with
the defined model parameters. One of the available methods may be selected for any
one analysis. The analysis number is included within the dialog title bar. For further
information and guidance on the selection of analysis methods see Section 6.3
(Selection of Analysis Method).
5.19
BackAnalysis
Backanalysis is a feature uniquely available within GALENA whereby c/f combinations
that achieve a defined Factor of Safety (on the failure surface in question) are calculated
and plotted as a curve.

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Backanalysis is mainly employed to assess factors such as material strength and support
requirements, sensitivity to material strength, etc., and the result images are rarely
presented to a client or secondary user. (Multiple backanalysis is particularly useful for
sensitivity studies.)
The material type, whose strength relationship will be calculated, is nominated, together
with a minimum phi (f) for that material type and a required Factor of Safety. During
backanalysis, strength parameters of all other materials in the slope are kept constant.
The minimum value of cohesion for the nominated material type is assumed to be zero,
while the minimum f to be considered is user-defined. The maximum cohesion
considered is dependent on the minimum f defined; the maximum f is obviously that
which yields the nominated Factor of Safety when c = 0.
Note: When nominating a material type for backanalysis remember that any material
type can be associated with more than one material profile, and can therefore exist in
more than one location within the model. Backanalysis calculations are for the
nominated material type, and not a material profile.
Backanalysis can be undertaken using any of the three methods of analysis included in
GALENA - the BISHOP SIMPLIFIED method (for circular failure surfaces); the
SPENCER-WRIGHT method (for circular and non-circular failure surfaces); and the
SARMA method of non-vertical slices (for non-circular failure surfaces).
A single backanalysis can be defined, in which case a single c/f curve is produced for a
single defined Factor of Safety.
Multiple backanalyses can be defined, in which case a c/f curve is produced for each
required Factor of Safety defined, and plotted on the same result image in such cases
the same minimum phi (f) value and material type are used for each backanalysis.
Each c/f curve on the result image is labelled with the relevant Factor of Safety (FoS).
The BackAnalysis dialog allows input of the material type, the minimum f and the
required Factor of Safety for single backanalyses. Default values of 1 for material type,
0.0 for minimum phi, and 1.00 for Factor of Safety are displayed. The analysis number
is included within the dialog title bar.
The Type group options of Single and Multiple on the BackAnalysis dialog are selfexplanatory if a multiple backanalysis is to be defined select the radio button adjacent
to the Multiple option; when selected the dialog width changes and displays the Reqd
FoS (Required Factor of Safety) grid where up to ten FoS values can be entered. The
FoS values need not be in any order as GALENA sorts them into increasing order before
saving or re-displaying such values.
Note: If c/f values from a c/f backanalysis curve are to be used it is advisable to input
those values into an analysis (not backanalysis) for the same model before placing any
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reliance on their validity if they are different from those originally used to determine
the failure surface considered in the backanalysis a change in material properties
can sometimes markedly affect the position of a critical failure surface and the FoS
result from any failure surface.
TIP: If an analysis reveals that for an analysed slope the Factor of Safety is around
1.20 try defining a multiple backanalysis and defining the required Factor of Safety
values as say 1.25, 1.30, 1.35, 1.40, 1.45 and 1.50 following processing of the model
have a look at the cohesion range for the approximate value of phi used. It is
sometimes possible to find that the range can be as low as 20 or 30 kPa (400 or 600
lbf/sq.ft) over the full range. (The question Can cohesion values be estimated or
determined to the accuracy of the range? may then need to be asked.)
5.20
Image Window
GALENA displays model and result images within axis limits where all material profiles,
the slope surface, and the failure surface are visible. This includes images on the
drawing pane, within the results window and on hardcopy output. The axis limits are
determined automatically by GALENA to best fully display the model. User-defined axis
limits for new models are only temporary and are not retained by GALENA.
There are times, however, when it may be necessary to display only a certain part of the
overall model on analysis result images and hardcopy output. For example, an analysis
contains a number of distributed loads that are closely spaced (or on different benches)
and on the full image the pressure values or positions are difficult to discern. Using the
Image Window option the area of interest that clearly shows the distributed loads can be
windowed when the model is processed the result image produced only shows the
area defined by the Image Window option, ready for presentation.
The Image Window dialog allows both manual entry of x/y co-ordinates defining an
image window, and mouse area definition of an image window. See Section 3.2.3
(Mouse Area Definition) for more information on mouse area definition. The analysis
number is included within the dialog title bar. Once the image window definition is
accepted the perimeter of the image window area is shown on-screen as a dashed light
grey rectangle.
Note: When defining an image window with mouse area definition the area must be
defined such that the lower-left corner is selected first and the displayed rubber band
stretched to the upper-right corner. GALENA will adjust the defined image window
values to maintain a true aspect ratio for display.
The Image Window option is a toggle action - when selected and after definition the
Image Window option on the Define menu is ticked and the toolbar button appears
depressed. As with other GALENA definitions, the image window definition is carried
forward to subsequent analyses. To remove an image window definition simply select
the Image Window menu or toolbar option the menu option is cleared and the toolbar

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button no longer appears depressed the depressed/not depressed appearance also

serves to indicate when an image window is defined.
5.21
Annotation
Annotation and labels are frequently required for images and hardcopy output for both
reference and presentation purposes, or to assist with identification of geological
stratum, structural features, the phreatic or failure surfaces, design features, etc.
GALENA provides for such annotation within the bounds of the model image area.
The Annotation/Labels dialog provides an input grid for definition of parameters for
each annotation/label, up to the maximum. Definable parameters include:
x/y co-ordinates of the annotation/label starting point;
Annotation/label (up to 40 textual characters);
Direction for the annotation/label, where horizontal and vertical describe the
placement of individual characters in relation to each other (e.g. horizontal is as
appears here, vertical is stacked text);
Font style for the annotation/label;
Font size for the annotation/label;
Angle for display of the annotation/label;
Colour for the annotation/label.
The compass display is to assist with selection of an angle for annotation/label display.
The Refresh button accepts all annotation parameters defined, and updates the model
image. The OK button accepts the annotation parameters defined, updates the model
image and closes the dialog. The Cancel button closes the dialog and discards any
changes. Annotation/labels are displayed on model images as defined.
5.22
New Analysis
As stated previously (and is probably self-evident), definition of a number of analyses
within a single GALENA model is possible. Each analysis can have its own definitions
or can have definitions carried forward from previous analyses. Definitions are carried
forward for all analyses in a model until re-definition.
The basic procedure for definition of new analyses is described here. See Section.3.3
(Galena Model Files) for a description of GALENA model files in general.
When a new model is created an analysis number is assigned to the parameters and
analysis method defined. The first analysis (whether it be Bishop/Spencer/Sarma
single, multiple or backanalysis) and pertinent definitions therefore are assigned

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Analysis 1, and displayed as such in the status bar - see Section 3.1 (Main Window
Structure and Display) for further information on the status bar displays.
The New Analysis option is provided to add or insert additional analyses, and can be
accessed from the Define menu or from a toolbar button on the main toolbar. When
this option is selected the analysis number and total on the status bar will be
incremented and a ring of the PCs bell will sound.
5.22.1
Adding Analyses
Once model parameters are defined and an analysis method chosen, for say Analysis 1,
additional (subsequent) analyses can be defined. To define an additional analysis,
where say the phreatic surface position is to be changed, select the New Analysis
option. The analysis number will increment (status bar display and bell ring), and the
new position for the phreatic surface can be defined (the previous position is displayed
until re-defined). All other model parameters will be carried forward to this new
analysis (Analysis 2). An analysis method must now be selected for this new analysis see Section 5.18 (Analysis Method).
The model can then be saved, processed or reloaded. If AutoSave is enabled (see
Section 4.2.8 (Preferences)) definitions are saved when the model is processed; if
AutoSave is not enabled then a prompt is provided to save changes before processing; if
the model is reloaded then the new analysis (definitions and method) are discarded.
Note: Reload provides a way of recovering model definitions as they were before being
edited (regardless of whether the edits were changes to definitions or new analyses for
that model). When AutoSave is not enabled the Save option must be used to save any
changes, if required, before reloading; when AutoSave is enabled new analyses can
also be saved using the Save option, or by moving through analyses (using Next
Analysis) until all analyses have been loaded a status bar message advises of such.
5.22.2
Inserting Analyses
Additional analyses can be defined either by adding an analysis after all current
analyses (at the end), as described in Section 5.22.1 above, or by inserting analyses
within a current model. Inserted analyses will be placed after the current analysis the
current analysis number is shown on the status bar.
If an additional analysis is to be inserted after Analysis 3, where say the phreatic surface
position is to be changed, and there are 5 analyses defined, then move through the
analyses to Analysis 3 (using the Next Analysis option) and select New Analysis. The
analysis number will increment (status bar display and bell ring), and the new position
for the phreatic surface can be defined (the previous position is displayed until
re-defined). All other model parameters will be carried forward to this new analysis
(Analysis 4). An analysis method must now be selected for this new analysis - see
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incremented automatically the analysis number display on the status bar will show
Analysis 4/6.
The model can then be saved, processed or reloaded. If AutoSave is enabled (see
Section 4.2.8 (Preferences)) definitions are saved when the model is processed; if
AutoSave is not enabled then a prompt is provided to save changes before processing; if
the model is reloaded then the new analysis (definitions and method) are discarded.
Note: Reload provides a way of recovering model definitions as they were before being
edited (regardless of whether the edits were changes to definitions or new analyses for
that model). When AutoSave is not enabled the Save option must be used to save any
changes before reloading; when AutoSave is enabled new analyses can also be saved
using the Save option, or by moving through analyses (using Next Analysis) until all
analyses have been loaded - a status bar message advises of such.
5.22.3
Deleting Analyses
There are times when it becomes necessary to trim down a model to its basics and start
again from that point. Definitions and analyses subsequent to any analysis can be
deleted entirely to enable a fresh start, or simply to remove them from the model.
To delete analyses move through the analyses (using the Next Analysis option) to the
last analysis to be retained, and select the Model Definition Complete option see
Section 5.23 (Model Definition Complete) following for further information. If
AutoSave is enabled (see Section 4.2.8 (Preferences)) the model is saved without the
deleted analyses; if AutoSave is not enabled then a prompt is provided to save the
model with or without subsequent analyses.
Note: When the Model Definition Complete option is used as described to delete
analyses all subsequent analyses are deleted. The only recovery from this situation is
opening the backup file a backup file is created if the Create backup model files
option is enabled in Preferences.
5.23
Model Definition Complete

The Model Definition Complete option serves two purposes - the first to signal
completion of model definition and trigger display of the Save Model File As dialog for
new models, and the second to delete analyses (definitions and method) subsequent to
the current analysis. The action undertaken is depended upon the model file status a
new model (un-named and not saved) or an existing model (named and where a model
file exists).
Once definition of a new model is complete the Model Definition Complete option must
be selected for the model definitions to be saved to a model file. This option does not
have a dialog and is accessed either from the Define menu or from the assigned toolbar
button. When selected model definitions are saved to a temporary file; the Save Model
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on the Save Model File As dialog is selected a warning message is displayed, with
information on available options for the current model definitions.
Once the model definitions have been saved the specified model file name will be
displayed on the status bar. The model is now ready for processing - See Section 4.3
(Process Menu Option) for further information on model processing.
5.24
References
Skempton, A W, and Berrum, L, 1957, "A contribution to the settlement analysis of
foundations on clay", Geotechnique, Vol 7, pp168-178
Hoek, E, and Brown, E T, 1980, "Empirical Strength Criterion for Rock Masses",
ASCE, J Geotech Eng Div, Vol 106, pp1013-35
Hoek, E, and Brown, E T, 1988, "The Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion - A 1988 Update",
Proc 15, Can Rock Mech Symp, pp31-38, Univ. of Toronto

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As you become more familiar with GALENA and undertake more sophisticated analyses
with more complex models, certain extreme conditions may be encountered which may
be beyond GALENAs normal analytical scope.
This Section is intended to assist with the more complex models and analyses by
providing additional guidance on applicability, analysis techniques and result
interpretation, as well as highlighting difficulties which may be encountered and their
possible resolution.
6.1
Reducing Excessive Profile Numbers

GALENA currently allows up to 24 material profiles, and for most geological models this
is expected to be more than sufficient; typically eight or nine profiles are used.
An exception may be where features like stone columns, dykes or sheared zones cut
through a layered system. If the sections of horizontal interface between the columns
are treated as separate profiles the total number of surfaces could soon become
unmanageable.
This can be avoided by entering the profile as a single surface which follows its natural
line until it meets the column or dyke; from that point it coincides with the boundary of
the column, running up over the top (or under the bottom) of the feature, resuming its
proper alignment on the other side. The columns themselves can also be treated as a
single profile by joining them at the bottom.
This increases the number of points on the particular profile, but as GALENA can
currently handle 48 points per profile, this is not often a problem. A large number of
profiles can coincide in this way without affecting the accuracy of the analysis.
Another option to reduce excessive profiles is to eliminate parts of the model that lie
outside the possible range of failure surfaces - see Section 6.2 (Initial Failure Surface
Selection) for further information.
A valid simplification of a model not only reduces profile numbers, but also is a sound
engineering geological exercise that assists in comprehension of the problem. For
example, two or three consecutive sand layers which only differ by a degree or two in
friction angle can obviously be combined, especially if they are underlain by soft clay
that will clearly dominate failure behaviour.
6.2
Initial Failure Surface Selection

The amount of searching that is required when using the restraints and multiple analysis
definitions can obviously be reduced if the initially defined surface is close to where the
critical surface is likely to be.

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In the case of circular type failures, a number of empirical criteria for the position of the
circle centre and its radius can be found in the literature, e.g. Hoek and Bray (1981). In
addition, the following guidelines may be useful:
(i)
Generally for homogeneous slopes, the critical failure circle will pass through the
toe of the slope, unless the break of slope is relatively gradual. Continuum
modelling confirms this - see Section 2.5 (Software Validation).
(ii)
In general, materials with relatively high cohesion and low friction angles will fail
with smaller radius circles, with the head scarp closer to the crest, than in
materials with higher phi (f) values. (The extreme case is a pure f soil, which in
a dry or fully submerged case will fail on a plane dipping at the f angle.)
(iii) Certain layers or bodies will resist failure due to their strength, and failure
surfaces should be chosen to avoid such formations.
In the case of non-circular failures, the failure surface position may be determined by
the geological structure. If, however, it is suspected that an unknown non-circular
surface may have a lower Factor of Safety than a critical circle already calculated, this
circle could be multiple-analysed as a non-circular surface using the Spencer method see Section 5.18 (Analysis Method).
Whenever a multiple analysis of any kind is undertaken, the parameters of the critical
surface should be checked to ensure that it does not lie at the limits of any of the
restraints; if it does, further multiple analyses centred on that surface will be necessary.
6.3
Selection of Analysis Method

The BISHOP SIMPLIFIED method allows for the analysis of circular failure surfaces only,
and as such is best suited for materials that are comparatively homogeneous and
isotropic on the scale of the slope.
This obviously applies to soil materials, but the method is also applicable to highly
jointed rock masses where there are no obvious potential planar or wedge failures.
As this method is the fastest running of those available in GALENA, it is often
convenient to run a BISHOP SIMPLIFIED analysis as a "first pass" check, even in cases
where it is suspected that one of the other methods may actually be more appropriate.
Also, it is not unheard of for a study and analysis of a day-lighting planar surface to
indicate a satisfactory Factor of Safety, while a circular surface completely bypassing or
cutting through that plane to be potentially unstable.
The SPENCER-WRIGHT method can be used for both circular and non-circular failure
surfaces in soil and rock slopes. Failure surfaces can be planar or curved, or be a
combination of both of these shapes.

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Both the SPENCER-WRIGHT method and the BISHOP SIMPLIFIED method will give almost
identical results for circular failure surfaces, and so in most cases the BISHOP
SIMPLIFIED method is preferred for simple circular failure surfaces. The SPENCERWRIGHT method can have some mathematical convergence problems for very high or
very low Factors of Safety. This will generally not present a problem since the exact
Factor of Safety in these instances is usually not critical.
The SPENCER-WRIGHT method will generally operate well on failure surfaces that are
concave. Where a failure surface is convex, or has a convex section along it, a warning
message will appear, and the results should be thoroughly checked. A check using the
SARMA method is recommended in this instance.
When using the SPENCER-WRIGHT method in GALENA a very powerful capability is
available - the ability to specify a circular failure surface initially and have the
circular surface distorted to non-circular surfaces during a multiple analysis
search for the minimum Factor of Safety. See Section 5.18 (Analysis Method) for
greater detail of this capability.
The SARMA method is used specifically for non-circular failure surfaces in soil and rock
slopes and can be used to investigate other geotechnical problems such as foundations.
Failure surfaces can be planar or curved, or be a combination of both.
The SARMA method of analysis is normally used for more complex stability problems
where there is a requirement to have either a complex failure surface, non-vertical
slices, to include faults, or where normal stresses on slice boundaries are likely to be
critical. The SARMA method can be used both for slope stability problems as well as
foundation problems provided a failure surface is specified.
Caution should be exercised when using the SARMA method, since a realistic solution
may not be possible in all cases. For example, tensile stresses developed along a slice
boundary indicate that failure would probably occur along that slice boundary and not
along the failure surface. In this case the failure surface should be re-defined to a new
position along that slice boundary, and the model re-analysed with the SARMA method.
It is often good practice to carry out a SPENCER-WRIGHT analysis on the same surface to
assess the significance of non-vertical slice boundaries to stability.
6.4
Simulation Of Ground Anchors

Slope stability engineering often requires the use of artificial ground support (cables,
rock bolts, shear pins, etc.) to prevent instability of some slopes and excavations. Many
open-pit mining operations regularly use ground support to reduce overall excavation
costs and therefore there is a requirement to optimise this ground support for maximum
support efficiency.

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However the simulation of the effects of a ground support system in a slope stability
analysis program is not a trivial problem, and considerable additional research needs to
be done in this area.
Some of the methods of simulating ground support and their problems are briefly
described following:
(i)
Point Force Method

This method of ground support simulation applies a point force (equivalent to the
capacity of the bolt) to the surface of the slope. Initially, this method appears
simple and correct. However, point forces applied near the crest of the slope
would tend to de-stabilise the slope because of moment equilibrium
considerations. Also the forces are applied to the surface of the slope not to the
failure surface. This is obviously not correct for most slope problems.
(ii)
Distributed Force Cones

An extension of the point force method is to distribute the force applied at the
slope surface to the failure surface by assuming that a "force cone" can be drawn
from the point of application of the "bolt" to the failure surface. In this case the
area of influence of the cone increases very rapidly as the depth of the failure
surface increases, and hence the stabilising stress applied also reduces very
rapidly. In most rocks the area of influence of a rock bolt or anchor is probably
much smaller than these imaginary "force cones". The length of embedment and
position of attachment of a bolt or anchor is obviously also of great importance.
Difficulties also arise when only part of the force cone intersects the failure
surface.
(iii) Increase Failure Surface Cohesion

This method calculates the total force required to stabilise the slope and then
applies this total force by using many cable anchors or rock bolts, each of a
known force capacity. The number and spacing of anchors/bolts is then
converted into a reinforcing stress. This reinforcing stress is then modelled in the
stability analysis by increasing the cohesion on the failure surface by this amount.
This is currently the commonest method used to simulate ground support for
slopes and excavations.
Of the three methods described above, the last method is preferred, since it is simple
and puts the onus on the geotechnical engineer to determine the appropriate increase in
cohesion to be applied (easily calculated using GALENAs backanalysis capability) that
would be equivalent to a ground support system.
Note: You should be very careful when simulating the effects of ground support
systems in slope stability analyses. In particular, the question should always be asked,
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In many weak rock masses the answer is NO, and some spectacular slope failures have
occurred as a consequence of not considering this fact.
Also, there are many factors that influence the capacity of the support system itself
including grout, drilling, corrosion, angle of installation, etc.
The support system should be matched to the geology and the desired reinforcing effect,
and it should be noted that artificial ground support might not be appropriate for some
slopes.
6.5
Multiple Analysis Restraints and Critical Failure Surfaces

The restraints capability within GALENA is one of its most powerful features.
Understanding how to efficiently use restraints can save time and effort, and lead more
quickly to locating the potential failure surface with the minimum Factor of Safety.
There are two basic approaches that can be applied to the use of restraints. The first
involves setting restraints with wide ranges to each of the surface parameters as wide
as may be considered necessary and then running one multiple analysis with the
number of trial positions set as high as is practicable. This approach is best suited to
small-scale slopes where the number of trial positions will provide sufficient coverage
within the range defining the area of interest.
The second is probably more suited to large-scale slopes where it would generally be
better to undertake an initial coarse search, followed by further searches using
progressively narrower ranges. The following steps are presented as an example of this
approach:
(i)
Define the failure surface, set the restraints to cover the area of interest, and select
a multiple analysis;
(ii)
For the next analysis define the failure surface as critical (GALENA will use the
surface from the previous analysis with the lowest Factor of Safety), re-set the
restraints to narrower ranges while the positions remain unchanged, and select a
multiple analysis again;
(iii) Repeat step (ii) above, reducing the range again, and repeat (ii) again if necessary.
Use of both approaches is demonstrated in example model files provided with GALENA,
which would have been copied to an Example directory during installation, and may be
copied or modified as required.
6.6
Use of Critical Acceleration Sarma Analyses

The SARMA method calculates an "acceleration force" to determine the Factor of Safety
and the method determines the relationship between this force and the Factor of Safety.
In some instances this relationship is highly erratic, and it is recommended that this
relationship be plotted to determine the admissibility of the analyses.

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As a consequence of the iterative and convergent logic used by the SARMA method, the
Factor of Safety alone is not a sufficient indicator of the stability; certain geometries
will yield results that are highly misleading. For this reason, always check the critical
acceleration, which should lie between zero and 1.0 for meaningful results.
When working with GALENA, a reasonable maxim to bear in mind is that extreme and
improbable models are likely to yield extreme and improbable results. The best
software does not eliminate the need for sound engineering geological reasoning.
6.7
Numerical Errors - Limit Equilibrium Methods Of Analysis

For limit equilibrium analysis procedures, numerical errors are known to be associated
with the following cases:
6.7.1
(a)
Cohesive soil slopes with a shallow failure surface or where a high cohesive layer
exists along the upper portion of the failure surface. Negative stresses may be
generated towards the top of the failure surface.
(b)
Where a steeply dipping section of a circular surface is present in the toe region,
particularly when a relatively thin cohesionless layer overlies a thicker layer of
weak clay. Similar problems may be encountered with non-circular failure
surfaces where a sub-horizontal surface is present at shallow depth and connected
to the ground surface by a steeply inclined section. Very large or negative
stresses may result under these conditions.
(c)
The application of a horizontal seismic coefficient for pseudo-static analyses

using the BISHOP SIMPLIFIED method.
Negative Stresses towards the Top of a Slope

In cohesive soil slopes negative normal forces on the base of a slice may be computed,
with the line of thrust or location of the side forces falling outside the boundaries of the
slope and shear surface. These factors indicate that zones of tensile stress exist
(Spencer 1968, Wright 1975). Numerical instability results when relatively high tensile
stresses are encountered by the SPENCER-WRIGHT method.
The position of the line of thrust is indicated by the L/H value (in analysis results) for
the total stress case, and the L'/H for effective stress cases, where a phreatic surface is
present. For negative L/H or L'/H values the line of thrust lies beneath the failure
surface. Where the L/H or L'/H values exceed 1.0 the line of thrust lies above the slope
surface. Ideally for effective stress problems, the L'/H value should lie within the
middle third of the slice. Where tensile stresses occur near the top of a failure surface
they may be eliminated by introducing a vertical tension crack at the top of the slope
with the failure surface terminating at the bottom of the tension crack (Spencer 1968,
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The depth of the tension crack Zo can be estimated from Rankine active earth pressure
theory as follows (Wright 1985):
2 cm
Zo =
g tan (45 where:
cm
g
fm
fm
2
is the mobilised cohesion being equal to c / Factor of Safety.

is the unit weight.
is the mobilised friction being equal to f / Factor of Safety.
If the Factor of Safety cannot be estimated prior to the analysis a value of 1.0 should be
employed.
For multiple analyses using the SPENCER-WRIGHT method, GALENA enables the tension
cracks to be automatically generated by using the Tension Crack option and specifying
an estimated depth for the tension crack. A tension crack depth greater than that
indicated by the above equation should be avoided because of the potential for
eliminating zones of compressive stress and over-estimating the Factor of Safety
(Wright 1985). Values for the tension crack depth will generally be less than 2.0m
(6ft) with a further reduction recommended for slopes of limited height.
6.7.2
Very Large or Negative Stresses in the Toe Region
The problems associated with steeply inclined circular failure surfaces in the toe region
of a slope were assessed by Whitman & Bailey (1967) with regard to the BISHOP
SIMPLIFIED method, and a test factor ma was identified as follows:
ma = cos a ( 1 +
where:
a
f'
F
tan a tan f
)
F
is the inclination of the base of a slice.

is the mobilised friction angle.
is the Factor of Safety.
This Test Factor is incorporated into the analysis results with values of less than 0.2
being unacceptable (Whitman & Bailey 1967).
Similar problems have been found to occur with the more rigorous analysis methods of
SPENCER-WRIGHT and SARMA, and also with non-circular failure surfaces where a subhorizontal section is connected to the ground surface by a steeply inclined plane.
SARMA (1987) outlined a test factor Fm for the SARMA method and concluded that
where the test factor for any slice is greater than or equal to unity, the failure surface
should be rejected. The test factor Fm is calculated as follows:
F m = - tan a tan f
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The very large or negative stresses introduced by a steeply inclined failure surface
through a cohesionless soil may be overcome by modifying the inclination of the failure
surface in line with Coulomb passive earth pressure theory (Ching & Fredlund 1983,
Wright 1985). The inclination then becomes a function of the side force inclination b
and mobilised friction angle f'm (Wright 1985). The side force inclination for the
SPENCER-WRIGHT method is contained within the analysis results and may be utilised
for estimating the required failure surface inclination.
6.7.3
Application of Pseudo-Static Earthquake Coefficient
The BISHOP SIMPLIFIED method does not allow the seismic force g to be accounted for
in force equilibrium equations in the vertical direction, which means that the effect of
the seismic force on the normal force on the base of a slice is ignored (Wright 1985).
The BISHOP SIMPLIFIED method may therefore produce incorrect results when a seismic
force is applied and should be used with caution. The more rigorous SPENCER-WRIGHT
and SARMA methods are recommended for use for pseudo-static analyses.
6.8
Quoting a Factor of Safety

Multiple analysis results and summary listings for the surfaces with the lowest stability
show the Factor of Safety to three decimal places. This is to permit an evaluation of the
rate of variation in Factor of Safety as different parameters defining the slip surface are
varied, but as discussed in Section 2.1 (Commentary), Factors of Safety should never be
quoted with such precision, since the parameters controlling slope stability can never be
known that accurately.
The second decimal place is quite adequate, and for broad scale evaluations of general
slope configurations and possible parameter ranges, one decimal place should suffice.
6.9
Interpretation of Slice Information

It is possible to obtain incorrect or unreasonable values for the Factor of Safety for
some slope configurations and shear surface conditions when using limit equilibrium
methods. These cases are usually associated with the generation of very high or
negative stresses in some of the slices. GALENA displays warnings when negative
stresses are present in one or more slices and the output file should be inspected before
accepting the analysis result. The most commonly occurring problems encountered
with the limit equilibrium methods of analysis are discussed further in Section 6.7.

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STABILITY ANALYSIS
BackAnalysis Results - Very High Friction Angles

In certain cases, for low values of cohesion, the necessary friction angle for a required
Factor of Safety may exceed 45. At this point, a back analysis image curve will show
that the indicated f value rises a little and then actually decreases as c approaches zero.
This is simply a mathematical "hiccup" resulting from the function used and the
backanalysis curve should be regarded as unreliable in this range.
In reality, natural materials with true f values of greater than 45 are very rare. Certain
"locked" sands densified under glacial overburdens and interlocking rock masses at low
confining pressures are the main cases and these can be modelled as c-f materials. In
any event, the main analytical part of GALENA will handle such low c high f materials;
the difficulty is in backanalysis only.
6.11
Run Failures
On rare instances a combination of model geometry and parameters may cause GALENA
to crash during an analysis. Although such combinations are normally captured and
error messages reported you would generally find that such crashes usually result
from use of unrealistic model parameters. Should GALENA ever crash model
parameters should be carefully checked and adjusted as necessary.
If such crashes persist after attempts to correct the problem as described please note
any details provided and contact Clover Technology. Feedback from such instances
usually assists and can sometimes provide the quickest and most efficient way to locate
and correct such problems.
6.12
Inspect The Results

Finally, it should be emphasised that many problems can be the result of simple input
errors - GALENA error messages, dialogs or the analysis results will most likely advise
the what and where of any problems. A common problem is non-definition of
material properties for some part of the model and by examining the images it can
usually be seen where this occurs. Inspecting the analysis results can quickly identify
other problems such as high tensile forces or non-convergence.
Analyses can give results that are mathematically correct, but geotechnically illogical or
trivial, such as tiny circles at slope corners or very flat circles almost coincident with the
slope surface.
Remember that an analysis investigation should never be finalised unless the analysis
results have been inspected. The best program is not a substitute for engineering
geological and geotechnical understanding.

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STABILITY ANALYSIS
References
ACADS, 1989, "Soil Slope Stability Programs Review", ACADS Publication No
U255, April 1989
Bishop, A W, 1955, "The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of earth slopes",
Geotechnique, Vol 5, pp 7-17
Bishop, A W, and Morgenstern, N R, 1960, "Stability coefficients for earth slopes",
Geotechnique, Vol 10, pp 129-150
Bishop, A W, 1971, "The influence of progressive failure on the method of stability
analysis", Geotechnical Engineering, Vol 21, pp 168-172
Bromhead, E N, 1992, "The Stability of Slopes", 2nd Ed, Blackie Academic and
Professional
Ching, R K H, and Fredlund, D G, 1983, "Some difficulties associated with the limit
equilibrium method of slices", Can Geotech J, Vol.20, pp661-672
Chowdhury, R N, 1978, "Slope Analysis", Elsevier, Amsterdam, pub, Developments in
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol.22
Chowdhury, R N, and Zhang, S, 1989, "Convergence aspect of limit equilibrium
methods for slopes", Can Geotech J, Vol.27, pp145-151
Dunlop, P, and Duncan, J M, 1970, "Development of failure around excavated slopes",
ASCE Jour Soil Mech and Found Div, Vol.96, SM2, pp471-495
Fellenius, W, 1936, "Calculation of the stability of earth dams", Proc. 2nd Congress on
Large Dams, Washington, Vol.4, pp445-462
Hoek, E, and Bray, J W, 1977, "Rock Slope Engineering", 2nd Ed, Inst Min and Met,
London
Janbu, N, 1954, "Application of composite slip surfaces for stability analyses", Proc
European Conf on the Stability of Earth Slopes, Discussion Vol.3, pp43-49 Stockholm
Major, G, Kim, H S, and Ross-Brown, D, 1977, "Pit Slope Manual Supplement 5-1,
Plane Shear Analysis", Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Canmet
Report No.77-16
Morgenstern, N R, and Price, V E, 1965, "The analysis of the stability of general slip
surfaces", Geotechnique, Vol.15, pp79-93
Morrison, L M, 1988, "Discussion on A Note on the stability analysis of slopes" by S
K Sarma, Geotechnique, Vol.38, pp157-159

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STABILITY ANALYSIS
Mostyn, G R, and Small, J C, 1987, "Methods of stability analysis", In Soil Slope

Instability & Stabilisation, pp 71-120, Balkema, Rotterdam.
Peck, R B, 1967, "Stability of natural slopes", ASCE, Jour Soil Mech & Found Div,
Vol 93, SM4, pp 403-417.
Sarma, S K, 1973, "Stability analysis of embankments and slopes", Geotechnique,
Vol.23, No.3, pp423-433
Sarma, S K, and Barbosa, M R, 1985, "Seismic stability analyses for rockfill dams with
central clay cores", Geotechnique, Vol.35, pp 319-328
Sarma, S K, 1987, "A note on the stability analysis of slopes", Geotechnique, Vol.37,
pp107-111
Spencer, E, 1968, "Effect of Tension on Stability of Embankments", ASCE, J. Soil
Mech Found Div, Vol.94, No.SM5, pp1159-1173
Spencer, E, 1973, "Thrust line criterion in embankment stability analysis",
Geotechnique, Vol.23, No.1, pp 85-100
Whitman, R V, and Bailey, W A, 1967, "Use of computers for slope stability analysis",
ASCE J. Soil Mech Found Div, Vol.93, No.SM4; pp 475-498
Wright, S G, 1969, "A study of slope stability and the undrained shear strength of clay
shales", Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Wright, S G, Kulhawy, F H & Duncan, J M, "Accuracy of limit equilibrium slope
stability analysis", ASCE J Soil Mech Found Div, Vol.99, No SM10, pp783-791
Wright, S G, 1975, "Evaluation of Slope Stability Analysis Procedures", Pre-print
No.2616, ASCE National Convention, Denver
Wright, S G, 1985, "Limit Equilibrium Slope Analysis Procedures" In Design of
Non-Impounding Mine Waste Dumps, AIME

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GALENA requires the shear strength (for material properties) to be defined in terms of c
and f for the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, and in terms of m, s and UCS for the
application of the Hoek-Brown model.
This section aims to provide guidelines, assistance and additional information when
using GALENAs Soil and Rock Strengths option, which is accessed through the Tools
main menu option, and with the selection of soil and rock strength parameters when
defining or selecting material properties for GALENA models. Tables and references
that are used with the Soil and Rock Strengths option are included within this section.
7.1
Soil and Rock Strengths

This option will initially display an About Soil Strength Parameters dialog containing
important information on selection of soil strength parameters. Once the Continue
button on the About dialog is selected the Soil and Rock Strength Parameters dialog
is displayed with two tabbed sub-dialogs - the first is for Soil Strength Parameters, and
the second is for Rock Strength from RMR. To move between the two tabbed subdialogs either click on the appropriate tab or use the keyboard left/right arrow keys.
When the Rock Strength from RMR tab on the Soil and Rock Strength Parameters
dialog is first selected an About Rock Mass Strength Determination dialog is displayed
containing important information on rock mass strength determination. Once the
Continue button on the About dialog is selected the Rock Strength from RMR
dialog is displayed. Neither of the About dialogs are displayed again during the
current GALENA session.
Note: Only within the Soil and Rock Strength options are Metric units (SI) assumed
and output. See Section 2.6 (System of units) for conversion factors to US units.
7.1.1
Soil and Rock Mass Strength Estimation

Many factors influence the selection of strength parameters for design purposes and
these are discussed by Lamb and Whitman (1969), Hoek and Bray (1981), Hunt (1986),
Fell and Jeffery (1987). Laboratory testing is normally undertaken to determine the
drained or effective shear strength parameters with peak, softened or residual values
selected as appropriate. The selection of shear strength values must take into
consideration the presence of discontinuities, with structure important for
overconsolidated, fissured clays and rocks.
7.1.2
Using the Soil Strength Parameters Dialog

(a)
Granular Soils
The Granular Soils group of the Soil Strength Parameters dialog displays a table
of typical peak drained shear values for predominantly sandy soils (Unified Soil
Classification - SM, SP, SW). Reference should be made to NAVFAC Design

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Manual DM-7 (or other similar reference) for values for predominantly silty or
gravelly soils.
The shear strength values should be selected in conjunction with the following
comments:
Grain shape influences f with angular quartz grains increasing f by 15% in

the loose state and 30% in the dense state.
At large strains, softened (ultimate) shear strength values are appropriate

for dense sands, with peak f values reduced by 10-25%.
Although pure granular soils strictly have no cohesion, a small value is

recommended for dense or "locked" soils to model steep Mohr Envelopes
at very low normal stresses.
The Granular Soils group also provides for input of an SPT N value for
determination of a suggested drained f (Phi) value for sands, based upon a
correlation with the SPT "N" value (Peck, Hanson and Thornburn 1953). This
correlation is widely reported in the literature, however, significant scatter is
expected about the correlation curve, and extreme caution is recommended when
using this facility.
Enter an N value or use the spinner controls on the input field to select a value
and then select the Calc button. A suggested drained f (Phi) value is displayed.
(b)
Cohesive Soils
The Cohesive Soils group of the Soil Strength Parameters dialog displays a table
of typical undrained shear strength values for clay soils. The Cu (f = 0) case for
short-term conditions is usually only applicable to soft clays, with the use of
Skemptons Cu - PI relationship recommended - see Section 5.4.1 (Use of the
Plasticity Index to Determine Cohesion).
Correlations of SPT "N" values with unconfined compressive strength are
available in NAVFAC Design Manual DM-7 (1971) or other similar references.
Effective strength parameters for cohesive soils should preferably be determined
by laboratory testing using the appropriate range of in-situ effective stress. The
following guidelines may be adopted for preliminary design purposes:
(i)
For normally consolidated soils c' = 0 with f calculated from the Soil
Strength Parameters dialog using a correlation with the Plasticity Index
(Terzaghi and Peck 1967).
(ii)
The softened strength (fs) and zero cohesion residual strength (fr) are
generally recognised as the upper and lower boundaries for slope failures in
overconsolidated, fissured clays.

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(iii) Zero cohesion residual strength (fr) should be used for pre-existing failure
surfaces.
The Cohesive Soils group also provides for input of a PI (Plasticity Index) value
for calculation of a suggested effective f (Phi) value for normally consolidated
soils. Enter a PI value or use the spinner controls on the input field to select a
value and then select the Calc button. A suggested effective f (Phi) value is
displayed.
Correlations of fr with soil index properties are widely reported, e.g. Skempton (1985),
Mesri and Capeda-Diaz (1986), Lupini et al (1981), Kanji (1974). Typical values are as
follows:
Material
f'r (deg)
Clay, sand and silt mixtures
12 - 24
Normally consolidated clay
4 - 14
Fissured clays and clay shales
9 - 12
Additional data for Compacted Soils is contained in Table 7.1 (Approximate Material
Properties for Compacted Soils (NAVFAC, 1982)) following.

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Table 7.1 Approximate Material Properties for Compacted Soils (NAVFAC, 1982)
Maximum
Dry Unit
Weight
Optimum
Moisture
Content
Class
(kN/m )
(%)
As
Compacted
Saturated
Effective
Friction
Angle
f' (deg)
Well graded, clean
GW
20.0-21.5
8-11
>38
Poorly graded, clean
GP
18.5-20.0
11-14
>37
Well graded, minor silt
GM
19.0-21.5
8-12
>34
Well graded, minor clay
GC
18.5-21.0
9-14
>31
Well graded, clean
SW
17.5-21.0
9-16
38
Poorly graded, minor silt
SP
16.0-19.0
12-21
37
Well graded, minor silt
SM
17.5-20.0
11-16
50
20
34
Well graded, minor clay
SC
17.0-20.0
11-19
50
14
33
ML
15.0-19.0
12-24
75
11
31
ML-CL
16.0-19.0
12-22
67.5
32
Inorganic clay
CL
15.0-19.0
12-24
65
22
32
Organic silt/clay
OL
13.0-16.0
21-33
85
13
28
Inorganic silt
MH
11.0-15.0
24-40
72.5
20
25
Inorganic clay
CH
12.0-17.0
19-36
102.5
11
19
Organic clay/silt
OH
10.5-16.0
21-45
Soil Description
Cohesion
(kPa)
Gravel/Sand Mix:
Sands/Sandy Soil:
Low Plasticity Clay/Silt:

Inorganic silt
Inorganic silt/clay
High Plasticity Clay/Silt:
Note: Values apply to Standard Compaction procedure.

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TOOLS
Rock Strength Parameters

Rock mass classification schemes originally developed for underground excavations
have been adapted for surface applications and utilised for estimating rock mass
strengths.
The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) or Geomechanics Classification (Bieniawski, 1989) has
been adopted in GALENAs Rock Strength from RMR dialog and is based upon the
Rock Mass Rating system outlined in Tables 7.2 to 7.5 following. The RMR value is
determined from the following parameters maximum values apply as shown.
Parameter
Maximum Value
Intact Rock Strength (UCS (MPa))
300
Rock Quality Designation (RQD (%))
100
Discontinuity Spacing (mm)
3000
Discontinuity Condition
30
Groundwater
Orientation Adjustment
15
100
The rating adjustment for orientation is based on a percentage reduction of the

determined RMR to allow for the influence of dominant structural orientation on the
stability of a slope. The suggested adjustments are shown in the table below together
with a guide to orientation favourability. This rating adjustment should be used with
caution for rock mass strength estimating purposes (Hoek and Brown, 1988).
Relative Orientation
Adjustment
Angle (o) 1
Description
Slopes
Foundations
70 to 90
Very favourable
100
100
50 to 70
Favourable
80
85
30 to 50
Fair
60
70
10 to 30
Unfavourable
40
55
0 to 10
Very unfavourable
20
40
Defined as the angle between the main defect set and the mean slope angle of the failure surface.

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Note: The previous table differs from that presented by Bieniawski (1989), which
determines the influence by subtraction whereby poorer rock masses may end up with
zero or even negative RMR values, which is of little use for slope stability studies.
The correlation between the RMR value and the Q value (Barton, Lien and Lunde,
1974) is based upon the following relationship (Bieniawski, 1976):
RMR = 9 ln Q + 44
As well as determining an RMR value GALENAs Rock Strength from RMR dialog
enables the RMR value to be input directly, if this has been previously determined.
The rock mass strengths in the Rock Strength from RMR dialog are determined
according to Bieniawski (1989), Hoek and Brown (1980, 1988) and Krauland et al
(1989) in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb c/f parameters.
For the Hoek-Brown failure criteria, values for the constant Mi for intact rock
(Hoek-Brown, 1988, Hoek et al, 1992) and the effective normal stress s'n are based on
the disturbed m and s parameters (Hoek 1990) which are normally appropriate for
excavated rock slopes, as follows:
s = exp
(RMR -100)
6
(RMR -100)
m
= exp
14
mi
In the absence of laboratory test data an approximate value of Mi can be estimated from
the table below for use within the Rock Strength from RMR dialog.
Rock Type
Mi (approx)
Carbonate rocks with well-developed crystal cleavage

(dolomite, limestone and marble)
Lithifield argillaceous rocks [mudstone, shale and slate

(normal to cleavage)]
10
Arenaceous rocks with strong crystals and poorly-developed

crystal cleavage (sandstone and quartzite)
15
Fine grained polyminerallic igneous crystalline rocks

(andesite, dolerite, diabase and rhyotite)
17
Coarse grained polyminerallic igneous and metamorphic rocks

(amphibolite, gabbro, gneiss, granite, norite and granodiorite)
25
In the case of rock mass cohesion determined according to Krauland et al, the original
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paper is concerned with in-situ underground conditions, and the indicated values of c
for any given RMR value are extremely high. As Hoek and Brown's work shows,
disturbed rock masses are significantly weaker, and some correction is appropriate to
apply to Krauland et al's figures for use in slope stability. An obvious relationship that
presents itself is that between the "m" value for disturbed rock masses (as noted above)
and that for undisturbed masses.
GALENA therefore determines the ratio of m (undisturbed): m (disturbed), and divides
Krauland et al's original cohesion by this ratio. The resulting value is the cohesion
given under the heading "Krauland" in the Rock Strength from RMR dialog. It will be
seen that this value is roughly equivalent to those given by Bieniawski and by the
Hoek-Brown envelope for reasonable normal stress ranges, which gives certain validity
to all of the results.
.
The Rock Strength from RMR dialog also presents the average between Krauland and
Bieniawski calculated values, and between Hoek-Brown and Bieniawski calculated
values, for comparison.
Further information on soil strength parameters and rock mass strength determination
can be found within the publications listed in the References section (Section 7.2).

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Table 7.2 The Rock Mass Rating System (Bieniawski, 1989)

Parameter
1
Strength of
intact
Rock material
Point-load
strength index
(MPa)
Uniaxial
compressive
strength (MPa)
Rating
Drill core quality RQD (%)
Rating
Spacing of discontinuities
Rating
Condition of discontinuities
2
3
4
Groundwater
Rating
Inflow per 10 m
tunnel length
(L/min)
Joint water
pressure
Ratio ----------Major principal
stress
General
conditions
Rating
Total RMR

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Ranges of Values
>10
4-10
2-4
1-2
For this low range, uniaxial

compressive test is
preferred
5-25
1-5
<1
>250
100-250
50-100
25-50
15
90-100
20
>2 m
20
Very rough surfaces
Not continuous
No separation
Unweathered wall rock
12
75-90
17
0.6-2 m
15
Slightly rough surfaces
Separation <1 mm
Slightly weathered walls
7
50-75
13
200-600 mm
10
Slightly rough surfaces
Separation <1 mm
Highly weathered walls
1
0
<25
3
<60 mm
5
Soft gouge >5 mm thick
or
Separation >5 mm
Continuous
30
None
25
<10
20
10 -25
4
25-50
8
60-200 mm
8
Slickensided surfaces
or
Gouge <5 mm thick
or
Separation 1-5 mm
Continuous
10
25-125
or
0
or
<0.1
or
0.1-0.2
or
0.2-0.5
or
>0.5
or
or
or
or
or
Completely dry
Damp
Wet
Dripping
Flowing
15
10
100
79
57
34
0
>125
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Table 7.3 Rock Mass Classes Determined from Total Ratings (Bieniawski, 1989)
RMR Rating
10081
8061
6041
4021
<20
Class No
II
III
IV
Description
Very good rock
Good rock
Fair rock
Poor rock
Very poor rock
Table 7.4 Meaning of Rock Mass Classes (Bieniawski, 1989)

Class No
II
III
IV
Cohesion of the
rock mass (kPa)
Friction angle of the
rock mass (deg)
>400
300-400
200-300
100-200
<100
>45
35-45
25-35
15-25
<15
Table 7.5 Guidelines For Classification Of Discontinuity Conditions (Bieniawski, 1989)

Parameter
Ratings
Discontinuity length
(persistence/continuity)
<1 m: 6
1-3 m: 4
3-10 m: 2
10-20 m: 1
>20 m: 0
Separation (aperture)
None: 6
<0.1 mm: 5
0.1-1.0 mm: 4
1-5 mm: 1
>5 mm: 0
Roughness
Very rough: 6
Rough: 5
Slightly rough: 3
Smooth: 1
Slickensided: 0
Hard filling
Infilling (gouge)
Weathering
Soft filling
None: 6
<5 mm: 4
>5 mm: 2
<5 mm: 2
>5mm: 0
Unweathered: 6
Slightly weathered: 5
Moderately
weathered: 3
Highly weathered: 1
Decomposed: 0
Note: Some conditions are mutually exclusive. For example, if infilling is present, it is irrelevant what the roughness may be, since its effect will be
overshadowed by the influence of the gouge. In such cases, use Table 7.2 directly.
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Using the Rock Strength from RMR Dialog

The Bieniawski Rock Mass Rating (RMR) group of the Rock Strength from RMR
dialog provides for input of parameter values for UCS, RQD, Spacing, Condition,
Water and Orientation. Use the <Tab> key or mouse to move between input fields and
enter values into all of the input fields before selecting the Calc (Calculate) button.
Acceptable ranges for each parameter are displayed below each entry field values
outside the acceptable ranges are highlighted and entry of further values blocked.
When the Calc button is selected the points derived from input values, the Q value,
class rating, description and calculated RMR are displayed.
Further calculation of Hoek-Brown and Mohr-Coulomb parameters require input of an
Mi value, and optionally an Sn (effective normal stress (s'n)) value, within the
Hoek-Brown Parameters group before selecting the Calc button within the Hoek-Brown
Parameters group. Calculations for Hoek-Brown and Mohr-Coulomb parameters are
based on the calculated RMR value displayed within the Bieniawski Rock Mass Rating
(RMR) group.
An RMR value may alternatively be entered into the field below the Bieniawski Rock
Mass Rating (RMR) group. If an RMR value is entered here it is used when the Calc
button within the Hoek-Brown Parameters group is selected and any RMR value
calculated within the Bieniawski Rock Mass Rating (RMR) group is ignored.
Suggested Mohr-Coulomb parameters (calculated from the user-input values) based on
the work of various practitioners are provided as well as some mean values from the
same calculations and practitioners
7.2
References
Barton, N R Lien, R and Lunde, J, 1974, "Engineering Classification of Rock Masses
for the Design of Tunnel Support", Rock Mech Vol.6, pp189-239
Bieniawski, Z T, 1976, "Rock Mass Classifications in Rock Engineering", In
Exploration for Rock Engineering, A.A. Balkema
Bieniawski, Z T, 1989, "Engineering Rock Mass Classification", John Wiley and Sons
Fell, R and Jeffery, R P, 1987, "Determination of Drained Shear Strength for Slope
Stability Analysis", In Soil Slope Instability and Stabilisation, Balkema
Hoek, E and Brown, E T, 1980, "Empirical Strength Criterion for Rock Masses" Proc
Am Soc Civ Engs, J Geotech/Eng Div, Vol.106, pp1013-1035
Hoek, E and Bray, J W, 1981, "Rock Slope Engineering", Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, London

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Hoek, E and Brown, E T, 1988, "The Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion - A 1988 Update",
Proc 15th Can. Rock Mech Symp, pp31-38, Univ of Toronto
Hoek, E, 1990, "Estimating Mohr-Coulomb Friction and Cohesion Values from the
Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. and Geomech., Abstr.
Vol.27, No.3, pp227-229
Hoek, E, Wood, D and Shah, S, 1992, "A Modified Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion for
Jointed Rock Masses", Proc Eurock '92, Chester, UK, Thomas Telford
Hunt, R E, 1986, "Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Evaluation", McGraw Hill
Kanji, M A, 1974, "The Relationship Between Drained Friction Angles and Atterberg
Limits of Natural Soils", Geotechnique Vol.24, No.4, pp671-674
Krauland, N, Soder, P and Agmalm G, 1989, "Determination of Rock Mass Strength by
Rock Mass Classification - Some Experiences and Questions from Boliden Mines", Int.
J. Rock Mech Min Sci and Geomech Abstr, Vol.26, No.1, pp115-123
Lupini, J F, Skinner, A E and Vaughan, P R, 1981, "The Drained Residual Shear
Strength of Cohesive Soils", Geotechnique, Vol.31, No.2, pp181-213
Mesri, G and Capeda-Diaz, A F, 1986, "Residual Shear Strength of Clays and Shales",
Geotechnique, Vol.36, No.2
NAVFAC, 1971, "Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Earth Structures", Design Manual
DM-7, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, Va.
NAVFAC, 1982, "Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Earth Structures", Design Manual
DM-7, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, Va.
Peck, R B, Hanson, W E and Thornburn, T H, (1953), "Foundation Engineering", John
Wiley and Sons, New York
Skempton, A E, 1985, "Residual Strength of Clays in Landslides, Folded Strata and the
Laboratory", Geotechnique, Vol.35, No.1, pp3-18
Terzaghi, K and Peck, R B, 1967, "Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice", John
Wiley and Sons

Gal310/5.01
Clover Technology
7.11
Version 3
for Windows
MODEL FILE FORMAT
GALENAs model files contain the defined parameters and data necessary for a model.
The data format and syntax is specific to GALENA and is included here for reference
purposes only. The parameters and data following is an actual model, and is included
as Example02.gmf in the Examples directory created during installation of GALENA.
This model file can be opened and processed for additional understanding if necessary
the Factor of Safety result is 0.90 for Analysis 1.
[Title]
XYZ Mine, East Wall, July 1999 Study
Project Title of up to 110 characters
[ATitle]
Clay layer strength varies with depth
Analysis Title of up to 80 characters
[Materials]
3 0
1
0.00 37.00
255 192 128
2
-6.50
0.00
202 255 255
3 41.00 22.00
128 192 128
For each material:
characters
Followed by:
No. of Materials; Form c /f in this case
22.00
1.10
Upper Sand
45
19.60
1.10
Plastic Clay
36
14.00
1.10
CW Rock
Material type; Cohesion; Phi; PI; Unit weight; Ru,; Description up to 40

Colour number details
9.807
11.500
[Profiles]
3
2 1
0.00
5 2
0.00
160.00
4 3
0.00
Unit weight water

Unit weight of water/medium above ground
No. of profiles
No. of points defining profile; Material type
90.00
160.00
90.00
The x/y co-ordinates of those points

35.00
50.00
70.00
51.00
120.00 56.50
153.00
53.40

15.70
50.00
33.60
100.60 43.70
160.00
32.40

Gal310/5.01
Clover Technology
A.1
Version 3
for Windows
[Slope]
7
0.00
99.50
MODEL FILE FORMAT
No. of points defining slope surface
21.00
66.60
10.00
120.00
21.40
80.00
23.60
160.00
33.70
80.00
89.50
66.60
[Phreatic]
5
0.00 25.00
160.00 49.00
[Piezometric]
1
5 3
0.00 26.00
160.00 60.60
No. of points defining surface
14.00
25.00
47.00
No. of piezometric surfaces

No. of points defining surface; In-Profile
14.00
27.00
70.00 49.00
120.00
57.00
No. of distributed loads

Load 1: X-Left position; Load (Pressure)
Load 1: X-Right position; Load (Pressure)
Load 2: X-Left position; Load (Pressure)

Load 2: X-Right position; Load (Pressure)
[Earthquake]
0.060
Pseudo-static earthquake force of 0.06g
No. of external forces
100.00
[Failure]
non-circular
5
10.00 21.40
135.50 80.00

Gal310/5.01
120.00
[DLoads]
2
120.0 2000.0
130.0 1500.0
130.0
850.0
150.0
850.0
[Forces]
1
95.00
70.00 41.00
270.00
x co-ordinate; Force; Angle
Type of failure surface

No. of points defining surface
30.00
25.70
65.00 35.70
118.00
65.00
Clover Technology
A.2
Version 3
for Windows
[Annotation]
5
Upper Sand
125.00 67.50
Plastic Clay
100.00 50.00
CW Rock
80.00 30.00
Piezometric
130.00 61.00
Phreatic
130.00 46.00
MODEL FILE FORMAT
No. of annotations/labels
Annotation/label text up to 40 characters
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
12
5.0
For each Annotation:

Followed by:
[Run Spencer Analysis]
Type of analysis
[BackAnalysis Data]
2
0.50 1.20
Material; Minimum f; Factor of Safety
[Run Spencer BackAnalysis]
Type of backanalysis
[End]
End of model definition

Gal310/5.01
Annotation/label text up to 40 characters

x/y position; orientation; direction; size; angle; colour
Clover Technology
A.3

Galena

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Clover Technology

Slope Stability Analysis System

For Windows 95/98/Me and Windows NT4/2000

Users Guide Revision History:

(Clover Associates Pty Limited)

SOFTWARE LICENCE AGREEMENT

Terms And Conditions

SOFTWARE LICENCE AGREEMENT

SOFTWARE LICENCE AGREEMENT

The Software is designed to operate on an IBM or IBM compatible personal computers

SOFTWARE LICENCE AGREEMENT

Use, duplication or disclosure by the Crown is subject to the limitations imposed by

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

relationships between material strength parameters, cohesion and angle of shearing

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

BISHOP SIMPLIFIED METHOD - suitable for circular failure surfaces.

SPENCER-WRIGHT METHOD - suitable for circular and non-circular failure

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Unit Weight = 18 kN/m3

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

All surfaces and profiles

Material properties (cohesion)

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Dimensionless (calculated as fraction

2) Distributed loads are input as Stresses.

Typical Conversion Examples

Pore Pressure (Ru)

(110 characters per title)

(per analysis; 80 characters per title)

(48 points per surface)

(48 points per profile)

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

(48 points per surface)

(48 points per surface)

(48 points per surface)

Multiple Analysis Trial Surfaces

Sarma Slice Boundaries

(40 characters per label)

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Main Window Structure and Display

(vi) Messages - other general messages are displayed here as necessary.

Mouse and Keyboard Inputs

Mouse Line Draw

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Mouse Area Definition

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Galena Model Files

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Quick Start to Galena

Double-click the GALENA shortcut on the Windows desktop, or select GALENA

Click on the Axis Limits button on the Data Definition Toolbar;

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Click on the Project Title button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Click on the Material Properties button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

Click on the Material Profiles button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

The Material Profiles dialog will appear.

Click on the Slope Surface button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

Copyright (c) 1990 -2001 Clover Associates Pty Limited

The Slope Surface dialog will appear.

Click on the Phreatic Surface button on the Data Definition Toolbar.

The Phreatic Surface dialog will appear.