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Beam-Column Design (Non-Plate Girder Beams)

CHECK BEAM CLASS.


Class 1&2 Section follow below, Class 3 see next section.

Cy = AFy

Class 1&2 Sections:


Three failure modes must be checked:
1) Cross Section Strength

BI-AXIAL CHECK:

2) Overall In-Plane Member Strength

kL/r is always for strong axis for this check.

n= 1.34 normally, (W sections or Class C HSS)


n = 2.24 for WWF-shapes with flame cut flange edges or class H HSS sections.

NOTE: for this check U1x can be less than 1 for pin ends. For moment frames U1x = 1.0
BI-AXIAL CHECK:

3) Later-Tosional Buckling Stability


The check is exactly the same as Check 2 (In-Plane) except now:
kL/r is for the highest slenderness (x or y).

NOTE: U1x 1.0

Class 3 Sections:
Three failure modes must be checked:
1) Cross Section Strength

BI-AXIAL CHECK:

2) Overall In-Plane Member Strength

NOTE: for this check Uix can be less than 1 for pin ends.

kL/r is always for strong axis for this check.

BI-AXIAL CHECK:

3) Later-Tosional Buckling Stability


The check is exactly the same as Check 2 (In-Plane) except now:
kL/r is for the highest slenderness (x or y).

NOTE: U1x 1.0

Bearing and Base Plates:

Bearing Plates:
1) Calculate acceptable Bearing stress on Concrete Column:
= 0.51 given in the following table:
f'c
Bearing
Stress

10

5.10

15

20

25

30

7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30

35

40

45

17.85 20.40

22.95

2) Find Useable Wall Width Wnet = Wall Width - 25mm


3) Find Required Bearing Plate Required Area AB =

Where Rxn is the reaction force for the system.


4) Try a plate length of Bplate = Beam width + 25mm
Ensure Plate is still shorter than the allowable wall width:

If it is not, then take =

5) Increase all dimensions to easy numbers (multiples of 5 or 10 mm)

6) Compute Bending Length = , where k is a (vertical) property of the I beam


2
and comes from the property tables. It can be seen in the following diagram:

7) Computer =
2
2
8) Compute = where t is the plate thickness.

Note that Q = 4 which can be taken from the following table:


Fy
Phi Fy/4 = Q

300
350
67.5 78.75

400
90

9) Set Mf = Mr and solve for t


Check that deflection limits hold by checking that



10

Base Plate Design:


Case 1) No Eccentricities:
For I-beams:
1) Find maximum bearing stress:
= 0.55 given in the following table:
f'c
Bearing
Stress

10

5.10

15

20

25

30

7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30

2) Find Required Bearing Plate Required Area AB =

35

40

45

17.85 20.40

22.95

Where Rxn is the reaction force for the system.

3) Guess plate size as:


Beam Width + 200mm by Beam Height + 200mm
(round down to multiples of 10mm)
4) Check that Area is APL > AB
5) Find m and n as given in the following diagram:
0.95
0.8
,n=
m=
2

and use the larger of the two in order to calculate Mf

6) Calculate BSA =
7) Find =

( )2
2

8) Compute = 2 where t is the plate thickness.

Note that Q = 4 which can be taken from the following table:


Fy
Phi Fy/4 = Q

300
350
67.5 78.75

400
90

9) Set Mf = Mr and solve for t


Check that deflection limits hold by checking that

,
take larger of m and n.

Note, for I-beams, anchor bolts have no large consequence for pinned supports
provided plates are slightly larger than required area.
For HSS Columns:

1) Find maximum bearing stress:


= 0.51 given in the following table:
f'c
Bearing
Stress

10

5.10

15

20

25

30

7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30

2) Find Required Bearing Plate Required Area AB =

35

40

45

17.85 20.40

22.95

Where Rxn is the reaction force for the system.

3) Guess the plate Area and dimensions:


Case 1) No anchor rods required:
Take square plate of width = and round up to the nearest 10 mm

Case 2) Anchor rods are required: Use size of anchor rod to select wrench size, and
take D value from that as minimum spacing from edge of column. (round the value up to the
nearest 5mm)

Take Long Dimension of plate Lplate = + 2 + 1.5


(2 anchor rods assumed), again round 1.5danchor rod to the nearest 5mm.
4) Compute Width of the plate Wplate = + 25, round down to nearest
5mm.

5) Find m =

+
2

6) Compute reduced Bearing Stress Br =


()2

7) =

, = 2
Fy
Phi Fy/4 = Q

300
350
67.5 78.75

400
90

8) Set Mf = Mr and solve for t


9) Check that deflection limits hold by checking that

Eccentric Design:
1) Determine which case you are using :
e=

Case 1: e < C/6


Case 2: C/6<e<C/2
Case 3: e>C/2

Case 1:
1) Compute effective Bearing Area:
An = B(C-2e)
2) Check An > AB if yes, done, if not continue:
3) Increase C and or B. Then check m and n deflection limits again. (see previous
section) Find m and n as given in the following diagram:
m=

4) Calculate BSA =
5) Find =

0.95
2

,n=

0.8
2

( )2
2

6) Compute = 2 where t is the plate thickness.

Note that Q = 4 which can be taken from the following table:


Fy
Phi Fy/4 = Q

300
350
67.5 78.75

400
90

7) Set Mf = Mr and solve for t


Check that deflection limits hold by checking that

,
take larger of m and n.

Case 2:
1) Start with non eccentric procedure and find your plate dimensions.
2) If dimensions not given, increase C so e < C/6

3) Otherwise find a = 3

4) Calculate m =

0.95
2

5) Select f
From table below: (0.85*0.6*fc)
f'c
f

10
5.10

6) Calculate f2 =
1

7) 2 = 2

2
2

Note that Q =

()()

+ ( 2 )

15
20
25
30
7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30

45
22.95

103

which can be taken from the following table:


4
Fy
Phi Fy/4 = Q

8) Check that

35
40
17.85 20.40

300
350
67.5 78.75

400
90

take larger of m and n.

Case 3:
1) Anchor Rods needed, take f From table below: (0.85*0.6*fc)
f'c
f

10
5.10

15
20
25
30
7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30

35
40
17.85 20.40

45
22.95

2) Select (if not given) td the distance from the anchor rod to the center of the column.

3) Set sum of moments at Anchor rod to zero to find a.


+ = 0
= ( + )
3
2000 2
Where all lengths are in mm
So compute terms a1 b1 and c1:
1 =

6000

So =

, 1 =


2000

1 1 2 41 1
21

2 + , 1 = ( + )

, where all units are mm and MPa.

4) Take the a value which is less than C (plate length).


5) Select a bar size and calculate T (tension force in the bar):

M16
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M36

Bar Size (D)


Pitch (P)
(mm)
(mm)
16
2
20
2.5
22
2.5
24
3
27
3
30
3.5
36
4

= 0.526( 0.938)2 , Fu is almost always 450 MPa. (300W bars)

6) Find Rod Distance: drod = td - half column width + half flange width of column.
(note this is the distance from the center of the rod to the edge of the column)
7) Compute Mrod = T drod
8) Compute Vrod = T
9) Calculate Mr = 0.45 2 = 135 2 300
10) First Check for t: Mr = Mf and solve for tmin . If Mr and Mf are not requested
explicitly:

=
for Fy = 300W grade rod.
=
0.45
135

11)

Second check for t:

0.45

2 +

1.188

= 1.0 solve for t. (N3-12).

12) Third check for plate thickness:


0.95
Calculate m :
m=
13)

Calculate Mf2

2 = 0.5 103 all values in mm and MPa, answer in kNm.


3

14)

Use Mr to find t. so

2 = 2.222

3 103 = 0.0047 3 103 for 300W grade bar.

15) Deflection Check: make sure


5
16) Set t greater than the largest of those to a common plate thickness from the
following table:

Lightly Loaded Base Plates:


1) Find Amin =

103 in mm2

where f comes from the table below:


f'c
f

10
5.10

15
20
25
30
7.65 10.20 12.75 15.30

35
40
17.85 20.40

45
22.95

2) Set = 4( + 2) + 2 2 or
= 22 + + 2

3) Solve for m

2 2 103

4) Find =
0.9

5) Plate Dimensions: 2m+0.95d x 2m+0.8b, round up to nice numbers.


6) Check deflection:

Bolted Connections

Factored Tensile Resistance

Separation Load

To calculate Ap:
1) Get bolt spacing in terms of bolt diameters:
Spacing = gauge/db = Coeffdb
2) Ap

3) To comes from Table 7:

Prying Forces
Angles
Tf = Pf + Q = Pf (1 + b/a)
where Q < 0.3Pf
T-Sections

t is
Advanced method:

flange thickness

m number of shear planes

Slip Critical

Bolted Connections

Factored Tensile Resistance

Separation Load

To calculate Ap:
1) Get bolt spacing in terms of bolt diameters:
Spacing = gauge/db = Coeffdb
2) Ap =

2
4

2
4

3) To comes from Table 7:

Prying Forces
Angles
Tf = Pf + Q = Pf (1 + b/a)
where Q < 0.3Pf
T-Sections

t is flange thickness
Advanced method:

m number of shear planes

Slip Critical

Eccentric Loads:
1) Find Centroid: xbar=
ybar=

Assuming Bolts are of the same size.

2) Compute ra for each bolt: ra2= (x - xbar)2 + (y - ybar)2


3) and then the force on each bolt: Rax=

( )
2

and

and
Ray=

( )
2

4) Find the total resultant shear due to direct shear and moment induced shear
2

Total Shear = VT =( + )2 + +

5) Calculate Vr and Br and compare to VT.

ICR Method:
1) Calculate Pf = Vertical Force/Bolt Groups
2) Calculate Vr
3) Calculate C = Pf/Vr
4) Look up Callowable , from tables HB 3-29. Linear interpolation can be used between guage and
values in needed.
5) Calculate connection shear capacity per side = Vr Callowable > Pf

CHECK!

Composite Beams

Prelim Checks - Check capacity of steel beam section without hardened concrete (ie concrete offers no flex
resistance, use steel capacity only), under only dead load (Steel, concrete, formwork) and construction live
load.
ie find Mu then find Mr etc----- see beam section.
Shear

1) Find n. Concrete slab must be transformed into equivalent steel units.


f'c
n

20
25
30
35
40
9.93808 8.888889 8.114408 7.512482 7.027284

n = Es/(4500(fc)0.5)

2) Find b, effective slab width.


Slab on both sides of steel beam (b is less of):
i) 0.25 beam span
ii) Avg. C-C spacing of the steel beams
Slab on only one side of steel beam (b is lesser of):
i) steel beam width + 0.1 beam span
ii) steel beam width + 0.5 C-C steel beam spacing
3) Locate NA
find a (mm) =

0.9

0.51

(mm and MPa)

if a < tslab then NA in the concrete, use Case 1 for full connectivity.
if a > tslab then NA in the steel, use Case 2 for full connectivity.

4) Get qr and Qr min and calculate % connectivity, if 100%, stay in full connectivity otherwise
move to case 3.

There are 3 cases: 1 full shear connectivity with NA in concrete


2 full shear connectivity with NA in steel
3 partial shear connectivity
Case 1 Full shear connectivity with NA in concrete
i) find a =

0.9

0.51

ii) find connectivity Qr min that gives benchmark for full connectivity:
lesser of:
iii) compute qrs

0.9 AsFy x 10-3

OR

0.51 b a x 10-3 (mm and MPa)

x 10-3 (mm and MPa)


gives qrs (kN)

Ec = 4500

iv) find length for n studs: from zero-moment to maximum-moment.


Spacing = Lzero to max moment/n
v) Find Qr = n qrs AND CHECK > Qr min
or if not given, find number of studs required, n= Qr min / qrs
vi) Find Mrc
d is steel beam height
e = d/2 + tslab a
-6
Mrc (kNm) = 0.9AsFye x 10 (mm and Mpa)

Case 2 Full shear connectivity with NA in steel a > tslab


i) Find Cr = 0.51 fc b t
where t is the concrete thickness, b is the effective width (above).

ii) Find Cr =

0.9 103
2

iii) Find Steel Compression Area


1000
Asc =
with Cr in KN, Fy in MPa.
0.9

iv) Check if NA is in flange:

= , where w is the flange width, tf is the flange thickness.

if not ok, NA is in the web, so


=

where tw is the web width.

NA is at from the top of the steel beam.

v) Find Centroids of 3 sections.


Case a) NA in flange (from base).

so =

and = +



2
2
=

case b) NA in web

2 2
2

so =

and = +

+
2
2
+

vi) Compute Mrcomp = Cre + Cre


vii) find connectivity Qr min that gives benchmark for full connectivity:
lesser of:

0.9 AsFy

OR

viii) compute qrs

0.51 b tslab

ix) Find Qr = n qrs, or


number of studs required, n= Qr min / qrs
x) find length for n studs: from zero-moment to maximum-moment.
Spacing = Lzero to max moment/n
Case 3 Partial connectivity (NA always in the steel)
i) Find qr:

Ec = 4500

ii) find Qrmin lesser of: 0.9 AsFy

OR

0.51 b tslab

iii) Find Percent Connectivity = nqrs / Qr min > 40% if flex controls or > 25% if defl. controls

iv) Find Cr = nqrs where n is the number of studs in effective length.


v) Find a =

0.51

vi) Find Cr =

x 103 (kN, MPa and mm) where b is the effective slab width.

0.9 103
2

vii) Find Steel Compression Area


Asc =

0.9

103

with Cr in kN, Fy in MPa.

viii) Check if NA is in flange:

= , where bf is the flange width, tf is the flange thickness.

if not ok, NA is in the web, so depth in the web is:


=

where tw is the web width.

NA is at from the top of the steel beam.

ix) Find Centroids of 3 sections.

Case a) NA in flange (from base of steel):

so =

and = +



2
2
=

case b) NA in web (from base of steel):

2 2
2

so =

and = +

x) Compute Mrcomp = [Cre + Cre] x 10-3

+
2
2
+

(kN and mm) gives Mr comp in kNm

Behaviour Under Specified Loads (Deflection):


Case 1) Assume NA is in the steel:

+ + 2
2

Find Ix-composite :

Otherwise Use Case 2 below

2
2 3
= + +
+

+
12

2
2

Look up Ss in the section property tables, and calculate St =

Calculate loads M1 and M2:


M1 = Self Weight + Concrete Slab + Formwork
M2 = Additional Dead load + live loads.
now check that:

During construction, to make sure the tension flange doesnt yield:

Case 2) if NA is in the concrete

h=

2 +42 2 +

=d + t h

from the base of the steel member.


Where, b is effective slab width (above);
t is the concrete slab thickness;
d is the depth of the steel member (total height).
Find Ix-composite :

2 3 2
= + +
+

12 2
2

Look up Ss in the section property tables, and calculate St =

Calculate loads M1 and M2:


M1 = Self Weight + Concrete Slab + Formwork
M2 = Additional Dead load + live loads.
now check that:

During construction, to make sure the tension flange doesnt yield:

Deflection Checks:

2 uses per permanent live load.

iii) 3 is the same as 2 BUT uses short term live load (no dead loads).
Unless specified, use live load = 0.5total live load
iv)
2 = d + tslab/2 -

s =

2 2 2

10-6

Total Deflection

If the steel beam is simply supported, a truer value of the deflection is:

Compression Members
Step 1 Check beam class
The member must be class 3 or better:

remember to bring root Fy to the other side and check < 200

Step 2 Slenderness
i) Check slenderness ratio
200

Check for x and y axes, largest governs.

ii) Calculate lambda using maximum slenderness

Use Lambda to calculate Cr

x 10-3 Cr (kN) = (mm and MPa)

n= 1.34 normally, (W sections or Class C HSS)


n = 2.24 for WWF-shapes with flame cut flange edges or class H HSS sections.

Beam Resistances
Moment Resistance
Step 1 - Determine beam class (web and flange):

If Lu is unknown, check both of the following 2 cases, take the lower.


Step 2 - For unbraced length, L < Lu (or beams that have full lateral bracing or weak axis bending):

x 10-6 (mm and MPa) gives M in kNm

Step 3 - For unbraced length, L > Lu :

G = 77000 MPa
J = Shape tables HB 6-40
w2 = 1.0 when a) max moment is between braces
b) no lateral support at ends

Shear Resistance

Check Deflection (HB 5-146)

Uniform load: Delta = 5wL4/384EI

Tension and Bending:


1) Check section class:

2) If beam properties are not found in a table compute moment of inertia and section
modulus of the beam:
3) Compute Mr as explained in the previous section. If web is class 4 see section on beam
columns to calculate Mr(4).
4) Use the following to check if the beam is acceptable:

in above check, take Z and S (ie 90 x 103 mm3) without 103 (ie take 90 mm3)
Also check lazy Antoines forgotten check (cross-sect strength check):

1.0

where

Tr = 0.9AgFy x 10-3
= 0.765AnFu x 10-3
= 0.765AneFu x 10-3
least of (see tension section)

Plate Girders:
If given no sizes, start by using the following preliminary sizing values:
= 540

1
3

, =

, and =

0.594

as can be seen in the following diagram:

0.594

Checking Plate Girders:


Bending:
1) Check Flange is class 3 or better and if web is class 3 or class 4:
Web:

Flange:

1900, class 3 if yes, class 4 if no


(1700 for classes 1 and 2)

200, if yes class 3, else must increase thickness.


(170 for classes 1 and 2)
2) Compute moment of inertia:

3
2
3
+ + +
= 2
12
12
2 2
Where terms are defined in previous figure,
b is the flange width, and t is the flange thickness.
3) Find Section modulus:

or
=

= [ 2 ( )( 2)2 ] (class 1, 2).


4

4) Compute Mr
Class 1 or 2: = 0.9
Class 3: = 0.9
Class 4 web:

4 = 0.9 1 0.005

5) Done, move on!!!!

1900

Shear Stiffeners:
No Stiffeners Specified:
Step 1: check if stiffeners are necessary.
1) Take kv = 5.34 for no stiffeners.
2) Check web type:
Compute Q =

And consult the appropriate case:


Case 1: Q>621
162000 3

x 10-3
1) Calculate Vr =

2) If Vr > Vf then no stiffeners needed.

Case 2:

439<Q<621

1) Calculate Vr = 261 2 x 10-3


2) If Vr > Vf then no stiffeners needed.
Case 3:

Q<439

1) Calculate Vr = 0.594 x 10-3


2) If Vr > Vf then no stiffeners needed.

With Stiffeners:
1) Choose stiffener spacing a (done by guessing, or given to you)
Compute a/h. In order to select a use the following criteria:

2) Calculate kv :

3) Compute Q =

And consult the appropriate case:


Case 1: Q>621
1) Calculate Fs note that for end stiffeners, Ft = 0. Do for both end and central

2) Calculate Vr = 0.9 h w Fs x 10-3


3) If Vr > Vf then OK.

Case 2: 502<Q<621
1) Calculate Fs note that for end stiffeners, Ft = 0. Do for both end and central.

2) Calculate Vr = 0.9 h w Fs x 10-3


3) If Vr > Vf then OK.
Case 3: 439<Q<502
1) Calculate Fs

2) Calculate Vr = 0.9 h w Fs x 10-3


3) If Vr > Vf then OK.
Case 4: Q<439
1) Fs = 0.66Fy same as before, so
Calculate Vr = 0.594 x 10-3
2) If Vr > Vf then OK.

Stiffener Design:
1) Write down a, Fy , h , w.
2) Calculate C:

3) Calculate Y =

usually 1.

4) Select D value from the following criteria:

5) Compute As:

6) Choose a standard thickness which allows it to fit inside the girder.

7) Make sure stiffener is at least class 3:

8) Find actual area: A = 2 t b > As for 2 stiffeners (always two for ends).
9) Compute moment of inertia:
3

= 2

12

( + )2 for two stiffeners


4

And check:
50

Welds of Shear Stiffeners:


1) Compute Vweld = h Fy1.5x 10-4
2) Choose weld size:

Available weld sizes in next table:

3) Choose electrode type:

Note standard for 300W-350W steel is E49XX => Xu = 490 and Fu = 450 MPa.

4) Calculate VRL, take lesser of:

1. = 0.449
2.

= 0.317

5) Sub in Vf to find required weld length.


Stitch Welds:
i)
ii)
iii)

Find max clear spacing = 16w


Calculate factored shear transfer per weld, VFL = Vweld/2s (N/mm/weld)
where s = number of stiffeners at that point (ie s = 2 for bear. stiff.)
Guess weld length L based on Lmin

iv)

Guess clear spacing <300 mm or <

v)

Check shear transfer resistance over weld height, VRH:

(N/mm) > VFL

330

for non-staggered welds

where O/C = clear spacing + L


vi)

Check clear spacing requirements:


Non-Staggered Welds
< 300 mm

<

330

Staggered Welds
< 450

<

< 16w
< 4L

vii)
viii)
ix)

Check O/C spacing <300 mm for non-staggered welds


< 450 mm for staggered welds
Specify spacing under stiffener >4w and <6w (mm)
Specify 25mm coping at top.

M-V interaction:
Check the following locations:
Vf at x = 0.6Vr
Maximum Mf
Locations where flange reinforcements are placed.
At each location do the following:
If:

525

< 16w
< 4L

1) Vf > 0.6 Vr AND Mf > 0.75 Mr AND correct class (h/w > 502...)
Then check the interaction equation:

at these locations.

Bearing Stiffeners:
Case 1: End of beam:

1100
, or Br < Rxnf
1) Required no matter what if

2) Check Crippling capacity:


i)
= 0.75 ( + 4)
ii)
= 0.45 2
Where t is the flange thickness, w is the web thickness.

3) Select plates: use 2 plates both with

200

4) Check Bearing Rest Capacity:


= 25
And = 1.35 103

5) Check compression resistance


Calculate A = 2(tplatebplate) + 12w2

2 +
12 3
=
+
12
12

r=

and finally

Where k = 0.75, L = h (height of the web) and the rest is as before.


6) Check that Cr > Rxnf
Case 2: Interior Bearing Stiffener

1100
, or Br < Rxnf
1) Required no matter what if

2) Check Crippling capacity:


iii)
= 0.80 ( + 10)
iv)
= 1.16 2
Where t is the flange thickness, w is the web thickness.

3) Select plates: use 2 plates both with

200

4) Check Bearing Rest Capacity:


= 25
And = 1.35 103

5) Check compression resistance


Calculate A = 2(tplatebplate) + 25w2

2 +
25 3
+
=
12
12
and finally

r=

Where k = 0.75, L = h (height of the web) and the rest is as before.

6) Check that Cr > Rxnf


Weld of reinforcing plate to Top and Bottom Flanges:
Transfers shear forces that flow along the beam length from the web to the flange.
1) qf =

()( )

(N/mm)

where AA is the area above or below the weld (ie. Area of the flange)
where AA to NA is distance from centroid of AA to the the NA of the beam
where Ibeam is the moment of inertia of the beam at that point
NOTE: if the beam has several cross sections along its length, calculate q for each cross
section and take the max q and design a weld with constant characteristics.
2) Do base metal and weld metal checks, take lesser of:
Calculate VRL, take lesser of:

= 0.449

= 0.317

3) Guess weld length L based on Lmin


4) Guess clear spacing
<300 mm for non-staggered welds
< 450 mm for staggered welds
5) Get O/C = clear spacing + L

6) Calculate and check:


2
(N/mm) > qf
qr =
/

Tension and Bending:


1) See Beam notes.

Single Storey Building Design


Load Calculations

For info on importance category (ie description) see HB 1-124

Snow:
S = Is[Ss(Cs Cw Cb Ca) + Sr]
Find Cs = 1.0 for roofs < 30o
Find Cw = 1.0
Find Ca = 1.0
Find Cb =

Sr and Ss in climactic data table (1/50 yrs)

Wind:
p = IwqCeCpCg (assume no internal pressure)
1) Find Ce:
Open Terrain = (h/10)0.2 > 0.9 or take 0.9
Rough Terrain = 0.7(h/12)0.3 > 0.7 or take 0.7
2) Find z, lesser of:
z = 0.1least horizontal dimension
= 0.4height
but not less than:
0.04least horizontal dimension, or
1m
3) Then use z to find y (length of edge section), greater of:
y=6m
= 2z
4) CpCg for , 1E, 4, 4E in Figure 1-7 Load Case 1, flat roof:
1 = 0.75
1E = 1.15
4 = -0.55
4E = -0.8
Now, calculate p for the four zones of interest:
p = IwqCeCpCg
5) Distribute p-values onto the end windward and leeward wall columns (careful! break down edge effects)
For edge effects: look at 4 cases: (each must be done on the leeward and windward side)
Windward Side:

Case 1) Force = 2 1 2

Case 2) Force =

Case 4) Force =

1 2

Case 3) Force = 1 2

1 2 + 3

1 2

For Leeward side simply replace 1 and 1E with 4 and 4E.

Design of Lateral Braces:


1) Using Wind loads found above, take sum of moments around lateral brace point equal to zero.
2) Use sum of forces equals zero to find reaction on other side of building.
3) Use larger reaction as controlling value, and divide by number of brace bays (Wmax).
4) Use tributary area of 1 brace bay (1/4 building for 4 bays) in order to find allocated gravity load.
5) Calculate FACTORED loads (kN) acting on a single brace bay (n bays):
Dead load per 1/n building: 1.25D widthlength of total building/n
Snow factor 1.5: 1.5Swidthlength/n
Snow factor 0.5: 0.5S widthlength/n
Live factor 1.5: 1.5L widthlength/n
Live factor 0.5: 0.5L widthlength/n
Wind factor 1.4: 1.4Wmax
Wind factor 0.4: 0.4Wmax
6) Now we look at each load combination
Begin with: 1.25D + 1.4W + 0.5S, and calculate:
i) =
ii) Notional Load = 0.005
iii) Lateral Load = Notional Load + Factored Wind load (take correct load from above list,
may be zero for some cases)
7) Select Brace Member (if given a member skip right to vi))
i) Find brace length = 2 + 2
ii) Tft = Full Brace Length / Full Bay width
iii) Set Tr = 0.459 Ag Fu x 10-3 = Tft and solve for Ag. (for 300W material)
iv) Find rmax = Effective Brace length / Fy , divide length by 2 if braces connected at midspan.
v) Select Member based on rmax and Ag.
vi) Check true Tr = 0.9AgFy > Tft = Full Brace Length / Full Bay width
8) Calculate P-delta amplification factors:
i)

ii) 2

() =
=

103 (kN, MPa, mm)

< 1.4

9) Check amplified brace force (ABF) and amplified deflection (AD):


i) ABF = 2 < Tr
ii) AD = U2 < h/500 (or use the deflection limit he gives)

10) Repeat steps 6i through 9, for each of the following load combinations, if he asks:
1.25D + 1.4W + 0.5L
1.25D + 1.5S + 0.4W
1.25D + 1.5L + 0.4W
1.25D + 1.5S + 0.5L

Seismic Fuse Member


Check fuse capacity and take HIGHEST capacity, as this will control. If a lower capacity is taken, the fuse will
assume the behaviour of the overlooked higher capacity, and the fuse system will not bow out.
In the case where a brace member is used as the fuse element:
Fuse capacity is, higher of:
= 1.1 AgFy x 10-3 and
= 385 Ag x 10-3

Gerber Beam Design:


1) Find Full and Partial factored loading scenario distributed loads.
Full Load = 1.25D + 1.5S +0.5L
Partial Load = 1.25D + 0.75S

Also put full load everywhere and calculate beam loads (V and M)
if L>S

Full Load = 1.25D+1.5L+0.5S


Partial Load = 1.25D + 0.75S

2) Find purlin/owsj point loads on Gerber Beam and link spans.


4) Apply half link span load to each end of Gerber Beam
5) Analyze Gerber beam in normal manner (V and M diagrams... take max values) with this
loading case; Design as a normal beam using both maximum positive and negative moments.
6) Repeat for multiple loading scenarios

+Tension Members

(Notes 1 3)

Shear Lag
1) For I beams with b > 2/3 d, where d is section depth.
Ane = 0.9 An
2) Angles with 4 or more bolts in one transverse line.
Ane = 0.8 An
3) Angles with 3 or less bolts in one transverse line.
Ane = 0.6 An
4) Other shapes with 3 or more bolts in a line.
Ane = 0.85 An
5) Other shapes with 1 or 2 bolts in a line.
Ane = 0.75 An

Welded Connections

Eccentric Loading:
1) Define Origin (x,y); Usually at bottom corner.
2) Calculate the centroid of the weld group assuming unit width, wrt the defined origin:
=
=

3) Find Perpendicular distance, e, from line of force to centroid of weld group.


4) Compute Horizontal, Vertical and moment components of the Force:
eg.

Px = Psin,

Py = Pcos...,

M=Pe

5) Compute Ix and Iy ; and J= Ix+ Iy


3

+ ( )2 , where b is the width wrt the axis of interest, h is the


Ix-single weld =
12
height wrt the axis of interest; the thickness of the weld is considered to be 1.

6) a) Look at edge points, determine which will have maximal shear due to moment and direct
shear combination (ie if q and external shear in the same direction, and which one is farther
from the centroid).
b) Compute Shear at each edge point:
(

)=

()

)=

( )

7) Finally take qx+Px and qy+Py and compute the resultant. The edge point with the highest V
governs:
Vmax = +

+ +

8) Calculate Vr and Br for the weld whose edge has the highest shear.

ICR Method:
Look up the weld group in the table given in HB3-44.
Pallowable = CDL
Check that Pf < Pallowable
Note: D > 5 mm ALWAYS

Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welds (CJPG)


Shear Failure:
i) Base Metal: Vr = 0.672 Am Fu
where Am is for the vertical face of the base metal.

Aw = Am (most cases)

ii) Weld Metal: Vr = 0.672 Aw Xu


where Aw is vertical face of the base metal.
Tension Failure:
Match electrodes properly, then full tension capacity can be reached (only consider Xu).
Tr = 0.67 Aw Xu

Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welds (PJPG)


Shear Failure:
i) Base Metal: Vr = 0.672 Am Fu
where Am is for the net vertical face of the base metal (vertical fusion surface)
ii) Weld Metal: Vr = 0.672 Aw Xu
Tension Failure:
less of Tr = 0.67 An Fu
= 0.9 Ag Fy
Weird Shape:

An is net section (ie fusion face).


Ag is the gross sectional area of the plate.

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