Professional Documents
Culture Documents
^_Sr-
.^
o
O
E-i
O
M
4-i
Vw9
^
i
THE
BIBLICAL CABINET;
OR
HERMENEUTICAL, EXEGETICAL,
AND
PHILOLOGICAL LIBRARY.
VOL.
TITTMANN
TIL
EDINBURGH
THOMAS CLARK,
J. G.
AND
&
F.
38,
GEORGE STREET;
RIVINGTON, LONDON;
MDCCCXXXIII.
REMARKS
ox THE
SYNONYMS
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
BY
D.D.
TRANSLATED BY
ST.
CRAIG, M. A.
VOL.
I.
EDINBURGH:
THOMAS CLARK,
38,
GEORGE STREET.
MDCCCXXXIII.
PRINTED HY
J.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
The
inspiration of the
Sacred Scriptures
is
by ample testimony,
or a miserable fallacy,
lude.
Such, however,
the accumulation of
is
any approximation
New
to a
doubt on the
The
canonical
without attaining
to
to
be
a clear compre-
TRANSLATOR
VI
PREFACE.
For
if it
is
the
And
to
certained
by a
of the right
diligent
if it
may
be as
means of knowledge.
be a revelation as far as
It ceases to
it
if
of the message
divine
wisdom
it is
is
it
impugns the
to
to discovering that
discovered,
and
itself;
which
God
traceable to the
intended to be
mode
in
which
expressed.
From
these principles
it
the
mean-
Men
Had
that
reverence
ertlancipates
for
divine
fully,
and with
authority,
which
TRANSLATOR
PREFACE.
Vll
record has been rashly charged, and the conflicting opinions entertained
as
by
different
men,
vanished.
With
to establish
fulness.
error, others
Christian world;
man
Theological
School,
now
It pro-
of very superior
acumen and
erudition,
is
many
it
not
passages
peculiarly desirable
TRANSLATOR
Vlll
PREFACE.
example of the
it
mode
which judicious,
in
ripe,
And while,
truth.
in
many
instances,
it
brings
it
presents, collaterally,
The
were guided
in their
compo-
by a supernatural power.
object of Dr. Tittmann
was
to investi-
New
nymous,
e,
to
be syno-
common
given an extensive
as
it
list;
and
this,
Of these he has
this
work, as far
It is
deeply to
the death of
author.
To
each word.
TRANSLATOR
PREFACE.
IX
erudition,
and
the
accumulated
He
felicity,
from sources of
ac-
illustration altogether
uncon-
when taken
ples,
rect sense,
in their
disci-
been chosen
and that
if
it
is
A work so
fective,
midst,
who
though
is
it
Many
ef-
It is
persons,
it
terpretation of the
word
of
and with
in-
little
IHASSLATOUS PREFACE.
more
specific
adopted.
re-
Arminian
schools of theology, to
whom
this
remark ap-
plies.
They
are rather
of those formularies,
minds rose
They have
to a stunted maturity.
train of theolo-
They have
gical thought.
by certain
these
But
Its
texts,
common
this
system
disciples
is
a barrier to improvement.
scarcely ever
escape
Word is
from the
The genuine
often repressed
by
it
And
the
and
less
bound upon
translator's preface.
xi
way
There are
human
make
its
who have
critical
some modern
leader ; or
rule of faith.
who
however,
others,
of
of
but
men
to
are
less
acumen,
narrow views
loose from a
to
scattered like so
whence each
grains
day's labour
To them
covery.
many unconnected
is
dis-
same word,
the
ever a passage
made
may
be distorted,
and, liow^-
if it
can be
to
moment,
this
meaning
is
all
Now
de-
translator's preface.
xii
and especially
scribed,
be unwittingly led
to
to the
young, who
may
profitable.
It will
fitted for
caution,
with which
first-rate
And,
ters
which
It
successful re-
inquiries, so conducted,
will
lead.
few chap-
blessing, lead to
an
the
its
announce-
human
authority, or based
on the inven-
timately and clearly, from a well-directed grammatical exegesis of the averments of the ins])ired
book
itself.
TRANSLATOR
On
tlie
PREFACE.
far as it has
gone,
it
some
own
to
limited
collateral topics a
appended.
XIU
On
resources.
peared
to
him materially
to
strengthen and
He
notation.
immediate use of
it
at the time
when
the
to
when
the
New
an anterior period,
in
an
earlier
many
things,
by
is
affected
by
all
life,
and
of which tend to
the
what
is
TRANSLATOllS PREFACE.
XIV
period
changes
flourishes,
and
in dif-
ferent styles."
during the
'
which one
in
may and
even
language
do occur in the
new
an
examination
of
whole
the
Hence
history and
comes necessary
sult.
But
it
each language
is
ent existence.
earth
an accurate re-
to bring out
were
shores were
still
them
and even
thinly peopled
settled, their
open
It
is
is
earlier colonists.
an illustration of
this
which were
And from
that
island.
etymology
TRANSLATOR
is
PREFACE
XV
It
in fact, tracing
is,
of
its
it
thought,
whole period
through the
among whom
first
discovered,
down
of
to
more modern
times.
may be adduced
of a
its
force; though
it
much
imagine.
inquiries,
when
surviving writings,
and
from the scantiness of the contemporary evidence, in fixing the precise force of the word
at the period required,
of great
moment
it
is
to be able to
surely a matter
TRANSLATOR
XVI
PREFACE.
the
terior
what
still
the
is
period
the
to
in ages an-
meaning or derivation of
that
word
" There
may
He
be a deficiency of evidence
age
And he suggests, in
such
80.)
among
languages, that
sprung from a
is,
common
origin, as the
Hebrew,
or like
But the
Ernesti
derivative, as the
remedy
is
Greek no parent ?
Did
its
Has
full
that copious
all
and
the beauties
armed men
gress of
Greek
to
If
we can
soil,
may we
TRANSLATOR
PREFACE.
XVll
tion
we can
discover no connec-
and that of
colonists
to
have been a
yond
all
and
its
cognate dialects.
And, in
Hebrew
the
fact,
Shemitic and
may
all
is
so evi-
be regarded as dialects
may
still
all
European languages.
In the 12th vol. of the Encyclopaedie
b
Mo-
TRANSLATOR
XVIII
derne, there
is
PREFACE.
and
in
which he
litera-
on
must be
it
vain.
" Ignorer
solide en la bri-
The
substance of
detach
tial
all
words
in present use, is to
word of
all
additions or alterations
and then he
has been
syllable of
strip the
made
for
affirms, that
subjected to this
generally remain a
two or three
ini-
letters,
mono-
which consti-
then, this
mode
of analysis which
it
M.
will
directly referrible to
translator's preface.
so
denuded
ChampoUion
oriental.
is
xlx
gives, as
elle
meut,
an adjectival
ter-
vidu or idu
video,
and
which
^T
to
this
is s/5w, /3w,
gamma, and
brew
this leads us at
know, or perceive.
participial termination, en
verbs, un
tion.
is
formative of certain
is
a preposi-
is
cum ; which
to raise
up
even in
its
is
the
and
Hebrew Dp,
vv^hich
word
to rise up, or
retained
still
is
We might
pursue
this to
many
any extent.
oriental
It
this.
and that
may
be
words of early
same sense
But
their progress,
in several
this world's
do'v\^n
to the
XX
TRANSLATOR
may
present time,
in
PREFACE.
We
be distinctly traced.
to
Greek,
and Arabic.
e^e/Soj,
We meet with
and
it
in
g?'w, tego^
it
occurs as
another form,
English, raven
it
;
corbeau.
appears in
and then
Saxon, crav,
corvtis,
it
Again, in
Saxon, hraefn,
German, rauhen
Swedish, rqfiva
rapina
Belgic, roo~
in the
word
all its
and
it
In Gothic,
Gothic migration,
mean-
sorbitio.
In English,
translator's preface.
a bag, a
boil,
xxi
In
Latin
baleine.
iraXkaKri,
to
and
(pccXccim,
(SsB/iXog,
bellua, balaena,
French
Greek,
/SsXoi/jj
&c. &C.
Examples of
this
any extent.
The
maybe
to
aj^es.
And
it
must be
tion.
is
be able
it
times
to its
;
as that
a matter of no
to trace the
the earliest
down
is
and
word
known period
of
little
moment,
in question
its
up
existence,
to
and
show
which was
by the usage,
is
XXU
TRANSLATOR
PREFACE.
word
of the
at all times;
it,
and probably
which
is
also
sought to
To
ven-
he aspires
any remarks of
to associate
his with
but
of
not yet
been adequately
tried
means, to
this
Scripture.
has
ety-
much may
yet be done by
illustrate difficult
passages of
cient
mode
importance
may
which,
upon
rare words
both in the^
And
if
Scriptures.
TRANSLATOR
PREFACE.
XXIU
own
medium of
The
subject
for illustration
is
ex-
abund-
however,
it
his death,
Synonyms.
the
it
is
the purpose of
Edinburgh, March
1,
1833
MEMOIR
TITTMANN,
DR.
ABKIIXiED FliOM
(JKKMAN.
Tril-
1st of
August 1773,
Upper Saxony,
Boniface.
delicate,
at
at Langersalza,
which place
his father
He
was
in infancy
extremely
Wittenberg.
and
Here
his progress
was
imitante."
his education
rapid.
first
an essay. "
At
commenced,
fifteen years
De
Virgilio
Homerum
illustrious
Pteiiihard,
he
XXVI
MEMOIR OF
degree of
M. A.
And in
in 1791.
an academical
life,
he went
to Leipsic
and
Philosophorum veterum in
niendo^^
and
De
summo
Consensu
bono defi-
month opened
in the following
In 1795, he was
to
be the morn-
he was appointed
to
ship of Philosophy
one in theology.
that,
His
were so
an extraordinary professor;
and
in
1800
to
a similar
of doctor
in divinity,
professorum
of
which he
who merited
his favour.
On
Wolf
in 1809,
he was
MEMOIR OF
DR. TITTMANN.
XXVll
University.
In 1815, he succeeded
in
and having
Meissen.
These successive
steps of honour-
remarkable
man
was
as
He
eminent
was
ever,
all
His advice
also
and
up of
academical charges
rate
difficul-
ecclesiastical
discernment of character,
and
his accu-
that
he had
MEMOIU OF
XXVlll
Dll.
TITTMANN.
recommen-
dation.
Tittmann continued
to lecture,
on various branches of
theological study.
He
during a pe-
gave courses of
New
lec-
Testament,
history,
creeds,
ity, all
to the
independently of
opinions
lectures
of
all
consideration of the
commentators.
His
course
of
The views
called,
"
gelical
Churches
praymatisch dargesteUt.
in
Evan-
MEMOIR OF
DR. TITTMANN.
XXIX
same
subject, appeared a
his
made use
Faith."*'
simplicity of
work on
as
A
ed
demands of
often
laid
It
his
is
to
teach-
be re-
this subject,
six times,
but, in
own
his
aside,
was never
completed.
devoting himself to
it
in
Institutio
Evangelicae^^* Lips,
1811.
Symbolica Ecclesiae
In the course of
MEMOIR OF
XXX
tertain a due,
as
human
DR. TITTMANN.
And
tions
other churches.
was good,
all
who heard
His manner
him.
was remarkable
his
He
and
for
his
class,
years of labour
often giving, in
on
ecclesiastical
And
which were
in addi-
strictly
many
tracts
and pamph-
law.
He
contributed
MEMOIR OF
gularly,
DR. TITTMANN.
XXXI
he wrote
to 1831,
German
stood,
is
He drew
the distinction
to
divine
re-
He
teaching.
judging of
and
true,
eternal
truth,
He
in Christianity
to
held
it
guidance.
and
is
for
man's general
was
sound reason.
At
religious dispensation
were limited
to
matters
its
na-
MEMOIR OF
XXXn
tural
DR. TITTMANN.
faculties,
but
viz.
is
finite
mind may
created
it
was un-
way
the same
as
we
ment of
his
from time
to time
gious truths
that
it is
that this
is
source
is
system
and that
it
as a supernatural revelation,
certain reli-
in the Christian
must be regarded
and
made known
its
ultimate
of nature
and absurd
it
were vain
and
and
MEMOIR OF
stedfastly
DR. TITTMAN.
XXXIU
his
Apostles.
The
rigidly studious
his
and industrious.
in the morning.
till
habits of Dr.
rose in
He
class-room,
He
From
He
From
At
six
four to
;
and
till
eleven.
Benevolence beamed
to the last
and
his
from
his blue
local
MEMOIR OF
XXXI V
DR. TITTMANN.
affections.
to
wear
he persisted
day
2d of December.
From
that
his strength
and an
him from
dictating.
am
He
illness
distinct things."
Towards
tica^
have
little,
now
to
do
is
to sleep."
last
He
revived a
moments he
to his
MEMOIR OF
frequently concluded
Ji7iis,
Jinis
XXXV
DR. TITTMANN.
in fide ;"
" Sed
Jiaec siifficiant
and so saying, he
fell
asleep.
of imitation, a
vice of
word.
And
life
so
to the ser-
his inspired
go and do
likewise.
Theon oder
iiber
unsere
Kirche, wahrend
De
Breslau, 1805.
verendum perillustrem
summe
re-
et excellentissimum Gottl.
et
Taenkendorf. Lipsiae
XXXvi
LIST OF
Ueber
et Atheis-
Leipzig 1816.
die Vereinigung der Evangelischen Kirchen.
Leipzig, 1818.
Die protestation
dem
der
Reichstage
zu
Speyer im Jahre
1529.
Leipzig, 1829.
MDXXX.
ex primo Melanc-
Dresdae, 1829.
PEiJ^OJSjiOS
^^
THE
^THE0L06IG:Sll/
y^
SYNONYMS
rr^^
^-,
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
CHAPTER
I.
The
anniversary of
fellow-citizens,
view
to
is
tliat
arrived,
day,
my
beloved
on which, with a
do away a shameless
traffic in
St. Peter's.
indulall
But
but
this
sovereignty of
Rome,
it
becomes those
by
idle triumphs,
but by remem-
becomes them
It
THE SYNONYMS
2
wliicli
iiefits
may be
who do
but
privileges,
course, as
it
who seemed
has
it
them
use
wisely.
Which
to
ecclesiastical
authority,
and
ancient languages;
supposed
tion
that,
although
on account of
is
it
generally
own educa-
his
multiplicity of duties
men
in
common
These
subtleties,
have learned
however,
to despise
many
and, as
if
in
our day
the subject
were exhausted, they have turned to sophistical disputation, and have learned to regard
the whole business of the grammatic interpret-
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
do not understand.
Of
will not
now
speak, as
this folly,
it is
however, I
sufficiently evident
improvement
in letters as
of these
men
will scarcely
be longer endured.
day which we are about to celebrate, it will be gratifying to all to whom the
divine doctrine and discipline are precious, to
But on
that
vented by the
common
he
^to
be reducible to
able rightly to
is
rials
human mind,
of talent,
treasuries of
human
erudition, he
is
certainly
sacred truth.
He
is
sadly mistaken
who mea-
vulgar
to
mode
of speaking, as
if
by the
he had nothing
Although
THE SYNONYMS
4
to
many
even
this art,
appear,
sa^'^s,
which
acumen of
common
that
is,
said, to
under-
according to the
notion, to get
of speech
(See his
ment
ly thought necessary
those words
that,
general-
commonly
called
synonyms
is
that
be
whatever can
be
is
thoroughly understood.
the study of language,
is
has
to
it
no language
much
so
for
what reasons, certain names were given to certain things, is of such a nature that
it
cannot
synonymous terms
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
is
himself willing to
That
this nicety,
explaining synonyms
many
however rendered.
is
interpreters of the
New
Testament, and
is,
of course, so
much more
difficult as
the
cular words
relation of
And
fall
into obscurity,
synonyms
on account of the refinement and exuberance of the Greek mind, the accurate discri-
ly,
mination of synonyms
is
extremely
difficult,
yet
milar words
still
is,
more nearly
is
is
governed
THE SYNONYMS
by
strict rules
and
new
multitude of
also that
on account of the
ideas to
be expressed by
difficult to
who were
rate speaking
and writing.
common
if,
of
minds,
word
force of each
but
what
make use
is
the
of similar
and
do little more than endeavour to express what
they think in the readiest and most accessible
terms.
And hence they not only do not nicely discriminate between synonyms ; but they
heap together similar words, the true and nice
distinctions between which, even learned men
or analogous terms very promiscuously,
less
modified
sured,
and
it
its
New
Testament.
we have
OF THE
noticed
ters,
is
NEW TESTAMENT.
common
For
in expressing
new
7
tliese
wri-
And
is
that the
no marvel, and
greatness and
sublimity of the
truths
they
of
than the
truths
guage could not endure the regulated preci-
tauy:ht,
mii^htier
sion of established
fetters
modes of speech.
Ian-
But, in
the
interpreter,
in
is
rendering
THE SYNONYMS
ly
ent one
to
them
in a differ-
difference of sense,
And
more caution
than those who despise the niceties of grammar are willing to exercise and hence it is,
do
so.
New
Tes-
And
now endeavour
to demonstrate.
synonyms
are.
this
point
country,
"
The philologists
who seem, by
of our
nature, fitted
His work,
own
beyond
De
Simili-
See Ausonius
Popma de
T.
differentiis
Lipsiae, 1734.
verhorum item de
T.
NEW TESTAMENT.
or THE
all
ties,
Among
on
light
this subject.
and Ade-
lung, Eberhard
We
nent.
first
mind of
is
Aristotle,
who
and thinking.
rate speaking
ro, Ts
avTog. ohv
^mv,
o,
xard
<s\)vm\j[xa^ c^v
Synonyms,
according to
therefore,
He says,
those
are
Aristotle,
common geFrom
common name.
are called
by a
these he distinguishes
6/a,wi/u/xa,
which, though
common
generic name,
Tovrojv
ya^
dv^^oj'Trog
6
ds
(ante Categor.
xa) to ys^ga/x/xft'ov
Kara
rovvo/Ma Xoyog
Whence
1, 2.)''
Anecdot.
Xuv
^mv
oJov
vol.
ii.
p G36,)
fcvs S-ciXda-trio;
ovof/,oc(n
ku)
fjt,vi
o/jccuvv/u,ov
A't'a.; o
ynyivvi?.
limv
ro xxrcc
ovo/ua,
l!iXix.f/.ei>vio;
kxi A/j
'2vv&i\vy.ov %i io-rt
to
ToX"
OiXia/s,
Iv 'hta.(po^oi$
But the Scholiasts (ibid p. 867,) appear to diifer, unless we examine them very accurately. Certainly grammarians say that
the ofjcuvvfjca is a word common to diverse persons or things,
A grammarian resident at
l<
T.
it
THE SYNONYMS
10
synonyms
common
bore a
also the
as Ala?,
fiu;,
sigiiificatiim
yaviTi
'J
hey
xvMv,
(poTvi^.
conveyed
l)y
t-itt
the
as well to quote
ffv.ei vicet,
diverse wortis,
diffe:', tlieref'.irej
but
it is
i.s
a similar
OF THE
have
says,
Xsyzrai
jcorcg'
7MV
'Tra^o^vvofjbsvojv
rtaoa r(Z
ov6[jjr/,roL
fih
'^v^dog
Si'i
xomncm
/xg^'
y.al
y^a/x/jj-xriyuovg'
^u/xog* yoXog'
^oXog xaJ
Kurcc
d's
rsSdaoa roAjra
rh'^oojrruv,
cro/fi-yi'*
r,
h^yri
/cocl
ooyri xcii
%al
'^v.'jjog TroXvojvv/jjOvcfiv sv
/j>^vtg'
xa/
W(r-:r5
xara
xat
ourcfj y^v)
rovg
xa^a
<!roXvu>vv(j^a^
ravrornr/
ri
ra rota
zlgi
6\))/U)VV[JijCt
rovg uXkovg
'/.cii
He
meanino:.
6 '^j/ihg 6
Tccvrcc,
caught his
rij^htlv
s'^i
11
to
NEW TESTAMENT.
'/oXog
(jri/xaa/ag.
tain notion
which
common
to several
words, in each of
as
xoVog, all
man
which
If,
it
may
therefore,
onyms
we
that,
its
all
same
peculiar species;
comprehended
its
distinguishing peculiarity.
Synonyms
are,
which there
is
THE SYNONYMS
12
as in the
is
-/Jkog'
fic
[Mtivig'
^v/Mog'
%6rog'
general
quality
of an angry man.
nyms, because
for all
We
common name
or/
ccvrog s6tiv
there
are
syno-
same genus
ohaiag Xoyog.
But
older
grammarians appear
synonyms of
things with
Tiara rovvof^a
other
many
to
rrjg
have called
-roXuwi/u/Aa,
the
list
things, which,
of synonyms,
I shall
which have, in
fact,
the same
synonymous
name
as sub-
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
And
jects to the
same genus.
later writers
13
in this sense
But since,
common, that
common one
when he
to
says,
of elocution,
on Aristophanes
says, ^o$
Xs'^sffiv laoh'jvctf/jovaaig
^ I
same
the
signification.
But
y^^r^G'bai,
(vid.
cra^aXX^Xo/j
loh,
Chr.
G.
lanus,
who
libros sententiarum.
T.
THE SYNONYMS.
14
More
this university,
tis
N.
T.,* that
least, in the
ornament
ot
"
in the
same
same language,
dialect of
it,
among
or, at
same
the
onyms
of
how-
if,
few
any language
in
finement, as in Greek;
for
may
it
be
fairly
or
Tv^avvog,
may
in
certain
points
time and
^'^og, ao^,
;
although
and,
may
be,
the
by length of
vol.
i.
p.
50
T.
15
Wherefore, great
itself.
which seem
to
mean
the
same
and
though
in degree,
mind
or
ne-
they,
we
meaning; and
thing,
mode, or
which, al-
in specific character,
And
may be
There
especially
may
be
are,
in
New
erroneously
The
first class
taken
I
which
synonyms;
Testament,
for
will
speak shortly.
which signify
and are so much
consists of those
more
itself.
likely to be regarded as
New
synonyms, because
Testament, as
is
very
THE SYNONYMS.
16
common
effect.
wont to unite
For example,
by the sacred
of man, as
raXkcLyn'
o!.<pi<sig
a/xagr/wr
so that these
xa-
words ap-
or, at all
why
while
is
expressed
they
mean
to express that
tain xaraXkayy]^
Aixaluffig is
/Xao/xo?,
d/xalcoffig,
Xur^ov, s^ayo^afffios,
which he did
aipsffig
to ob-
The
a/j^a^riuv.
is
the
a<peffig a/j^aprtuv.
For
after
that
men have
ob-
OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.
tained, through Christ, the assured
17
hope of par-
their
God;
God
And
be
this
**
is
although
men
are said
cannot approve of
grant to
unfit
man
but
it
human
perverseness, nor
that,
men
is
utterly
love of virtue, and struggling against the sanctity of the divine laws, are in their thoughts,
their course of
life,
and even
attaining a
^This
and
is
but in their
own
lie
must be shown,
in the religious
system,
T.
THE SYNONYMS
18
ferred to
Christ,
follows that
it
The
reconciled to God.
cedes,
cause
^iog
"hjoyiXjtihiwc,
r]v Iv
%^/<J'rw Ttodijjov
avToTg
the duty of
ra
men
rw
pre-
Be-
TtaraXXayr,'
xaraXXaco'wi' savruj,
ira^aitrfj^iLCLra
avruv
it
is
[/j7\
now
man may be
a^sc/g a/y,apr/wv,
dio/Mi^a
oh
vtso xi"^'^cv,
xaraXXd-
%i(^
^/xa/wtf/g
Rom.
as
iv.
25.
But
as these
it
has, of course,
happened
and by
this
means a
serious
For not even now, in explaining the substance of the Gospel concernfirst
importance.
Rather,
it is
the putting
man
in
from
s>in
and
its
T.
19
really obtainable
from
the
words, subsequently,
when
the
Romish Church
salvation, to use
as doing
much
filements of
praise.'^
**
It is
he certainly,
its
In the
and
to
defend
it
mean
much
to hide
For
in-
stance, the true notion of repentance has been almost entirely lost,
through the
false
show
THE SYNONYMS
20
and meaning.
Another class of words in the New Testament which have been mistaken for synonyms,
is that of those which express the state or the
their true force
action.
who know
is
not the
own
by the
interpretation
writers
And
if
dominant;
is
greatly he
is
deceived.
But the
fact
is,
it
is
is
easy to shew
For, in the
first
how
place,
from
this source,
but from
its
tament word
sin to
God.
for
it, fitravoiei,
New
Tes-
penie, inclination,
main building
T.
21
synonyms
as,
for ex-
slaugh-
we speak
that action,
must
it
arise if
is
inevitable that
many
errors
Yet
this is
a fault
many
by
it
do
to be a fruitful source
serious errors.
be found in
common root, as ^/xa/wc/g, o/xa/oand dixalu/^a, and many others; which, when
their origin in a
(f'jvn,
they are referred to the same thing, are improperly regarded as synonyms, and are therefore
frequently explained as
if it
when words
THE SYNONYMS
22
acted on
men
curs.
synonyms which
Testament,
It
is
more
of development.
difficult
the same
New
far signify
to their specific
in
the
is
all.
There are
New
Testament,
xr/tj^Jji/a/,
all
dvazaivovff^ai,
predicated of
Such are
amendment
of heart and
life,
mon
f
/mbtuvosTv, dyiuG^i^vai,
notion of
gcr^a/, dvoj^iv
amendment;
yivn^rtvai^
Some
sTiffr^s-
mode
23
the
of
men
sinful association.
And
if
it
nature,
be understood of the
to
life
human
of
men already in
exist-
fusion
human
and
that
nature, even at
discipline of the
grant that
despair
all
of
its best,
Holy
nay,
we
the posterity of
eternal
Spirit, that
happiness,
it
may
will readily
Adam must
unless
they
mollified
by
ambiguous
men
in a state of actual
THE SYNONYMS
24
and
itself;^
this
arises
human
nature
men
in certain places
'
away from
prescribes,
caution.
The whole
of this passage
is
and
points of doctrine.
sound canon of
criticism,
that there
is
an ambiguity in
scale in favour of
It
is
on
fruitful source of
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
25
have spoken,
ever
men
fall
So
how-
far
which
but they
lie
deeper than
is
gene-
till,
we
in
re-
Certainly
much
its
naembers,
may
is
Women
ginal languages.
(see
God
many
pared by the ponderous metal of a sound scholarship, to confound and silence their frivolous and baseless speculations.
The
T.
THE SYNONYMS
"26
CHAPTER
It
is
11.
diffi-
the
For,
no
may
be permitted
still
so in the
jrreater latitude of
is
is
writers of the
materially
differs.
And
but in
force of a
word
justifies
the
this
when they
and
logical
which particu-
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
lar
27
common
cases,
is
so
its
and
written,
And
author.
not without
is
difficulty
in
examination of those
writers,
is
frequently receded
it
and magnitude of their subject compelled them to a more lax applicathat the novelty
The
New
of the
writers
class.
is,
the
common notion,
some particular mode and
diffi-
synonyms;
referred to one
sents
is
may be
For
mark-
in regard to
many words
pro-
word
difficult
is
THE SYNONYMS
28
spirit,
eloquence.
artificial
In noticing, therefore,
caution
is
required
in the interpretation
lest,
of certain passages,
for
who,
in
ment, do not at
all
New
Testa-
synonyms, but
treat of
certain degree
cognate,
in a
if
mean-
ing.
gain
much towards
we
passage,
that
it
meant
to
convey
we
different ideas,
should
by an ambiguous
mind
version,
render the
more obscure.
it
After
seemed
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
29
days.*
the
is
wrought
aya^os*
in
by the Holy
it
dyiog,
dixaiog'
be divinely
to
These are
Spirit.
ayvog'
xa^a^og*
h^og'
offiog*
all,
be evident to
that in these
exists, to
moral excellence
each there
is
is
man
yet in
regarded.
is
man
we
desired in
that excellence
may be
as
It will
we
differently, according
pletives.
But they
selves, as to the
differ also
mode
we
periority of nature
between them-
dya^og and
dya^og'
dixaiog.
dlxaiog
agree, as either
which
is
See page
it,
may be
in a right
it is
just
THE SYNONYMS
30
it
for
iv. 8.
be.
to
he will lender
But
which
in
to
some way
that
dsvd^ov
Luke
viii. 8. dovXog
5.
Hence
Matth.
V. 45.
ii.
do
ed in Matth.
For
dyahohg.
aya^'oi
lities
it is
by
is,
'rrovri^oi
and elsewhere.
And
this is
xxii. 10.
it is
ill
are opposed,
For the
'rovTj^oi
not contradict-
cfvvyjyuyov 'TTovrjooug rt
xal
of the
said
uffriio?,
Aquila uses
a,ya.6o;.
And
aya^og
com.raou notion of
it
7^ dyu^T],
17.
vii.
ii.
dya^oi and
to others.
'^rovoi
men and
dya%Tg, 1 Pet.
dsg-TToraig
accord-
dya^d, Mattb.
dofji^ara
Matth.
dya^ov,
man
called aya^og
is
profitable to
is
every
tlie
ocrurs in Exodus
again in
Samuel
uypJ'oi oouffiij
ii.
word
2.
in fact, some-
So in Theocritus
the same use of the
that he
xvi. 12,
our Version
Wehave
is,
was a goodly
child.
is,
goodly to look
to.
T.
And
it
is
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
31
called,
And
would be both absurd and unjust, promiscuously to invite men of any condition, and
then when they were assembled, with severe
rebuke to cast out those who were found to be
it
In
of an inferior condition.
the
commandment
is
said to be both
what
is
Romans
vii. 1*2.
hixaia xai
it
whom
it
regards the
happiness of those to
it
hesitate to die.
AiJicciog
then,
is
of
ill
but
dycc^og is
it
he
issues to
who
does
good
to others
good
to all,
right,
THE SYNONYMS
32
who
fulfil
they
the offices of
is
Christ, Acts
he
Rom.
hixaiog,
also
who
14;
iii.
is
iii.
(so
10.
vii.
52.
affirmed of
it is
Pet.
iii.
18.)
but
26.
John
nification of
Many
9.
i.
dUaiog
in
New
the
"
scores of instances in
yixettos,
ViKCito?
we
find but
which
Testament,
pn^
"T^liJ
is
often
Among the
LXX.
rendered in the
And here there is no propriety in the rendering; it very improperly confounds two different words in the verse, and destroys
*lDn ^y
^i>taioffvv>i
ter rendered
which the
LXX.
of mercy in the
tlie
who
dr/.u/og
observes the
rii>]it,
he
is
lie
ob-
who
^^V.rj,
who
For
preserves the
80
he
is
lenient
mercilul
when
when
called
called to aid
For
diJcii
but that
sists,
as far as
we
we
we should
should ren-
civil right
con-
between justice
altogether exploded from the law
and equity
is
And
of morals.
as the notion of
^rz-ri
orio-inates
in
whom
which
&c.
In die
first
case,
oixaio; is
is
ade-
term
nothing
only ap;tlied to
men
But, in
fact,
it
tl;f
tlierefoi-e,
T.
THE SYNONYMS
34
qiiate to its
its
There
numbers.
this,
when
that
is
is
said to be
hiTtaiog
which pre-
Hence,
parts."
a chariot
is
in
Xenoph. Cyrop.
said not to be
all
its
ii. "2.
26,
that
dlxaiog,
is,
it
like
which
proper and
is
fit,
that in
which there
But
is
the Jews,
only
the bless-
its
we admire
in that
God
mum
honum.
In the word
bixaiog
the sum-
is
In the word
utility.
T.
dyvog oV/og^/sgog*
35
xaSa^o^
d/Miocvrog'
They
spirit.
diiFer, therefore,
from
man
for a
be
to
and
hixaiog
hlxaiog
It is possible
or dycc^og,
who cannot
be said
be
to
dytog
regarded.
ciytog
and
dyvog^
etymological origin,
person
is,
is
word ay log
indicates
rence which
is
dyvog properly
due
more
to
many
subsequently, like
expressions
similar
there
Euripides,
rdg
-ra^
(p^zvag.
y}\ag
1.
viii.
is
in
it
dX'A
xiiicig-
In the
2 Cor.
p. 647.
<psiig
Xs/^^ss
first
xi. 2. Tit.
E.
(J^^-Xl^
l^'^^
sig-
which
In the Orestes of
chastity,
That
nothing impure.
is
dyvov
fji^h
place,
ii.
3.
dymiy
it is
OX)
(hiv,
(p^zv
w
b
used for
(Plato de Legg.
'xaihoyoviag
Tjf^ioi,
y.cci
THE SYNONYMS
36
ydfLuv rs ayvoi
azriPCcroi
Homer it
In
Zojsiv,
is
the
Hence
the Odyssey.)
a pure
2, is
iii.
and
Tim.
v.
life
22,
ava6T^o(pr,
ayvr,
Pet.
contaminated by no crimes
we have
as
it,
the language,
"
genius of
contrary to
the
Ye have proved
is
r.w,
ye have proved
but,
buta/vo's nvog
in this matter,
3,
God is
all evil,
above
and
is
and
i.
e.
Therefore, in
by
James
said to
be
a/v/j,
the
7.
iii.
is
from
wi&dom from
because
who
most
imbued with it
it is
But
if
that
dyvog,
more
this
John
it
dyvog Tt)
who
wisdom required
therefore,
all
particularly
espe-
impurity.
regards
that
which
is
from impurity
yet dyiog
is
more
directly used
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
37
of sanctity.
For,
it
words which bear a common origin, and therefore seem to denote the same thing-, diverofe
in their use to different sig-nifications, so that
each has
its
plication
whilst this
flesh as a material,
(whilst
-rvsy^aar/xog
denotes
it
be demon-
the
therefore, no
Rom.
which
few
is
vii- 14.,
\yuTi
scarcely
worth
]\ISS.,
except as
it
<rd^xivcs
(i/u,i.
it
This
remark,
constantly de-
is
a various reading
supported bv so
shows the accuracy of Titmann's ex.
tfie
it is
THE SYNONYMS
38
the gods.
New
is
Testament
of morals
known how
For
not surprisin^r.
is
cleanliness
it
Jews were
carefid the
sacred
their
in all
to secure
Hence, even
way
(compared with
Deut.
14
xxiii.
Chron.
11
v.
notion
vulgar
One
2 Sam.
xi.
therefore,
ror,
"*
pol-
nate
will
in the
That
rites.
well
is
it
of dy'og
who
Pet.
16,)
i.
Exod. xix. 22
They
are in er-
that
is,
which
is
set apart
from
to
word JltfTp
is
Genesis xxxviii. 21, compared with verse 15, where the more
common word
nj"l|
is
is
Deut.
xxiii. 17
^1p in
Hosea
iv. 14.
The general
See also
and purity.
the word
Here, evi-
is
And
explained by the
common
hahit of fallen
man
T.
which
that
ayioc, is
is
accurately
sacred,
and
not unclean.
is
New
Tes-
obtained.
In
be
39
Rom.
prophets,
Thess.
Acts
13
iii.
ii.
5J
a'Ta|;^/?^
of the
xXyj^jjcsra/,
2 Pet.
'21;
i.
21
of the Apostles,
of places. Acts
Jerusalem, Matth.
citdly of
temple;
Pet.
xi. 16,
5,
iii.
iii.
of the priesthood,
Eph.
'/.voluj
Cor.
ix. 13,
17
iii.
33 espeand of the
vii.
iv.
more frequently,
still
vii.
as
21.
viii.
11.
Luke
Luke
i.
72.
49. dyid
i.
which
dia^/]xr} dyici,
Cor.
it
is
is
Then
20.
2 Pet.
Mark
iii.
vi.
12.
20. Ephes.
And
i.
2.
the idea of
frequently de-
it
John
impious to violate,
this,
free
Rom.
yoa:p'/i,
17.
iii.
iv. 8.
Pet.
i.
4.
in 2 Pet.
i.
ii.
15.
Cor.
vice,
John
vii.
21, the
34.
com-
THE SYNOKYMS
40
iDhiKlment
is
l<e
inviolate.
y^Anffig o^y'oc
9,
tion
ot"
and ought
similar in 2 lim.
it is
holy in
The
use
is
it ir.ahci.
itself,
no-
it
im-
does
it
is
it
mean
less
still
whom
life
of sanctity
tor
be
the
xXTiffig
clyioi,
i^ut
effect is
dym
produced.
TO -rnv/Ma is said,
it is
from
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
vine
is
it
41
worthy of reverence.
offiog is, in its meaning, more nearly allied to
ayvog, and h^k to dyiog; yet there is a difference.
For
o(^'og
who
is
all
crime; one
it
does
especially,
offices
o(ftog
which
and
xai
xaia
V.
right, as in Sophocles
is
in Josephus, A.
offiojv
'i^yojv
I. viii.
in Charit.
788.
holy,
is
Sg/a
dr/caiog.
ira. ii. 8,
ocfiovg,
i.
oiidiv
God
enophon
tJttov
himself
is
said to be
whom
impious to dishonour.
xvi. 5
it
;
is
Acts
ii.
Phavorinus,
27,
oirio;'
ra, offia
cri^)
tcx.
in 1'it.
i.
Testament
oV/og,
So
Hec.
rightly exhorts to
e.
for truly
10.
8.
ruv dizaiuv
^^a/
9, 1,
lift
ccyvcTg
Schol. Euripides,
061a.
St. Paul, I 1
up holy hands,
mitted no impiet
i.
offioig
says,
i^yoig
in the
r}
New
In Apoc.
B^-Tx Vix,a,ioi.T.
THE SYNONYMS
4'2
which
duties
wicked
peculiar
Office
it
it
to neglect.
sense
Acts
in
Aa(3id ra rxicra.
Many
by a reference of
which the
34,
xiii.
'o/xTv
ra
interpreters illustrate
Hebrew TDH,
to the
it
^'^(Tw
and
oV/og;
osia.
David,
ov
bu)6sig
thing, in the
AaiSid.
But
Tov
words of
office
Aa/3/5,
David.
o-sojMa ffov
since properly
w/xotfa
AajSid,
about to make
covenant
this
calls ra 'Uia
term expressive
God was
ed
he
Isaiah,
in Isaiah it is a
This
dia(p'^o^uv.
it
is
is call-
made with
Ps. Ixxxix. 3, 4.
The
6V/a
Aa^id was
Jewish people.
The
this
and
I will
ziffrd.
The subsequent
Iffia
coveAa(3id
statement shews
offia
mffrd is the
43
strictly
conse-
is
Whence
they
ac/so^a/ is
who
to
consecrate, and
is
and wander
in a free pasture.
^ojv,)
(Synes.
/sgoj,
mind
irrespective of
that
Homer and
New
who, in
God, are
et
lor,
ac-
intended
but especially
vv.
Cor.
ix.
13,
and repeatedly
other writers.
It is
Testament of moral
called
dd.
ad Hesychius
ad Aeschin.
Ka^ago's is
not used
Those
habits.
be sacred to
ayioi.
Valckenar. ad
crat. p. 143.
s.
is
themselves, in
in the
ep. 57,
ii.
it
ple in the
in
is
God
sacred to God,
is
or morals
to
which
aproi
frequently
Ammon.
p. 184,
oa/ovg.
Tay-
v.
p. 50.
life
Suidas,
lif/ov'
alytoV)
TM
defile
B-iM avarihifiivov,
nes
T.
them-
on Aristopha-
44
THE SYNONYMS
selves with, as
Luke
Rom.
Tit.
xiv. t>0;
is
Tim.
1
6g
9,
therefore
ccyvog,
For
'^^rjff/Ciia
Matt,
xxiii.
19
Now
2'2.
v.
xa^a^a,
8; Ko^aocc
James
sunibnctg^
27. xa^a-
i.
is
in
intermixed, Matt.
iii.
41
15; Heb. x.
i.
that in
the'-yici^a^ov is
base
xi.
/,a^r/.o6g it is
is
a degree of difference.
no
is
fo-
7,
o'Ttf/ig a.<pp(f)v
'idrai
7]
-^v^r,,
ovds
yi
ffu)fji^ctrog
And
a body, xa^a^hv
as
Xenoph. Oecon.
(Tiij/xa,
from
adornment; so
not because
x. 7, calls
it is
free
this
xa^aoof,
passage, uses in
(Compare Heb.
conjunction
xiii. 4.)
Yet
if
they
Certain-
;;
man must
ly to be xa^agog a
unless he
a/jjiavTog
we
then
ayvog.
For
necessary.
is
For
a/x/avrog.
In
y.ix'^a^jg
than
is
be
45
to
it
It is
may
be said to be xa^a^og in
That which
yM^ci^og.
^a^^og'
but
many
is ciyvog is
necessarily xa-
human
discriminated thus.
if
soul
Ka^a^og
is
are far
oio^a^oi
we
use them in
and
may be
life,
thing which would change or corrupt the nature of the subject with which
ciyvog
0(7/0$
is
is
it is
combined
ciyiog
that which,
to,
culate
ayj-jg
is
God
chaste,
y.a^aoog is pure',
imma-
clean, sinless
oV/c;
is
THE SYNONYMS
46
pious;
holy,
dy/og,
crated.*
dxs^aiog'
axaxoc*
acrXoDg*
plicity of
is
a difference be-
tween them.
For cc<x\ovg strictly is that in which there is
nothing complex or perplexed, but, as it were,
free from involvement, and therefore, plain and
open." In Matth. vi. 22, and Luke xi. 34, the
It is
'
not a
little
so decidedly obscure.
distinct
reason in their etymological history, for their specific application, in a sense so capable of definite insulation
but
y/oj
lost.
and hoo; or
l^o;,
and yet
Q^H
^|^
^ verb
vases, omens, &c.) and probably tbe first and simple idea
tus,
usum
na,
in
fire.
xuSu^'os
from
af^ixvTos
nVQ'
very
roots
remaining in
As compounded
But
after
all,
these etymo-
strict investigation
still
is
"T^^^ rec-
aptare.
same
diflferent
modern languages.
T.
T.
is
properly called
is,
as seeing dis-
a-rXoDj,
tinctly
And
47
opposed the
to this is
cxp'^ccXfj^hg 'rovrj^og,
but sees
mind
that
drawn
is
office,
its
So the
or distractedly.
dngroa/j^fMsvug,
that
its
There
is
the
a'TrXovg is
simple, because, in
involved
or intricate.
word ccrrXoug
and straight;
in the
it
there
is
uXri^yig
to
-^^/svdrjg.
it
is
the
(3Xsfj,fMa
a-Xovv
not surprising,
a'xXovg is associated
way
'roXvr^o'rog
friendship
Hence
nothing
that
%ai
yzwaTov.
frequently
cc'rXo'/x.ov
it
with
as Horace, Epist.
ii.
zai
rojv
ysvmTog,
ovruv xoivuvikov.
in the
2. v. 193.
same
simplex hi-
and Tacitus Hist. Lib. iii. c. SQ. inetamen simplicitas et liberalitas. In this
larisque,
rat
sense also
ccrXorrig
ment, Rom.
occurs in the
New
Testa-
It
8; 2 Cor. viii. 2. ix. 11.
denotes the candour of an ingenuous and sin-
cere mind.
xii.
THE SYNONYMS
48
with
is,
not combined
For though
nieiniing of dxs^awg
But the
many
be doubtful,'^ since
undoubtedly
is
may
dx^r-ar-
and
^aiog
may
be said
riglitlv
to
be
may
is dx'/iPccTo;
For
he
for
xcc^a^or
0/
who
and
it
djt's-
is dy.i-
bein^ cor-
dx^^ccrog^
rupted by no admixture
who
yet this
$,
true siii^nification.
its
similarly,
he
V.
^ I
Scapula gives as
re,
its
Matth.
H^p
it
from'
V. it
xi^ecg.
xtoea
is
and thence,
accidentia, casus.
In
.V
stain.
ekoxXn^ov.
ff*!/u,atvii
iiyta,
rov xk^aoi,
excoriatio,
at.'Tto
Now
evenit, occurrit,
is
The word
ful.
v. .568,
and clear
Phavorinui
uxiocnei, x*a,
xui rov
'i^u
xi^uiog,
xcc) f^-ira
The same
expression.
of Menelaus
X;^og
the other,
ax'/^oarog.
It
49
is,
and in
however, fol-
a-Zioaiog^
does not,
may
other
dy/soatog
since
thing,
that
it is
another
In the neglect of
nification.
But
6/m6(Js
roTg Xoyoig
Matth. X. 16.
'TTi^isrioai
aya^v,
Phil.
'
'^sXojv,
(ppovifMoi
wg a/
o'l^g/j,
which
ii.
15.
v.
912.
Bvvsrhg
Be
Azspaiog, avs-T/A'/j-rov
j3iov,
rjffTcn^tojg
it is
Euripid. Orest.
admixture.
that
'Aks-
return.
to
therefore,
nifies,
'^(^ctJPcTv
when
this diiference,
is
19.
i.
a[jji[M,':rrot
Finally, ay^nog
is
xa/ a%\^atoi wg a)
6o(po'jg
e.
[mv
s/g
rh
wise towards
from
all
evil.
/tai dzs^aioi.
he who
is
xa/t/a,
and who fears no evil from others, as it is commonly said, simple and ingenuous, both these
one who
ideas exist in the word axa-aog
;
it,
since he
THE SYNONYMS.
50
to
altogether alien
is
Tim.
V.
See Ruhnken. ad
it.
It
aytaxog.
every
species of simplicity, but that ingenuous simplicity which exists in an upright mind, free
igaTarSitf/
rag Tta^diag
\_xcckovStv~\
/xsv fx.iyciko'^'oyovg
it is
ever,
man
d'Trsi^ovg
from
p. 81.
o/
srs^ot
ds
suspicion,
them imply
cifMSf/jTrog'
vii.
26.
is
unmixed with
blameless,
log
ii.
siiy^^s/c.
Sometimes, how-
Heb.
all evil,
'AT^ovg therefore
all evil
ds
xal svsovgj
18,
free
d'/s^aiog,
oi
xvi.
rojv d'/cd'/Cuv,
Plato Alcibiad.
easily deceived.
dxd/iovg xai
Romans
So in
from suspicions.
evil,
d'n-Xovg is
ingenuous
azaxog
from
axaxog, free
and
simplicity.
(^dviT/XyiTrog'
a/jLu/j^og'
dvsyyikrjrog*^
is ufiifL'Trrogf
wanting
in
whom
a/^w/xog,
reprehensible.
sion
he
nothing
whom
in
Each
He
yet accounted
there
is
nothing
is
numerical parts
error.
7, is a
is ,'xe/xTroc
Heb.
viii.
Sep Plato
p. 2-,Cy
is
for
all his
'
of
all
T.
I>i;^l.
I,
vol.
ii.
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
because there
ought
nothing wanting to
be there
to
it
answers
all
which
it,
the purposes
of a law.
Epist.
is
51
1.
i.
19.
a/xw/>{,oy
ad'Tti'Kou,
We
sense, a/xw/xouc
ytai aviyyXrjroxjg
in Coloss.
difficult
where
cH/jjoj/mq
piation in
but this
to
havrhv 'r^offrjvsyxiv
14,
tuj
^'cc
^scT,
which there
be purged from
of Christ,
ix.
u/JjOJ/j^ov
is
nothing wanting
is
diifer in that
passage in Hebrews
a/ojviov
crvsv/j^ccrog
22.
i.
who by
all
we
that
are
{i.
e.
by
Heb. vii. 16.) offered himself a victim, uncontaminatedand immaculate^ (omni macula carentem) and in Ephes.
the
hiivafLiv trnii
axccrakvTou,
much
interest
eif^ufios
human
;
Had
the
he
and much
difficulty.
nature in us,
is itself
THE SYNONYMS
52
V. 27.
the church
For
roio-jTuv.
is
/xw/xo$
made
therefore said to be
properly
is
a shame, stain,
any
thing.
u,'M/x'7rrog
sets forth
would
1
Thess.
afis/j.'rrug
C.
V. 23.
in
until the
he says,
10.
ii.
Hence
in
off/ojg
vfj,7v
who, even
polished
by the Attic
writers,
in
their
style
than others.
more
They
wouM
the
(/.wfio?,
selves
He
is,
and we are
as a divine person
so in him.
T,
we are
from
first
fjt-v
'ixovva. ff-rTxaf,
to last,
a,fjiufji,oi ;
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
53
want-
is
and
dvsyxXrjTog
He
is GcvsyKXriTog
avsTiXri'Trrog
who
is
But
Tim.
iii.
Pastor should be
avs-riXri'TrTog,
word
dox.i>Ma(f/a,
i.
e.
i.
one in
whom
Whilst
in v.
exists.
avsyxXriTog is
e.
the
2.
in
used
to infer, that in
For
in
by
accused.
it
" It
The
is
is
of the peo-
surprising
how
far
The author
pointment of a candidate to be a minister, in the mere popular investigation into character, even
He
Timothy, the
self in the
is
how he
the
'hoKtfJt.a.ffta,
can
an injunction to an individual,
prelate, v. 15.
if
c.
is
to conduct
v. 22,
he
him-
may
not
The
down
much
in
si quis,
intimating
si
quis, &c.
If
any
THE SYNONYMS
54
who
10. 8.
dvi'7riXr,'?rrog,
xarriyo^iag
1
c.
Tim.
d(po^fjb7]v.
iii.
dvs'TriXri'ZTog
2,
and
(Schol.
in vi. 14.
because
dff<7riXog.
Thucyd.
e.
'7ragg;;^wv
V. 17.)
So
The
differs
i.
word, however,
diMiJ.'xroi
and a^w-
(i^oi
/'
vctifjjat
At
riv
hi
xa^a^og
v/j^Tv
fJ'Sv
xai dvimXTj-rog
sii^iffxu/Mai.
But
all
is
to declare
it.
The
is
a mere
was
tive
T.
CHAPTER
55
III.
we
be chiefly playing on the force of particular terms yet that, in seeking an accurate
shall
interpretation,
we
should observe
diligently
it
through inaccuracy.
may
be easily so far
all
is
utterly useless.
For,
it
if
evidently matters
little
accurately
between
many
them.
writers,
who
And
consi-
but rather in
THE SYNONYMS
56
indiscriminately,
place, so that
we
an emphatic sense
or that
we
should curious-
to the
word
passage
as
for
this is
tlieir
to select
57
words more
wont
of orna-
art,
who
are
generally use
use of
common
language,
number
of
accustomed
to
to abstract.
And
this
as
tences,
thought.
For
it
common
.place
by
true meaning
cannot be ascertained,
we
make
of every
word
used.
is
formed
unless
and
This
artificially
accurately
specific signification
is
especially true
we
New
Testament.
For instance,
THE SYNONYMS
58
and
ax^i
do not
diiFer,
Eustathius,
rou /M^^tg
tJ^ix^i
who says,
d'7roj3oX7J
p.
1062, ymrai
rb ci^^ig a-ro
Eus-
(pcovTjsvrog.
tathius,
^Xi'^ is
formed from
fJ^s^^'s;
mean
Rightly therefore
afjja^ria
law.
r}v,
But
is it
written
o^y^^i
ycco
vofj^ou
in ver. 14,
it is
said
3t3a(riXsvffsv b
^dva-
to reign
it
but that
it
/j^^
ovrog
vo/j^ov.
is
done
59
fore
which
/a%p/
it is
If,
tion
more
that
/^s%f^ is
done.
is
this distinc-
him remember
a;^f/,
1062, 48,)
is
ever
meant by
is
P. 599, that
is
ci^^t,
't.
sivipliciter
For what-
understood to
last
during the
So
existed.
means
ly,
ahrw
And
them subsequent-
in ver. 4, (rui/smro
5s
ay^^i
'
preceded him,
'A(r/ag,
^
it
Once
xvi(f)eios,
it
been
f^'^x^i
it
occurs,
vritrTHi
et^^i
ax^va/v
Had
(-rgosX^oi/rsg*)
ffiiv
%iiXiv(riff6a,iy
But
in
Iliad,
and
Xl
iliai K^ec^tm'
where
it is
instead of
ff-ixi'-
Ni^l43. occurs
fii^^t
ohv^'of/.i)ios
xat
THE SYNONYMS
60
they
The
Paul.
left
Paul into
so
far,
So
verb,
it
duration, Gal.
16;
19, a%^'/5 oS
iii.
And Rom.
17.
xvii.
rX-y^ow/xa
a^f/ is joined to a
which
in passages in
Tuv s%u)v
siffsX'^ri'
i,
>3?j,
SO
loiiff
So
have entered.
shall
sailed
and came
day.
to Troas, ^Xi"^
had expired,
am aware
as while
till
i.
that both
they
6,
we
rji^^^uv 'jsvrs,
be-
Acts xx.
also
rb
ou
25, %?'?
xi.
e.
Apoc. xv.
e.
on the
fifth
Symp.
vfjv
is
iv.
37.
crgp/stfr/ /xo/
,'xri
crsi-
(if this
that
But
/^%f'
it
same
meaning
but as
we have
before said,
it is
of
Some may
affirm,
it is
written in
rJjg ofi/MPov,
New
and
in
Matthew xi.
Romans viii.
23,
22,
ay^n rov
vvv.
For, though
61
we
grant, that in
it
a%g/,
tion
he who remains
for
than ac-
other instance,
if it
than
is
for
it
longer
it
The
done.
creation
even then
is,
therefore, affirmed to
vuv,
to
fis'^siv.
And
tament,
ists,
is
if
when
fJ^sx=' '^'^^^
which
is
said to be done,
fJ^^x^i
rm<;
up
to
THE SYNONYMS.
62
For,
to.
Matthew
in
rou ^s^/^/xol/,
/w-s^^'
harvest,
See
xiii.
30
Tim.
14
vi.
Heb.
ii.
iii.
ma-
Romans
30; 2 Tim.
8,
14. xii.
6,
/^e%f'
exclude
(See Theodoret in
For
loc.)
4.
denotes the
not to
V. 14.
is
the time of
till
Acts xx. 7
it
let
Mark
also,
30,
the
as
xiii.
Rom.
it is
not
Moses
Moses,
v6/Mv,
axi'
but that
seem
reigned before
viz.
it
Two passages,
oppose
bii^ni->^i(^ri 6
this
Xoyog ovroc
but in the
fJi^s^^i
r^g
however,
x. 30,
first
(fyj/jus^ov,
may
instance,
it
is
evi-
manifested to be a fraud.
And
63
had called together his kinsfolk and acquaintance. And, although I would not stand
as
lie
if it
Xenophon,
which
/^s%^/
put for
is
of the language.
For,
if
yet this
a;/f/,
to
Some may
call
but
VfJ'^v,
s//x/
v7}(frivojv.
but really,
it is
appears
who once
he
for
conceives, that in
may
in
lay aside
as
all
speedily
and learn
engraft his
own
acquiesce
will speedily
views, and
This
IS
accurate,
value.
New
Testament.'^
an invaluable remark, and founded upon a verycriticism, which directly illustrates its
minute
No man who
has been
much among
the theolo-
if his
own mind
has been in
any measure trained to correct exegesis. The wild and interminably varied and varying notions of men on Scriptural truth, if they have not their source in this b.aljit of
loose and inaccurate construing, at least, find in it their pa-
THE SYNONYMS
64
But to
d'frsarrj
It is written in
return.
a'jrov
d'Tr
seen that
tliis
ay^^i
diufSoXog
Luke
iv. 13,
was
It
xciiooxj.
tain time.
same
ytai^ov,
a%f/
that sense.
aurou,
but a%g/
from
d-^^i xcci^ov.
fjjsypi
But
In Heb.
fJ^'^Xi'
v. 9.
Therefore,
/Msx^i Ttaiocovy
wa^^s,
/Jy'^Xi' '''"^^J
i. e, sJg
Sirac.
i.
But
is
said,
denotes
(whence
23,
it
fJ^sX:' ''ct/foD
fJ^s^Pi rravrog,
Charit. v. 4. Aristaenet.
xamZ (rmg)
ccxierv^ di:
^^'^^^ differs
10,
ix.
evsffrrjzora,
up
it is
Ttai^ou,
24
a%f/
ii.
Dan.
xccido\j
14.)
vii.
al-
eug
s.
12. ews
is fwj rsXovg,
we have
s.
be-
in
vitae.
which the
<^%f'
desig-
it
force of
Nor does
i^'^x^' 'TTccvTog.
xiii.
"Thou
11,
the sun,
ay^^^i
xai^ou,
which
fJ^'^x^i Tcai^ov.
him
is
the rule
shalt be
65
blind,
which the
removed, as
fail in
Acts
not seeing
tain time.
accurately distinguished.
dfdtog'
a/oJviog,
Agree, inasmuch as they denote a long continuance of time, even perpetuity. But they
differ;
for
didiog
a wider
has
meaning than
aioJvwg,
This
is
Hebrew word
Q^")^*, seculum,
from O7375 to conceal. It applies equally to ages of time running into the inconceivable, concealed and obscure, either with
reference to the past or the future.
many,
will suffice,
One example
out of
were
THE SYNONYMS
66
expresses an existence in
all
and
time past,
only that
ctiu)mg
of which
On
throughout
all
Testament,
it
future
in
conjunction
Ttokacig' Xvr^oodig
Whence
this
is
iv.
it
18,
is
with
continually
l^ojn,
xX^j^oi/j^y-Za*
rd
duration
all
New
So
time.
all
(2 Cor.
ages
may ap-
it
aidovta
6oga,
occurs
it
n/Mn'
x^/c/j,
jSaffiXsia'
opposed
tjp'
x^/'/xa*'
to crPoVxa/^a.)
it is
not
But there
always used absolutely of eternity.
aidjviog
applied
is
to that
in
which
are passages
which endures
word,
Q7l^,
Rom.
as
"from
somewhat
It is
which is the same
d':''!;;;::')
its
etymon,
" Et haec
olitn
in
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
xvi. 25,
%foi/o/s a/Mvloig
2 Tim.
ffs(ri'yrifj/svov,
67
Tit.
i.
2.
9,
i.
Nor
is
it necessary in
contemplated.
a/ojvioic ffsffr/r,>j^svov,
is
-^po
this
It
x^oi/0/5
been un-
time, (diutissime, in
Zeiten.)
ewiffen
then actually
is
may
form of
(^i'^vioi
is
easily be ren-
We
nations.
idea of
aflfections,
Man
and
loves to attach
we
And
are used.
If
queath our
estate, it is,
brew
love, it
Scriptures, the
it
is,
for ever
for ever.
same word
is
if
And
7')^
we convey
or be-
which
is
used to ex-
and
Exod.
xii.
14.
THE SYNONYMS
68
to this idea,)
but how,
The
matter
is
very plain,
X^ovoi a/'wwo/,
riods
But
fill
terms
for,
that
it
is
xa/^og,
and
Yet
generally
languages,
synonyms, words which originally had a sepaand specific signification. And in words
of this kind, which are thus accounted synony-
rate
mous,
this
is
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
69
but seldom
among
especially
These words,
New
the
common
Xl^^^'i
time
is,
time at
differ
for
a/wi'
of time, (as
even
conceived to be,
is
that
writers.
notion of a
Yet they
and
Testament
*^
is
x^(>vog
it
and
ai(Jjv
differ
an
logy, for
the dangers
am
it
of the author's
remark in the
text.
and of
At the same
time, I
The
Luke
distinction
iii.
5. x<
between the
and
Tav
tana
loca,
hill,
or banky which
(-lovvo;
o^o?
hill
'i^o;
Take,
(iouvo; Ta-Tuvcodri^iron.
being from
"^j;^
is
mark-
mons, mon-
is
x,a.)
LXX
And
thus
it
stands in the
THE SYNONYMS
70
used simply,
it is
if it is
tliat,
actuality,
Therefore,
of things.
ai'Jjviot
New
its
said correctly,
it is
Testament
this holds
ciiuiv
good
"x^d^ot
I^ the
Xl^^"^'^'
For
also.
a/wv
Whence
xii. 3*2,
the formula
it
riod of a
so
in
man's
on the earth
life
Cor. X. 11,
that
and
is
added.
in
Matth,
<r-jVTsXdag
rrig
zh tov aJcom
rov
a/uvog;
fn'^'
here,
for
rov
ffuvTsXsia
eco/xa/
but not
aJuvog,
is
vfLuv
as
in
iwg
1
spoken of
be with his
But
disciples.^
in Ephes.
New
ii.
7j
Testament,
does not denote the end, hut rather the consummation of th(
a/v,
xiii.
which
to be followed
is
feared,
and xxiv. 3
may he misunderstood
by a new
which last
in
age.
So
in
Matth.
])assage, it is to
applying
it
be
to the destruc-
Hebrews
[
It
ix. 26,
to
It
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
a'luvcg lit^ypiMvoi,
tle,
however, uses
his
those,
which was
The Apos-
71
times, in
" the
word
press a certain and
So
also the
so.
"X^o^og is
definite time
but when
it
viii.
and xx.
29,
^^os'oj,
Luke
word
9,
where
xovoi
appears
%^oi/o5,
as
a sort of aggregate
it
of times,
been put
for the space of a year, as the most known and
familiar aggregate of times in the same way
writers, has
as
ci'^a
norance.
tory.
is
Many
Luke
ix. 33.
John
xiv. 5, 22.
On
such passages no
averments of
terms by the
Joi>'s friends
disciples,
in a
T.
THE SYNONYMS
72
Yet
parts of a day.^
xfovog
by
itself is
not a
many
rendered,
years.
frequent error
It is a
in lexicons, that if a
ed so as to
same meaning; and hence the greatest monstrosities have sprung up in the lexicons, especially in respect to the prepositions. For who
could ever be persuaded that
s?t
cc'jrh^
ad and
in,
Ammonius
[J^'^v
nai^hg dt]XoT
yojiwg
5g TotfJrTjra.)
it
word may be
xxvi. 18,
^ See
Du
-KCLioJag [JjOU
eyyvg
Canj^e Glossar.
Med.
iffriVf
et Inf. lat.
and Hemster-
OF THE
not,
is
in
fact,
NEW TESTAMENT.
omitted,
(for
73
written
is
it
to his disciples,
what was
o -/.aioog
it
avrov.
it
it,
as xai^og
For
Mark
avxojv,
xi.
of year.
but the
y,ocio6g
the time
-/Mi^og,
any thing
volves in
place
is
it
means
for
doing
For,
act,
then
the
if
and convenient, it
may then be made use of. Wherefore, we
must not at once condemn the views of some,
regarding
it
Mark xi.
is
fit
13, ou ycco
f,v -/.ai^hg
Lect
Aristaenet.
vol.
i.
if,
p.
16,
indeed,
all.
cuxw!/,
(
that
Abresch.
17, Triller,
it
ad
be necessary
Nor, indeed,
THE SYNONYMS
74
But, in
is free.
fact, xa/^o/ is
often said of
any
xai^ov.
Tov
commands them
s^ayopd-
who
ac-
we may
and
to
make
over-rule or control
509,
V.
d^darag,
and
(j-hv
vtv
o-TrabsT.
to serve
shall
it
it,
You
o/,
it
it
iv.
ov
but you
this idea
the passages.'
^
So
which reading, by
bach, has always appeared
XivovTts,
'
tlie
to
by,
me
occui's in
xai^oi ^ou-
the
LXX. Dan
ii.
8.
Lu-
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
75
generally fleeting,
is
yao xai^oc
T^k
fore,
ir^hg dv^^M'jrojv
xa/^o'i/
says,
there-
it
lasts; as
are they
Luke
who
viii.
13,
0/
^fog
xolioov
but
Si'
may
Jcoc/^'M
'TTSiPafffjuou
And now we
u(pi(fravTai.
curs in Apoc.
xai^ou.
It
is
xii. 14,
rifitffu
a half;
ther renders
idea
is
it.
" Ich
"
know
But the
watch the time." They knew that the king had forgotten his
dream, and therefore, they asked him to tell it, not so much
for the pui'pose of delay, as with a view to avoid the neces-
[The
nion,
more
idea
"
know
pt
is,
in
my
opi-
emere, acquirere.
THE SYNONYMS
76
a year, but
there
is
is
of this or that
used in Dan.
It is
xii. 7.
For
a difference,
25
vii.
ver. 11.)
Compare James
good while.
A
word
v. 17.
w^a.
Nor
are
" The
LXX
who
year, in the
iv.
Kce.)
xai^os. the
same word
And
Kui^ou, in c.
it is possible,
iii.
5,
15,
may
it is
iii.
5,
15.
c. xii. 7
i's
xai^o* xa)
But
u^et.
ii.
is
it
"ny which
8.
that
say that
number seven
may
or,
after
it
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
means the
xii.'
moment
For
passages as Matth.
viii.
13
ix.
mere point of
or
Luke
that wga
was a
when
time,
if
ftigijc
he had said
T^bg w^ai/,
rect to
it
is
to occur,
And
^o6v(^ hslvcfj.
though
of time.
it
sv tuj
may be
same way
is
means a more
ix^'ivrii
such
in
x. 19.
22
would think
77
as
yet
'^rfog ocai^ov,
Certainly
when
it
fore,
'^fog
M^av
is
is,
the
it
same
and there-
time, generally,
little
as aliquod tempus, at
'iflre
is
a dif-
xa/gov.
u^ccv, is
conceived not to
hour
expired,
ference,
that
is
which
i. e.
last
longer than
ir^hg
till
said to be done,
is
rr^hi
-rgos jcaipov, is
the
but
con-
Another formula
viz.
rov Tcaicov,
'^i^g
means, conveniently, as
The
formula, xara
xc^i^ov
Tcaipov,
may be
Rom.
v. 6.
iv.
209.
noticed in the
See Lucian,
i.
THE SYNONYMS
78
Hermot.
^tam
x. 749.
zaicov
When
rightly.
opportunely,
is,
that
it,
be done
it
it is
x.ai-
^6v d'TTs'^avs, it
iv. 9.
means, the
a portion of time.
some
w^ai/,
certain
Therefore,
time,
of time,
&%,
at
Zeit) coos
In Galatians
some, a s if
1
moment
it
ii.
Thess^B^.
For,
5, ir^og u^av is
as
rj/j^ug 6
eine
Weile
laravag.
s.
which
is
is
added,
not, for
to
define
Luther
word
w^ag,
aliquamditi, for
riod.
rendered by
'^^og xaifov
svsxo-^sv
it correctl)'',
ill
specific peis
never the
xa/cog;
but some
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
dd/KYifia,
dvo/juioc'
The
at all
so in
79
times sufficiently
words applicable
is
is still
more
to disposition of
mind.
difficult,
them are
It
is,
so the
frequently
used indiscriminately.
with accuracy
that
above written, so
common
far
The words
difference.
There is a greater degree of affinity between d/xa^rla, d/Md^ryj/jba and 'Xa^uvroomL, They
involve the notion of vice or f4H? which
brings blame or injury.
But in the first place
dfxa^T/cc and d/xd^rrifj^a, differ.
For d/xa^ria pro-
fer.
dfid^rrif/^a
" It is
worth while
force of the
is vised
is
is
upon any
also used
Its root or
trcaiaila renders,
may
flow
down
it
is
to
place.
THE SYNONYMS
80
New
took away
not only
^ aixa^ria the
itself;
for if this
of influence, flowing
however, j|tother
*^Qn whioRot
an
evil
influence.
In
all
The
it
derive the
afia^Ticc is
a,
of God.
It
may
be noticed, in cor-
amar repeatedly
T.
e^
eousness,
In
Rom.
in the words,
6 vhjjjoc,
sanctity.
incitement to
evil
and
81
vii. 7,
manifest that
it is
a/xa^r/a
not the
aijjaoria is
sin,
to real
in itself
is
vicious.
is
aiMaoria,
cites to
sin
But
which
corruption
Some
say that
for all
sins, as
^'
is
by nature
d/^agr/a
we
is
the soul.
in
put collectively
But
it
is
is
and that
was dead, but that when the law
gave rise to lust and he became
in US before the
s-ri^vfMia
reigned, sin
xa^'
v'TTs^lSoXriv
And
a/j^a^TuXog.
ccfMcc^rla
to
he
therefore
be actual trans-
what
must perceive, an innate corruption, and
gression, but,
voiMov rrig
d/xagr/ag
all
sv ffa^yj.
sq. it is scarcely to
man,,^/'
tinguished from
in
Rom.
be doubted that
came by one
And
svo's.
TO Tov kvhg
The
v. 12,
cL(j.aoria. is
a{/.a^ria
TagaTrw/xa
roov
which
is
and
disit is
death came
and by d//,aer/a
death came upon all men, for
G
death,
and that
but
d/xa^r/a,
THE SYNONYMS
82
that all
death to
it
all
may be
sXXoys/tT^a/,
lo/xoy
but
Adam.
ovrog v6/mov,
for
Also
a//<a^r/av
vsx^oc yjM^lg
is
it
if
oux
roD
it
is
not imputed.
same passage, but actually in the same formula, use the same word in two different senses.
Such an ambiguity is utterly foreign to the
Even
h<p'^r,(iirai,
without a piacular
scarcely warrantable.
Besides
is elliptical,
For
because of
sacrifice,
afiaorla
in
and the
sacrifice offered
the fre-
Hebrews
full
terms
a/^a^r/ag,
And
sin.
never
e,
2.
there
is
that
aixa^riav.
he might condemn,
Now
cri/x,^g/i/
'Xi^i rtvog
is
Tcarax^hp
rriv
SO plainly to
it
is
won-
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
83
Rom.
12,
iv.
Mark iii. 28
18. And ra^a-
actual transgression.
iii.
TTw/xa differs
that
ita^cL'XTiaiLa
aficii^ria,
word
-raiacrrw/xa
and
yet in the
sin,
to
do an injury
expressed
passion.
word
cra^d'^rw/xa is
1,
ii.
for
it is
given
a mil-
as applicable to a single
afi^a^ria
In Ephes.
fault.
vi.
And
Rom.
2 Cor.
ment
V.
19.
Rom.
But
in
iv.
25
v.
12,
THE SYNONYMS
84
vo/xoj,
wherefore?
why
TO 'TTa^d'Trroj/Ma ?
rh 'Tra^d'xroiiJja' o5
^^
o5 ds s'xXiovags
Evidently because
it is
effected
were
less criminal, as the mere result of imprudence
or of error, now might become more criminal,
inasmuch as they who commit them, know
But he says,
themselves to be sinning.
by
s'TrXUvagsv
tj
u'?rs^[SoXriv
stress
tions
d/j^a^ruXog.
must not be
yet
it is
the
for
df/^a^riw
d/j^cc^ria
d(po^/!Mriv
am aware
laid
on
certainly
xa^*
much
that too
more
satisfactory to
Rom.
John
in
xi.
It
Lord
would be a
this place
as
T^'^rrj^u^a,
which
The etymology
of the
It is derived
ddixta,
dvof^ia differ
85
from
all
the
others.
of transgression or fault
it is
the dkonov
the law
act,
these
on account
faulty.
injured;
is
is
But
exists.
For as he properly is
not what he ought to be, and
violated.
who is
therefore who
adixog,
violates right
so ddixla
is
said of
dvo/Mta
indiguit,
In Arabic also
it is
orhatus
lUf.
and
^U^^
commonly
the non-obser-
peccarcj errare,
And
is
attached to
is
it
This etymology
est.
in Greek, of
is
confirmed
of
and
nTra.ofi,on
y\(riia.o fjt.au,
Hebrew, and
nant idea of
ijTTMv ohov,
de
iis
rtTTo.
rifftruv v^ovcov.
of
he
is
or
r.
^ in Arabic,
And
in fact the
which
domi-
Schleusner says,
yiTToiir6a,i
So
eleganter
sitati serviunt.
as
or ^^c-a
(T,
states,
rirr^f/.a,
This, however,
is
deterioration or depression in
THE SYNONYMS
86
He
strictly
who
speaking,
is
and then subsequently who regards not the law, and who
Acts
ii.
23.
Cor.
ix.
21
dvo/iia is
And
ddixia the
It
may be
conceived of
ddr/Jo:.
Finally,
which
is
ddir.r,//jcc
is
that
is
ocvo/j^ia
with-
done in dhmay
Ta'jffo'jng.
which
ddr/Ja
S'TtI
Xenoph. Memorab.
ug cux av
rr,v
ii.
2,
Savaron
dbtxtav
OF THE
NEW
TESTAJIENT.
CHAPTER
All
87
IV.
have
taught latterly, that, in interpreting old writings, not only must regard be
had
to the commr.ii
mode
is
For
ornamented
Greek
more
style was conformed to the more
polished forms of speech, which, though they
may undergo some change from diversity of
dialect, follow as to the use of words a permaBut the style of
nent and unv-arying rule.
the sacred writers, neither corrected by literary study, nor by the practice of writing
adapted to the modes of general and popular
and, as it were, overthought and diction
whelmed by the greatness of those new announcements, for the expression of which all
posed.
in other
writers, the
THE SYNONYMS
88
many
respects,
is
For
it
was
who
the
Greek
elegance of the
mous
writers, of
What
whom
then are
all
we
to
do with those
been
whilst
many
believe
them
to
have
all ?
Cer-
had no regard to
Greek language,
especially to
might be
rules
so that he
89
who have
rather
may always be
detected in those
than
by
study,
who would
so that he
which,
contained in John
s^yacTTjcgv,
iii.
to
16
commemorate,
"
God
is
so loved,
word
to this point,
^I'kuv,
THE SYNONYMS
90
The
A.y attar
(piXsTv.
That they
differ,
that
fact,
it-
self,
*'
^iXos,
from whence
is
from
(piu,
or accordinn^ to
he wiiom we embrace,
X^i^i
<pi}>.t7v,
to press,
(rufi(iu.Xkuy.
Kctt
conf.
Leimep. Etjinolog.
p.
to rot; ^iiXiffiv
1799. 51.
10G3.
But
a.(rTaZ,i(r6a,i,
Vid.
p.
kiss,
1583.
xul to ta
ad
which appears
?icheidius
jLv.
aya^rZv,
and from
this
ship
^'V^rtv
is
u.yct'xa..
It is evident, therefore,
why
(piktT.
friend-
of souls.
the
to kiss,
so has dya'Trav
91
fied, to acquiesce, in
by
morab.
7,
ii.
auriv
tfti
/-^si'
and a
dycL'K7]6(i\jm'
i(piXovv,
9, 12,
interchanged
d's
s?c/la5
little
(piX^ffug
Jxs/Va/
avrdg ^yuTa,
yet
os
//<!<
he would
readily perceive
man
why
relations
Now when
oun sxuvai
you
would teach them
to seek
tain themselves,
A^si/
tfy
<Si
ccliraTc.
ayawrisoxiSiv,
this
if
you
to
main-
o^wi/
w^sX/-
a/ff^ofisvat
And
but
by labour
IxiTvag ^/Xjjcs/j,
yjxi^ovrd
trs;
tlie
word
a.ya.'xvi.
(piXiTv
the more direct demonstration of regard, aya-rav the principle, or internal feeling of delectation
and kindliness
7'.]
THE SYNONYMS
9*2
mutual love;
in
w^ho
he love them
their poverty
they saw
tual love
among relations,
But
if
he obeyed
at length love
And
[Liv
wg
xi^di/jjova
We admit,
s(p/XovVf
ds
therefore, that
ug u^psXifiovg
riya/Tra,
Xenophon adopted
by
we
rightly read
the
passage,
Certainly,
Xenophon
he could affectionately
whom
regard them
There
is
But
yerriv.
one, yet
Plato, Lysid.
(p/Xov
6 ds
av
x,cci rjya'xriffccrs
ug
lib.
sOgg-
p. '215.
rov dsofisvog,
fjjri
ouS"
d'ya'Truii^,
d3
fi'n
dya'Trcpro,
ovds ri ayct'^rwjj
It
<piXoT.
ds
oiv
clear that
is
in
irug
6 ds fiii
de-
(piXsTv
implied
properly
is
Properly,
dyccTrav is to
of the
cause
the
make much
and then
reason,
regard
its
rise
but
(piXzTv
to
is
But
oc-
it
is used in instances
which no just cause of love exists. 'Aya-rctv
never applied to an improper love.
is
any thing,
or some other
of
since love
in
pXsTv,
In the
New
(piXiTv
and
occur in which
dya'Trdv
discriminately
each
is
former
(piXiTv
used in
class,
and
its
XX. 46,
own proper
used in-
sense.
dyai:dy
T^uToxa^sd^iav, for
c.
pXsTv are
and Luke
xi.
Of the
is
said
43, dya^itdn
rr]v
class
//,g
-rXs/bv
roiiruVf
Peter replies,
vcci
THE SYNONYMS
94
xu^/g,
g-j
oJdag
pXu
on
And
6v
me ?
but
God
is
For
Touc.
<piXiiv
i, e.
dost
however, worthy
It is,
New
men
//-
rh
"^zh^
Testament,
but ayacrav
in
affection of the
'5r<5ty
venerate,
the part of
it is
if
^/Xs/V
men
ayarruai
rh
^iov
^og
rh
it is
s<piXsi;
recorded,
xoafjjov^
not
used, therefore,
when God
is
the
Although
considered
ed.
have intimated
ver. 36,
it
grief, said,
to Jesus,
ov ^/Ag?s,
that the
is
said,
/^s,
u(j%nT;
and
in
his
Whilst, in ver.
John adds
we
take
all
But
Ad^a^ov.
why
appear plain,
will
(lid
5g o 'Irjffovg rov
viya'nci
95
not write
s(piXsi
but
For
^i/avra.
John
this love
with reference to
whom,
a/acrai/
correct expression.
word
(piXsTv
though
i^aig is
when used
<piXia
and not of
involved in the
is
woman.
of a
is
For, al-
the special
word
yet
for love,)
(piXsTv is
when
is
conjoined.
example.
why
not
we
In Matth.
v.
43,
it
will
For the
^/Xs/v,
towards
a virtuous
Love cannot be
a duty of humanity
where there
32, 35.)
is
re-
Kindness
The Lord
feel kindly to
and
could
willing to be beneficent.
is
man
be manifest
rovg s^^^ovg,
requires that
we
vi.
should
THE SYNONYMS.
96
an excessive desire
of the real object of
rightly said,
is
dyaTiiJv
But
in
living-,
(piXuv r^v
-^u^nv
John
ccvrov.
25,
xii.
it is
For he who
rrjv
-^v^tiv,
Luke
vii. 5,
'i'^vog tj/j^uv, z. e.
Concerning Mark
TTi^sv ccvrov,
x. 21,
favoured, che6 ds
l-^eovg iiyd-
But
it is
if dyu'Tr^v
much
added an admonition
to
to regard
other
(pi^^iTv
in Latin, the
dlliffere,
is
one
is
to love,
dywr^v
differ in the
97
ad Div.
4,
Attic.
47.
xiii.
now be
It will
xi.
plain
how
it is
that ^/Xs/v
and
although
it
may
that this
For
meaning accords
it
evident
is
Amor.
is
ii.
Lucian.
word
acquiesces,
is
when he
satisfied
On
reigns.
(o^z-o^
pXiTvy
aya'Tra,
attains
that
who reverently
or respectfully addresses
The
cur in the
New
^
third
word which
s^ai',
Testament.
Aya^oi^yih*
dya^o'TrotsTv,
yet
THE SYNONYMS
98
they
differ.
gstj^a/ TO
good
is
dyu'^o'TrohTv
In the word
thing.
is,
to
a/a^os^/g/i/,
do some
the action
word
is
considered, the
But he who
dya%v.
is
said aya^o-ro/s/V
is
only
dya^oTg.
while he
e.
2.
all
aya^ocro/sTi/,
not
aya^osgys/v,
good works.
more
occupied with
not granted to
It is
who may
is
yois
that they
is
no one
is
is
to
to labour in
effect the
good
In the
but once,
for
New
1
Testament,
Tim.
aya^ocro/g/P is
vi. 18.
is dya^oi^yuv.
dya^oz^yzTv
It is
occurs
commonly ren-
But
it
is
beneficence
is
bene-
mothy
mat
TtoivuvrAovg.
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
riches,
99
-rXoyrs/v Iv
hyoig d'ya%Tg,
tO
God
aya^oioyi7v to
do
be rich in gOod
Tcoivuvixovg
that
is,
It will
is
no reason
On
the contrary,
d'ya%'7roizTv is
Mark
to
xaxovTo/g/i/.
is it
this
4.
Luke
vi. 9,
to
33, 35,
some
bad acts. So
opposed
it is
tion of
in
iii.
to effect
d'ya%'7rois7v
Pet.
ii.
15,
is
Hence
illustrated.
it is said,
that Christians
also,
may
by a steady
observance of those good deeds which are sub-
sequently enumerated.
^Toita
In
is
e.
Pet.
do well;
to
do good.
aya^ovro/sTi',
iXxus/v
The
iv. 10,
gut handeln,
(sXxs;r}
cxj'iiv.
difficulty
Lord
dya-
properly beneficence.
to
.the
In
i.
with John
says,
vi.
little
o\}Oi}g h-ovarai
sX^g/V -r^og
^as,
lav aij
THE SYNONYMS
100
For,
word
sXxig/v is
the
silice
it
at least, those
who defended
the notion of
as if
predestined to salvation,
own
reluctance, to
faith in him.
by divine
flexible
affection/
'This point
is
own
predilections.
tlie
acute
For instance, in
this
Titmann
very passage of
seizes, in order
was intended
it is
criti-
on the
to be expressed.
It
only
arfirnis
It
an invincible
and
and unwill-
bo difficult is
when, even with reference
is little
more afHiUied
Suiely
it is,
101
the
words given
whence it might be
dsdofj^svov
they meant only suv
in ver. 65,
gathered that
avTM
sK rou
fj^'n
-rrocr^og fj^ov,
fi
he to
whom God
and that
this
theologians,
who
God, regarding
resist,
to the elect.
Our
it
as a thing
maintain, that in
sisted,
to
is
straint
Which,
(i. e.
the predestined to
(Jod's purpose,
by
his spirit
life)
be called according to
^ei/^
through grace, obey the calling, they are justified freely, they
ure
made
the sons of
God by
made
like
Kngland.
a'".ove
m.'inn
article,
nor in the
which Tit-
condemns, with
of a divine
violence dragging a
justice, as unscriptural,
still
Most
proi;ably
"T7n> ambulavit,
fe;ise also
in all
we
ivit,
T.
The same
It
It occurs also in
THE SYNONYMS
10*2
as
it
Greek
to appear,
which
passages of the
the word
if
is
it
be made
compared with
<rugg/v,
synonym.
is its
own
place,
sense
sXxusiv,
is
some
should
thing,
; i.
moved from
follow another.
In
e,
its
this
used in John
far
xviii.
they appear to
may
10; xxi.
differ, that in
But so
the word ?vxu/v
6, 11.
to a particular point
in the
word
(r6^/v,
a conti-
It is
The
word has reached us through the Gothic migration, in the German, umlch, peregrinus, (Walachia ?) and
our own word, retaining the primitive sense, to walk. This
oriental
marks on
a-v^uv^
(lecessit,
he word
may
be referred to "T)D,
amovit, detraxit. In eXxJE/y, the original idea is, influit.
'J
T.
is,
separa-
'Trs^i/Mhocvrsg
Merced. Cond.
i.
xai
s^iX'/tofxsvov
ffv^o/Mvov 7tal
103
s/jj'Tr&'Trrj'yorog,
3.
rjd'/i
Speaking
ogai/.
i.
56. 6*24.
Eurip. Rhes.
And
v. 58.
of a continual impetus, as
V. c.
'T^r}<fryioojv
i^aiffiovg ffvp/xovg,
Probably they
schleppen
differ,
cable to
some act
in
Greek
drawing
is
as
it is
ii.
it is
cu^s/i'
German
is
word; but
and
92.
17.
wTiters
peculiarly applic.
Sclilepptau
is
and
seldom found
when
the idea
of
The no-
tion of violence
either
spoken
as
except
writers,
used in
Aeschin. Axioch.
as our
so
is
yaXaZrigy vKpzruv,
Anal.
or work. (v.
ffv^/jbcc,)
is
(Tup/xoj
(Suii^h
xii.
when
so
And,
(zerren.)
Gv^drjv
it
becomes attached
to
cuos/v,
and as need-
is
The
ver. 6, 8, 11.
ikxh^OLi
'Icynjsav
ccrro
afterwards came
(^ii^ovTsg
TO
h'r/.r-jov
the others,
rojv /p/^uwD.
and then
And,
it is
finally,
But
said,
when
THE SYNONYMS
104
word
c'oouv.
x^ljjdg iig
rd xoirnoia
b?ag
xa,i
19,
id'ooov
-r5)5
ug
is
viii. 3,
(p'SkccTcrir
ActS
-^ro'Xsw;*
ii.
Xvii.
sXxovm
6,
tfugwv rs av-
Acts
6,
XlV.
ls\)0(iV s'^i
rovg coX/raop/aj.
sages there
James
and ActS
^ji/a/>cas 'iraoththo-j
i^oi
which
and others
word there
whence
occurs in
kXxvsiv
rroda,
it
of
is
Nor
rnv dyoodv,
of violence
dragging the
as
s/g '/.Ptrrj^tov,
if
man
is
in the
form
>w-
the
forum,
any more
Which
ilX'/.ViJav
appears sufficiently
ii;
Triv
dyoodi
irri
in
In
groocrrjyoTg, iiTov,
cuouv
fact,
is
frequently
that
is,
sense in which
the metaphorical
in
is,
which
is
or other
is
means
conform
their
to
way
and
For, as
i'kyMnv
who by speaking
may
that they
attract others,
32
12. ver.
c.
used by others.
in
it
named
it
it
105
so in these passages
to attract, to influence
which
is
by
but only
;)
So
Lucian,
r7\v o'vp/v,
i.
who
is
he
moved by
said of
to
him
dzoXou^/a?
L'TO rr^g
be true which
same manner,
in
and
i.
Epist.
ii.
21.)
Anim.
14,
i.
vi.
Hence
it is
said,
\J'r^^
which
is
and Aristaenet.
is
it
rather
who
But
not surprising,
it
rn<i
(Conf.
31,
ig
In the
is false.
Her-
aXxo/^svoj,
Aelian. Hist.
'Trohg
lieves that to
James
iXy.6[jjivog
said
is
in
if
means
are
(fvpsiv
we
to
is
are
drag
THE SYNONYMS
106
(whence
after;
Rev.
xii. 4,
eu^uv are
and
sX-z^nv
And,
or with.
and
cv^f/^cc
not used
Nigrin.
draw to,
the compounds of
For
to
to,
As Lucian
and
craoacj^g/v
elegantly says
55, cra^acu^gra;
16. p.
bijcccioffvvrj.
mean,
strictly,
driving, propelling.
1.
'iXxhuv
therefore, if
whilst in
Imffv^siv;)
are ap-
'Trsotffv^siv
waters drag
down
all
on
this
passage
of Lucian.)
Kamg'
Agree
in
But
TccXaiog.
it
is
this,
in
that
)/sog,
both
itoCkaiog
o/^^gs
rraXaiog,
Luke
sense nog
xa/vov
that
2. e.
opposed
to
time back, as
is
are
is
Matth.
opposed
which comes
ix.
v.
39, or of
and been
16.
To
in use,
the
first
That
originated, recent.
We
Matth.
ix.
16.
will
17,
OF THE
ifjbdriov
TocXcx.iov
vaXaiovg
NEW TESTAMENT.
'TrXTj^M/jjO,
xaivovg,
(coiif.
36).
But
ohov %(imi.
Mark
ii.
not say
vsov
oivov
x,cciv6v
21
daxovg
Luke
v^ovg dffxovg,
V.
nor
he says,
other
107
because he refers to w-
word
xa/i/Jg is
must be other and different from that which had been formerly. And
we also, in speaking of wine, draw the distinction between neic wine and recent wm^. Hence,
long,
follows that
it
it
Mark
xvi. 17,
Acts
add
ii.
4, called
s^'^^a/,
tongues
e.
i.
Apostles, are, in
other tongues.
Some
but
it
it
is
Yet the
worn by use
by age.
ways better than
the older.
in the formula
%amv
viov
and the
for
corrupted
is
Ttcimv
Therefore, neither
dfM'irsXcv
yswri/j.a
does the
Tca/v^i
dia^rj'/.7i,
Heb.
viii.
8.
13;
ix.
15,
THE SYNONYMS
108
ii.
15;
23. et
iv.
though,
vsog
uv'^pwrog Col.
xa/vT] bia^r,%n is
had
to the old
this
passage called
iii.
10.
But
al-
covenants
via,
it
once only in
is
as a recent covenant,
now
in
Epist.
For
place
this
xri(fav'7rog
is
avrhv,
On
Creator.
vsa xriffig
15,
to
one who
one which
vBog
but
Eph.
self,
speaks of the
it is
oi)f^oM<7tog
Colossians,
to
av^jwcrog,
in
participants.
ii.
there
is
is
the
had
xamg
the
especially
is
dvaxaivovfisvog
renewed
to say, xa/vos*
avayiwridig
differs
veo^
s/Kova
roO
image of
his
jcccr
after the
the
?ca/v>3
15,)
(2 Cor. V.
15.
17
the notion of
csor^s,
Gal.
vi.
xr/V/g it-
newness.
we speak may be
And
ob-
iv. 16,
avaxa/voCJ^^a/,
we
109
to
place, dvaxumuTcci
rj/J^s^'^
xal
rj/jje^cf,,
does not
mean
there
is
no need
properly in
Rom.
xii.
he writes
*2,
^asra/xo^^ouo^s
life
as
tfsojj,
But
life.*
This
great
Is
name
is
T.
THE SYNONYMS
ilO
CHAPTER
An
V.
accurate observation of
liarly useful
This
occur in juxtaposition.
writers, but
is
two accounts
worthy of notice in
especially
New
first,
this conjunction of
and, secondly,
that
less elegant
many,
in those
synonymous terms occur, have been accustomed to look for some emphasis or ornament.
Both opinions, however, are false. For it is
that
plain,
guage
men who
by custom than by
study,
minds
whence
it
full
force
synonymous terms
collectively.
is
And
the
equally unfounded.
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
ill
ornament which
so also should
more simple
we
is
take care,
writers,
merely verbal,
lest,
we conclude
reading
in
that
words
For
common enough
to
it
list-
its
sense
is
fitted to
insert a word,
impart some
new
light or additional
sider the
same point
in various
ways
so that
calls
in
the
their readers,
may more
fully
apprehend
which
is
so celebrated
especially
THE SYNONYMS
112
prehend
his
meaning.
that the
matter by various
to.
more
precisely his
an.l of the
many
d^r hebr. Poesie, Tom. I. 0pp. p. 34. sgq.J has well explained
its
nature.
lias
not entered
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
themselves.
parallel cases
may
tament, [Mvuv^a
saep. n'Mg
475.
a.
d'
vvsc'^iro
o-^l^iriXiffrov.
/xaXa
yirjdsrai
zksaiozi.
rid'
Iliad.
325.
(3.
vr/triffrj
7J/j,j3ooTsg
488.
ib.
^dvzTv
xa/
^ai/a-roi/
smrsXXsai
ayjjvwff,
sTvysg,
y/5s
ibid.
ttotimv
Iliad,
o-^i/j^ov
ovsidsa ttoXX'
fMoi
^.
540.
yJjoijcc
Iliad.
Iliad,
61.
x.
27.
/3.
zosicfgoov rs ysvi^rai.
Iliad,
s'Triff'TrsTv'
sTiff'TrsTv,
xsXsvsig'
v.
s.
Iliad,
y^^^^s
112.
/3.
Tes-
416. et
Iliad.
dvovrarog,
Iliad,
y.al
'ror/Jbov
-/.a}
TtQLt
New
Iliad, a.
hriv.
which
to
be found in the
xarsvzv(^sv.
Iliad.
those
select
our/
'TTZo
rjsXiog
[jfiyct,
xat
will
113
337.
v.
x^ab'tri
(It
yj.
52.
//.u^w
rat ^u/x^s
only occurs
3,348.
238.
fjj*
i[jji^uv
'Jrokiijjov
Iliad.
aiosiTM. Iliad. ^.
553.
a.
of
Iliad.
499.
33. our
Iliad,
X.
(Sfiaiv 'iyi
12.
v.
250.
Wz[i>nv(xv
(p^sg}, fMyids
s'/oo/iai o-Srs
<ss
'TToko'ld*
X?]^rj
/xsraXXw. Iliad,
emphasis
is
;
synonymous terms
futile.
dXzyll^o). Iliad,
hriioTYiroi..
7ict.i
/xd;^(T^a/.
Vibl
h<p6^r^iv,
oW
(T,
is
among more
ed
*
;^
We may
THE SYNONYMS
114
writings.
synonyms
cussion on the
New
of the
this dis-
Testa-
must seek
from passages of a similar kind, some examples
in order to demonstrate what course, in our
w^e
mind
synonymous expressions.
be desired
for the
that in neither
is
he
r,^z(J^og
is
who
That
no
excites
and that
t;f
Xeiiophon
cra.fji.a.'ru.
mor.
1.
ifroocav
3.
5,
5,
3,
xa.)
is
in
is na-oyjoi
others
not disturbed by
The
to speak.
ku)
following occur in
a'la^ia'rcCj
ih. 2. 5. 3,
af/.fi;^eiveov,
'X'a.ioivB-'ivTcts
The word
desiderium,
Me-
disturbance
kux.i(Ttu,
Lyc
yet they
no disturbance
therefore
life
which
is ^f,aos
'^a-oyjog is
others.^
is
or disturbance.
which
rjccj-
uf/,\kiiecy
fjcaSovTUij
xc.i puBv/uiiav,
opposed
ib.
to ecroii^ivrov;
1. 4.
navyux
aiul
xui
is,
is
therefore, vifa
tranqiullu, p/acida
Pet.
Hence,
4,
iii.
r}(rv^a(siv is
to rest, to
yjgv^iOD Tvev/xarog.
do nothing; and
who make no reply, nor conas Luke xiv. 3. Acts xi. 18.
tradict further,
xxi.
and 2 Thess.
14,
those
Tjav^/ag
fxi^'
affairs of others.
with the
silence,
Tim.
11,
ii.
12,
"Uoi'Mog is
common
;
It is
forms
compared with
is
himself quiet,
is
others.
And
hence
We
in both senses.
i.
will
it is
mV? and
have spe-
'/nyiy.'y;
does not
a.i-
often used
and wishes,
"Hoiao;
is
quiete
from
conveyed by
free froin
nnV'
e.
5^(ru%/oj is
From
v.^e
rjos/xih,
riOifxaTog,
he who
fruens
tranquillity
noy
evident
ri<s\jyja is
%/x/^e;)/,
dpov
sccvtcov
(Aristid. p. 494.)
'Kz^^iaoydZiro,
7iai iJjTibh
Tjffv^tctv Tiyi
cified
rov
hydZpixivovg^
more
Paul exhorts
12.
iii.
soyd'i^sa'^ai,
whom
sff%'ovrag,
for
-/.at
said of those
it is
that
roX) 'jr^cfsog
115
is
derived
And
l^-ziftos,
desert,
and the
of solitude
T.
care.s,
is
freedom
THE SYNONYMS
116
Luclan,
Amor.
ii.
error
who
They
Troad. 649.)
say that
^^iJ^og is
i^nhasai
di ri(sx)yj\
same
the
are in
as
rif^^og.
i^uhe,
ein geruhigcs
the words
ruliig,
between them is made evident by those formulae, which necessarily require the one rather than the other.
fXjdysff^ar
Among
we gave
to
it
On
rrhy.ziJ.oi
Oi
oXiyct
/xsr
^s
'ToXi/xog
Xeysrat.
And
Iliad,
fi^ffi,
t^^^YJi
'/.ai
a.
must add
177.
891.
Eustathius says,
Xst,s<fiv,
iJ.ayj66a(xz\(/i
/-^sv,
srri
rb
od)rr[
rj
raiv rivd^uv
avvncjSoXrj,
f.cay//xou
'!:oXs[MiZsiv r,hs
view of Eustathius
is
ds 6
ca^ara^wv xat
xat ro
r\
tj
yo7i(fifxov ds ojds
this
Homer,
raTg
sffrt
xa/ aXXwj
rs'
former passage
r\
We
[hdyid^cii.
[jdyjii
<Kotrirrig
T.oksfiot.
'roXs/jL{Z,nv r,cs
the
/xdy^ar
ttoXs/xs/V*
xaipov
/xuys5^ai.
confirmed by
Paul
in
2 Tim.
ii.
23,
commands
rcg
fjLu^dg
OF THE
Zriryiffsig
way
NEW TESTAMENT.
exhorts Titus,
lie
xa/ ycviokoyicig,
xocl igztg
In 2 Corinth,
vii. 5,
In
%a;/xayaj
same
tlie
9, [MUioag hi
iii.
the
117
(^rjrjjtfs/s,
i/o/O/Z/taj 'rsPif(STcc(ro,
a/ T^oj^-v aa;/a/
are not
with which
the
Compare John
26,
(Exod.
ii.
vi.
52
2 Tim.
13. D^iJ3.)
and
bats,
The word is so
collision.
certainly in Rev.
go/A^a/a rou
6T6[x,c/-og
Act.
way
the
in
com-
of actual
used, metaphorically,
ii.
'j^rrj.
vii.
on the con-
nJ?.s/a<og,
trary,
'TroAiiMi'^iiv
24
ii,
(comp.
V. 12.)
But
rf
it is
So
far
cro'Xs/xo;
and
actual collision
by
any
are
'xokiUjit))
restricted to
physical force,
it^^x^
contention
mind
thouo^h
it
of
come not
and
[jjdyjG'^ai
as
well as
to blows.
is
apply
to
body,
even
In the former
expressed: in the
latter,
the
there
notion
is
of physical collision,
/>-!'
our;
'iyo)yi
(La-^^ooiiicci
as appears
(Iliad, a, 298.)
i'ivixa
xov^rii.
THE SYNONYMS
118
of
original notion
Hence
T/vi
simply rendered,
violently against
and
/Aa%a/
177.
C6,
IxdyjG^a!
ToXsas?!/
The
any one,
as
be borne
to
is
Iliad.
329.
^,
iPidig
Xenoph. Hier.
891.
have a wide
i.
and
38. A^a%?3
signification.
and
'rro'KiiJjoc
Titmann
suspicion of
is
well founded
and
this in-
The
original
collision,
form of
than
f/^oix'^
^okiftes.
is
drops; the
D^DI^;
riation
first radical,
it
to slay,
all
and dimicare
nocAiit in
Latin
from p73J,
to swjife
Q;
pf"''c^(iipns.
and hence
,*
have
HDD-
percutrentes
more
It is derived
nHD'
/u.a;^Ki^et,
percussit and
a sword, mactarg
to fight.
is
a blow.
fudit. miscuif.
It
for
more complex
idea,
proper meaning.
kind rf
'X'oX'.fAiiv
^;^:>j,
which more
collision, to be
conflict.
This
used
is
the
originallv expressed a
its
TeXtui^tiv rXt
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
TO axjTo
(J'j/Ji^v^or
The
(ro
cur, is Philip,
2.
ii.
iv (p^ovovvTsg.
The word
once in the
New
fco-^v^og^
p^a^aj/, /Va
Testament.
For
same
jffo-^v-^og
ivot/ ;
It differs
The
Iffo'^'v^of.
cu/^-^y^o;,
epistle,
to think the
Gv^i/.-^v^og,
who
from
animated or moved
is
be of one mind.
thing, to
but
occurs
<iJ/J:.^lv^og
20.
mind.
/mu t^v
TLXTj^uigare
rriv
in the
(ppovovvng.^
sv
TO auro O^ovrjTi,
ii.
119
same
diifer materially
same with
are the
as
0/ 7-6
to
auro
But we must inquire into the diiference between rh aurb ^^ovg/vand rb h ^^ovsTv. For
it cannot be credited that the Apostle would
have so rashly introduced a mere tautology.
Once only he writes rb h <p^ovsTv, and that in this
passage. Six times he writes rb ahrb <p^ovsTv. Now,
TO ahrb (p^ovm is to have the same opinion, to
So in
feel, to wish, to seek the same thing.
(poovovvrsg.
Romans xii.
Rom. XV. 5,
11, rb ahrb
16,
aXXj^Xo/g*
And
Philippians,
rh ahrb
and
dXXrjXovg
itg
(p^ovsTrs, s/gTjvsusrs.
cror^iTv %a\6'i,
;
ahrb
rb ahrb (poovsTv
Epistle to the
reading
rb
iv. 2,
(p^oviTv^
rb ahrb
c.
if
2 Cor. xui.
again, in the
iii.
that
cpPoviTv
(p^ovovvrsg'
the true
xv^/m.
We
THE SYNONYMS
120
But
sense.
only,
The
/v,
to
rh
(p^oviTi/,
agree in
one thing
to wish
is
seeking one
thing only.
ro ahrh <p^o-
2. e.
other with the same mutual love, to be unanimous, seeking one thing. For, if each sought
something different, they could neither be
6-Jij.-^-oyjjt^
rr^v
ahrnv dydrrnv.
He
syMdrog
wishes, therefore,
vouvrag,
while
dXXd
CTiO'Trouvrsg,
all
all
ffv,'j.'y\/{j^ovg
rd
avTU)v
if
would certainly
Briefly,
same mind
and
in
mutual
then, ro auro
;
(ru/x4'u;)/ov
live
love.
is
(p^ovzTv^
gJm/, is to
thing, to be of accordant
is
agreed in one
all
that
in concord
For, if
they could
ver. 20,
^r,Tovffi,
(ppo-
Jmt, to
have the
to
mind;
rh
<poon7v,
oJjcrio'jjOi.
as
is
1,
we
read,
s'/
stated
in the
common
T/]/a a-Tr'Ady^va,
If
it
were
xai
true,
lexicons to the
NEW TESTAMENT,
OF THE
New
Testament, that
phorically
for
cfkrLyjyai.
mercy,
121
put meta-
is
commiseration,
Paul
and Coloss.
Certainly, as
more noble
^(f-TrXdy^^vor
'jtXayy^jia^
7]
<r-7rXdy^m
viiicera,
(S'TrXa.yxvcc
(j'TrXdy^'ja cixri^/j^uv.
1*2,
iii.
78,
i.
and
'^fl'-
so are all
fortitude,
who
zccrd to
(jjTihh
sTccivovvrojv
(Galen.
V.
ii
<piXovvrsg,
-^syovrc/jv,
yj
Luther renders
we
dvak'^rirot
et
/j,ri
oXug (poovTiZovng
Plat.
ri
oj^sXovvtmv,
iii. c.
4.
Tom.
c-TtXayyvc/.
Barmherzigkeit and
firid'
d^/xoujTwv,
deDopn. Hippocr.
Xi^oi
hbuv 6vvctXyovv.
'iyjiv
sXkvg,
H'TcXdyxva
by
o}-a.ti^(iuv
herzliche
herzliches
Erharmen.
THE SYNONYMS
122
ffro^y/j,
as of parents
most intense
is tlie
af-
fection,
The
elsewhere.*
latter
These words of Paul should be rendered, therefore, If ye have any true love towards me,
if any mercy.
Luther writes, herzliche Liebe
vnd Barmherzinheit.
Let us now speak of the synonyms,
'ikiog'
oizriofiog'
and
O/xTi/^iiv
o/xrs/^stv
sXesTv'
olzn^fjiog
denote merely
den
but
sXsoe, sXgs/V,
latter, then,
he wdio
is jXawv
easily
the
*
iXiog is
This
is
is
enough
less
prompt
up
called
to
the
which
apply.
Pity
in the soul,
frequently to be
there
viz
is
of
ills
com-
easily.
met
but
with.
The Apostle
uses
would not follow from this, that the word which he uses
Theophylact thus parameans children, or, my child
it
uXXa
<ra ifia
T'.^i^'igtu.
the word.
T.
Msra
i.ya.'prtis 'hi^xi
olItov,
fiaXXov
Vt
oIk
xeci Iv
t?
OF THE
LXX
The
but for
New
and p;^
and
sXnTv
has
it
The same
sXico
xai
relieve
able
(^ski'/i[jj06\)vri)
o/xtsiotjcoj
ov
but
o/xr/^/AoV,
never.
sion only,
who
he
compared
av c/xri/^w,
He who is
the miserable,
but he
Hence
oJxrei^nv.
observation
very remarkable
av
sXsog,
ov
123
TDn by
frequently renders
Om
also, sAiog
NEW TESTAMENT.
6 iXso!'!/,
and does
The
is said, olTtni^st.
if
strives
he
is
compas-
Latins ap-
first
with
agrees with
gXsog.
The
will succour
as
passage, therefore,
I will pity
in
whom
mind
whom
I pity."
may
1 will
Cer-
of the Apostle
rather the sense
any one
God, he cannot
THE SYNONYMS
1*24
attain
God
if
it,
he should attain
who
our desire;
mercy
our own works
for
Therefore,
or deservings.
OX)
case of one
tlie
be referred
we
For, in
it.
ovoi
aXkct
rov ro's'^ovrog,
that
the
is,
rightly said,
is
it
sXsovvrog
70\j
a cpn-
;:^a5/(r/xa,
thence
he
it
will.
have
comes
It
because
from
whom
God
who
we may,
for
that even he
it,
mercy of God,
eff'ort
most
is
is
the right
way
voiMov dixato<fuvr}g
s^
spyoiiv vo/j^ov,
i^^svTsg,
offvvTjv,
fjjij
/V^a'/^X
ver.
31
v6,mv
ovx.
t'/c
those ovx
it
not in
BiTtaioffuvyig,
jriarsug,
rikirnikvoi,
ug
uXX' ug
dXX' sXs-
dixccioffvvrjv ds ttiV
so had
biujy.m
mercy
{sXisT)
ex TiffTsug.
that those
whom
he willed
Certain
it is,
they do not
dXX'
the true
Had
xccr s'^/yvcom.
same
yet, at the
sXiouvrog,
oh
di7cato<fvvri,
125
they sought
time,
ou
t^v
it,
d?.Xa roZ
rgs^/ovrog,
had recourse
to these
their opinion.
words
have
This
it.
tived
it
is
it
sage in question.''
^
All this
is
is
;
however any
attain salvation,
unless
assuredly true,
for
if
God
God
has v/ilied
has nega-
repugnant
nor
Certainly
is it
it
to right
in the pas-
becomes every
man of
that man
But
Which of the
Calvinistic divines asserts,
seeks to be made holy,
and that a holy God has put a negative on his desire ? The
great body of those divines who are advocates for the sovethe author
is
fiyhting with a
straw.
There
hcive
tlie
subject of a
THE SYNONYMS
1*26
that
fact,
^Jvui
how
inquire
to
rmg
signifies
is wanting.
what they wish. For the word
But what thiit is, which oux Isn rmg, they have
Luther renders it, So liegt et
not exphiined.
nun nicht an dem, 8fc. Beza, " Election is not
s<5ri
He
of him," &c.
by adding, rashly, the notion of elecwhich was wanting. 1 say rashly, for in
formula,
tion
is
vine word.
T.
rod
an example is given in the case of Jacob and Esau, in reference to winch it is shewn, thfit the selection of Jacob to be
the fa\'oured seed, was i^efore the children had done good or
evil, according to the 9r^oB-z<rii Kar txkoy^v rov hou nat of
works but of him that calleth And then comes, in veriO 16",
the deduction from this exam[ile as applicaide to the v.hole
argument,
a^a, oZv oh
The
ellipsis,
then,
must be
of this kiud
that willeth,
&c
T.
Abraham,
is
(jJod,
not of
but
the
Him
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
kingdom of
fore, is it
rendered by
not depend on
rmg
Sciiott,
127
lllglitly, tliere-
" divine
gifts
do
liiin vvlio
any thing, i. e. to be
any thing, as that it is the
And
cause of being or doing any thing.
hence, it is to owe one's origin to any one, to
depend on any one, to be in the power of any
is
10 iuive cause in
so conjoined with
Xenoph. Memor.
one.
shai
^^M-TTiVT^g yvojfj.rjg
i.
1. 9, To-jghiiravrarTiga^j-
bai'Mviav
olo'jjhoug,
icpri.
(Mark'
xii.
23,
r'mgcf/orZi'j
hrai
55
v.
ai/,
may
Vt'^ish,
as if
wished or not
wish.
if I
So
it
wills
whom
to
it is
pity, but
it
I will
is,
have pity on
most certain
for
with Moses,
lie
So
THE SYNONYMS
128
in
i.
Xenoph.
e,
Polit.
ii.
6, sav
y]
croX/g
bibo'iri oiJtodo/j.riac/.'
og
S.V
c.
for
/ Tig'
vi.
16,
xaraXaXo/.
^t^voidrar
Rom.
In
tog'ether,
vovg^
c.
i.
v.
Paul enumerates
30, 31.
dXccC^ovag'
On
Xs7}fj.ovag.
d(rvv'^s70vg,
d(f-7r6vdovg'
dcropyovg,
I will
dvs'
speak
briefly.
and xraXdXoi so
Yt%^i(STai
lumny
-^i^-joiGTng, is
secretly
xarakdXog
is
he
and whispers
who
Xoyjocy
But
'TTccpoc
it
TO)
makes
-^i^uoKSiUg'
d-Tr'jgroX'jj'
little
it
in the ear,**
So they
on
which
20,
slanders openly.
they
xii.
i)
Kuster prefers
The
difference.
d-ro'/ruv.
slander
^ From
*1J1D latuitj occultavit, and from the same source
the Latin susurrus ; another instance of the Hebrew hard
^^
*^^ original of
who
traduces those
129
are present, sh rh
oZg,
xaraXdXoif
The
common to
xs^^rifxsvoi.
is
xai
aTovruv
tu)v
i.
'jra-
30,
ddsug
But
both.
v6/mou
is
in
that xaraXakuv
in loc.
and on Romans
zaru
diocjSoXaTg
oi
the ab-
Theodoret says
doijj:.
an
error, for
though we grant
same word
meaning
we
should conclude that this has been done contrary to the usage of the word,
we
tion.
is
as if
adds
The law
AXaZpvii
Tim.
iii.
He who
itself.
also,
o rhv
ddsX^phv
slan-
XPivoov,
The Aposrbv
v6[i>ov
x^mi.
forbids to do either.
and
3.
V'7ripy](po!.vor
v'7r:pri(favoi
They
expressive of one
it
is
(^v(3^i(rraiy
who
is to
vo/jlov
dXa^ovsi'
'
arrogates to himself
But
ostentation
dXat^ovsta is
v'jn^riipavJa
more
is
in
pride
THE SYNONYMS
130
who
a,vain-glorious boaster
i/Ts^^f avc$,
he
The
The one
is
aAa^wf puffs
but the
Jirsp^uyc? acts
to others.
The
hatred,
3; but the
^crg^Tjfavc? is
between
curs in
Etymol.
dXa^ovivuv
Cor.
ii.
* 'AXa^aiJv IS
of the tongue
p.
and
As
to the difference
Ts^crspsjEffSae/,
which oc-
764. dXa^ovsveiv
derived from
tion or boasting.
lish verttion, is
xiii. 4.
vi.
W7,
to boast falsely
is
linc/ua,
The
T.
Eng-
false,
131
The
diflfer
The
cares for no
v3^i(jrr,i
man, but thinks himself at liberty to act towards any one as he pleases who put forth
;
ad Odyss.
ii.
p. 51.
a,
The
p. 28.
In uXa^oveia there
in degree.
but only
is
and Wettsten. ad N. T.
In
silly ostentation.
no contempt,
is
v-:prj:pavia,
there
there
contrasts
12.
Ages.
ed with
Gu):p^ovsg
with
10. 2,
and the
ra-iivoi in
Cyrop.
ulB^iffrai.
James
b'rrsi'npdvoi
iv. 6.
1.
are contrastPet.
iii.
v. 5.
a-j'^ddrig,
i.
self.
It designates
is
and morose.
is
consequently unaccommodating
Aristotle calls
as in Pet.
ii.
to
10,
with
him
d-JgzoXog.
ro\fjjr,Ti]i,
It
and ^^atruj
(Eunap. de
cxXyjfo?
THE SYNONYMS
182
217,
L,eff. p.
xa/ ah^dhig,')
rok[Jjrio6raTOi
in
who
But
who
and
mild and
(fs/jbvog.
ad'Trovhor
d<f{j:'^sror
So
they prefer
the
6rrovbr\
between
rather than in
strife,
But
live
to
as the
<rui/^;jx>j
made by
and
differ,
whom
those
enmity, the other being the covenanted termination of war, at least for a time, so the se-
meaning
commonly
The
<r6^^gro/
stated, those
rather those
are not, as
is
make
are they
utfTtovbot
who
The
war, unversohnlich.
to preserve
The
mea-
peace
the
aGhv^zroi
a&xovboi
do nothing
do nothing
'iTokiiJjog
is
to
im-
placable war.
rdjrarov
and
rov
dff-j/M^ovoc
pression.
The
may be
133
(^aijjOL^iTg^
The two
Pet.
iii.
darrjoixror
16, a
once, that,
a^^ooffroi.
d/j^cc^iTg
xcci d(rryjoixroi
We
tig rriv
if
dcrrigixroi
ffr^ijSXovfftv
may
admit at
But
the
dff'^svsTg'
may
be those
ficiently established
as, in this
who
passage,
in religious
knowledge,
they
the
not
and
discipline.
Xenoph. Mem.
They
d<sr^r/,Toi
are they
iv. 1. 4,
untutored
who have
but the
who
to the
word
a/xa^^js,
this,
but
to attach
THE SYNONYMS
154
the
unless
atfrj^e/xro/,
ocTolXs/a is
evil
which
from igno-
arises spontaneously
They
render
The
be taught.
afia^r^g,
s.
indocile
dfxa^rjg,
ffotpoi
is
But
unwilling to
different, if it is said
But there
no
For they who are so untaught
dfj.a':^sffr^og
own
yia./
this rendering,
case
<:r^6g
rt.
need of this.
and unstable, do pervert the
their
hurt.
^urrvoTjra
They ought
is
of Paul to
already to be
reXs/Ci,
in
Corinth,
xi.
30, aSsviTg
-/.at
t^hMdroi,
and voffovvrsg
differ and, on the contrary, dc^svsTg and o^'^m&toi
appear to be identical in meaning, if we conto the old
grammarians,
o^oMffroi
they
are dSsvsTg
imbecile
who have
they are
Yet they
differ; for
a^huffroi
the
strength
of
Cicero
He
He
is agpwtfro^
'Kennpk,
aff^si/stfrarwi'
who
who
135
^rjoiuv ^iov
/j^i/jjov/xsvcf.
Memo?',
ii.
6.
12,
Id. Oeconom.
o/
rCJ ct^iMarit
xa/ a/
^^jXi^po/ajvwv
Although
ytyvovrai.
d^^ujaroTsoai
vj/oi;^;'//
dff^iviardroi
(pvffn
4. 2, tmv Cjiij^drm
dff^Syrji
is
must
it
New
xd/jbrnv
rh
syioi7
cL6%vu
Many
writings.
James
v.
is
15,
Testa-
suppose that
su^tj
55
Titrrsuf
rr^q
'/.diMvovrai
occurs in verse
And,
14.
word
therefore,
sacrament
the
we
although
mean
xii.
3,
7.
'"a
fiTj
is
thing
evidently
its
distress
dead,
this
in
of
Heb.
and Apocal.
For
xa/xi/s/v
pro-
any
way
dXX'
xd/Mvojv is
ou zsx/Mrr/iag.
ii.
whether, in
meaning
Tir/.o'jricixg
perly
may
Jtdf/jvuv
Wetsten, ad N. T.
may be doubted
not mean
it does
is
But
unction.
it
Such
mind.
(vid.
sick,
instance,
this
extreme
680,) yet
p.
ii.
be
to
of
and
TCiXfjbrjTtorig
whence
do not press
it i
THE SYNONYMS
136
may
be teaching here
in
James advises
of anointing, together
application
the
Vvith
they never
when no hope
*"
Donovan
is
in
Protestant contro-
Romanus/
many
it
meet the
iNir.
Roman
Catechism,
passage of James on
superstitious
is
ceremony.
Practically,
is
called
It is
to
found their
their superstitious
to
the recovery
in the
Catcchi.>>m
137
This
is
surely
ministered
vanished
till
him
all
\ip.
tlie sick,
Extreme unction
is
and the
never ad-
can be adduced.
T,
THE SYNONYMS
138
CHAPTER
A WANT
VI.
synonymous terms is not only a great impediment to those who are seriously engaged in
the interpretation of the
also in a point of
rise to
wear
many
to the
still
New
Testament; but
may
sive erudition,
men
of philolo-
well aware
of the
usage of
Greek
all
met with
in the others,
test in a still
make
use of them as a
The
ed in other words.
139
Epistle to the
And
it,
that,
from
New
all
Hewon-
they affirm
style of language, it
its
this
must
Now,
in this matter,
us,
of synonymous terms, to
Xsyo'asi/a;
we
but
in our explanation
make
a few remarks
on certain words and forms, which, in their estimation, are not synonymous, but identical,
}ffod-jm/j.ovvra
and with respect to which they
;
found exclusively in
this epistle.
When
lately 1
commenced
the interpreta-
Hebrews,
I ccime,
ch.
i.
1,
concerning which
at
word
many
in-
THE SYNONYMS
140
terpreters have
which
differed as
to
in
Those who
it is
sense
the
prepared
may
of this Epistle
seem almost
rise,
to affirm,
known by
be
the use of
he wished
to say
had spoken.
used in
head of
New
XaXs/V
this sense,
made use
at the
of in the
They agree
place.
who
to speak, (loqui)
XaXs/V
to utter
For
differ materially.
i.
e.
utter
cause
God
the Greeks
it
we
as
terance of
voice.
lanyfuaare.
Rightly, therefore,
XaXg/V
ci^iarcty
means
and inconsiderately.
carelessness
human
human
ddvvccroJrarog
they
enunciates M'ords of
XaXsTv therefore,
why
Xsynv
who
to
speak imprudently
And
of lexicographers
in
admitting
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
such observations
is
141
quite surprising.
New
Manywhich
Testament in
this sense of imprudent and inconsiderate
speech would be quite absurd, as Matt. ix. 18,
compared with x. 19, 20. Hence XaXs/P r/w,
and cr^os ri'ia. mean only to speak to any one,
and XaXs/v iLircL rtvof to hold colloquy. And in
James i. 19, ^sccbug zlg rh XaX^ca/ is, slow to speak,
according to the Rabbinical proverb, " one
mouth to speak with, but two ears to hear.'*
passages occur in the
Hebrews, the same signification must be strictly adhered to as in all other places where it is
predicated of the prophets, or of
God
himself^
Luke
as
xxiv.
Acts
iii.
yov
is
ovrrso ouv
X6-
This
and
hav^e the
s/Vg/i/
common
which we enunciate
respecting them
to auditors,
and they
and commune
differ
therefore
THE SYNONYMS
142
>.a>wg/i',
writers
Yet they
For
appear to
differ in
differ.
our
as
has reference to
Xs^^g/v
g/Vs/i'
may
This difference
in which the
two words occur in juxtaposition. Xenoph.
Oecon. iv. 23, ?ta/ o Avcavh^og. /Vg/V* ri Xiyug,
.
pdvai,
Cyrop.
"'TOTS
cian.
0,
Ti
g/ fJ'SV
Hermot.
o)
'xaTdsg ii<7ror
8.
p.
i.
For
747.
Xiysig
g^?j. Xsyg/g*
disXu^ri(fav.
s}'7r6\'Tsg
Cyrop.
Xs^utu.
Kai y^syug.
'Trovra^ov
v. 1. 10, JtaXX/cra,
TovT
[jjh bri
vi. 4. 19,
4. 12,
i.
Cyrop.
TO ir^ay^a.
Mr^da^aojg,
Lu-
aXX'
g/Vg
in Xg^g/v
whence,
but in
g/Vg/V
the
may
self;
say,
utters successively.
g/Vg/V Xo'/oi/,
but never
same way
Xgyg/i/
and
Xg^g/i/
and
5,
g/Vg-
XiyovTOJV
Xsyw
601,
<7:i^} to\j
3,
Hence we
of the oration
"koyog
"khyov,
g/Vg/V
or
^^/-ta.
h^oZ
New
it-
In the
xxii. 34,
o 3g
suspect that
it
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
143
possible to give a
may
he observed that
Xsynv
if in
the
ists
is
generally used,
word
which
to
it is
but that
s'TTTj^uTViffav
XsyovTsg.
given as an ad-
to be
if this is
Luke
used,
is
xxi.
sds7}'^i)
30.
di^d/Mivog
And
if it is
stances,
v. 13.
ii-TTc,
it
Luke
Contra.
Xsyovrsg.
syoyyvt^^ov
n-^ocru
s/Vouv.
v.
xxii.
20.
17,
toujv s/Wg.
must be remembered
of elegant composition.
Xsynv appears to
s/Vsiv it
has
commanding.
So Mark.
23,
24,
sX'^dJv
There appears
to
auroTg-
aTrox^i'^itg
ix.
dvayjaoilri.
be an opposition to
28, ^-^olto
'iXsys
}d(jjv
v.
sJ-tts.
this rule
But that
mind
it
is
occurs,
where no
interro-
THE SYNONYMS
144
New Testament.
in
Luke
v.
e.
and
this
it
name^
s^sTv
that
in the
his Apostles.
appears so far to
Xgys/v,
And
on the behalf of
The word
But
So Luke
is
differ
from both
s/Vg/V
as relating to the
It has
is,
fact,
thought.
the
ful
New
to
inIt
Examples occur
Testament. But
in the
let
times, to interrogate.
It
g^s/V
may
Lexicons to
students be care-
means some-
be used of hini
while he seeks to
as in the passages
it
In the
same way
as Xsysiv
may
Xg/wv, denies, or as
l)e
to reproach, if
In
fine, XaXsTv is to
it is
g/Vg/i/
it
may
followed by reproaches.
speak or
talk,
i.
e.
to use
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
human
language,
and
words suc-
to utter
s/~?y is
145
is
ffs/i/
to express
thought.
vs(pog'
The word
vs(pog
Testament, Heb.
word
is
Some
vs(p&Xyj
uses
be
therefore
say,
this
epistle,
New
fjbaoTv^Mv.
vs(pog
TjfMTv
vs(psXyi,
is
vs(pog,
but
vi(psXn.
sufficient to
show
that
we cannot make
this
sky
but they
cloud,
veils the
inasmuch as
denotes,
differ,
indefinitely,
vs(pog
Homer we
n<psXYi xvavsri
vs(psXn
vi(pri
if
find
fMsXaim
and
is
said in the
the
passages
vs(pog
fxsXav,
same way
are
and
vs(pog
And
as
xvdvsov,
certainly
n^iXau
accurately
In
But
compared,
be perceptible, that by
I'spo;
THE SYNONYMS
146
is
by
And
vi<psXr)
a particular dis-
many clouds,
used to denote
uses
vi(pia
and not
of the gods.
'OXvfMTifj vTo
it, is
Iliad,
^^L/fl'so/fl'/
Hence Homer
covered.
vzcpiXai
v,
a great portion of
many inmay be
vs<p7}
abode
to describe the
Two
vs<psg<jiv ^ffro,
observa-
said to be
The
two words.
force of these
For Jupiter
v(psXr;'/s^&rns,
regards
first
(fuvdyuv.
vsipri,
It
192.
V.
For
vi<peXrigiv.
Iliad,
g,
Certainly
row vs^ovg)
npn
is
s.
siig
it
it is,
o'j^ccvoi/
al^sgi xai
veiphffivy
g/'g
as in
ov^avo\> SU^VV,
vB(peXag
(h
rh vepog^
Then never do we
vifiXai (plural)
find in
gular,
sv^uv
because he compels
al'^s^i,
imagined.
iXa^
867.
V.
d'
some epithet
is
Homer
^e^Jga cxioivra^
frequently added, to
We
can con-
i'spog) is
but one.
It
may
made
same
the
distinction.
suffice.
Tiva,
y.a,\i
147
avroov /j^Gi^ivovra.
'ibc/t
iu^dg
rokiMojvrcc vv/crspivdjrarov,
Here
svsKaXv^dfMrjv.
75
xXsTrrovru
ciXXo
yj
lT/<y-n'a<ra/Av>j
ro
ri
vs<pog,
meant a cloud, he
it must have
that it might be indicat-
if vs(pog
to /i(pog
Nor, elsewhere,
vspx^.
this
word
ticular cloud
ro
may
vs(pog
is
intended, as
Cor. x.
1, 2.
it
But
de-
In
(Phoen.
in
mind,
his
f^avucraz/x/
is
3/'
wanting.
g-n-zCvrw/As^a
The
V. 166.)
'Avs/xwxsog
ai^hog Toog
But there
let US
s'/^s
d^6>jLov
vi(peXag
s/xov o/xoysvsro^a,
is
no need
iroeh
the article
^spog /xa^ru^wv
he ought
write
vj/,
vsfiog^
133,
ib. V.
to say
vz<pog.
never
755.
Homer.
vipXrj.
vs^og Ts^wv.
Iliad,
-^d^ojv vs:pog
r,s
g,
243,
TLokoim
Iliad,
d,
274.
vs(pog ToXs/xoy.
also vs^og
os-vswy
THE SYNONYMS
148
vs(pog
multitude.
is
it
For
we
ten cX^^o?
/j^a^Tv^uv,
with
vs^sX?;
which he
sense cannot be compared
neither
is it
vs(pog
necessary to suppose
common
is
un-
culiar sense
Therefore,
we
unknown
to writers
in general.
Hebrews,
inquire, whether
must, in the
first
place,
New Testament,
149
is
But it bears
that some think they have observed certain
words, in the Epistle to the Hebrews, for
which Paul, in a similar case, would have used
different
words
although,
if
we
accurately ex-
mode
of thought.
Both these words occur often in the New Testament. Paul uses them in Galat. iii. 9, in
diaraysig
solemn
interdict,
di'
Of
ayysXuv.
Exod. xix.
12,
13,
he
S/arafftfs/!/
has
word;
72/5,
the
same meaning
latter
he writes
diccra-
and
that,
as
therefore,
THE SYNONYMS
150
and that
if
would
have said rh dtaraysvf because elsewhere he had
written o v6/Mog hccruyzig. But, before we show
speaking of this particular interdict he
how
vo/^o?
he could
that
aofree
much
diccgrsXXo/juBvog.
not.
in this,
of,
mode
of the
same power.
Aiardgasiv is SO to dispose
is in its
own
dia(fTsXXia^a,i
constitute
bia-
hicKSriXkuv to
Nor
it
is
ca-
See Matth.
findivi
yuXs
s/ircfjffiv.
Mark v.
43.
vii.
36
iMYihivl il'Xi.Tv)
sages there
act,
^.
e.
is
(Luke
;
ix. 9.
viii.
56,
7vci
rraoriy-
In these pas-
interdicting.
(One passage
occurs,
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
It
151
different
diccrays/g
meaning
^/'
law
is
vo/Mog
consti^
This
is
evident, if
words.
rd(y(fziv is
we
juxtaposition or series
(JrsXXsiv is,
not to send,
whence
milar to the
German
d'xo rivog is to
Hence
stellen.
avoid a thing, as
it
is
Tovvrog,
The
ocTro
'Travrog
ddsX(pou
glossaries give
it
20,
Erasmus
arsXXo/xivoi
is
rouro,
(j^'/j
rig
si-
were, to put
not
rnXXsc^a/
draxrwg
iii.
6,
Tsg/'^a-
correctly in he.
See
also
v/Moig
2 Cor.
fxu/j,riffsrai.
when he
cer's Ecclesiastical
It is a
mine of eru-
dite
soil.
THE SYNONYMS
152
is
avoiding a rock
sailors
but
it
is,
at the
same
17,
viii.
ou
ri^g ffvvr}-
TLaradTi'k'kiiv
to suppress,
i,
e.
to
(TutfreXXg/v
to contract, or
parate
an
and therefore
interdict,
any thing
is
spoken of
diaaTsXXB<^ai is
who
because he
interdicts
from
as if he actually separated
And
for
it
is
an object.
to
middle voice;
In
this pas-
means an
inter-
whom he
They say
that in
Hebrews
u/mrd^srog
is
and in
vii.
24, aTa^a/3aroj,
New
153
when
in
Testament, and by
some
as
'Acraoa/Saro;
this briefly.
immutable
say,
that
which
remains in
is
its
not changed
place.
(Si(3aiog
ufy.srd'^srog,
that
which
common
kdociTog
but
he would err who should say that they so signified the same thing that he who meant that
which was
dfisra^srog or a-^raga/Saro?,
could say
Certainly to express
also that it was (3s(3atog.
the notion which the Apostle had conceived in
the former passage, vi. 17, 18, he ought to
have written rh d/Mra^sTov rng ^ovXrjg aurov. For
a^o-era^srog is constant and immutable, for it is
frequently said of those things which consist
and chaupfe not, but remain ever the same.
But
If,
jSg/Sa/os is
firm,
therefore, he
immoveable, certain,
had written
fixed.
THE SYNONYMS
154
Sicul.
he
then
things,
d/j.sTd%rov
o/z-sra^sroi/,
reads
83,
xiii.
69, dfjusTu^Tov
uses
8ia:popav,
vofio-og
23,
i.
to say
dyxv^U)/
-^uyn^g
Ta^^Tjffia ^sfSala.
d(5<(:akri
ix. 17,
re
have written
written
He
xai
firm, cer-
^i(3aiog,
as vi. 19,
iii.
6,
vex^oTg ^Ss/Sa/a,
irri
bia^r,7tri
(SijSaia /g^wciv^j,
drrapdfSarog.
-rr/Vr/i/
y.a} ^s(3aiav.
Diod.
the contrary,
no more than
tain, fixed,
TTig
/(j^v^av
On
when he wishes
as
d/Msra^rovg. xvi.
would he
but he ought to have
vii.
wished
24,
ed by the word
and
this
He
might have
but if he had written (3s^a/a, he
would have been very wide of what he intended nay, he would have spoken foolishly, for
the Levitical priesthood itself was /3s/3a/05 but
not d'xa^d^arog^ for that may be the one which is
said dhidboxpg
d-iraod^arog.
although
it
may be
/Ss/Sa/oj;
no ground
Lastly,
words
all
the
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
155
wise
it
now,
is
Other-
loc.
d-7raod(3cx,rog.
rightly adds,
Occu-
dbia,boy^ov, drsXsurovy
Several examples of synonyms might be adduced from the Epistle to the Hebrews, which
by many persons would be accounted expressions of precisely equal force, and from which
they would conclude rashly that the author
had used peculiar terms in communicating the
ro dr/inxsg^ zlg rovg aiumg.
same idea, as v. c.
s/'s
d^sr'/jtr.'f, ':ra,7.a,i6rrig'
'^ar oXiyojsiTv,
xarcx,(poovi7'v'
M^av
vh^og,
dst,oi,(T-
sx 'Tropviiag ysvvi^^tig.
New
example may
to
differently
other books
belong
in
suffice,
its
author.
it is
One
is
discussion of
THE SYNONYMS
156
tiling is intended,
which
it
presented
is
we may
these
mode
yet the
of thought in
Among
different.
is
notice,
x^arsTv rtvog
and
x^arsTv
ri.
constructions.
twice
x^arsTv is
only found
this epistle
is
x^ccreTv
in those passages
with an accusative.
x^arsTv really
either case
Tt^arsTv rivog is
is
and
first,
if
not, then
it
is false
whe-
altogether^
it
14,
and
word
(It occurs
vi. 18,)
that
For
is
it
not
but twice
son
ten
jcoars/v
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
]57
is
question
if
So
only to a part.
appears between
it
but
K^anTv
x^ars/i/
to
For although,
that
have and to
rmg
%garr\(Scii
tain thing,
and
is
therefore, a difference
far,
xocctzTv riv6g
or to possess
thing* in
and has
it
;'^
yet
as x^arg/p
Mark i. 31 v.
when the
;
cept
41
ix.
viii.
54.
So Matth.
Lexicons for
tlie
New
Testament,
vToiTixZ^ca in 1
it
has
vix.xv
means simply
to conquer
to,
Xen. Cyrop.
vi.
1,
21." T.
is
subject-
THE SYNONYMS
158
28,
xviii.
sdriffsv.
avrk
'/.oarrjffag
xxii. 6.
I'KJiyz^
Govv x,^arrjffM(fi
And
x^arrj(ji
11,
tinction obtains
among
(fovg '^^ovovg
z^uTovg/v,
i.
e.
tliey
xii.
Greek
other-
in
So
gov
writers,
in Sophocles
xai rovg
^cL'/.r,[j.a
hold
but immedi-
we
ately afterwards in
v.
ifijcpyXio-j hool
So
y;
this is
on
ro
'/.^arsTv
made out by
By which
is,
419.
The
find
/-t^rs yr^g
xgars/V av
J)
rhv
Scholiast says,
ffvvsra^Bv a/V/ar/x^,
But
The
sense
the text
itself.
thou mayest
v.
ffri/xiiursov,
1385,
Aristophanes Avib.
in
iy^^f^v,
is
-/.^aTrisai,
friends.
control
thine
enemy
or
is
made evident by
that of doing
occurs in
is,
v-^l^yjXa,
av.
159
Nor
enemy.
is
this contradicted
vii. 3. 4,
rriv
axooroXiv,
previous assertion,
according to
;"
'^oXig
and
a<fru
have the
It is contrary to the
same meaning here.
elegant accuracy of Xenophon, that these two
words should stand in juxtaposition in the same
Doubtless
in this author,
Euphron,
state."^
pied the
state,
city,
'
PharorinuSj says
tt'oXi;,
kou
o to-pto;,
kx)
ol
KctroiKovvris.
its
inhabitants
T.
civitas, or
the
THE SYNONYMS
GO
ruv
xaT(i<S')(ptiJjiv,
yi
si
xal
'/C^arTjgaifJi^cVf
xccl
at the
r'oyjjt.c,
otv
oia
'ffoXkov
oi^x^tv dvvaifis^a
and
gavrag
Sag^s/i'.
From
these instances,
evident that, in
it is
xparrjffai
in both cases
For
in
c. vi.
it
18,
it is
God
said that
interposed
strong
consolation,
who have
hope," &C.
Aul.
V.
the hope
xara<p-jy6>rsg
x^arriffai
f-r/
be sup-
rbv ^eoi/,
for
Nor must
d'ro<pvyz7v
must be
in
the
Strictly
as an infinitive
is
connected with
in
possessed.
pared with
xara(puy6vrsg
(Eurip. Iphig.
altar.
x,ara(pvy6vTig,
itself,
The
plied after
come
do the
who
K^ctr^tra/
Matth.
xi.
means
as in Acts xxvii.
xparrjxivai
OF THE
In
their purpose."
of
x^aTiTv is
NEW TESTAMENT.
we
14, %&v-
c. iv.
For
here does not denote the religion which
c^oXoyia
tlie
161
which
is
For
agreed on.
said to be
d'x6(STo\os
in c.
xai d^^n^svg
iii.
1,
Jesus
is
rrig bfjjdkoyiag, i. e.
not because he
is
the teach-
vides that
is,
we
should obtain
the grace of
God and
rrig
is
rb ofioXoyovfjism, that
salvation, concerning
treating.
oiMoXoyiag is
Hence, there-
not to be steadfast
we may
earnestness, so that
blessings, of
curer,
But
i.
e,
it
is
the pro-
if this
have in
obtain those
more of
some
to
own
difficult
to
for themselves.
THE SYNONYMS
162
CHAPTER
The
the
knowledge of
right
Vir.
particles, in
much
difficulty;
allied,
nyms.
they
attended with
very closely
is
which
mark
common,
or at least
in
which
seems
men who
to
write
never be neglected,
tigate the
if
we would
strictly inves-
writers.
And
though we know well the great need of caution, lest we rashly judge the style of these
men by
is
the force of
men
fore
it
will
it
and there-
example we
will refer to
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
avsu*
which appear
and
163
^w^/g
matters which
is
idea to be expressed
is
this,
For un-
is
As
thing awu
if I
yoyyudfjjMV,
Pet.
do some-
to
wish
iv. 9.
all
But there
'7ra^a(3oXrig,
particles, that
the object;
is
therefore,
say a thing
mean, that
is
done when
when
from
but
is
is
done
this is
civsv
When,
rmg,
not present
eV
that
ylfiv
is,
not
THE SYNONYMS
164
even a sparrow
present,
e.
i.
Father
unconscious or unwilling.
Ducker. ad Thucyd.
been put instead of
iv.
is
not
(See
78.)
civiv, it
is
8; Heb.
iv.
40, and
xi.
x(*io}g
rnGTsug
Heb.
xi.
7.
vii.
20.
And
destitute of faith.
we
%w^/5
vfJ^^^v
//-j^
And
is
not
when
when ye
if in
are
Heb.
assertion
The
X^i'Sy separately,
faith
and
particle therefore
must be
apart from.
me,
^("'Ou
eav
3.)
were
[iTi
(jjiivriTi
So Ephes.
far
ii.
sv
sfio/f
i, e,
separate from
v. 4, 6, (conf.
John i,
i. e. ye
165
^rs,
avrj X^iffrov
And
you.
^ajSoXi^g
would
for this
when
hence, therefore,
refer
it
word Taga^oX^g,
more directly to the
to the
speaker
and
XaXsTv,
civiy -raga/SoXJjs
could be said at
all,
avsv craga/SoX^g,
would signify
if
opposed by Rom.
tliough
it
Nor
'ffilja
For
writ-
is
separat-
But
yet
civsv xrj^vffffovrog,
is this
x^j^ucirovros.
ten
it
that he spoke
indeed
is
if
no
frequently inter-
would be
to
an abundant proof of
fact, that %w^/$ is
but by
avsv
itself,
am
altogether mistaken,
absolutely, as an adverb
invariably has as
its
is
object,
whilst
For since
avsv to
the
civsuf
THE SYNONYMS
166
tion to be noted;
is
say x^i'^
say
civsu
^^^^'i
sJvai,
Greeks say
in that
So that we may
needless.
or x^i'^
'^'''^^^
and dnv
civiu touTv,
'TToisni
but
passage of Plato,
'''
but
as
So
'Xor/)ffiiv,
x^i'^ is
7,
we cannot
in the
New
used simply
New
may
this distinction
is
were of
it
noted as absent
Rom.
i^yojv,
ii.
20.
had
iii.
21, 28;
Many have
salvation,
viz.
vh/xo-j,
x^i'^
iv.
6;
vii. 8,
interpreted
only
is
and
x'^i'^
9; James
them as
sufficient to
if
Paul
a man's
and,
therefore, that
aJone
when Paul
said, in
IlGrn.
dissatisfied.
ii.
13,
o/
For
%oinrul rou
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
he could
vhfiou dixaiu^rjaovrat^
interval,
have said
167
not, after
a short
man
be jus-
also, that
shall
tlie
av^^wrrov xa/
accordance
is
for
sz
oiiK
complete
if
he writes
'7i<JriOi}c
we
s^ s'eywv
But
/mvov.
only consider
under discussion.
gf/wv,
ccvsj
is
to him.
if it is
true that
in contradiction
man
is
justified
e,
Yj^^k; ruv
i^yuv,
i^-yojv
that
it
vsk^uv sJvai,
may
But
it is
written, x^i'^
faith,
first
dl
instance
x^i'^
vdfLou
21,)
it is
dix,aioff'jvrj
^soD
(iii.
it
is
ma-
were not
THE SYNONYMS
168
in
all
i.
'rlffrsi civ^^oj'rov,
this di-Aamvvri is
it-
them) but by
ff^cci
uv^^u-TTov
^idTify
so that the
x^i'^
James says
as
s^ycCf
He
faith.
'TriGT'ci
but
hrKatocbvrj
is
voiuv,
shown not to be
(asif any one, be-
by
hi%aio6-jvYi\)
but simply
faith,
destitute of works.
Wherefore,
it is said,
Xoyi^iTai
6 '^sog
bixo(,iochn,v
%w^/?
'ioyojv,
with
(iv.
6.)
i, e,
al-
fact,
fJbaxdoiog dvri^
On
r'iOM.
faith,
xa^'
ov
[mti
the contrary,
sdv
s^yuv, is faith
as
Xoyi^riTOLi xu^tog
fjj7\
s^yct
?;/>j.
is
For
dead; that
rrtffrtg
Paul writes
afut^
which,
sauT'^v,
ToTg e^yoig,
u>
in
Rom.
tj
is^
X'^i'^ ^^'
qv ffwrj^yodcrcc
vii. 8, 9,
x^i^^
OF THE
vo(j*o\)
it
had been
false
NEW TESTAMENT.
avsu
for, vsx^a
'igriy
&nu
is
holy.
is
is
And
he did not
vof/^ov,
sent, for
live
If
vo/iov iroTz,
\oilo\)^
afMaoria
^'
is
s^wv X^i'^
be
169
i. e.
As
contrary to law, so
Iriv
is
to act
con-
The Apostle
fore,
Paul writes,
cracra (Tag^
hoomov avrou'
(pavhc/jreti vvv
%wg/g
'Trdvreg
yup
av^^u-TTog.
but
"^s-
not restrict-
T^f/i^cc^rov,
dixccioavvrj,
Therefore,
he would have
X^i'^ i^yuv
U,(juov
bixaiovrai
says,
THE SYNONYMS
170
r},v
mgrtv
'XJ/i^k f7wy, i, e,
free
from works,
is
dead.
accurately
is
it
shown by Me-
And hence
in the use of
common and
popular lexicons,
mean
precisely the
same
Latin word
by the same
for although
and
ovTu
/A^-TTw
they
differ.
Hermann
point
and so
gard
6,
it
as a
we have
rifcsi
r,
oo^cc
mere
but in
rsXcg, in
Rom.
Heb.
I
n the
ix. 8,
/^t-JJ-^w
/x,??-
re-
outw hri to
fj^oVy
will
f/^ri'ru
compounds ovxeri,
&c. Neither would we
will their
John
ix.
aya^hv
crs^ave^wd^a/
11,
tJ
rr,v
ii.
4,
o'j'ttoj
ya.^
/x^-^rw
xaxov,
and
ruv ccyiuv
in
cdov.
In the
it is
171
is
is
there-
If,
fore,
done
considered to be
it
had
o^a
//-j^-^w ^'xs/
But
sent.
and
it
ri
The
On
ou'ttu
the contrary,
ya^
yevri^svruv
s^^s'^rj.
tlie
decree of
God
all
regard to fortuitous
Wherefore
if the Apostle had written ou-ttw yi\\r^h7(av^ he
would have said, that the children were not
born when this was said, yet that God knew
that they were about to be born, and to act
well or ill and therefore that God decreed
events
is
concerning
were
men
which idea
Apostle,
is
foreign to the
rise
to
mind of the
many
painful
THE SYNONYMS
172
He
wrote, therefore,
might be referred
There
matter.
is
to
/ajjtw,
the
mind of God
in the
,oo^vrw
had written outtu -rg^ai/g^wtf^a/, the notion of future time would have been introduced, as if the
Spirit
would teach
it
is
Besides, as
as
rojv
ay'im
was not
would be subsequently,
evident the Apostle did not mean.
ou negatives a thing simply, and
(Hermann ad
same way.
speaking of any
If I should
the
I infer that it
if I
say
M'^oi differ in
say,
ouVw
roXtra^
act, I
but
/A^-^rw
and
it
as not done,
shall yet
I doubt, therefore,
time.
said
it
in
the
be done at any
whether
it
could be
7}
/x^'tw
curring subsequently
fore in
to
axfi,dZpv7a
write ra
future
it
each other ra
and Tu
ou'ttm
oL-A.[i7]
And
put away.
is
Xenoph. Memorab.
opposed
173
iv. 4.
we
23,
ax/>ta^ovra,
'xoL^rixfjja'x.dTa.
there-
ra
Xenophon
find
fjjTi'joi
did not
ax{x>aCpvTa,
of,
and therefore
ci.x[j,aZ6)irM))
But
[li]
to proceed.
compound words
one common
in
its
what
is
it
is
often needful
each.
xara(p^ovsTv
'^rs^Kp^ovsTv
are either of
them rendered,
temn, and so
far
contempt.
But the
to despise, to con-
contempt of others
when we
(y'7rs^(p^ovsTvy
mode
of
it,
is
either
ptara^govs/i/,
the
latr
THE SYNONYMS
174
To
related, as appears
phanes, (Nubb.
ter
by
'7rs^i(poovs7v,
V.
de^o^aroj xai
says,
rhv
'rrsPKp^ovu
T,ymy Strepsiades
sffrt,
'Tre^tcfxo'Tru),
di'rrXoarifiavrov
v<:re^(p^ovu.
(p^ovsTg,
another
as
^eojv,
who
dia^dXXr) rov
^rsjv^^oj's?, 2.
2oj'/C^drrjv
^^^(p^ovovvra ruv
For he
Scholiast notices.
e.
wrs^-
They
(pooveT.
appear to themselves
dent than others.
Rom.
xii. 3,
If
v're^(ppo)iiTv
it is
u'7r(p^onTv,
who
said simply, as in
words
^-^sg-
nifies to
for the
to
i, e,
<rap' o 8T<p^oveTv,
is
sig-
it
right
it
var-
might
whence Hesychius
this is
(Sctxp^oviTv
(p^oveTg'
m^i(roj(p^oviTg'
fore
we
smra/y^g,
find in
!Mr,biig
u'rs^<p^oviTg.
c. ii.
mv
writes,
In Titus there-
TioKp^onirUy
'tte^/-
fji^erd rraffrig
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
175
no one think
For
if
n^i^ <7rs^i(p^om
despises
Socrates
it
be feared
to
it is
roD
"(^jlv.
life.
he now
sig afi^shu
fore he had
sOrfs/Sw?,
and the
fi,ira(Srri<s6iMvov,
and there-
fear of death,
But a
be-
little
to
Timothy,
Tim.
iv.
no man
{JjYihiig
n xarw,
or/,
^!Cig.
12,
ohov
man,
be superior, both
feels himself to
hear-
as applicable to them,
it
fore
lest the
lightly.
cjyyvojfiriv
were
in
it
false to
xara^govg/P
force of the
ri
ivog
word
is
The proper
evident in Matth.
involves
fiax^o^v/Jbiag
rov
So
in
vi.
24,
he will
Rom.
ii.
thou, not
&c.
In
same
sense,
(p^ovBiTcaffav^
on
o]
Tigrovg
ddsX(poi
s^ovrag dsgrorag
g/Viv,
fin
xara-
THE SYNONYMS
176
but
when
Heb.
in
xaTa(p^ovri<sagy
cL-oyjovr^c,
meaning
object being
the
elliptically,
Finally,
is
it
omitted.
2, Jesus
xii.
said,
is
manifest that
the
is
was willing
to
is
the
biaXkamir
xctraXkamir
These compounds of
strictly to
change, (as
of the words
aXkarniVy
it
were, to do different^
to
which means
ly), either as
OT
aToxa-
it,
agree so far as
of a change of state
For
acraXXarrs/i/
properly
to
is
remove, and
from some-
tiling;
and therefore,
by a
of one who,
in
Heb.
ii.
certain cause,
15,
is
it is
said
delivered
or the guilty.
So,
avroij,
which
is
usually
177
u--r7]XXa^iv
/y
'TTsoI
from
It differs
(p. 95*2,
Demos-
a(psivai;
Reisk.)
oVa r/s
xa/'
et adv. Pantaen.
966.)
(p.
vv. dd.
ad Harpocrat.
v. d(pdg).
worthy
It is
is
the debtor
and
Eisner'^
In
this
must be under-
d':raXXdrrsSa,i
how
to
sacrifice
And
sider
may
let
him
something than
^og
s^yaffiav
satisfy
to stand
which sense
^
he
to
who do
trial.
not con-
a Latinism, da operant^
(in
when
its
real force
auruv rag
this,
voffovg
as appeased ;"
is,
that
and quotes, in
THE SYNONYMS
178
that
to
it
refers to the
sum
or compensation given
The same
Matth.
idea exists
v. 25,
i'ff^/
ilvouv
These words are rightly explained by Zonaras, (p. 920, and Phavorimis),
TM- dvridixu)
(fou.
and hence
xg/o3a/;
it
d'TraXkarrsiv
word
properly the
who
flows from
away
But
satisfied is appeased.
is
it
sent
diccXXdrrnv
Xeno-
So
>-e/5.
Matth.
not
it
V.
mean
'XokifidiKSag cr^og
24, ^laKkdy^^i
ru)
dXkrjXovg
iro-
New Testament,
ddsX<pu}
It
ffov.
does
It is
y.ciraXkdrriDi is strictly,
opposite party
may
parties.
(See
v. dirjXXdyri.)
Hem-
Whilst
Ac-
179
sage of Matthew,
biaXkayri^i,
Neither
is this
sage in Thucydides
one party
the other
contradicted
by a pas-
not xaraWdyr^i
Aristophanes, Avibus,
v.
'tts^^
1597, appear to us to
'^toXs/mio
xarceXXa^^?,
and
not, as the
have written
in V. 1539,
15, the
Xayn
the
vj
-n-s^/ 'jroXiiioio
and
d'TofSoXri
7(,6(f,(iou,
v.
1584.
ru)\>
So, in
away
it
occurs
Romans
'lovdatm is said to
the putting
means of
dtaXXayuv, as
of the
reconciliation to others
xi.
be xaraX-
Jews
is
not that
it is the cause of the union of Jews and Gentiles in the Christian community; for this
would be unmeaning in itself, and foreign to
the mind of the Apostle.
Neither, in two
other passages,
Rom.
v. 11,
and 2 Cor.
v. 18,
THE SYNONYMS
180
1
9,
does y.aruWay^
God were
as if
mean
means the
actual reconciliation of
we
not the
office
men by
being enemies
the
'/tarr^k-
%arr^Xa.yr\ rui
xoff/M(jJ.
rng xccToKkctyni
diaxovia,
remission of sins,
i. e.
of the expiation
but
it is
%(Z,
For
i.
it is
(John
iii.
e.
God was
not that
16,)
nor was
his reconciliation
^3oD,
men, xaraXXdyrin
the
enemy
of
men
but that
men
being
^-x^i^'
God;
"^^^
i.
e.
to
ea^xhg g%^^a
iig
God, (Rom.
^eov,)
viii. 7, rh
(poovTjfMot,
rr^g
it
may now
return to
it
181
but
most abun-
it is
necessary
it
is
and proper
We should be
careful also
not to confound
^^5
is
ought
called
and
7\affSiiv
'AaraXkciyr^vcLi
rw Ssw.
%(traXka66m^
XatfCwv savTtjjf
firi
as
Neither
to
^^
God
Christ
is
God and
himself, for
X?"^'^'?
Xoyi^^ofisvog avroTg
Wherefore, we
haXkactsm
xaraXXarrs/c. /Xac-
how
ra
''o'^/^o"
y-ocrak-
'rra^aTTOj/xara,
for
nothing
But as
differs
the force of
from
xaraXXaffu-s/v,
diaXkd<f6siv,
inasmuch as
may be abundantly
ment, so also
writers.
So
may
in the
it
ga-
Testa-
Cyrop.
New
it
vi. 6, 2,
Orontes
is
with
THE SYNONYMS
IB2
^gj/ai/
%0Vf x,ocraXkdTr2(^cct
ruj
2avXuj
opp.
ypCki'iramiv
(a^
kcli
xaraXkdyrj^i xa/
r/jv 'Tr^og
And
in
rashly,
In Demosthenes
them.
who would
we
es Ttai do/Mvg.
oS
got
And
Schol. oVwg
said of Ajax,
EurixaraXXu^^Tsa
Sophocles, Ajac.
yJiXov.
btaXkaTtroUy
dso(j,vovg
o^&i^
v.
744,
rriv
ug zaraXXd^^?}
^soTatv
g'^^^ai/ acro^rjra/.
who, through
in
This
his insanity,
is
was
needless.
to notice
aroxaraXXam/v,
which only occurs twice in the New Testament, Ephes. ii. 16, xa/ a-roxaraXXa^Tj rovg dfKp'
orspovg sv m (Su)/j,ari ruJ ^oJ. and Coloss. i. 20, xa/
0/'
auTov aToxaraXXa^a/
meaning
in the
ra,
'^ravroc eig
former passage
is
aurov.
The
explained by
frot^aag
ru
d{j^<p6ri^a
in the latter
by
s/^rivoToiyimg,
in both there is
we know
itself,
be gathered from
u'TroxaraXXdrrsiv,
in xaraXXuTTsiv
v.
are
much
in the
whole formula, as
But then
22.
in the
ma)'^
word
be the pro-
to
word
183
M^ho
they,
lay aside
so
who
but acroxaraXtheir
enmity that amity follows nor does any impediment remain to their living accordantly
;
hi
sv
GuifMuri^
is
Christ,
more prepositions
we must
not expect to
must be
'
is
That
is
signified
than
is
said
or as he says elsewhere,
viii. 3,
the
to express.
net, vol.
i.
p. 52.)
"that emphasis
no Avord
is
is
an accession
and he adds,
emphatic in
itself;
to the ac-
in the next
for every
word
which there can be no emphasis." And therefore emmust not be looked for, unless we
gather from the mind of the speaker, that some additional
in
force
is
THE SYNONYMS
184
So
ar2x5s;)^(r^a/ is
to ex-
happens,
Rom.
same remark
viii.
p. 128.)
19
Cor.
i.
7.
The
which
show (de Vit. Lex. N. T.
Fischer labours to
xocpadoxuv.
till
We
Therefore in comparing
\Kh'i^i(T6a.k,
we
kviKh't-
are not tO
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
sometimes
Polybius,
many
whilst in
writing
185
d'TroxapadoxiTv,
had no design
in
xcc^cc^oxiTvy
man who
word
Suldas, the
a'Troxa^adoxIa,
buted to Polybius,
a<7roxa^adoxcov,
o'ttoi
xa} rhyyig
d^svuv
ha,
(S\)iJjfjjayjag^
d'TTOxa^otdoxsTv
again
(n. 3*2. p.
ToXswg,
siti
Polyb.
xvi.
1,
(as in
by
itself,
diligently
r)
irgayiLCLra.
ro7g xai^oTg
ira^ovGiav
d'^rsxa^ccdoxn rovg
is
svs-
and
rng
In which passages,
aTTSxa^adoxsi
which
i.
e.
rev
(conf.
xhdvvov.
Is
properly to stretch
any
(3ovXn
-TrdXiv.
according to
Schol.
my
to expect.
d'ra/3X\)^v)
And
or
may happen,
therefore,
ir^ogdoxsT, sxds-^srat^
means
opinion, to observe
and thence,
attri-
Hi. 7, 26.)
I.
xa^adoxsTv,
thing,
is
cragg/x/SoX^j,
doxp
Joseph. B.
But
s.
Avri6')(ou
ra
p(;&jg>j<ro/
[M,ri
rriv
65.)
r^
(ywsjSovXsvov avroJ,
VTS^
'PoofiTjv
say, ab-
which
xaSJjirro Iv
ds
in Excerpt, de Legat.
Ursin.)
we
of
warten.)
And
a-Toxaga^oxs/v, is said
And in
thls,
ri
Hesys'?nrr]oiT
Zonaras
THE SYNONYMS
186
TImaeus agree.
Whence also, haxa^ahoxCv^ which word Toup.
restores for the word xa^ahxttm Suidas, (See
the Etymol. Mag., Suidas, and
Emendat.
in
Suidam,
that
dhx.aadoxr}gafLev,
we
is,
In this sense,
and others, but
used by Polybius
xa^adoxsTv is
see that
all will
we
scarcely
is
it
shall subjoin
viz. the
acroxa^a^oxg/V,
expectation
he M^io
is
that
all
in the sense in
event, as
we
may
say, erioarten
i.
is
done,
which the
to await the
e.
observing, that he
do, if
It is used simply
other.
p. 604. ed.
Moses,
Paris.)
/x/x^o'v
uTTO^iv
by
Philo. (vita
speaking of the
sxaoadoxsi
ro
drro^yjffo/LsvoVf
a<!ro^ri(r6fMsvov.
Mem.
iii.
5,
6.)
who
strsTrj^si
rh
In Herodotus
enar.
Mos.
sister of
affirms that
tj
vii.
<7r^ffssTai,
Diodorus
168,
we
See ValckSic.
speak-
V.
^O'Trdg.
The word
ccvdnv T^ogdoKuiv
and
xa^a-
xaoaUxn,
Testament; in Philipp.
aroxa^adoKtccv xal
35
'Tr^ogdoxsTv
will
144. ffaXTiyyog
New
That
]87
sXmda
fiov,
i.
and Romans
viii.
19,
In the
former passage, the Apostle said, however ill
things went, yet he would be of good courage,
because he knew on rovro avru) dTO^/jgirai tig
auTvj^/av;
and he
And
prosperous
in the latter
It
so rendered,
>.u^j//v ru)V
vim
'^r^ogdoxia,
or simple ex-
if it
were
aToxd-
the expec-
It
and desire
of,
Luther renders
it
well
to allow
THE SYNONYMS
188
respect
doxia
when he endeavours
and
d<roxa^ado%la
do not
to
to
ex-
wrong in this
show that xa^ais
He brings
differ.
word
the
But, to return to
is <r^og5ox/a.
aToxaraXXarrs/v.
In
this
passage
is
decreed
to effect
by
God
has
men, freed
and at length reconciled to God, xarakXayhng t'Sj ^suj, encouraged by one hope, and
seeking eternal life through one Saviour, should
unite in one society or communion, sv svi ffui/xari,
vanities,
'^a^a<:rru)fji,a<ra
And
hi7(.aiu<siv TiiMuv,
if
is
rjfiojv
we do
the head,
xai
og rra^i-
bia
rr^v
all
Tiyio^ri
do perceive
cLy^^i
rou
vvv,
cratfay r^v
let
amxccoadoxla xai
blessing, though
we
of the Apostle
and while
state,
but cer-
" That
l>y
^e.ius, but
having each a
specific difference.
T.
OF THE
eternal felicity,
NEW TESTAMENT.
a'Trixhy^ojin^ot.
xar^X?\.ay7j/Agv rui
'TToXXu)
avToZ.
For
vio^iffiav,
'^)(^i'^'
fidXXov xaraXkaysMTig
hereafter, -raca
r^g fiaraiorrirog
rnv
E/ yd^
189
by
liim,
(fu^riffo/i/.s^a
yj
rriv
ovrsg
v/ov aurou,
Iv
rfj
^oj9]
XTiatg d'xaXXayr,6ir(x,i
THE SYNONYMS
190
CHAPTER
Such
is
VIII.
Greek
language, which may be accounted synonymous, that the further I proceed in these inI see less
vestigations,
For while my
advancing years admonish me, the work groAvs
on my hand; and the limits of such a work
shall bring
them
to
a close.
those
fied
with
who have
my
labours,
New
Testament.
I would speak, therefore, now of those synonyms which are of frequent occurrence, but to
which much
difference
difficulty attaches,
existing between
because the
them
common
is
use,
so frethat
it
OF THE
which,
when they
NEW TESTAMENT.
191
acts of mind,
character.
mind
must be expressed by
and
its
various
offices,
But
perceptions there
tion,
is
a triple
mode
since in
of percep-
it
senses,
when
external things,
modes
in
may
be used in
the various
all
thus
is
moved
or
modes may
Whence,
it
may appear
use, with
may
to
arise, that
words of
this
kind
be capable of a promiscuous
no other object
in
phon's
have
Memorab.
said, to
s^iTiveTi^aif
i.
4,
17,
is
s'Tri
related
it
a/xa
to
croXXcc ffrddia
THE SYNONYMS
192
c/x/xa
^oD
and
o^^aX/^ov ac^Pwcrou
yet
am
quite
in this in-
deity, but
liiy^(*'
But
priety to men.
ex-
amples.
jSXsTs/v
%av
]hi'ir
'(j'XTiS^cir
^iac^ar
(^sw^sTv.)
satellites of the
that the
ministers and
sedulous
but the
body,"
mind
also,
it is
not surprising
language
Greek,
and
difi*erence
from
each other.
jSXsvrg/i/
ply, to
is
sight, /3Xe-g/.
sight,
7.
Luke
And
/3X8'T<J/xva
It is
vii.
often
21
in
used of those
;
It is sim-
He who
who
has
recover
the
may
be seen).
Hence
is
They who
to look
on
ix. 62,
oudsig
xccl (SKsxojv
s}g
s/'g
ra
ixt^irog
h'xi(S(f},
which passage
properly rendered, " He
is
(3Xs-Triv
rd omgoj
huv
is
s/'j
Luke
as in
a^or^ov,
I-tt
rriv (SaffiXs/av
who
s/g
rh sTi'^vfii^ffcj
%s/^a ahrou
t7\v
Tov ^soy,
say,
SKs'tthv
s-TrijSaXujv
to the plough,
'Trohg
are said,
it
That
passion.
to
expressed subsequently,
aurTjg.
193
For they
back.^'
to rush
to revert,
the Hebrew,
which
words of seeing are sometimes used for
journeying, as in Genesis xix. 26, where the
word ZD^nij and she looked back, is to be understood of the actual return, not only from its
back and they appeal
;
own
force,
to
in
Luke
af-
But though it is
probable that the wife of Lot not only looked
back, but returned, and in that return was
forded by
suffocated; yet
that ^Xs-ntv
/';
32.
xvii.
it
6'xiffoj
In
fact,
return,
or
than which a
to
signifies
this,
it
is
neither
be admitted.
For
which
is
not found in
THE SYNONYMS
194
man
same
in
which the
back.
lates,
which would
require
whilst, at the
mind the
the Lord
the
man
that
is
thus reproved
thee
;"
even
and
It is not,
vacillation
;
" Lord,
for
of
he had
I will
follow
in such
crisis
kingdom of God is repressed and deOur Lord could not mean that this
teriorated.
abrov Iv a^or^ov,
as unwilling to return.
youth
plough.
for
to leave
it
And
him
altogether.
To me it
who with
195
phon. Anabas.
iv.
ug a^ara ^dvra
sffr/.
times
to
1.15,
It,
ISXs-^ov iig
ra
xxii. 16,
although
it is
which
do not see nor perceive the things placed before them, as in Acts xxvii.
affirmed of things
to
12; but
is
also
be perceived by other
THE SYNONYMS
196
word
it is
to xuXko-jg
in the sentence.
Men
sfriffr^s-^a /SXgTs/v
rriv
(puv^v
7^
iSxirztv is
"
He
heard
not
to hear.
But even
s/ao-j.
It
were needless
to say
mark
Greek
writers.
and
here,
opjiv,
Equally wide
For
in these the
do not mean
to hear
words
oWecr^a/
but to perceive
(Prom,
ouTc rot
o-^si
fjt,o^(priv
(conf.
Sopliocl.
(po^^Vy
Trach.
v.
365.
That
(SXsmiv
And
hence, finally,
we
o^a/^a,
we
see.
New
beware
another,
/^Xe^n-s /x^,
But, besides
this,
from which
it Is
this
it
formula with
widely
impossible to
differs.
make
out
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
197
that (SXimiv
for
rivog
d'TTo
(as
it,
be avoided;
irm
iig
cre/v d'TTo
from
is
rmg
it.
to turn the
is
to turn
is
But
as
/3Xe-
eyes to a thing, so
/SXs-
^Xs'ttsi ij^n
rt.
-^ratf;^?!
away
this is evident in
uto rra
ogarg, ^Xs<xsrs
ware of them,
fly
Zptirig
ruv
15,
viii.
i.
be-
e.
Surely he would
from them.
Mark
cpa^tffa/Cfiv,
these men, as
o^arg,
'7r^o6sy(^iTS
xii.
38.
dirh rrig
And
XJ^iiY\g r. (p.
Matth. xvi.
But, in
6,
fact,
we
are to
all
such for-
lexi-
cons.
The word
although
it
ooav diff'ers
means
from
^Xs-ttsi
in this, that
said of one
who
he sees nothing
^Xsmi
of
THE SYNONYMS
198
it
And
is visible.
o^av
is
looked
is
at.
But
as
how
these expressions, %,
way we
this
Moses
rroi7]ffpg.
is
warned
it
,'j^n
viii.
And
and
exists
(SXzTsrs
yet they
first
place
/^jj,
%a
5,
may
not to do.
And
observe accurately
to
sig-
fjuri
lest.
Heb.
explain
But
cording to the pattern.
o^arSf h^an fin, we require those
to
ooan
o^ars,
nify,
in
it
o^are
For as
differ.
SXecrere,
with-
Philip,
2,
iii.
command
object.
correctly, as in
so o^are
Cor. x. 18,
mind
'xonTv.
And
/SXecre
may look
he command
ed that he
at
do, lest
scourged.
On
is
what he
Roman
the contrary, in
we
to turn to the
Acts
could not
admonish-
is
about to
citizen
Mark
to
iv.
be
24,
OF THE
it is ^Xs'^rsrs 71
18j
we have
NEW TESTAMENT.
which in Luke
axousrg, for
/Sxi-rers
Tug
199
viii.
as in Ephes. v.
dxov&rs,
For in all
these passages the proper force of the word is
referred to the mind, and therefore /SXs-Trg/v may
be joined with dx.ovsiv; but it could not have
/SXs'Tsrg
15,
been,
'TTUjg
dxotfSciJg
ogars r/ dxovsTs
have used
word
hence
it
for
And
otherwise.
arises that
o^ccv is
always referred
'Trs^irrareTri,
as there
which we
it is
is
in the
call objective,
positions only,
to
d(popdv
there
tion
one,
is
by which
removed, so that
word
is
away, as
in Cyrop. vii. 1. 36, Tama/v d(pooojvTac^ for they
smote the backs of the Egyptians; another
it signifies,
to look
therefore,
it
is
allowable to
say
rmg.
yet
it
And
if
THE SYNONY3IS
200
to consider
why he would
proper to say,
avrov
is
it
im-
himself feel
different
sayrov,
(3Xi<n'siv
matter,) or
(^Xsrreiv
why
the
We
No
accurate observer
there exists in
past,
it
which
arises,
it
and
that
to
have
it
ascertained
whence
it
follows
V.
53,
Odyss.
/,
xXDrg
V. 17,
0^^'
o(p^oc
^, v. 18,
iv
rradai
xai vfiug
i'va e'/dire
'E.'lbir
'E'ibir
^ai/reg.
dxovovffai.
or a passive
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
sense, in
is
201
228. TO
r ilhirai aorga.
ov fih
fJ^oi
we
xaxog
Hence
sJvai,
was seen,
it
see, to
v,
v. 98. vuv
i'ihrai,
also,
cl^a/xoc;
hy\
^, v.
itavrci h\
472.
iihirai rj/ia^. ^, v.
w, v. 197.
s'l^og
as Iliad, a,
559.
ri roi (p^sffh
rihrai
Thess.
v.
22,
In
cro 'jravTog
which some render, " abfrom every kind of evil." But Luther
s'/doug Tovrjoou
stain
d^s-^sTs^
it
former
rendering,
(Joseph. Antiq. x. 3,
l^ut it
iihog Tovn^ov is
is
're^/'raroD/Av,
ou 6/a
s^^og
v. 7,
g/^oug,
aKSy^^w in
On
im Glauhen
nicht
the other
the words
Luther has very ac-
im Schauen.
^i^og is
And
the
wir
in-
same
The English
evil,"
not
Euri-
5/a T/Vrswg
loc.)
a disreputable or wicked
an ungraceful form.
hand, in 2 Corinth,
'Trov^iag^
appearance or mode, as
pides
s'/dovg
See Wetstein in
1.
But
iCI.
^avTog
cc'To
mean
hlance in us.
T.
but
evil
appearance or serr-
THE SYNONYMS
202
as
Yet
oS^/c.
has not
it is
it
may
be doubted whether
proper sense
still its
o-^/g
s/Sos
we now
i.
we do
e.
appears to
^s^i-TrarsTv Iv rivi^
differ
Tsp/'rarg/v
plained from
usage
among
the
may be
For
ex-
Greeks, as
bi
d-xiy^zia^ iX%vra,
and
(im
in
rig
vjv
i.
e.
is
d(pr/a'evog, {, e.
by
mffrevovru))!
rroogx6/M/j.arog
v.
my
1164,
hostile
(p6^ou
ya^
5/ ly^^oLi
mind, and
i^yofMai.
So
Euripides, Hippol.
di'
OF THE
may
5,
di'
N',V
TESTAMENT.
203
Ton
Kog/xog
vdari xuraxXvff'^sig
iii.
d'TrdoXiro.
di'
it
s'/'dovg
m^i-TTariiv is
life,
^l^og is
as
to live in-
But
it
svdrj/MTjffai cr^og
rov Kv^tov.
conceive
Our
go
life
is
God.
And
will appear
why
the
word
is
only used in
hence
why
For, as
it
it
is
does
is
THE SYNONYMS
204
in the passive
said to be presented, or to
is
thought
is
rather of
perceive
Whence
it.
also, it is
to,
we may
put either in
we
done, by which
For the
it
power of
specific
word
this
is
not that
affection of the
presented.
ing,
subject.
to
ooav,
ids7v,
Nor
is
It diff'ers, therefore,
and
and from
/SXsTg/v
mind
which
is
rightly said in
for this does not
word
is
evident.
more
tercourse with God,
the notion of a
It is
o-^ovrai rhv
familiar
^soi/,
John
xii. 14,
doubt
we have
and nearer
in-
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
I rather
who more
those
205
which
felicity
For truly
machus,
yet
oh
'Travrl
therefore,
<pamrai,
when
uXX'
o,
by
Calli-
ng
sa^Xog.
v.
And
501,) Pen-
Where
is
God?"
oVrgfl^a/,
inne werden.
^g/ag.
said
is
avrog
(Eurip. Bacch.
he
is it
o/g
ridri
ri
xa/
roTg
A'/jXiov ds
xai
dia'7rv\i^dvi(^cci,
And Homer
says,
(Odyss.
(paivovrai sva^ytTg.
was uU^m
oh
yd^
'^,
V. 161.)
-rw irdvnasi
%ol
THE SYNONYMS
208
Nor do
o^av
and
why
'
would change
For we have yet
iidiTii
is
without the
these irregularities
and
we must
unused, as
is
aorist.
nations, into
certain tenses
is,
that the
if
all
not altogether,
the niceties of
word ^^^")>
(S<\jf occurs in
reason.
and
it fs
in
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
There
oVrso^a/,
is
207
it
should not be
may be sometimes
also.
It
ijjiiZova
TOVTUV o-^sr
nothing more
is
xviii. 15,
tfj)
written
rov
do^ccv
o-^si;
'^soUf
as
when
is
But Matth.
be seen.
to
o-^ei
r-^v
and Acts
xxvii. 4,
were written.
a difference between ffu o^a, and
o%]^/
and
o>]^stf^s aCiro/
For there is
o^/g/.
For (fv oga, is, look accurately, consio4/g/ is like the Latin, tu
der, examine
but
videris (from which formula, tu vide, differs.)
It means, it is for you to examine, consider, re<ri)
^ri)
He who
gard.
done
says
he who says
tfu
a^o
o^a
o\)y/
commands
to
it
be
er
do
it,
aXkoiy
ii
Xoyov
iyu rovruv
is
o-^i(j'^e
(pvaiv
i.
avToi' for it is
In
it
^^r^;aa
added
this
o-^l/ovrai
oi
This ap-
g%/v.
xviii. 15,
oy (SovXo/^at uvai.
17.
%^ir^g
sense
tfO
IffTi
yap
oga
never found.
We
Both
have yet
differ so far
to
^swfgri'.
T.
THE SYNONYMS
208
mind with
They
ject.
when
are
frequently used,
So Matth.
xi. 7,
be expressed.
Matth.
xxii. 11.
e.
ri
And
in
i.
to
sJ^X^srs ^gacatr^a/,
''/
is
therefore,
sees,
we
knows, under-
word y/i'wffxg/,
a very unsound remark made by some,
this place yivuxSTtziv and ^gw^g/i/ may be
it is
that in
It
should be translated,
vi. 1,
xxiii. 5,)
to
'TT^og
rb '^sa^rivai auroTg
passages
in
(and Matth.
are
For
There
at.
eaa^ai vfiag,
IXcr/i^w
dia'Xo^svofMSvog
^ga-
jSouAo/j^ivog lUT^ov
i.
e.
Xenoph.
grodrsvfj^ay and
TO
^gatfa/jt-cvog
Cyrop.
In
coriveiiire.
209
vii.
7,
5.
v.
1,
rs^dfii^a
would be, we
looked at the city, wliich would not express
the author's meaning.
See also Hiero, 2. 5,
z,'jxX(jj rriv 'Ttoajv.
sModxa/jjiv z. r.
^eaff^a/ ytdXXiov
^iSe, yvdo/jiYig
pides Orestes,
on the word
said
The
did ruv
909, SsSo^a/
v.
What the
Jdovra.
<j<7r6Triv
Jj
<7r6Xiv,
S.h
rh h-
-^^^'^
^suosTv is
peculiarity of the
Euri-
o(p'^akiJijOjv.
6'
word
well known.P
B-tu^iTv is
But
very beautifully
This
is
one of
carried
we
arrive at little
words
there
S-a&z.
video
speciatio, B-Au,
In the
first
is
cum
cum
templor,
stedfastly.
origin.
On
ntH
In
all
it
signifies the
videns,
cum
voliptate.
In the
first place,
we
fiiid,
THE SYNONYMS
210
although
it
is
are
sound
may
be shown by
many
word
mannic, geseon
in
or contemplation.
that of
ayd^ofiai' admiror
Greek
in English,
to gaze.
was
of the sound of
confounded and
the
it
lost.
We
was
H ^^^^
likely to be
sight,
And
show.
it
it
may
be pro-
with aspiration.
In
all
all
softly, or
Ssoj, the
name
of God,
is
from
^ot,vfjt.ccZ,u,
B^iu^nv, &.c.
this source
He
Glossarium Gothicum,
p. 287.)
(rEaa^aa/,
And
And
that seeth.
to
Chaldee
German
ttieo,
tueor, intuitns
and probably
those other words which occur for the Deity, Tuito, (Tacitus de Moribus
Gaelic, Ti'erna.
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
211
that,
edly in the
New
ix.
In
ogav.
7,)
it
appears to be put
others there
all
evidently
is
miration.
same
ov^avovc dvsu}yfj.evovg
Toi/g
in
Acts
vii.
56, ^wg&>
assumed
preters have
cannot
to exist there,
fj^'n
For
o-^irai.
mean
that passage
in
to experience, to attain
that seeth.
text, as established
It
justified
its
is
it
given in the
quite accurate.
B^tu^tTv
little
cific
says, ^swgg/P
great majority of
c^at
it
ovx
is
^wj^v
does not
'^iojosTv
of its
etymon nTH-
It is of
T.
THE SYNONYMS
212
s/g rhv
and
"
a/wva,
it
rhv a/wi/a,
to look
since oVrsff^a/
is
the act of a
moment
But
since ^su^uv is
we
on which
^sw^s/i',
word
is
junction with
/5 rhvaJcHiva.
heavenly truth
s/g
rh aima.
Here, however,
present pause.
we must
is
not
for the
CHAPTER
Many
affections
tliat
mode
is
in
which they
On
very similar.
IX.
tlie
mind
they appear to
differ
and conditions of
arise
this account,
213
we
find that
mind
is expressed are not only used indifferently by
inaccurate writers and speakers, but even by
lexicographers are rendered by the same Latin
words, as if they had no difference; and, by
these means, recent and raw scholars are misled
to
the condition of
New
it
for
under-
Testament.
must be ad-
more
easily
moved would
natu-
THE SYNONYMS
214
rally
to
express the
emotions and habits of others; and in such instances a strict interpretation would lead at
once to error.
And
sense,
we do
Finally, in those
will.
There-
shall notice
tensively used.
In the
New
Testament,
we
more
New
215
has not in
it
denotes the
word
And hence
propension.
(SovXsff'^ai is
(3ovXi<^^ai,
the
mind
I have
marked,
more elegant writers accurately observed. Who would suppose that Plato had written carelessly, and only with the desire of varyis
in all the
doxsTf
Ta^'
s/xs ri'Asiv
s'rridii^sra.i
olxads
7]fj,7v.
Eu
-Tag' e/xol
Xsysig'
/'
/xsf
To^ytag r-OLrakmi
dXk' d^a
ydoTCu^id^ai
i^sX^trs/sv
Ttai
av
Tj/jjTv
diaXi-^^voci
X.
word
mere
s'bsXvjtfsiiv
(SjvXofMai
for
Socrates
'!rix^
a'jrov z.
doubted of the
whether he
will
but
if
he de-
THE SYNONYMS
216
wish to
aurov, I
Trao
Xa/Swi'
oiroecc
s%Xiig'
{)hy^
otuj
And
And
ffv
a}X
;
yjri(}^(Xi
(SovXtj,
Urao, w
Ka/
hrrdoyjctVy
coi
(31.)
av 6u
O'jrug
vii. 2. 4, (9.)
SKiikriffuig gvfi(3cvA\j(rai
(SovXsi.,
5. 12,
iv.
oiTug av s^sXuGiv,
a'jToTg.
fjLOi
diadidov
y av, i<p7\,
Something bland
^o'okoiiMriV
tv^sTv.
There is
and respectful and courteous in the reply of
Croesus, but in the question of Cyrus nothing
aya^ov
but
r/ sot
this
what
your
is
Whence
will ?
oc-
it
but by
(^ovXsci'^ai.
I will
wish
the altered
the
diu
].
ds I3o{jXs<^cci
ir^o^-jfMiaf,
Arrian.
rrj
o)v
Xd^^CL
as widely
boKuv
The
%Xcfjv.
Epict.
i.
uc %Xoi).
firi
^sXuv
12.
And
f/.h
other
ohyl
is
in
oudsig urravrav
ovo'jm
xa/
ruj
1329, 1330,
v.
Diss.
Asuvog
19, dlxaiog
k[ioviXr^y\
in
the kingdom,
Hyppolytus
y^d<pstv TO
first is
t'Sj
^ovXiToci
The
manner of Agamemnon,
he obtained
y^fiC,ojv,
to point out.
differing
d(pi6rufisff'^^
13,
^o{jXo/j.&j
SO in Matth.
ahrriv 'KaocLbnyfLiLridCLty
d<::oXZ(Sai ahriiv.
But
in this use
-217
known
that
(SovXsff'^ai
is
75
But
For
he understood.
never so used.
we may
first,
ment,
me
ri
notice in the
mind, the
to ^sXw.
Xoyovg
insufficient.
New
ha xal
Testa-
%aoj
sxxXrigicc
But here,
yXu)6(i'fi.
'ttsvts
aXko\jg zarrr
/jbv^/oug
^s'Xs/v is
And
know,
as far as I
should
f.caXXov
to
to
"jrs^rs
my
than
intelligible
thousand which
Another passage is
Xenophon de Mag. Equ. 9. 5, ok xa^vinu
were
unintelh'gible.
in
rh
can find
who
will.
And
all
of,
dominus, maritus
used of those
it is
the derivatives of
P>ouXof^a,i
modern languages,
in
remaining in Latin
volo,
wUgan,
vouloir,
we
And
find in
pension.
this
is
German
the
word
ivillig,
T.
THE SYNONYMS
218
ug
fi^ mTivsiv,
in
which
s%Xo-j(H
^i',
And
may even
it
in
more
freely,
Cyrop.
comp. Memorab.
'zaoeiTj.
ti
ra (piXrara
The
iv. 4, 17.
reason
its
specific signification.
simply to wish,
would then
if
5i
signify,
^sXsic f^d^iff^ai
ri
(pvyuv.
And
if fJ^aXXov is
it is
thing
itself
which
is
willed
Homer
sages in
Butmann,
SeXg/
yd^
tojXov,
ri
fidXXofy
<p^vuv.
rrjv
1.
c.
rrctrrio
II. ^,
p. 30.
6
On
to.
234.
see
ru-^rig ffraXay/Mov n
11.
p.
1363, 42.
rri%v
AyjXfddog.
ii.
as appears in the
319. Od.
ov^uviog
xoXadiv ai/roD,
added,
but to the
dxovsiv"ll^sXoVj
ij
add
iii.
xi^d^rjg xapov/j^ara
many
which
this is
q|q
an example, among
others.
of these words,
is
to be
found in a different
means properly,
passages in which
same
to will.
s'^sXnv
Gregory of
is
this
or
^jva^'^at, is
and
jMoT^av
sfjJrtg
aXo-^ov,
we
And
hahen.)
to be pressed.
gorium,
therefore the
cthrog is
not
p. 135,
oh d-ovarat.
word
we
should read
//,5
THE SYNONYMS
9J20
%wg/a xa/ ra
oyy
Xenoph.
Hist. Gr.
ovdh
Matth.
there
ii.
is
So
roc
'xXoTa hsT^iv
iii.
12. extr. ov
18, ov ^sXsiv is
also it is
put for
abandon the
In the former
kill
him
in the lat-
sie
But
ov dvvaa^oct.
in either case to
ter,
And
dtdddKsiv,
assumed
Testament John vii. 1, and
New
no need
61,
Memor.
that in the
l^iku
fi
4.
v.
Tj^iXs 'TTa^a'TrXsTv.
ovTciTi
yd^
dsvdpo,
(German,
as in Gen.
'
It
is
Jeremiah xxxi.
15,
refer to
in
The
The
all consolation,
of what-
ever kind, from the bitter sense which she had of their
The
full
^/^^^ TJ^Q-Q^^, if
ing that the meaning of
all
loss.
force of the
trnuae of ou luvetrai.
't^^f^ is
LXX
so unequivocal,
used ovk
The etymology
iiB-iXi
of IJ^Q
it is
not at
in the umisual
is
probably the
OF THE
^s^^iv is
NEW TESTAMENT.
Herodot.
vii.
50.
we
ternommen
sein)
T^uroe, (ps^sff^ai
e^skii
221
rot,
say: wollenun-
Callim. H. in Del.
'Ex
fiovgsuv.
v. 4, Arfkog
conf. Aris-
And
it
is
observed by some
ii.
12.
as Valc-
critics,
on Mark
vi.
5,
is
put for
oi/x
which
a man might say ov dvmff^ccif because he had
good reason to refuse, as in our language we
say,
we
cannot, because
we
in
-Troi^gai.
Evidently, as
that our
word
is
it
is
in
and hence
out circumlocution.
T.
THE SYNONYMS
^22
instead of
ohx
good man
although he could,
fore,
the
oux r^duvaro,
is said,
it
ri'^iXs.
if
we may
say with
unable to do
is
And
he would.
it,
there-
power of working
miracles,
may
be said
among
this people.
working miracles
He
He
work miracles
there.
could
could
may be given
2. 18,
(t^y"
rjdvvd/MTiv
Zti))
vii.
etg
^Xs'TTuv,
times,
forward:
c\jh'iv
oKko
Book
dvva/Msvr],
saw nothing
ii.
Jj
2.
6,
tjv
d'rod^avat
dum/nsvvi is
Jj
dk
avrri
is
i]
acro^uyg/V
put for
brought
Gr^arriyia
in
^sXeyca,
which
i.
e. it
But there is no
need to shrink from the usual meaning of the
word. Certainly what the (sroarriyia looked for
else to
be done.
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
223
He
ar^oLTTiy'ia
tune xdXX/ov
4. 11,
aiirov,
Idr^urriyrias,
they adduce
because
of Panthea.
said therefore,
all
ou
i.
e.
at her hus-
But, to return
same
vi.
sdvmvro ^sdaac^ou
cr^off^gf
in force with
^gXs/v
ov
is
ou ^L/vac^a/
sometimes the
but (SovXec^af is
ibid. p. 182.
Aristot.
Polit. v. 5. 9,
w^rrg
C.
xai
8.
dered posse,
syM rovruv
C,
valere, as
Acts
ou (3ovXof/.at ihai
^ovXz(/^ai %^miv.
It is rather nolo,
I refuse,
in the sense in
xara X6yov uv
7i\ise'^6/iriv
v/jluv,
THE SYXO^'YMS
2*24
In the word
of the
(SovXse^ai
mind
there
is
Often, indeed,
a particular object.
^ovXerai, rouro
av^poj-TTogf
dXn^^
Xsysiv.
et in
Euthyd.
iu 'TT^uTTsiv,
And
brutes, as
Ammonius
it
is
but to will
only to choose, as
is
okrau
xoti
desire
is
we
J).
p.
Charit.
iii.
(3ovXot/Mr}y
278. E,
civ
<re
/3oyXo/igvo/
has
Yet both
jSovXsSai.
^eXuv
plied to inanimate
things,
a|)-
the
especially in
ii.
Herod,
more
mode
this
says,
that
Xsysiv
or
^^vai.
Certainly,
Xeyg/v,
131,
Valckenar on
ri rovro (SoiiXsrai
when
said,
it is
the inquiry
is
otliei-s,
as
in
the
to differ.
%Xsi rovro
sJvai
thing be or say
Herodotus and
rl
But
is
c;jfi
that passage
which Valckenar
or
<>[
iip-
similar to
Hippol.
Hut
das seyn
(teas soil
V.
865,
ri (SovXsrai
s.
So, in Euripid.
Xija/ diXrog
Tj
'i^oi
although
rovro^
to
'^di
%Xii,
(J^oi.
may
it
seems
almost
iverden),
tqvto shut.
rl /jlsXXsi
"225
be ren-
this will?
yet
it
in-
it
which
is said,
to
s.
is
what does
rovro
tend
this
who wish
woman,
ii.
s^d(^fMov
Alex.
sV;
dmi
214, concerning
p.
^ovXo/jbsvTjv
he could
appear
why
it
it
to
not, as in Lucian,
the
therefore,
If,
sJva/,
For often
hedeuten.
those
said (SovXsSai.
ri jSo-jXirai
is
written
ri
it
will
(SovXirai rovro,
iii.
446,
cup/ 0^0), ri
(SOI
(SovXsrai ro g^wr>j/xa,
this ?
Compare
To what
also
jSovXsc^ai
e.
tor
does the
Hermot,
p. 754.
denotes propension
i.
is
confirmed
18, iSovXr^dg
parallel passage
THE SYNONYMS
226
iv. p.
GaoUn^ov,
712,
oTcv
hr,
n Xsyeir
gotten
us,
Hence
means to favour
Thucyd. vi. 30.
where
^sXsiv
kv
timi is
Hebrew
;
a weak version
is
good
and not
will, is expressed.'
Taylor, in his
of the word
Hebrew Concordance,
yBH*
Hebrew
idiom,
And the
is,
is not delight to the king in dowry."
the
style
force of this expression may be softened to meet
of later languages, as it is in our version, " The king de" There
si
rcth not dowry," and which has so far followed the Sep-
tuagint.
But that
inDU
^V rendering it v
made the whole sentence weak and
lo/xaTi
more
Hebraism
ineffective.
It
were
forcible style of
And we must
ii.
18,
(jj-riCilg
ayy'ikuiv.
it,
lity,
first
place,
known
i:z/
22
b/xag y.aroi'
^sXwi/
affecting
New
place, there
Testament.
no need
is
humi-
But, in the
it.
to the
with
is
un-
In the next
to increase the
number
is fairly
it
z'^tvsru sv B^u)ffn,
to say,
it
was
to us
in v. 16,
says,
things, or deceive
And
^oTjgxsia.
and
finallvj
ovv
r/g v/j.ag
fj^n
Let no man, he
and
open
ra'7rsivo(p^oG{jvr,.
sv
judge you
you by
^sXojv
that
in external
ra-rs/vo^^ocui/Tj
therefore
is,
in
my
(cojisulto,) sls
in
marked
also, that in
V^H
^^Y
(^ovXi^rBxi,
T.
iii.
16;
Kings
THE SYNONYMS
2'28
Herodot.
14,
ix. c.
there
^sXeiv
is
raZra
bz
'rr-J^oiMVOi
For
'ttpootov sXoi.
that, separately
s^cv7',iUro
in the
itself,
word
and
his
mind
ly,
freely
5,
Xav^dm
to
it,
^sXwv
'^a<y%w, I
cro/co.
deserve
do
spontaneous-
it
2 Peter
as
it;
But there
is
as '^sXm
is
when
^gXw
iii.
'TiroiiTv,
pXiTv, to
be wont, John
therefore
rendered as
viii.
compounded with
were
words
if it
44.
In
'MXir.
there
all
the
is
with
So
^o{jXo/j.ai,
that of option
and propension.
xai ixobam
and
in opposition.
"^sXrii is
said.
New
The formula
well known.
It
is,
(SouXrirov ts
But
xai/
%av
fj.ii
therefore, doubtful
Testament
"^sXnv
are put
^sXi^g,
^ovXp
is
whether
xav
never
in the
Heb.
x. 5, ^jfflav
any
x,u} -TTPogp^dv
ohx riWsXriCag,
to
fir^
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
tlon.'
word according
the
2*29
ou xoXaxsvs(/^a,i
ra Xoyixa
o'l
^zoi
Hebrew sense,
to the
'^iXo\j(Siv,
dXX'
x. 8,
avroT;
it,o[MOi6\JSai
ircLvra.
And
ly in the
New
may
Testament,
be shown by
Eph.
iv.
xix.
15.
31
We
The Apostle
Rom.
8 Apocal.
read also in Apoc. xvi. 19,
Coloss.
iii.
ii.
6,
and
is
repeated again in
v. 8, as if
own knowledge
tation
of the
and pleasure,
LXX
tlie
liis
delec-
iuSok-zio-ccs is
not the true meaning of the parallel word H/i^^ti^- iscl solars
must be aware that there is a still more remarkable discre-
here
Hebrew, on which
it
in the
New
Testament
who
to enter
and
some
otlier
(J
full
New
tlie
present
Hebrew
text
7',
THE SYNONYMS
230
dvfLcg Trig o^yrjg
which
is
generally considered to
But
be on their
are
genitive case,
and as
it
guard
in
is
the
word
For
in the genitive.
is
often, both in
certained
by the
relation
mode
more
and amplification
adopted
is
many
of the thought.
Gram. Tom.
iii.
nyms
that
it is
meant
<iTee of the
case
is
ferent
tiie
one
p. 269.
if
It
two syno-
&-j/Mog rrjg
ooyrig,
very different,
For the
in order to increase
^yi>^og crv^og
of dif-
^-^/xof rrig
Heb.
x. 27.
hoyni
means
we
231
Zornes.
It
commonly
is
and
dv/juog
too
some grammarians,
great confidence in
o^yri
asserted from
so far differ,
that 6v>Mg
that
exacer-
is
We
are
warned
ways the
fact
o^yri
it is
case.
And
For
false.
is
not al-
and
dv/j,6g
o^y^
differ
not
from the
For
spirit
as
&u,fju6g
strictly
means the
it is
soul,
sub-
And
QixSicag
mind
therefore
as a
more
Sv/j.6g is
forcible exhalation.
thus described as
'O^yrj^
oi^vb Trig
however, de-
venge."
vii. 1 IS,
modern languages,
in the
There are
German word
traces of
it
THE SYNONYMS
23*2
For
'ZPogriKovTuc,
altlioiigli
anger or rage,
punishing the
i.
injiirer,
often issues in
6vfj,6g
is
Hum.
9. 2,)
(c7|/ /c-r.
eonf.
21.
c.
7.
sVr/
et de Venat.
10.
New
And hence
14.
put in
c^yv is often
ment, but
20,
h^yn there
See Nemes. de
idea of diuturnity.
the
Nat.
of
in
e.
said to
O'ofMg is
in connection
Yet
never.
^v/J^og
mean
in
2 Cor.
anger.
stands
It
s^s/'s,
xii.
^^Xo/, ^vfxoi,
sDi^sTai, Tcara'AaXiai.
[Fcindschaften^ Erhittermigen.)
Coriolano
(init.
p.
axj
TaXiv
^oojf^ivov
^j/mj7c d'
drsp'Trroig,
raoiTyjv.
hdhiov
o\j
And
59.
ovd'
from
not
Tubing,
ax^drotg xal
ivd^/j^offrov
vol.
ii.)
(piXovsixiQctg
d\&i>(i)'!Toig
avvuvat
ed.
Plutarchus de
and
s^oonxoi xal
co(/itatio, cogitavit,
seferoclus
i-jy/ivnrol 'rr^og
S-ii/zo;^ is
(jeasit.
probal)Iy
It is auliuus,
it
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
'233
O-jiMo-j^
ra;
x,ai
Imd-jfMia;,
New Testament.
But
desire.
sm^v/xiM
o^syo/j.ai
In
object.
sm'^u(j.ia
it
selbst) ;
is
may
but
o^'sysff'^M
sired,
And
never.
although
e'7n&v/ji,nv
xiii. 9,
ops^s/g
is
1.12,
(comp.
i.
T-ag 6^'s'^sig
6. 6.)
ax/xa^oucaj
yet
desired, as Herodian,
iig cc/ff-^sag k-rti^-uiMtag^
never, to
oosyzc^ai is
my
word
the noun
of the
sc/^u/x/a,
fevT/^u/x/a;
The
regimen with
as in the
New
Testament
fre-
s'Tri^vfjjia
eao-Kog
THE SYNONYMS
2S4
in the
xcci
Book
of
(fvvovdiacffjbog
Wisdom,
f/Jfj
xaraXa-
fie,
ooe^ig xoiXiag
nitive,
known
It is well
belly.
that
words
may
very
filling
the
in the ge-
Modern
passages of the
We
and
must observe,
l-t^-JiMtct,
in passing, that
the soul
15, Phil.
xara
but,
rivog,
by
i.
23,
is
Tim.
iii.
1.
bi '::\vJiJ,a
Luke xxii.
Finally,
I'Tri'^viMth
as Gal. V. 17,
I'jn'^vfisTv
^7
<^cc|'^
x,ara rng
ffot^Kog, i. e.
any thing;
and raZra
dvrixsirai aXkriXoigj
(scil.
gcco^ zoii
235
would.
They
differ,
x-X/;(ro'go^a/
tensive meaning.
is
fear, sorrow,
used of
It is
all
things
by
anger
manner
to love, reverence, or
by
which any one exTXrimrcci is added. So Xenoph.
Sympos, 4. 23, i^'^o 'rov s^urog i'yCTrXaysvra. Euripid.
P'requently, therefore, the cause
delight.*
Hel.
V.
V.
291.
1413.
^a/x/Ss/ sjCTrXayhrsg.
sjcrXay&Tffa,
In the
plied to auditors,
and
to
the
Rhes.
New
Med.
Testament
l^i'r^'kdynaoL, stI
parents
V. 8. fwr/ Su/xoi/
of Jesus,
i. e.
it is
ap-
rn biba-x/i a-jTou;
Luke
ii.
48,
please.
T.
r>.r,(Tra>^
placeo,
THE SYNONYMS
236
times
ill
INIark, is
sight or consideration of
thing, are horrified
some great
or fearful
itself
mind
is
ahrh
So
tude. ^
Mark
in
ix.
?*.
wont
is
presented suddenly.
In
Mark
xat abriiMViiv
said of our
in
Lord
oyXog
Iddjv
e.
is
xiv. 33,
magni-
its
iJsi^a/x/S;^^?!,
to be,
15,
sv^iMg
this
xvi. 5, 6,
it
Finally,
fear.
^'^Jaro gx^a/x/Ss/d-^a/
7^.v'rsTa^ai
xai
ddrj/x.^
to
customary
whose habit
stant, and to
it
was
to
it.
For
its
it
must be conceded
to
human
al-
nature,
est,
obstupuit
T.
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
237
cfiisis,
regard
all
They
who
therefore
choose to
this, that
our Lord
.foreign to
spoken elsewhere.
Finally, sJ/Vrac^a/
who, by
disturbed that they are
is
far
said of those
New
Testament.
sXs^oi/ y6i.o
mind
In this sense
on
it
is
often
It occurs also in
s^sgrri
where
it
does
of iXiyov) that he
THE SYNONYMS
2^8
For
For
o'l
i:a^ ccvrou
ri^sXov
there, since a
man
his self-possession,
Sa/
cannot think
it is
who
has lost
eg/<rra<r-
is,
exceedingly.
And
this,
because
it is
opposed
But it can scarcely be so understood, for what would be the meaning there of
s^taraff^ai ru ^c(p ? For how could it be said that
he did this to God, or for God's sake ? Neither
to
is
(rca<poveTv.
it
to rw
ii.
15.
Cor.
I suspect,
in this passage,
xiii. 8.
therefore,
means
that
eJ/Vraff^a;,
to yield to another, as
writers.
iv.
31.
See
And
obuv s^iaraSai,
Xenoph. Sympos.
7.
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
390,
p.
iii.
do
it
for
God,
" If
yield willingly,
God's sake
;" for
whom
since
(sv
%aohia.) J
T^ogw-rw it is
sv
especially I
They
solicitous
New
be-
if I
your
for
would be
useful.
are of
ail tilings
nothing to myself;
I arrogate
239
to dif-
Testament it
said that
is
fj^zoifi^av
means
to
be
For although both words carry the meaning of
to care, yet they differ.
For (p^ovrileiv means
be over anxiously careful.
too solicitous, to
So
sent.
ment,
it
care,
as to
to
8.
iii.
ha
(p^ovTt^uv is
is
'i^yov
/j^z^ffivav is
so to
from
(p^eviw
<Pq*iv
amaritudine
of the
Testa-
xaXwv
a subject of interest.
esse,
New
(p^ovri^uei
But
be careful.
fore
be done or be pre-
Titus
'ff^ofaraG^aiy
may
dili-
Hebrew,
sically as
is
/At^if/,yv is
affecit
derived from
which, in
all
^"IQ amarum
T.
spirit,
bitter,
and
phy-
fretful
THE SYNONYMS
240
And also
XakriCiTz,
'\\>'XT\
u/Awv,
i.
e.
in
be not
necessary to your
And
solicitous
although you
by
vi.
25,
/m^i/mvuts
iJ^n
life
were about
iM'-oiiJ,vr,6iT3
rriv
know
not what
rf
its
55
avpiov,
so that
events shall
to increase
morrow
shall
it
be seen
to fail you.
s}g
x. 19,
be not
be,
Matth
Matth.
It
reprehended
is
This
is
meant by the
'jijj<::viyo-j(it
rh
--rlwct
roZ aicovog,
jui^^i/j^mi
And
Xoyov.
raZra ra
therefore our
which
Lord
'i%ri sT/^^rs/, i. e.
as
(poovrigag
Kal
^3
H,iHiLva,v^
iT/^s/i/,
we
sich eticas
we
fMSsifivrjffug,
oLv-zwug xotra/MXsrrjffug.
X. 19.
xoci
ToXXag
v'jxrag
hiimmern.
It
is
properly
For
T-wv
uTkruv xai
/u^s/x-^i/ioi^uv.
^41
(xzgi^w.curv
unbelieving mind,
The
affections of
de Vocibus Atticis, v.
therein adduced.
fJi^s^if^v^Vy
See Moeris,
and the examples
THE SYNONYMS
242
CHAPTER
X.
Some examples
synonyms.
now speak
have
little
of this
of these
briefly.
avarrj^og.
gTcXrj^og.
To many
And
or no difference.
by the terms,
harsh, inhuman.
And
of them,
They render
either
agree, that neither character, so properly designated, has a regard to that which
is
equitable,
For he
hart.)
is ccucrrri^og,
who although he
is
it
due
to him, should
GxXTj^og,
ciple
who
be conceded.
But he
is
of humanity
is
wanting.
The
avffrn^o;
a'/.Xr}^6;
has
ito
243
wish
do
to
so.
father
but a
21,
whom
made
is
the
same servant,
to call
aiidrrj^og.
in
And
is
called
Luke
hence
xix.
it
is
We
meaning.
the
in
if
we
different
This
is
a fre-
make
is
we
not af-
entitled
thing precisely
is
men
is
Neither, in
as the one
men-
He who
is
c>Ck^6g
iv. 8,
ay^m
Jtai ajiXri^oi
but the
avgryj^og
cannot
THE SYNONYMS
244
be blamed.
xakhg
5s
Plutarch.
Cuxp^ui*
riv
xal
ciha-
rri^og.
T'>u.vg'
^TTiog'
(-r^aur^js*
%ir[(S7og*
Xf^jCTorjjg.)
These words are the opposite of the two former ones they agree as expressions of lenity
J'or crgau^ is gentle,
of mind; yet they differ.
who endures all things with an even temper
;
(sauftmiithig ;)
n'^'og is
who
jSaffiXrjg rr^avg is
iii.
124,
'jTnviMa
Finally, the
xi.
And
as in Pindar Pyth.
Compare Matthew
zai
5,
V.
%or\<irCi
others (yiitig,)
free
mild;)
is
-r^ae/g
29,
in
on
'Tro^og
Peter
iii.
dya^oTg.
uiii
4,
xal
'^r^ccC
self-sufficiency, in
which the
droCTokoi^
^otX-ff^j
s'/vr}'^rifj.sv
rtTtoi
rd savT^g rixva
riTiog n^v.
ir^cfog
iv fMsffui vfiuv,
as in
Homer,
denotes tenderness
ug
ccv
crarj?^
r^o(pli
S ug
of spirit;
245
^T/og the
Tim.
In 2
lung andrer.J
Behand-
24, the
ii.
ser-
{i. e.
irdyrag,
'jrfog
about
i. e.
didocKnxhv, avs'^ixccxov,
He
roug avTldiccTi%,(Msvoug.
is
iv it^adrriri 'TTaidiuovTa
n-^'og
So we
others.
and
annoy
seeks to
or distress
Prometh.
And
who
in Herodot.
iii.
89,
we
find
rj'xiog
v.
481.
opposed
to yoCkiirug.
In the word
x^^jcro;
Our Lord
benevolence, benignity.
Father that he
is
%p>5tfrov
is
says of the
In
Luke vi.
Matthew
^opT/cv
fjjov
Xirjcrog,
xi.
sXa(p^6v
is
easy,
it
35.
30,
^vyog
/xou
^g^jcro? xa} rb
sffrt,
is,
it is
benign.
THE SYNONYMS
246
ditions
'TovTi^og
xi. 46.)
rou
tiges
Joch :J for he
a%f>j<rros;
e.
who bears
it
feels himself to
But
young students be on
they so
let
as to suppose that
observed
which
is
very incorrect
for
it
may
overcome
every rebellious passion, and constantly to obey
the divine commandments, not by the fear of
punishments or the hope of reward, but solely
from the love of truth and virtue, and of the
holy authority which commands it. And yet
but
it
may
be said truly,
xa/ iu(Ba,araxrov,
soul,
not SO easy
hXasp^hv rh (poorlov,
because
it
it is
made
i. e.
su(popov
so that daily
to
day by day
it
^^' ^>-ot<p^or^og.
xi^'^'^^'^H^^
p.
669.
But
to return.
will be granted
by
all
In
Romans
ii.
4, it
247
New
Testament, not
beneficence, as
say that
Rom.
%p?;(yrorjj
ii.
in the
Cor.
4, xi. '22, 2.
vi. 5,
Ephes.
i<p'
ii.
i]ijja.g
7, crXoDroi/
rJjj "XJ^^iroQ
But in
X^iffrui 'Ir.ffou.
avrov
this
sv ^^rjffrorTjTi
passage %ag^?
seems rather, as elsewhere, to express the benefit conferred on us, by divine benevolence,
through Jesus Christ.
who
In Titus
xf^jfyrorTj?
heed also
does not
we
If
to the lexicographers,
diifer
also,
are to give
even
Jt/s/x^;
have spoken,
4,
iii.
it
mild, clement,
But
in smsix^g there
is
not the
but
who
rather one
emsizTjg is
ycLkzitig^
But
v^'^/og*
easy, yielding,
nachgiehig,) opposed
all this is
a^^wv
is
well known.
ai/oTjrog*
cf.(S\)nroi*
a certain deficiency of
shows
itself in
differ
very widely.
intellect,
whether
thinking or acting.
this
Yet they
THE SYNONYMS
248
The word
vriT^ioi;
is
But
deservedly
is
it is
who
think, feel,
their
In the
vances.
New
Testament, however,
it
So Matth.
ii.
xi.
the
25,
Hence
same way
20.
fi^ reaihia
as in
vrt'xtoi
vyiTid^nv
yhzG^i ra7g
iv. 14,
dXXa
ttj
xax/cc vfimdt^in,
<p^sffh,
Xenoph. Ages.
Ephes.
occurs
i.
17. TuTdccr^
ccTrdrri,
in
who,
like
vti'zioi,
incautious
NEW TESTAMENT.
OF THE
tatious,
must be
249
It answers, in fact, to
which is not only applied to boys, but to any who, without actual
blame, are destitute of the true knowledge of
things and it is said sometimes without the
idea of blame.
So it occurs almost invariably
in the New Testament.
In Rom. ii. 20, -ra/dsurrig a<p^6vuv and diddffjcaXog vriirim occur together
and in 2 Cor. xi. 19, we read rih'zug yao anyj(^i
;
ruv d(p^6vuvj
(p^oviiMoi
hng.
for the
and
aip^ovsg,
men who
trifling things
but
u(p^ovsg,
be-
Luke
xii.
20,
21.
without anger.
In
ci(p^ojv^
men he boasted,
For as they are ^^om/jt^oi
who rightly estimate things around them, so men
who are deceived by foolish vanities, yet boast
themselves, are called a(p^ong. So in Xenophon
Apol. wefind df^ontsri^a (J^iyakriyo^ia:.) and Sympos. 4. 55, they are called oc,<p^ong, who were
because after the manner of
sv d<p^o(f{jvr}, i. e.
ug
a<pDoov.
i]
deceits of a
Sicilian.
la
THE SYNONYMS
250
I
Peter
ii.
15, it is
joined with
uyvufflcf;
which
is
Commonly
it is
rv
occurs thus,
^//-toDv
(pUMoZv in this
passage
The word
simply to coerce.
is
avoTirog differs
wanting
it is
it
But
in right reason,
which
is
really
( unvernunftig ) ; or that
is
in fact
guided by
false
Paul, there-
although
And
and Titus
we
iii.
followed a
wrong
Rom.
(f6<poi;
rj/XiTi
Jesus,
dvorjrot
i.
dvo^roi,
And when
the
Luke
rfi
a. e.
we
religion.
14;
two
xa^dla, it is plain
or stupid
nor
incredulous
Thoren. Neither, as
xa^bia
is (SpudsTg rfj
^^abijg rp jta^d/cc
we
slow of mind
taken by
itself,
(3^ccdiTg rfj x.
Tou 'xiffnviiv,
hard of
it
251
For when
belief.
of the
/3^a66$ is said
stupidity.
(27.)
dvaiff^rjgiuv
(S^ccdvrrira
-^v^i^g
sv
ch. 14.
Xoyoig
xai
<7rd^s<fiVi
to
also,
whom
and
stupid,
man was
(iv. 8. 7.)
Thessalonians to be
dy^^rjgrovg xal
they confide in
writers.
But
let students
to return.
mean
Cer-
beware how
examples brought from other
But
ness of action.
not
^oahTg useless
In
Im'^vfitai
passions which
Tim.
vi. 9,
dvor}roi,
when
he does
as
THE SYNONYMS
252
V.
426.
avoia
more
word
as
Luke
dvorjffia,
titude of
and
?2X/^/o5.
dffvvsrog
mind
appears to agree
of which
and 2 Tim.
vi. 11,
to perceive that
which
is
true
apprehended by
men
of acuteness,
shviToi.
it
by
the
somewhat surprising
that the Greeks have used the same word
And,
both in the active and passive sense.
in the same way, they use awsrog, both of him
who readily and acutely perceives, and of the
There are some who
thing easily understood.
affirm, that in Rom. i. 31, and x. 30, davvirog
is wicked, wanting in true religion; but without
writers
:iny
although
it
is
But
in the
we
find
midst of
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
an enumeration of particular
vices,
*253
we
could
and in c. x. 30,
s^vog dffvvsrov evidently means a people so far
inferior to the Jews in understanding, as to be
wickedness or improbity
i^vog.)
In
one who is yet inexperienced,
unknowing a<p^ct)v^ one who does not use his rafine, v^T/05 is
;
tional powers;
dvorjrog,
one who, from density of mind, does not perceive truth and right.
d<p^Qgvv7i,
in the
and the
dvoTjroi, fioo^lccy
dtrui/gro/, dtruvsg/a.
ever, to
The
in the
vjt/o/,
tv(fi(3'/}c,
ihXaBrig*
svXd^six.
zvcfs^siw
Acts X.
xal svXa^rjg.
Heb.
^SQv.
Tim.
ii.
ccrXorrjgy
2,
xii.
2,
25,
they are
dvri^ dixaiog
sv Tcdari ihgi^uct.
ii.
for
xa;
x.ai evXajSi/ag,
6i(jj\i6Triri.
Passages,
and
inasmuch as svasjSrig expresses that reverence for the Deity which shows
i\)Xa^'/]g
differ,
itself in actions,
THE SYNONYMS
254
posed
fearing
man
but he
a God-
who shows
Hence guXa/Ss/a is
is sucrs/S^g
that
that
life,
both
ri
Tim.
Ian
vi. 6,
wer
hi
gottse-
happy
if it
providentialgovernment of God.
fiiT
to
On
auragx/a?.
Thatisei><r/3/a
iro^iff/j^hv
who
which
is
which leads
X/'a V.
piety.
iii.
13,
to piety.
which
N either
16, as
mean
it is
is
It is piety Ater
And
gainful.
vofii^ovrsg
suffslSsia
in this
It is
57
^ccr
ivcs^nav didaffxa.
is rh
/J.V
ar rj
{ ov
Ti^g
voas^iiag 1
Tim.
i.e.
i. e.
fivgrri^iov
TTii suffi^siag is
all piety,
255
Christian religion
rrig dX^j^g/a;,
That
K|cu^?3 sv (sa^xi %. X.
to
is
be referred.
namely,
6v<rsj3sia
which
^sog fa-
that espe-
is
cially
Wherefore Peter, 2
exhorts Christians to show in their
xvii. 23,
2 Tim.
Epistle
6,
i.
iii.
5.
and
in their
But
gutrs/Ss/a,
sutri/Sgya,
brotherly love.
caution,
it is
life
mind
it
and
exhibits
It occurs in this
of piety.
But
there are
uTh
there
is
no reason
why we
of
is
For
it
first,
nothing said
Jews generally.
But
concerning these
avd^sgsvXa-
is
not be said
evident that
o/
THE SYNONYMS
2o6
tioned
men-
are only
Hebrew, but
all
those
provinces
different
to
dialects,
who were
Galileans,
oiaXsKruj ajrwc,
sv
f\
speak
understood, with
who
proselytes
r/MfTog
little
rn ibia
iv
lyivv7]^r,<iav.
this is
ev'li^ovgaXrjf^,
'^1^
and who
they dwelt
in
permitted to sojourn
among
through
all
Empire.
name was
not
calls
lovbaToi
which
applied to the
them
Roman
Peter himself,
'
ls^ov(faXr,fji,
In
v. 10,
however, a distinction
is
among them.
whom
257
to
made use
those
fluence
the whole
law.
covenant
selytes of the
from
this,
that
may
be
For
Tcuroixovvrsg.
is
Uti^l/l,
whom
neither
word,
this
They appear
ply.
dis-
Hebrew term
if it
to pro-
be understood
to
me, therefore,
to
have
some were
V. 10,
that
among whom
JiarorAsTv
Acts
i.
proselytes.
may be
ers at Jerusalem,
ivXdCrjS,
suppose
lastly,
evident
the dwell-
all
where
there
them
is
civo^sg tuXa(3iTg
But there
proselytes
a passage, Ileb.
svXd^iia appears to
are said to
is
no reason
either.
v. 7,
in
And,
which
it is
19.
ed
For
affirmed of
appears by
it
word
to
also
THE SYNONYMS
258
ty."
But
of thought
seeing* that
is
by
this view,
the series
up ardent prayers, he was freed and accomplished a perfect obedience,) I would prefer
to
understand
g'JXaCs/a in
For he
For he did
might experience that constancy and perseverance of mind which Luke relates to have
been conferred on him, c. xxii. 4*2, 43.
It
would appear, therefore, that all these words
Ko/Vg^
oJv
whg
'i/ji^a^sv
v'Traxorjv,
should be included
may
sentence
eviyxag,
cohere
s/gaxov^sii;
On
gurnoiug..
this
xa/
together,
rsXs/w^g/g
sysvsro
It
is
a'iriog
ad Isocr. Paneg.
ir^og-
dsrj^sig
dcr6,
Morus
p. 55.
New
Whence
it
arises,
so vaguely
that to the
same vocable
OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT.
259
affix
the generic
it is
class
It
were ridiculous
And
is it
ridi-
culous,
inherent in
it is
it,
common
or generic notion
THE SYNONYiMS
260
The examples
of this
a few will
suffice.
said to
have at times a
life,
cial
all
These words may have been accounted synonymous, because each has the
common notion of impurity of life defiled by
have used.
intemperate passions
and proper
rately,
force, which, if
we
meaning
The word
the
meaning, for
its specific
observe accu-
in
doubt as to
most extensive
But
a^eX/s/a,
and
if it
a<r<ur/a,
yet they
;
so that
were the
261
For
ment.
used
axa^agtf/a is
New
Testa-
any
to express
is
made
said to be
ovx.
neither in error,
oO^s Ix doXou,
posed
is
to
'TrXdvrjg, ovds
dvofj^Ia,
impurity of
all
improbity,
pious and
s/'s
dvofx,ia^ i. e.
H"
avo/x/av,
flagitious life;
to probity
and
vi. 19,
it is
it
said
The sense
is,
douXa
rij
/uAXyj vfjjuv
and to
lead an im-
to impurity,
so as to
so
op-
it is
iv.
but
life.
as ye formerly ^a^scrj^cars rd
axa^agtf/a xa/ r^
c.
Romans
in
generally of
nor by impure
and in
And
dixaioffvvr].
Ig d'/M^cc^gicc^f
virtue, (rf
were devoted
in the service of
to impiety,
now
holiness and
consecrate to
There
19, o'irmg
<7rot,^sduKUV
d/ta^ap(ftag TatSrig
iaurovg
rf,
crXsoi'gJ/a.
dgikyzia
It seems,
r/f
chastity.
dixaioevvri,
is
im-
^oDXa
zlg
iv.
l^yadiav
however,
THE SYNONYMS
262
opposed
some-
The word
dffiXyrjg is
acsXys/a
v. 16.
differs
from axa^a^Gia.
therefore,
is
tament, vol.
2 Cor.
xii.
In
588.
i.
dffsXyrig,
long harangue, de
given in Gal.
Rom.
v. 19.
It is
Peter
iv. 3,
tonness.
it
It is
seems rather
'rrovrioicti,
^Xa6(p7i(Ma,
21.
Mark
of vices
ii.
18; but in
7,
to intimate
vii.
22.
wanit
is
xkorral,
\j'7ri^r}<pavia, dip^offuvT}.
It
cannot mean
The
[J^n
racter,
list
13,
specially intended in
rrXeovs^iai,
xiii.
de
probably used to
12, there is a
and in the
xai dasXyi/atg ;
xo/Tccig
cro^vs/a,
corrupteh's, de adulteriis,
de sumtibus.
pj'otervitate,
c.
and
interpreters,
therefore,
in v.
generally
OF THE
render
it
NEW TESTAMENT.
injury; but
263
it is
to that
which
is
own
just
In this sense
it
among
often occurs,
Probably
word.
if
we
could,
we might
arrive at a
more
This word
fatal,
retained in
is still
condemned.
particle,
German
And
selig,
it
German,
unselig, miserable,
Danish
salog,
Anglo-Saxon
saelig, in
modern
times.
If
it
term.
compound, as the Lexicons state of se and Ugo ; but is another form of the yet undiscovered etymon of selig.
I am inclined to think that the original word is H/iJ
which, in the Hebrew,
is
and in Arabic
It has the
is
not only
used in this sense, but carries also the idea of worth and
THE SYNONYMS
264
and
in those passages which are sometimes compared with the text already quoted from Mark.
other writers, but especially in Polybius
In the same
with
Way Demosthenes
charges Philip
He
puts together
xai dffsXyojg^
also
ds<f'?rortxu)g
and
Ctesiphon, p. 78,
Nor does
the
word
t?iv
koc! TPCTTiroog,
u.(SO\.yZ)c,
Aeschinus iu
dgsXysiav
rTig da'Trdvrjg.
For
o/
da^itg,
are
d.<S'j)ria
is
8, et
Gellius
excellence.
^Jlo
Hence
vii. 11.)
and
it is
general-
dissolute,
whom
In-
idea attached to
it
is,
T.
and
is
16.
life
So in Luke xv.
said daurug
^s^iKTxsc^s o7vw,
And
X^v.
u)
265
in his Officiis
55,
ii.
in Ephes. v. 18.
sdTiv d(Twr/a,
it
is
not spoken
drunkenness
is
bauchery particularly,
tinism.)
sv '/.arrijogici d(fcii)Tiag
Peter
iv.
spoken of
rj
avvToraxra,
who had
And
in 1
3,
is
of this class,
many
passage,
meaning of a
does not
writer, in
any
END OF
VOL.
I.
FEINTED BY
J.
Library
Princeton Theological Seminary-Speer
Date Due