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Article
Stefan Kipfer
York University, Canada
Parastou Saberi
York University, Canada
Thorben Wieditz
York University, Canada
Abstract
Aided with French and German scholarship, this paper takes stock of Henri Lefebvres relevance in contemporary English-speaking urban research on social movements, postcolonial situations, the state, scale,
gender, urban political ecology, regulation, and the right to the city. What becomes clear from this survey
is that Lefebvres capacity to contribute to cutting-edge urban research requires a selective translation of his
work. While the modalities of translating Lefebvre vary depending on the subject matter, transfiguring
Lefebvre for today is most plausible when taking into account the dialectical nature of his urbanism and the
open-ended and integral character of his marxism.
Keywords
dialectical urbanism, Henri Lefebvre, marxism, radical geography, urban research
I Introduction
In Paris today, one could come across various
faces of Henri Lefebvre. The most recent reedition of his texts (the 1957 call for a revolutionary romanticism) reminded one of the
Lefebvre who, shortly before his formal break
with the PCF, helped reformulate passionate
revolutionary sensibilities in left politics of the
postwar era (Lefebvre, 2011). In turn, a group
of politicians, planners, and architects close to
the Front de Gauche (an electoral alliance that
includes the Communist Party of France)
brought a social democratic Lefebvre to the
Presidential election campaign of 2012, one
Corresponding author:
Stefan Kipfer, York University, 4700 Keele Street,
Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada.
Email: kipfer@yorku.ca
116
Kipfer et al.
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redistributive and socially more just reorientation of otherwise unchanged forces and
relations of production.
Today, the anti-productivist leanings that
inhere in Lefebvres conception of time, space,
and everyday life appear at first sight to be of
obvious importance given the socio-ecological
state of the planet. But this the planetary
importance of Lefebvres work is one of the
thorniest questions in Lefebvre scholarship, one
that should be approached with a great deal of
caution (Kipfer et al., 2008). While Lefebvres
work in the 1970s and 1980s strove towards a
genuinely multipolar conception of knowledge
production and political struggle, the European
focus of his intellectual endeavours and lived
experiences prevented him from realizing his
own ambitions. Today, of course, the planetary
pertinence of Lefebvre is not contingent only on
his work but also on ongoing social processes
and political struggles. Accelerated urbanization in the global South, the disintegration of
state socialism, and the contradictions of
Euro-American imperialism have contributed
to a situation where Lefebvrean insights are
taken in fresh directions in such places as Brazil
and Hong Kong (on the latter, see Ng et al.,
2010; Tang et al., 2012). Our own paper, itself
squarely situated in Euro-American debates,
will only be able to point to the fact that
Lefebvres ultimate fate for truly global analyses will be determined by developments beyond
the North Atlantic.
Kipfer et al.
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of formerly distinct social spaces, the industrialization of agriculture has led to the implosion
and explosion of historic cities, becoming
worldwide in the process (Lefebvre, 2003). In
this context, Lefebvres notion of urban revolution has a double meaning. Urbanization
implies the death of the city. By city,
Lefebvre refers here to the pre-capitalist
European city of the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance: a physically demarcated, often
walled spatial form with central (military, political, commercial, religious) functions and forms
of social, political, and economic life that are
qualitatively distinct from the countryside. The
death of the city does not necessarily refer to the
destruction of the physical environment. It
describes the process by which the forms of
centrality and difference characteristic of the
historic city implode in the process of capitalist and neocapitalist urbanization. Due to
Haussmannization and functionalism, the urban
experience is thus characterized less and less by
the chaotic heterogeneity, cosmopolitanism,
and vibrant street life of the historic city or the
19th century metropolitan core but by dispersed, functionally disaggregated, and
politico-economically administered forms of
life. In turn, Lefebvre expects that the death of
the historic city opens up the possibility of peripheralized social groups to claim the right to
the city (Lefebvre, 1996). In this second sense,
the city refers to the possible: the product of a
revolutionary claim to the social surplus and
political power, which is articulated through
struggles for spatial centrality.
Lefebvres notion of the right to the city,
although not rooted in 19th-century metropolitan street life as in Marshall Berman (1982), is
also indebted at least residually to historical
forms: the cities of the Italian Renaissance or
the festivality of rural southern France. There
is no doubt that Lefebvres history of the city/
urbanization (in the Urban Revolution and The
Right to the City), which is recast shortly thereafter in his history of space (in The Production
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Kipfer et al.
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122
and developmentalist strategies of dispossessing forest dwellers in Gujarat have been normalized by the rise to the fore of a scientific
regime of accumulation that conceives space
as an empty, malleable grid to be improved
(Whitehead, 2010: 20).
Lefebvres usefulness to grasp dynamics of
space production in a colonial or neocolonial
context hinges, in part, on his sensitivity to considerations of land (as well as labour and capital) in capitalist development (Coronil, 2000;
Hart, 2006) and his nuanced conception of the
countryside. Lefebvre did not grasp the urban
revolution in the linear terms of modernization
theory (as a transition from rural to urban) but
as a conflictual, uneven, and qualitative relationship between historical city and historical
countryside. Researchers have thus been able
to point to the uses of Lefebvres work on the
Pyrenees, modernist company town planning,
and abstract space to understand the masterplanned, counter-revolutionary Rural City project in Chiapas (Wilson, 2011), strategies of
slum clearance and military urbicide (Kipfer
and Goonewardena, 2007), and mobilizations
of colonized peoples, for example in Israels
occupied territories (Yiftachel, 2009). In this
respect, Lefebvre remains of particular relevance to grasp the imperial as well as capitalist
dimensions of urbanization and depeasantization in the global South (Mendieta, 2008).
Lefebvre himself repeatedly used the term
colonization, first as a metaphor to understand
how everyday life in metropolitan countries is
dominated in postcolonial conditions (in the
second phase of the critique of everyday life
in the early 1960s) (Lefebvre, 2002), and, second, as a concept to grasp the role of the state
in organizing hierarchical relations between
dominant (central) and dominated (peripheral)
social spaces (in his writings on the state in the
late 1970s) (Lefebvre, 1978). Lefebvre discovered this second, conceptual meaning of colonization first in the late 1960s by observing
urban struggles (of immigrant workers in
Kipfer et al.
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3 The state
Next to his engagement with matters colonial
and imperial, Lefebvres four volumes on the
state assembled under the title De lEtat
(1968, 1976a, 1976b, 1977, 1978) conclude his
lifelong critique of the state and state-like
knowledge (savoir) as a form of alienation
(Brenner and Elden, 2009a; Schmidt, 1990;
Wex, 1999). Like his contemporary Nicos Poulantzas, Lefebvre treats the state as an institutional condensation of social power, but he
also emphasizes the presence of the state
(state-like thinking and symbolism) in everyday
life. On this basis, Lefebvre develops the notion
of the state mode of production (SMP) to scrutinize the productivist logics of mid-20thcentury state forms (Stalinism, fascism, Social
Democracy) (Lefebvre, 1977). In capitalist
contexts, he focuses on the changing role of
states in promoting, financing, subsidizing,
and regulating capitalism and the class compromises that sustained it in West Europe. To
the productivism of the SMP, Lefebvre counterposes a new left notion of radical democracy: the withering away of the state in
practices of self-management (autogestion).
Lefebvres critique of state productivism is
highly relevant for contemporary analyses of
neoliberalism and its productivist critics
(Brenner, 2008).
Lefebvres discussion of the state also represents an important reformulation of his theory of
the production of space. On the one hand,
Lefebvre underlines how the state plays a central role in the production of abstract homogeneous, fragmented, and hierarchical space,
and, thus, the survival of capitalism. On the
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4 Scale
Given the contemporary transnational rescaling
of states, it is no surprise that Lefebvre has
loomed large in debates about scale, either with
direct reference to Lefebvres work or indirectly, via David Harveys geographical political
economy. While some theorize scale on the
assumption that Lefebvre had very little to say
about scale (Marston and Smith, 2001), others
have insightfully suggested that Henri
Kipfer et al.
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7 Regulation
Most neomarxist theories of regulation have
remained blind to urban questions. Lefebvre has
been important, however, for attempting to
urbanize regulation theory. This seems
counter-intuitive given the distance between
French regulationists, the self-proclaimed rebel
sons of Althusser (Lipietz, 1987), and Lefebvre,
the most articulate contemporary critic of structuralism (Ross, 1995: 176). The best-known
regulationists in France Alain Lipietz, Robert
economiques
(INSEE), the Centre detude
des
(CERC), and the Centre
revenues et de couts
detudes
prospectives deconomie
mathema a` la planification (CEPREtique appliquees
MAP) (Dosse, 1997; Scherrer, 2005; Vidal,
2000). Regulation theory emerged from within
the very institutions that promoted the territorialization of the bureaucratic society of controlled consumption with the help of SaintSimonian technocracy and the disciplinary
social sciences, which were set up with much
US support to stop the progress of Marxism
(Ross, 1995). When they abandoned marxism
altogether (Husson, 2008), major French regulationists in a sense returned to their roots in postwar technocracy.
Lefebvres (1971c) uncompromising critique
of structuralism as a movement complicit with
postwar capitalism because of its emphasis on
synchrony (over diachrony), reproduction (over
contradiction, struggle, and the dialectic), and
science/theory (over everyday life and embodied knowledge) thus holds to a significant
extent for regulationists. It is thus plausible in
one sense to mobilize Lefebvre to drum up arguments in British autonomist political marxism
against neo-Poulantzian state and regulation
theory (Charnock, 2010). This manoeuvre overlooks two crucial issues, however. First,
Lefebvres analysis of everyday life in the survival of capitalism asked the same question as
the early regulationists did: how can capitalism
survive despite its own conflictual and crisisprone character? Lefebvre shared this concern
with the regulationists even though his approach
differed from them emphasizing transduction
over reproduction, dialectical over formalistic
method. Second, Lefebvres marxisme anarchisant was sympathetic to but not synonymous
with autonomism (or anarchism). His hatred
Kipfer et al.
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Kipfer et al.
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social struggle (Uitermark, 2004), a usually fleeting, not physically fixed, form of spatial and
social centrality produced in a convergence of
radical or revolutionary politics. Turning the
right to the city into sectoral rights may be useful to translate concrete movement demands into
tangible reforms, but if such tactical moves come
at the expense of a broad, transformational perspective, they may become cases of misplaced
concreteness. Once narrowed to particular
reforms only, they become akin to earlier projects of reducing autogestion (which Lefebvre
understood as a generalized process of transforming all aspects of life before, during and after
a revolutionary rupture) to a project of injecting
homeopathic doses of group work and codetermination into workplace management
methods in late Fordist and state-socialist contexts (Rose, 1978).
Lefebvres right to the city is difficult to pin
down because it was a claim to something that
no longer exists and, indeed, never existed: the
historic city (Harvey, 2011: 42). Bemoaning
this lack of concreteness, some now suggest
abandoning the right to the city in favour of a
more indistinct, de-territorialized and dedifferentiated, conception of politics as a spontaneous encounter of horizontally networked
subjects (everybuddy) (Merrifield, 2011,
2012). By extrapolating from real, but particular currents in the Euro-American indignados
and occupy movements of 2011, this postLefebvrean libertarianism misreads the global
political conjuncture (Davis, 2011). The mobilizations in Tunisia, Egypt, Spain, Greece, and
the USA teach us at least three things of relevance for our purposes. They produced forms
of spatiopolitical centrality by appropriating
lAvenue Habib Bourgiba and Tahrir, Puerta del
Sol, Syntagma, and Liberty Squares. They did
so on the basis of a convergence of multiple,
socially differentiated and spatially uneven
political forces, many of which at the periphery
of capitals horizontal space of flows (Rousseau, 2011). The dynamic of the Tunisian
Note
1. This paper is an expanded, revised, and updated version
of Stefan Kipfer, Parastou Saberi, and Thorben Wieditz, Henri Lefebvre, in Frank Eckardt (ed.), Handbuch Stadtsoziologie (Wiesbaden: Verlag fur
Sozialwissenschaften, 2012). Thanks to Kanishka Goonewardena and the anonymous reviewers for advice and
critique.
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