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CHAPTER 6
DETUNED CAPACITORS FOR POWER QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT A CASE STUDY
6.1
INTRODUCTION
Reduction of harmonic contents in loads can be done with existing
transient
protection
benefits.
Phase
shifting
transformer
82
6.2
At the fifth harmonic, the tuned filter has a better behavior than the detuned
filter. However, for proper operation, the capacitor bank must be rated to a
higher voltage than the voltage level required for detuned filters. Because
tuned filters absorb more harmonics, they also carry higher harmonic currents
than the detuned filters. These features make tuned filters more expensive as
mentioned by Francisco Ferrandis et al (2003).
Tuned as well as detuned filters either absorb or reject harmonic
distortion and avoid harmonic currents to flow to other equipment or the rest
of the power system. A tuned filter is tuned to a frequency slightly below the
filtered harmonic. On the other hand, a detuned filter is tuned to a frequency
far below the filtered harmonic.
6.3
83
(6.1)
METHODS
OF
MODIFYING
SYSTEM
FREQUENCY
RESPONSE
There are number of methods to modify adverse system
responses to harmonics in Dugan et al (2003).
-
84
6.5
DESIGN
OF
DETUNED
CAPACITORS
FOR
PQ
IMPROVEMENT
The procedure used to convert an existing power factor correction
capacitor into a harmonic filter is shown in Figure 6.1. It is being utilized
for designing suitable detuned capacitor. Power factor correction capacitors
may produce harmonic resonance and magnify utility capacitor switching
transients. Therefore it is desirable to implement one or more capacitor
banks in a facility as a harmonic filter. System parameters are described as
single tuned notch filter connected to 480 V bus. The load is about
1200 KVA, power factor is 0.75 lagging. Current produced by load is of 30%
harmonics in the fundamental current. Maximum harmonics are 25% of fifth
harmonic current. It is supplied through transformer 1500 KVA with 6%
impedance.
85
SIMULATION RESULTS
This section presents the results of installing detuned filters in an
industrial plant with a significant amount of non-linear loads. For studying the
effect of capacitor on harmonic resonance, various sizes of capacitor with
varied load condition are simulated by MATLAB software.
86
The source voltage, current at the PCC and the current at load bus
are analyzed using waveforms. The harmonic distortion in the voltage and
current waveforms are compared for the cases of compensation. From the
figure, the cases to be considered are:
Case 1: With fixed capacitor compensation
The magnitude of harmonic currents in an individual non-linear
load depends greatly on the total effective input reactance, which is comprised
of the source reactance plus added line reactance. In the case of non-linear
load, we can predict the resultant input current harmonic spectrum based on
the input reactance. The value of source reactance and its harmonic content
are inversely proportional. The voltage and current harmonic waveforms with
Time in seconds
Figure 6.2
87
Time in seconds
Figure 6.4
88
The fifth order voltage and current harmonics are 4.1% and 33.3%.
The detuned capacitor bank of 75 KVAR, 525 V with 7% reactor tuned for 5th
order which has given output of 53.76 KVAR @ 415 V.
With fixed
Detuned
capacitor
capacitor
capacitor
Source voltage
17.05
15.63
1.54
Current at PCC
31.82
12.64
8.91
33.82
10.15
8.96
89
6.7
: 24,000 spindles.
Transformer capacity
: 1064.2 KVA
: 0.75
Type of loading
: Balanced Load
: 3265 KW
Normal loads
: 2000 KW
: 525 KW
Unutilized loads
: 740 KW
90
: 20 Nos.
Auto-coner frames
: 06 Nos.
Carding machines
Simplex frames
: 08 Nos.
Comber frames
15 Nos.
Compressor
03 Nos.
Humidification plant
01 No.
5 th [Peak]
7 th [Peak]
18.8
18.8
18.7
17.6
17.3
17.4
21.3
21.4
17.2
PHASE
91
Voltage harmonics :
3rd [Peak]
5th [Peak]
7th [Peak]
RY
3.1 @ 6.2 V
3.2 @ 12 V
3.2 @ 4.6 V
YB
3.1 @ 1.1 V
3.0 @ 11.4 V
3.1 @ 5.6 V
BR
3.2 @ 0.8 V
3.3 @ 12.5 V
3.3 @ 5.5 V
PHASE
3 rd [Peak]
5th [ Peak ]
7 th [ Peak ]
9.8
10.0
10.4
9.7
10.4
10.9
10.3
10.4
10.4
Voltage harmonics :
PHASE
3 rd [Peak]
5 th [Peak]
7 th [Peak]
RY
2.4 @ 0.6 V
2.3 @ 8.9 V
2.5 @ 4.0 V
YB
2.4 @ 0.8 V
2.4 @ 9.4 V
2.3 @ 3.6 V
BR
2.4 @ 0.7 V
2.5 @ 9.4 V
2.4 @ 3.4 V
92
Harmonic order
93
Harmonic order
Time in seconds
Harmonic order
94
Comparison of Results
System parameters
Total RMS current demand
With detuned
With detuned
capacitor bank [off] capacitor bank [on]
177 Amps
142 Amps
Average kW required
94.5 kW
94.5 kW
126 kVA
101 kVA
0.75
0.93
th
10.5
4.27
th
53.2
40.1
Voltage THD
18.2
4.7
Current THD
57.5
48.8
19.77%
25 kVA
19.84%
95
CONCLUSION
This chapter presented an industrial case study. The plant is having
decreases. The overall conclusion is that detuned filter ensures less power
requirement, but the effect in harmonic reduction is not so significant.