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Cy = AFy
BI-AXIAL CHECK:
NOTE: for this check U1x can be less than 1 for pin ends. For moment frames U1x = 1.0
BI-AXIAL CHECK:
Class 3 Sections:
Three failure modes must be checked:
1) Cross Section Strength
BI-AXIAL CHECK:
NOTE: for this check Uix can be less than 1 for pin ends.
BI-AXIAL CHECK:
Bearing Plates:
1) Calculate acceptable Bearing stress on Concrete Column:
= 0.51 given in the following table:
f'c
Bearing
Stress
10
5.10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
17.85 20.40
22.95
7) Computer =
2
2
8) Compute = where t is the plate thickness.
300
350
67.5 78.75
400
90
10
10
5.10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
17.85 20.40
22.95
6) Calculate BSA =
7) Find =
( )2
2
300
350
67.5 78.75
400
90
Note, for I-beams, anchor bolts have no large consequence for pinned supports
provided plates are slightly larger than required area.
For HSS Columns:
10
5.10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
17.85 20.40
22.95
Case 2) Anchor rods are required: Use size of anchor rod to select wrench size, and
take D value from that as minimum spacing from edge of column. (round the value up to the
nearest 5mm)
5) Find m =
+
2
7) =
, = 2
Fy
Phi Fy/4 = Q
300
350
67.5 78.75
400
90
Eccentric Design:
1) Determine which case you are using :
e=
Case 1:
1) Compute effective Bearing Area:
An = B(C-2e)
2) Check An > AB if yes, done, if not continue:
3) Increase C and or B. Then check m and n deflection limits again. (see previous
section) Find m and n as given in the following diagram:
m=
4) Calculate BSA =
5) Find =
0.95
2
,n=
0.8
2
( )2
2
300
350
67.5 78.75
400
90
Case 2:
1) Start with non eccentric procedure and find your plate dimensions.
2) If dimensions not given, increase C so e < C/6
3) Otherwise find a = 3
4) Calculate m =
0.95
2
5) Select f
From table below: (0.85*0.6*fc)
f'c
f
10
5.10
6) Calculate f2 =
1
7) 2 = 2
2
2
Note that Q =
()()
+ ( 2 )
15
20
25
30
7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30
45
22.95
103
8) Check that
35
40
17.85 20.40
300
350
67.5 78.75
400
90
Case 3:
1) Anchor Rods needed, take f From table below: (0.85*0.6*fc)
f'c
f
10
5.10
15
20
25
30
7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30
35
40
17.85 20.40
45
22.95
2) Select (if not given) td the distance from the anchor rod to the center of the column.
+ = 0
= ( + )
3
2000 2
Where all lengths are in mm
So compute terms a1 b1 and c1:
1 =
6000
So =
, 1 =
2000
1 1 2 41 1
21
2 + , 1 = ( + )
M16
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M36
6) Find Rod Distance: drod = td - half column width + half flange width of column.
(note this is the distance from the center of the rod to the edge of the column)
7) Compute Mrod = T drod
8) Compute Vrod = T
9) Calculate Mr = 0.45 2 = 135 2 300
10) First Check for t: Mr = Mf and solve for tmin . If Mr and Mf are not requested
explicitly:
=
for Fy = 300W grade rod.
=
0.45
135
11)
0.45
2 +
1.188
Calculate Mf2
14)
Use Mr to find t. so
2 = 2.222
103 in mm2
10
5.10
15
20
25
30
7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30
35
40
17.85 20.40
45
22.95
2) Set = 4( + 2) + 2 2 or
= 22 + + 2
3) Solve for m
2 2 103
4) Find =
0.9
Bolted Connections
Separation Load
To calculate Ap:
1) Get bolt spacing in terms of bolt diameters:
Spacing = gauge/db = Coeffdb
2) Ap
Prying Forces
Angles
Tf = Pf + Q = Pf (1 + b/a)
where Q < 0.3Pf
T-Sections
t is
Advanced method:
flange thickness
Slip Critical
Bolted Connections
Separation Load
To calculate Ap:
1) Get bolt spacing in terms of bolt diameters:
Spacing = gauge/db = Coeffdb
2) Ap =
2
4
2
4
Prying Forces
Angles
Tf = Pf + Q = Pf (1 + b/a)
where Q < 0.3Pf
T-Sections
t is flange thickness
Advanced method:
Slip Critical
Eccentric Loads:
1) Find Centroid: xbar=
ybar=
( )
2
and
and
Ray=
( )
2
4) Find the total resultant shear due to direct shear and moment induced shear
2
Total Shear = VT =( + )2 + +
ICR Method:
1) Calculate Pf = Vertical Force/Bolt Groups
2) Calculate Vr
3) Calculate C = Pf/Vr
4) Look up Callowable , from tables HB 3-29. Linear interpolation can be used between guage and
values in needed.
5) Calculate connection shear capacity per side = Vr Callowable > Pf
CHECK!
Composite Beams
Prelim Checks - Check capacity of steel beam section without hardened concrete (ie concrete offers no flex
resistance, use steel capacity only), under only dead load (Steel, concrete, formwork) and construction live
load.
ie find Mu then find Mr etc----- see beam section.
Shear
20
25
30
35
40
9.93808 8.888889 8.114408 7.512482 7.027284
n = Es/(4500(fc)0.5)
0.9
0.51
if a < tslab then NA in the concrete, use Case 1 for full connectivity.
if a > tslab then NA in the steel, use Case 2 for full connectivity.
4) Get qr and Qr min and calculate % connectivity, if 100%, stay in full connectivity otherwise
move to case 3.
0.9
0.51
ii) find connectivity Qr min that gives benchmark for full connectivity:
lesser of:
iii) compute qrs
OR
Ec = 4500
ii) Find Cr =
0.9 103
2
so =
and = +
2
2
=
case b) NA in web
2 2
2
so =
and = +
+
2
2
+
0.9 AsFy
OR
0.51 b tslab
Ec = 4500
OR
0.51 b tslab
iii) Find Percent Connectivity = nqrs / Qr min > 40% if flex controls or > 25% if defl. controls
0.51
vi) Find Cr =
x 103 (kN, MPa and mm) where b is the effective slab width.
0.9 103
2
0.9
103
so =
and = +
2
2
=
2 2
2
so =
and = +
+
2
2
+
+ + 2
2
Find Ix-composite :
2
2 3
= + +
+
+
12
2
2
h=
2 +42 2 +
=d + t h
2 3 2
= + +
+
12 2
2
Deflection Checks:
iii) 3 is the same as 2 BUT uses short term live load (no dead loads).
Unless specified, use live load = 0.5total live load
iv)
2 = d + tslab/2 -
s =
2 2 2
10-6
Total Deflection
If the steel beam is simply supported, a truer value of the deflection is:
Compression Members
Step 1 Check beam class
The member must be class 3 or better:
remember to bring root Fy to the other side and check < 200
Step 2 Slenderness
i) Check slenderness ratio
200
Beam Resistances
Moment Resistance
Step 1 - Determine beam class (web and flange):
G = 77000 MPa
J = Shape tables HB 6-40
w2 = 1.0 when a) max moment is between braces
b) no lateral support at ends
Shear Resistance
2) If beam properties are not found in a table compute moment of inertia and section
modulus of the beam:
3) Compute Mr as explained in the previous section. If web is class 4 see section on beam
columns to calculate Mr(4).
4) Use the following to check if the beam is acceptable:
in above check, take Z and S (ie 90 x 103 mm3) without 103 (ie take 90 mm3)
Also check lazy Antoines forgotten check (cross-sect strength check):
1.0
where
Tr = 0.9AgFy x 10-3
= 0.765AnFu x 10-3
= 0.765AneFu x 10-3
least of (see tension section)
Plate Girders:
If given no sizes, start by using the following preliminary sizing values:
= 540
1
3
, =
, and =
0.594
0.594
Flange:
3
2
3
+ + +
= 2
12
12
2 2
Where terms are defined in previous figure,
b is the flange width, and t is the flange thickness.
3) Find Section modulus:
or
=
4) Compute Mr
Class 1 or 2: = 0.9
Class 3: = 0.9
Class 4 web:
4 = 0.9 1 0.005
1900
Shear Stiffeners:
No Stiffeners Specified:
Step 1: check if stiffeners are necessary.
1) Take kv = 5.34 for no stiffeners.
2) Check web type:
Compute Q =
x 10-3
1) Calculate Vr =
Case 2:
439<Q<621
Q<439
With Stiffeners:
1) Choose stiffener spacing a (done by guessing, or given to you)
Compute a/h. In order to select a use the following criteria:
2) Calculate kv :
3) Compute Q =
Case 2: 502<Q<621
1) Calculate Fs note that for end stiffeners, Ft = 0. Do for both end and central.
Stiffener Design:
1) Write down a, Fy , h , w.
2) Calculate C:
3) Calculate Y =
usually 1.
5) Compute As:
8) Find actual area: A = 2 t b > As for 2 stiffeners (always two for ends).
9) Compute moment of inertia:
3
= 2
12
And check:
50
Note standard for 300W-350W steel is E49XX => Xu = 490 and Fu = 450 MPa.
1. = 0.449
2.
= 0.317
iv)
v)
330
<
330
Staggered Welds
< 450
<
< 16w
< 4L
vii)
viii)
ix)
M-V interaction:
Check the following locations:
Vf at x = 0.6Vr
Maximum Mf
Locations where flange reinforcements are placed.
At each location do the following:
If:
525
< 16w
< 4L
1) Vf > 0.6 Vr AND Mf > 0.75 Mr AND correct class (h/w > 502...)
Then check the interaction equation:
at these locations.
Bearing Stiffeners:
Case 1: End of beam:
1100
, or Br < Rxnf
1) Required no matter what if
200
2 +
12 3
=
+
12
12
r=
and finally
1100
, or Br < Rxnf
1) Required no matter what if
200
2 +
25 3
+
=
12
12
and finally
r=
()( )
(N/mm)
where AA is the area above or below the weld (ie. Area of the flange)
where AA to NA is distance from centroid of AA to the the NA of the beam
where Ibeam is the moment of inertia of the beam at that point
NOTE: if the beam has several cross sections along its length, calculate q for each cross
section and take the max q and design a weld with constant characteristics.
2) Do base metal and weld metal checks, take lesser of:
Calculate VRL, take lesser of:
= 0.449
= 0.317
Snow:
S = Is[Ss(Cs Cw Cb Ca) + Sr]
Find Cs = 1.0 for roofs < 30o
Find Cw = 1.0
Find Ca = 1.0
Find Cb =
Wind:
p = IwqCeCpCg (assume no internal pressure)
1) Find Ce:
Open Terrain = (h/10)0.2 > 0.9 or take 0.9
Rough Terrain = 0.7(h/12)0.3 > 0.7 or take 0.7
2) Find z, lesser of:
z = 0.1least horizontal dimension
= 0.4height
but not less than:
0.04least horizontal dimension, or
1m
3) Then use z to find y (length of edge section), greater of:
y=6m
= 2z
4) CpCg for , 1E, 4, 4E in Figure 1-7 Load Case 1, flat roof:
1 = 0.75
1E = 1.15
4 = -0.55
4E = -0.8
Now, calculate p for the four zones of interest:
p = IwqCeCpCg
5) Distribute p-values onto the end windward and leeward wall columns (careful! break down edge effects)
For edge effects: look at 4 cases: (each must be done on the leeward and windward side)
Windward Side:
Case 1) Force = 2 1 2
Case 2) Force =
Case 4) Force =
1 2
Case 3) Force = 1 2
1 2 + 3
1 2
ii) 2
() =
=
< 1.4
10) Repeat steps 6i through 9, for each of the following load combinations, if he asks:
1.25D + 1.4W + 0.5L
1.25D + 1.5S + 0.4W
1.25D + 1.5L + 0.4W
1.25D + 1.5S + 0.5L
Also put full load everywhere and calculate beam loads (V and M)
if L>S
+Tension Members
(Notes 1 3)
Shear Lag
1) For I beams with b > 2/3 d, where d is section depth.
Ane = 0.9 An
2) Angles with 4 or more bolts in one transverse line.
Ane = 0.8 An
3) Angles with 3 or less bolts in one transverse line.
Ane = 0.6 An
4) Other shapes with 3 or more bolts in a line.
Ane = 0.85 An
5) Other shapes with 1 or 2 bolts in a line.
Ane = 0.75 An
Welded Connections
Eccentric Loading:
1) Define Origin (x,y); Usually at bottom corner.
2) Calculate the centroid of the weld group assuming unit width, wrt the defined origin:
=
=
Px = Psin,
Py = Pcos...,
M=Pe
6) a) Look at edge points, determine which will have maximal shear due to moment and direct
shear combination (ie if q and external shear in the same direction, and which one is farther
from the centroid).
b) Compute Shear at each edge point:
(
)=
()
)=
( )
7) Finally take qx+Px and qy+Py and compute the resultant. The edge point with the highest V
governs:
Vmax = +
+ +
8) Calculate Vr and Br for the weld whose edge has the highest shear.
ICR Method:
Look up the weld group in the table given in HB3-44.
Pallowable = CDL
Check that Pf < Pallowable
Note: D > 5 mm ALWAYS
Aw = Am (most cases)