EP FE CS STD 001 01 E Company Standard For Access Roads

OMV PETROM EP Regulation
In the interests of simplicity and readability, the language of this statement is as far
as possible gender neutral. Where applicable, the masculine incorporates the
feminine
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RO-EP-FE-CS-STD-001-01-E
Company Standard Regarding Design, Construction,
Exploitation, Maintenance and Repair of Oil Field Roads
Page 2 of 157
at Crude Oil and Gas Production Branches of S.C. OMV
OMV PETROM S.A.
Valid from: june 2010

Edition: 2
Table of contents
CHAPTER I - GENERAL ................................................................................................................................... 7

Section 1 - Definitions, References, Classification .................................................................................. 7
1.1. Definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2. General statement of principles...................................................................................................... 7
1.3. References - laws, orders, standards, normatives ........................................................................ 8
Section 2 - Scope of application ................................................................................................................ 9
1.4. Scope of application......................................................................................................................... 9
1.5. Classification in accordance with current legislation: construction categories of importance9
1.5.1. Construction categories of importance ................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER II - DESIGN OF OIL FIELD ROADS ............................................................................................. 10
Section 1 - Design statement ................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Statement of design principles ..................................................................................................... 10
2.2. Standard references ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.3. Traffic description........................................................................................................................... 10
Section 2 - Road route alignment............................................................................................................ 12
2.4. Design of earthworks (route alignment) ...................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. Statement of design principles .............................................................................................. 12
2.4.2. Standard references ................................................................................................................ 12
2.4.3. Safety distances to adjacent elements.................................................................................. 12
2.4.4. Road safety zone ...................................................................................................................... 13
Section 3 - Horizontal route alignment................................................................................................... 14
2.4.5. Horiyontal and vertical road geometry.................................................................................. 14
2.4.5.1. Horizontal road geometry ................................................................................................ 14
2.4.5.1.1. General. Definitions.................................................................................................... 14
2.4.5.1.2. Road width .................................................................................................................. 26
2.4.5.1.3. Clearance ..................................................................................................................... 27
2.4.5.1.4. Intersections................................................................................................................ 27
2.4.5.1.5. Undercrossing and overcrossing .............................................................................. 28
2.4.5.1.6. Guardrails .................................................................................................................... 29
Section 4 - Vertical route alignment ....................................................................................................... 30
2.4.5.2. Vertical road geometry ..................................................................................................... 30
2.4.5.2.1. General. Definitions.................................................................................................... 30
2.4.5.2.2. Maximum ramp........................................................................................................... 30
2.4.5.2.3. Maximum crossfall ..................................................................................................... 31
2.4.5.2.4. Minimum vertical connecting radius ........................................................................ 32
2.4.5.2.5. Cutting slopes ............................................................................................................. 32
2.4.5.2.6. Embankment slopes ................................................................................................... 33
Section 5 - Road superstructure .............................................................................................................. 34
2.5. Superstructure design.................................................................................................................... 34
2.5.1. Design statement ..................................................................................................................... 34
2.5.2. Standard references ................................................................................................................ 34
2.5.2.1. Criteria of flexible road pavement determination: ........................................................ 34
2.5.2.2. Criteria of rigid road pavement determination: ............................................................. 35
2.5.2.3. Verification of pavement behaviour at freeze and thaw............................................... 35
2.5.3. Pavement design function of exploitation, construction cost and paving maintenance
requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 36
Section 6 - Water discharge ..................................................................................................................... 37
2.6. Collecting and discharging rain water ......................................................................................... 37
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2.6.1. Design statement ..................................................................................................................... 37

2.6.2. Normative references .............................................................................................................. 37
2.6.3. Adjacent ditches to road ......................................................................................................... 37
2.6.4. Guard ditches ........................................................................................................................... 38
2.6.5. Other rain water collection and discharge devices.............................................................. 38
Section 7 - Art Works ................................................................................................................................ 39
2.7. Design art works and ancillary works .......................................................................................... 39
2.7.1. Design principles (A, B, C)....................................................................................................... 39
2.7.1.A. River bank protection works ........................................................................................... 39
2.7.1.B. Reinforcement works ....................................................................................................... 40
2.7.1.C. Bridges ............................................................................................................................... 40
2.7.2. Normative references .............................................................................................................. 41
Section 8 - Bridges .................................................................................................................................... 42
2.7.3. Bridges and culverts ................................................................................................................ 42
2.7.3.1. Bridges................................................................................................................................ 42
2.7.3.1.1. Bridge terminology..................................................................................................... 42
2.7.3.1.2. Classification of bridges............................................................................................. 42
2.7.3.1.3. Determination of bridge length and height ............................................................. 43
2.7.3.1.4. Free spaces on and under the bridge ....................................................................... 45
2.7.3.1.5. Loading ........................................................................................................................ 45
2.7.3.1.6. Calculation and dimensioning................................................................................... 45
2.7.1.7. Types of bridges ................................................................................................................ 46
Section 9 - Culverts ................................................................................................................................... 55
2.7.3.2. Culverts............................................................................................................................... 55
Section 10 - Consolidation and protection of river banks .................................................................... 57
2.7.4. Retaining walls ......................................................................................................................... 57
2.7.5. Piles ........................................................................................................................................... 57
2.7.6. Gabions ..................................................................................................................................... 58
2.7.7. Drains ........................................................................................................................................ 58
2.7.8. River bank protection works .................................................................................................. 58
Section 11 - Marking - Signing................................................................................................................. 63
2.7.9. Marking ..................................................................................................................................... 63
2.7.10. Traffic signs ............................................................................................................................ 63
2.7.11. Signing of maintenance and repair works .......................................................................... 63
CHAPTER III - CONSTRUCTION OF OIL FIELD ROADS............................................................................. 64
Section 1 - General overview and materials .......................................................................................... 64
3.1. General............................................................................................................................................. 64
3.2. Materials .......................................................................................................................................... 65
3.2.1. Earthworks................................................................................................................................ 65
3.2.1.1. Filling material ................................................................................................................... 65
3.2.1.2. Capping layer materials .................................................................................................... 65
3.2.2. Road pavement ........................................................................................................................ 65
3.2.2.1. Ballast pit aggregates ....................................................................................................... 65
3.2.2.2. Crushed stone and rubble ................................................................................................ 66
3.2.2.3. Macadam (SR 179:1995) ................................................................................................... 66
3.2.2.4. Semipenetrated and penetrated macadam.................................................................... 66
3.2.2.5. Aggregates, or cement stabilized soils ........................................................................... 66
3.2.2.6. Cement concrete ............................................................................................................... 67
3.2.2.7. Asphalt mixture ................................................................................................................. 67
3.2.2.8. Binder and asphalt concrete ............................................................................................ 67
3.2.2.9. Pavings of rubble and boulders ....................................................................................... 68
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3.2.2.10. Rubble paving. Large, medium and small size paving setts....................................... 68
3.2.3. Water collection ancillary constructions ............................................................................... 68
3.2.4. Guardrails.................................................................................................................................. 68
3.2.5. Culverts ..................................................................................................................................... 68
3.2.6. Hydrotechnical works (river bank protection) ...................................................................... 69
3.2.6.1. Fascines .............................................................................................................................. 69
3.2.6.2. Woven and unwoven geosynthetic materials ................................................................ 69
3.2.6.3. Concrete. ............................................................................................................................ 69
3.2.7. Consolidation woks ................................................................................................................. 70
3.2.8. Bridge works ............................................................................................................................ 74
Section 2 - Construction requirements ................................................................................................... 80
3.3. Construction requirements............................................................................................................ 80
3.3.1. Earthworks................................................................................................................................ 80
3.3.2. The main and foundation layers............................................................................................. 80
3.3.3. Macadam................................................................................................................................... 80
3.3.4. The main layers and bituminous layers of mediumhard and hard macadam ................. 80
3.3.5. Cement concrete layers executed on settled shutters ........................................................ 81
3.3.5.1. Quality technical conditions............................................................................................. 81
3.3.5.2. The road concrete categories........................................................................................... 81
3.3.5.3. Preparation and placing of the cement concrete........................................................... 81
3.3.6. Concrete cement layers executed on slipping shutters ...................................................... 82
3.3.7. Hot executed cylinder bituminous layers.............................................................................. 82
3.3.8. Rough stone or boulders pavements..................................................................................... 82
3.3.9. Natural stone pavements. Ordinary, out of norms and pieces of pavements................... 82
3.3.10. Adjacent constructions for water storing and evacuation. Ditches, cassies, gravels .... 82
3.3.11. The bituminous treatments .................................................................................................. 83
3.3.12. Culverts ................................................................................................................................... 83
3.3.13. Guardrails ............................................................................................................................... 83
3.3.14. Construction requirements for consolidation works ......................................................... 83
3.3.15. Construction requirements for bridges ............................................................................... 95
3.4. Normative references..................................................................................................................... 96
3.5. Construction documentation ........................................................................................................ 96
3.6. Permits and authorizations according to the current law ......................................................... 96
3.7. Inspections and verifications......................................................................................................... 97
3.7.1. Verification processes ............................................................................................................. 97
3.7.2. Inspection procedures ............................................................................................................. 98
CHAPTER IV - ACCEPTANCE OF OIL FIELD ROADS.................................................................................. 99
4.1. Documentation ............................................................................................................................... 99
4.2. Construction manual ...................................................................................................................... 99
4.3. Tests ............................................................................................................................................... 100
4.3.1. Earthwork ............................................................................................................................... 100
4.3.2. Road pavement ...................................................................................................................... 101
4.3.3. Bridges .................................................................................................................................... 102
4.4. Acceptance of works at construction phases............................................................................ 102
4.5. Acceptance of works for opening to explotation...................................................................... 103
4.1.1. Definition ................................................................................................................................ 103
4.1.2. Phases ..................................................................................................................................... 103
CHAPTER V - EXPLOITATION OF OIL FIELD ROADS .............................................................................. 105
5.1. Surveillance of road behaviour ................................................................................................... 105
5.1.1. Current surveillance............................................................................................................... 105
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5.1.2. Special surveillance - after special evants, with significant effects on road behaviour
during explotation (flooding, land sliding, etc.) ........................................................................... 107
CHAPTER VI - MAINTENACE OF OIL FIELD ROADS ............................................................................... 108
6.1. Road maintenace in summer....................................................................................................... 108
6.1.1. Maintenace of road platform ................................................................................................ 108
6.1.1.1. Curent maintenace works .............................................................................................. 108
6.1.1.2. The periodical maintaining works ................................................................................. 108
6.1.2. Providing road water drainage............................................................................................. 108
6.1.3. Maintenance of road traffic safety facilities........................................................................ 108
6.1.4. Providing road traffic aesthetic appearance ....................................................................... 108
6.1.5. Bridges maintenace ............................................................................................................... 109
6.1.5.1. The present maintenance works of the bridges .......................................................... 109
6.1.5.1 Periodical maintenance works of the bridges............................................................... 109
6.2. Maintenace of roads in winter .................................................................................................... 109
6.2.1. Preparing of roads for the winter season............................................................................ 109
6.2.2. Supply of antiskidding materials ......................................................................................... 109
6.2.3. Manual and mechanical snow removal ............................................................................... 110
CHAPTER VII - CURRENT REPAIRS AND OVERHAULS .......................................................................... 111
7.1. Normal exploitation time according to current law (HG no. 2139/2004) ............................... 111
7.2. Standards for planning repair works at roads and road structures........................................ 114
7.3. Guidelines concerning overhauls of roads and ancillaries....................................................... 115
7.4. Planning and providing road overhauls ..................................................................................... 115
7.4.1. Documentation of overhauls ................................................................................................ 115
7.4.2. Providing overhauls (RK)....................................................................................................... 116
7.4.3. Surveillance of overhauls execution and verification ........................................................ 116
7.4.4. Acceptance of works ............................................................................................................. 116
CHAPTER VIII - CLOSING AND CASSATION............................................................................................ 117
CHAPTER IX - FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................ 118
CHAPTER X - ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................. 119
ANNEX No. 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 120
ANNEX No. 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 122
ANNEX No. 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 124
ANNEX No. 7 ............................................................................................................................................ 127
ANNEX No. 8 ............................................................................................................................................ 128
ANNEX No. 9 ............................................................................................................................................ 129
ANNEX No.10...........................................................................................................................................147
ANNEX No.11...........................................................................................................................................152
ANNEX No.12...........................................................................................................................................153
ANNEX No.13...........................................................................................................................................154
ANNEX No.14...........................................................................................................................................155
ANNEX No.15...........................................................................................................................................156
ANNEX No. 16 .......................................................................................................................................... 156
ANNEX No.17...........................................................................................................................................158
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CHAPTER I - GENERAL
Section 1 - Definitions, References, Classification
1.1. Definitions
This company standard sets out the general rules for the design, construction,
exploitation, maintenance, repair and acceptance of roads and platforms used for the
exploitation works at the crude oil and gas production branches of the Trading Company
OMV OMV PETROM S.A.
The design and construction works of these roads will be carried out in conformity
with the requirements, as per Law no. 10/1995 and other specific requirements of the
constructions quality system, to provide and maintain on the entire service life the quality
standards of resistance and stability, exploitation safety, fire safety, hygiene, peoples
health, environment reconstruction and protection.
This company standard refers to new and existing roads, which are subject to
maintenance, systematization and upgrading.
This standard is applicable to the design of roads supporting tyre-vehicles traffic.
This standard provisions do not apply to public roads arranged for oil exploitation
and other purposes (social, industrial, forestry, agriculture, travelling); the design of these
roads will be based on, either current standards requirements, or the technical conditions
determined from case to case, by mutual agreement with the interested entities.
The requirements of the normatives below are also mandatory for the design,
construction, maintenance and repair of oil field roads:
- Labour protection norms of OMV OMV PETROM; labour protection departamental
norms in the domain of road, water and air transportation;
- General fire safety norms relevant for the design and execution of constructions and
installations, fire safety departamental normatives that are currently applied by OMV OMV
PETROM;
- current standards documentation mentioned under 1.3.;
- current technical requirements for roads, provided they do not contradict this
company standard.
Note: this Standard replaces EP FA replaces EP FA CS 01 ST.-COMPANZ OIL STANDARD
REGARDING DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF OIL FIELD
ROADS
1.2. General statement of principles
Oil field roads will be located in conformity with the local planning sketches, and will
be designed, to provide connections to the ancillaries, production, social and administrative
buildings related to oil field activities.
Local oil field roads will be designed, to meet the road transportation demands of all
the oil field units located in the respective area and to provide the connection between the
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OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
oil field area and public roads. With this end in view, the concerned entities must be
contacted, to mutually establish design requirements, relating to the design project theme.
The oil field roads will be designed at the highest traffic intensity resulting from:
- future technological traffic considered at final transport capacity of the crude oil and
gas production branch of S.C. OMV PETROM SA.;
- site traffic during construction works;
- traffic resulting from other related local activities.
The oil field roads will be located as far as possible, on weathered unproductive soil.
Relief, ground morphology, hydrological and hydro-geological conditions,
meteorological conditions, vegetation, local materials are relevant factors to be considered
in establishing the route alignment and the road pavement system. They will be determined
based on topographical surveys, geotechnical and hydrological studies, economic
assessments and land inspections.
Design phases (Order MFP/MLPTL no. 1013/873 of July 2001)
- Prefeasibility study
- Feasibility study
- Technical project and technical specifications for construction works
- Detailed design
(No prefeasibility study is required for overhauls, repair, consolidation and
dismantling of constructions and installations)
1.3. References - laws, orders, standards, normatives
The requirements below are mandatory for the design, construction, and maintenance of
OMV PETROM SA oil field roads:
- Law 10/1995, regarding quality requirements in constructions and application regulations
of this law
- Law no. 82/1998 for the approval of the Governmental Order no. 43/1997 regarding the
legal regime of roads
- Law no. 137/1995 regarding environmental protection
- Labour protection Law no. 90/1996
- Governmental Order no. 273/1994 for the approval of the regulations related to the
acceptance of the construction works and installations
- The Law for authorizing of construction works
- Law of waters no. 107/1996
- Governmental Order 766/1997 for the approval of construction works quality regulations
- MFP and MLPTL Order no. 1013/873/2001 regarding the tender offer procedures for
public acquisition of services
- General labour protection norms. Regulations regarding labour protection and hygiene
of construction works - NPGM/2002
- Fire prevention and fire fighting norms: fire fighting equipment
- Standards, norms, normatives of Annex 9
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Section 2 - Scope of application

1.4. Scope of application
The company standard regarding design, construction, exploitation, maintenance
and repair of oil field roads at crude oil and gas production branches of S.C. OMV PETROM
S.A is relevant for oil exploitation works.
If the road is used for other activities, the interested entities will be contacted, to
establish the design requirements, the design and exploitation project theme.
1.5. Classification in accordance with current legislation: construction categories of
importance
According to Governmental Order no. 19/21.08.92, the following standard categories
were currently prepared in Romania in 1992:
- Romanian standards - SR
- Professional standards
- Company standards
The Governmental Order no. 39 of 30.01.1998 brough ammendments and the
annulment of the Governmental Order no. 19/21.08.92. According to this latest Order, the
Company standard is no longer individualized as such and the term Technical
Regulations has been issued.]
Law 355 of 06.06.2002 passed the approval for the Governmental Order no. 39/1998
regarding the national Romanian standardization, where the term Technical Regulations
defined in the respective Governmental Order is maintained.
The company standard regarding design, construction, exploitation, maintenance
and repair of oil field local roads is similar to the Technical Regulations, where technical
requirements are stated, either directly, or by reference to other standard, technical
specification, code of practice, as well as by assuming the entire content of the latter.
1.5.1. Construction categories of importance
The assessment of the oil field roads category of importance shall be performed in
accordance with the requirements, as per the Regulations regarding the assessment of
constructions category of importance issued by INCERC (Constructions Bulletin no.
4/1996).
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CHAPTER II - DESIGN OF OIL FIELD ROADS

Section 1 - Design statement
2.1. Statement of design principles
Oil field roads have been classified into several types of roads, such as: axial roads
(collector roads, main roads) and access roads leading to oil field works locations (oil wells,
parks, compressors stations, etc.) and other locations (premises, social buildings).
Axial roads or access roads are differently defined, in point of geometry and
construction, depending on their economic relevance that is function of the exploitation
period, the mean annual traffic and the design speed.
The design speed, which is used to determine the geometry and construction
features of the oil field roads, is determined function of the land morphology and the
prospective mean annual traffic, and means the maximum speed attained by trucks without
trailer on the most difficult road sectors, under total traffic safety conditions, good pavement
and favourable weather conditions.
The geometry recommended in this normative provides vehicle traffic speed from 10
to 50 km/hour. Under most difficult conditions, this geometry covers curves with minimum
10 m radius and up to 12% slope (considering idle travel without loading).
The 10 m radius curves will be applied only exceptionally.
The design speed values and the technical characteristics are not restrictive; highest
design speed values and wide geometry elements must be adopted, provided the cost of
the investment is not to be significantly increased.
2.2. Standard references
Standards relevant for the design of oil field roads:
- STAS 863-85
- STAS 2900-79
- C 79-80
- PD 67-80
- Order of Ministry of
Transports no. 45/1998
- Order of Ministry of
Transports no. 44/1998
Road
works.
Geometry
of
route
alignment.
Design requirements
Road works. Road width
Normative for the design, construction and acceptance of
industrial roads
Departamental normative regarding the design of forestry
roads for vehicle traffic
Technical norms for the design and upgrading of roads
Technical norms regarding environmental protection
against road effects
2.3. Traffic description

Local oil field roads must accommodate permanent and long term access of vehicles,
installations, cranes, trailers and other mobile equipment, such as snow ploughs, fire
extinguishers and other emergency vehicles to all the oil field locations.
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These vehicles are representative of the current traffic specific for public roads as
well.
For heavy duty convoys trafficking on the oil field roads and exceeding the normal
width (over 2.50 m), over 5.00 m in height, with convoy length over 22 m (fig. 1, STAS 86385), and axle loads higher than estimated design loads, special projects will be set up,
subject to approval of OMV PETROM, the Police and the public roads Authorities (if these
are to traffick on public roads also).
For the purpose of road and bridge design, the designer together with the beneficiary
(OMV PETROM) shall determine the prospective road traffic (for the period of construction
works and 10 to 15 years service life), by vehicle categories (per day), axle loading etc.
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Section 2 - Road route alignment

2.4. Design of earthworks (route alignment)
2.4.1. Statement of design principles
The land requirement boundaries that accommodate the route of oil field roads must
avoid as far as possible agriculture land, forests, etc. for the low potential land areas.
It is recommended to select areas with adequate soil stratification and good exposure
to sun and wind, which require small volume of bridge, protection and consolidation works.
The route alignment shall be adapted to ground peculiarities, to reduce the volume of
earthworks and road structures.
River crossings will be designed under normal configuration, in the narrowest valley
areas.
Horizontal radii will be used that need no arrangements (conversions or
superelevations), and the least gradient. Step slopes, as well as maximum and exceptional
gradient slopes are to be avoided, if the funding is to stay unchanged.
In all cases, the final solution must be based on the technical and economic
assessment of different alternatives.
2.4.2. Standard references
- STAS 1243/88
- STAS 2914/84
- STAS 2916-87
- STAS 1709/2
- STAS 863-85
Foundation ground. Classification and identification of soils

Road works. Earthworks. General quality requirements
Slope and ditch protection
Freeze and thaw effect on road works. Prevention and remedy of
damages by freeze and thaw. Technical requirements
Geometry of route alignment
2.4.3. Safety distances to adjacent elements

From the closest margin of the carriageway and fixed adjacent elements, the
following are minimum safety distances that must be applied:
- to fences and buildings..5.25 m (shoulder 1.50 m + guardrail 0.75 m +
ditch 1.50 m + side walk 1.50 m)
- to the railway axis...20 m (Emergency Governmental Order no. 12/7
July 1998 regarding the Romanian railway transport and reorganization of the
Romanian Railways Society)
In curves, visibility must be provided by widening.
In the case of cutting and embankment roads, the minimum distances shall be those
mentioned under 2.4.4., for safety areas.
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2.4.4. Road safety zone (as per Governmental Order 43/1997 published in Official
Bulletin of Romania, part I, no. 541/1.IX.2001)
The area of the oil field road contains: territory, safety zones and protection zones.
The road territory means the land area occupied by the road construction elements:
carriageway, shoulders, ditches, gutters, slopes, guard ditches, retaining walls and other
road structures.
The safety zones means the land areas located on both sides of the road
territory, exclusively used for traffic signing, road green area, maintenance and exploitation
related activities, for traffic safety and protection of landowners located in the road area. The
safety areas also include the land areas used to provide visibility in curves and intersections,
as well as the areas of the roadbed consolidation works.
Outside localities, minimum limits of the road safety zones in current carriageway
and in alignment are provided in Annex 1 of the Governmental Order no. 43/97, that is:
The safety zones are located from the outer limit of the road territory up to:
- 1.50 m from the outer margin of ditches, for the roads located at ground level;
- 2.00 m from the slope toe, for the roads in embankment;
- 3.00 m from the top of the road slope in cutting, with height up to 5.00m inclusive;
- 5.00 m from the top of the road slope in cuttings higher than 5.00 m.
Agriculture crops and forestry are not admitted in the safety areas.
Protection zones means land areas located on both sides of the safety areas,
necessary for future road protection and development. The protection land limits are
between the exterior margins of the safety zones and the road zone margins.
The distance from the road axis to the exterior margin of the oil field road zone,
which is also current village road, is 18 m.
The protection zones are left for administration to legal and individual entities that
have right of their management and ownership, provided they do not cause prejudice to
road or traffic safety by:
a) failure to provide adequate water discharge;
b) constructions, fences and plantations, that may result in snow-drifting on road
and affect road visibility;
c) works affecting road stability or changing ground and surface waters regime.
Land owners in the vicinity of oil field roads must allow the installation on these areas
of snow protection panels free of charge, provided these procedures do not affect
agriculture works and crops in the area.
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Section 3 - Horizontal route alignment

2.4.5. Horiyontal and vertical road geometry
2.4.5.1. Horizontal road geometry
Specific elements of horizontal road geometry have been considered:
- aliniaments
- curves, curves radius, respectively
The road geometry is to be set up, either directly, according to current regulations, or
by calculation based on parameters indicated in these regulations.
Prospective traffic intensity is of utmost relevance in establishing design, (reference)
speed.
Oil field roads design speed is 10 to 50 km/hour and it will be calculated for different
road categories, depending on the local relief.
The following relief specifications are relevant in this case:
- flat open country regions include: plains, plateaus, mountain depressions and
major riverbeds;
- the hill regions include: hill areas and vally flanks with slopes up to 2025g;
- mountain regions include valleys with flank slopes over 25g, zones with irregular
relief and river gorges.
The design speed shall be selected function of the road category and the local relief:
Road category
- principal (axial, collector roads)
- secondary (access roads)
Design speed,
function of relief, km/hour
plains
hills
50
40
30
10-30
mountains
25
10-20
2.4.5.1.1. General. Definitions

Parameters for road geometry calculation:
Coefficient of transversal friction, f, between vehicle tyres and road paving, is from
0.05 to 0.15.
Description of situations relevant for the friction force generated in curves:
f = 0.10 the curve is not perceived
f = 0.15 the curve is perceived
f = 0.20 the curve is perceived and the travellers have an unpleasant feeling of
insecurity
For oil field roads, the maximum value f = 0.15 shall be adopted
The comfort coefficient K has been approximated as the ratio between friction effect
(f) and superelevation (superelevation rate) (i), to avoid the skidding effect in curves,
according to the folloing ratio:
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K=
f
i
where K = 1.53
The lower K value is, the lesser the friction effect, as compared to superelevation
effect, and better travel comfort is provided in traffic.
For oil field roads, the maximum value, K = 3 is recommended.
With respect to comfort conditions (f; K), oil field roads display poor travel conditions
as compared to public roads and better travel conditions as compared to forestry roads:
Road category
Public roads (STAS 863-85)
0.05 - 0.13
1.3 - 2.35
Oil field roads
0.08 - 0.14
2.28 - 3.00
Forestry roads (PD 67-80)
0.10 - 0.18
2.93 - 3.20
The superelevation rate, i, (crossfall) is determined in alignment by the type of

paving (2% for cement concrete, 2.5% for asphalt, 3% for hard core, etc.).
Variation j of the normal acceleration (centrifugal force) in progressive connection
arcs determines the length of the arcs. The value of j is from 0.5 to 1.0 m/s3.
The comfort status is determined by the value of j, which practically varies from 0.5 to
0.7 m/s3. The lower the value of j is, the longer the length of arc connections and the better
the comfort.
It is recommended j = 0.7 m/s3 (as compared to j 0.5 on national roads).
Progressive curves shall only be introduced between route alignments and arc
curves, when the axial road must be arranged for speed values of minimum 25 km/hour,
ground conditions permitting, no significant additional works being required and the oil field
road being public road as well.
The length of clothoids is calculated by using the following ratio:
L=
V3
; (m)
47 j R
where:
V = speed, km/hour
j = 0.3 to 0.7 m/s3
R = = radius of central arc (m)
(47 = from the transformation v3 m/sec in V3 km/hour)
3
V3
1000
v = V

47
3600
3
Resulting clothoid length values:

V,
km/hour
50
40
30
25
20
Page 15 of 157
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10

Edition: 2
L (m)
55*
45*
35*
20*
15
10
10
* As per STAS 863, clause 6

The displacement of the arc (R) to the center will be:
R =
L2
L4
L6
+
24 R 2688 R 3 506880 R 5
The calculation of road geometry also includes the following elements:

The horizontal visibility distance (at curves and intersections) and the longitudinal
visibility distance (in hilly areas), which affect the vehicles traffic speed on roads
The length of vehicles maximum 2.50m wide engaged in road traffic, which
determines road widening in curves
Horizontal connections on oil field roads will be provided as follows:
Axial (collector) roads, with central arcs and clothoids.
In areas with irregular land, at designer recommentation, the beneficiary may
approve that the connections are only provided by arcs
The access roads route alignment, with arc curves.
The oil field roads geometry function of the design speed is presented in the table
below:
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Edition: 2
Geometry
Design speed, km/hour
Ite
m
Geometry elements
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
100
90
65
60
35
32
25
22
16
14
10
10
10
10
100
106
114
123
135
150
171
201
246
246
360
65
68
73
79
86
96
110
129
157
157
230
35
38
41
44
49
54
62
72
89
89.
130
25
27
28
31
34
38
43
50
62
62.
90
16
17
18
20
22
24
27
32
39
39.
57
10
10
10
11
12
14
15
18
22
22.
32
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10.
20
> 360
> 230
> 130
> 90
> 57
> 32
> 20
Comments
Radii of central arcs, m

1
minimum (superelevation rate 6%)

exceptional (superelevation rate 7%)
The arc radii from minimum radii (exceptional) to
current radii, expressed in m, at the following
superelvation rates expressed in superelevation %
6.0
5.5
5.0
a) arc and clothoides for
4.5
V = 2550 km/hour
4.0
b) arc for V = 1020 km/hour
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
Current radii, m, (arc + conversion)
Recommended radii, m, (crest as in alignment)
Arc connections
Page 17 of 157
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Edition: 2
(f < 0,14
and K 3;
K
f
)
i
5A
5B
5C
Minimum curves length (1.4 V)

Length of widening and converting lc2 (outside the
circle), m
Length of widenings, conversions and superelevations
lc3 (outside the circle), m
Ite
m
6
Geometry elements
70
56
42
35
28
21
14
30
25
20
15
10
10
10
45
35
15
15
50
40
15
10
30
25
15
30
25
20
Comments
Arc and clothoid connections

1)
6A
Minimum length of clothoid arcs, with central arc, m,
6B
551)
451)
351)
201)
15
10
10
Minimum length of clothoid arcs, without central arcs,

m
702)
602)
402)
352)
25
15
15
6C
Superelevation length, expressed in m, , without

central arcs, Lc4, on clothoids
50
40
30
25
20
10
10
6D
Superelevation
clothoids) Lc2
30
25
20
15
10
10
10
Minimum visibility distances, m, for:

- traffic safety in curves on two traffic lane roads
90
70
50
40
30
20
15
- safe overtaking
200
150
125
100
80
50
30
and
conversion
length
(outside
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Edition: 2
As per
STAS 86385 clause 6
2)
As per
STAS 86385 clause 7
9
10
Vertical Intersection Points distance, m,

minimum
exceptional
Alignment longitudinal gradient values, %
maximum
exceptional
Maximum ramp, at idle travel, %
60
40
50
30
50
30
50
25
40
20
30
20
20
20
7
8
7
8
8
8.5
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
10
11
12
12
8
8
8
9
8.5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
11
12
12
Skew slope, %
11
maximum, %
exceptional
exceptional, at idle
travel
Ite
m
Geometry elements
12
Minimum longitudinal gradients, %, in intervals

between successive curves of contrary directions with
radii lesser than recommended (in areas with zero
superelevation rate, inducing water swamping)
13
17

50
40
30
25
20
15
10
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
Maximum longitudinal gradients, %, in ground areas

free of irregularities, at bridge ramps and passages
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
Minimum radii, m, of vertical curves for connecting

successive gradients d1 and d2 at:
- concave connections (valleys)
- convexe connections (hills)
1000
1300
1000
1000
500
800
300
500
150
200
80
150
80
100
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Comments
Road width in alignment for:

- two traffic lane roads
18
8.0
9.0
6.0
7.0
2x0.2
5
8.0
9.0
6.0
7.0
2x0.2
5
8.0
9.0
6.0
7.0
2x0.2
5
8.0
9.0
6.0
7.0
2x0.2
5
platform
carriageway
framing lanes
5.50
3.50
2x0.2
5
5.50
3.50
2x0.2
5
platform
carriageway
framing lanes
- one traffic lane roads
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Edition: 2
7.00
7.00
7.00
5.50
5.50
5.50
4.50
3.00
4.50
3.00
4.50
3.00
Winding road
In areas with irregular relief and significant grade differences, where roads generally
climb up and down steep flanks, winding route alignment shall be provided to avoid
expensive works. This requires turning and changing of travel direction with angles of
almost 400g (3600).
Characteristic winding road geometry:
Design speed km/h
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Winding parameters
Maximum travel speed on the main curve,
km/hour
Minimum radius of the main curve, m
Maximum crossfall, %
Minimum radius of the auxiliary curve, m
Maximum gradient at axis of main curve %
- exceptional
Minimum length of alignments between
reverse curves, m
Vertical Intersection Points distance, m
- minimum
- exceptional
Visibility distances, m
50
40
30
25
20; 15
and
10
25
25
20
15
10
20
6
100
3.5
-
20
6
70
3.5
4.0
15
6
60
4
5
10
6
50
4
5
10
6
35
4
5
45
35
30
25
15
60
40
40
50
30
40
50
30
30
50
25
20
40
25
15
A. Arrangement of arc curves

a) Isolated curves (Te Ti > 3lc2)
Conversion
Profile conversion will be provided on length lc2 in alignment up to tangent points, by
bottom to top rotating around the road axis, of the semiprofile which on curve corresponds
to curve exterior (up to p%).
Shoulders outside curves shall be converted at the same slope p with that of the
converted pavement
Superelevation
Conversion and superelevation on length lc3 shall be provided.
Shoulders outside curves follow pavement slopes i.
b) Arrangement of succesive curves (Te Ti < 3 lc2)
Arc curves
1. Conversion
a) Successive curves of the same direction: conversion to be maintained on the interval
between curves.
b) Reverse curves.
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The converted profile of the first curve is to be rotated on road axis starting from the exit
tangent, proportionally to the distance between curves, reaching the middle of this distance
in horizontal position (zero superelevation rate), and the superelevation rate in the entry
tangent of the second curve, in opposite direction.
2. Superelevation
a) In the same direction
Between curves of the same direction, the profile with the superelevation rate i1 of the
first curve maintains its direction, but it rotates on the road axis proportionally, until it
reaches superelevation rate i2 of the second curve.
b) In reverse directions
Between arc curves of contrary directions, the profile with the superelevation rate i1 of
the first curve rotates proportionally on the road axis, changing direction until it reaches
value i2 in the second curve, by means of horizontal profile (zero superelevation rate) that
must be situated between the tangents of the two curves (distance between Te 1 and Ti 2
will be minim lc3).
B. Arcs and clothoids
a. Isolated curves
Widening and conversion will be provided on the length mentioned at point 6D (outside
the clothoids) and the superelevation will be provided on the length of the clothoid arc.
These values remain constant on the length of the arc.
b. Succesive curves
The connection of converted elements, or superelevations will be done by the
connecting of the two heights, so that the slopes of the two margins of the carriageway
should vary liniary on the entire connection length (lc2).
In case that the oil field road will accommodate public traffic, the geometry will be
according to the requirements, as per STAS 863-85.
The minimum distances that must be provided between two succesive curves, necessary
to introduce the horizontal connection and spatial arrangement are indicated in the tables
below (A and B):
A) Arc connections
Item
Curve 1
0
1
Modul de amenajare
1
Unarranged (negative
superelevation rate p)
Curve 2
Table A
Minimum length of
alignments between
entry and exit tangents
Te - Ti
4
Direction
Arrangement
Irrelevant
No
Arrangement
Te1 Ti2 0
Conversion
Te1 Ti2 0
Irrelevant
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Edition: 2
Conversion
Conversion
Superelevation
Irrelevant
Superelevation
Same direction
Reverse
direction
Same direction
Reverse
direction
Same direction
Reverse
direction
Te1 Ti2 0
Te1 Ti2 0
Conversion
Te1 Ti2 lc2 (5B)

Te1 Ti2 15 m
Superelevation
Te1 Ti2 lc3 (5C)

Te1 Ti2 15 m
Superelevation
Te1 Ti2 lc3 (5C)
B. Connections by arc and clothoid
Item
Curve 1
1
2
Curve 2
Table B
Minimum length of
alignments between
entry and exit tangents
Te1, Oe1 and Ti2, Oi2
Arrangement
Direction
Arrangement
superelevation rate-p)
Irrelevant
No
arrangement
Te1 Ti2 0
Conversion
Te1 Ti2 0
Superelevated
(clothoid)
Te1 Oi2 0
Conversion
Conversion
Superelevation (i1)
Irrelevant
Irrelevant
Same direction
Reverse
direction
Same direction
Reverse
direction
Same direction
Reverse
direction
Te1 Ti2 0
Conversion
Superelevation
(clothoid)
Te1 Ti2 lc2 (6D)

Te1 Oi2 15 m
Te1 Oi2 lc2 (6D)
Oe1 Oi2 0
Superelevation
Oe1 Oi2 lc2 (6D)
Widening of carriageway and platform in curves

To accommodate long vehicles traffic, the road carriageway in curves with smaller
radius than 225 m shall be widened by width e per each traffic lane.
Road platform shall be widened by the same width as the carriageway.
The superelevation shall be provided inside the curve, but as an exception, in order to
avoid heavy duty works, or demolishing, the widening may be provided individually, on
each traffic lane, on the right side of the traffic direction.
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The transition from the normal width of the carriageway in alignment to the widened
curve width will be proportional on the length (lc2) indicated at clause 5B-6D for the road
geometry, outside the tangent point on alignment, or on adjacent curve that requires no
arrangement.
The widening e (cm) of each traffic lane for vehicles, maximum 2.50 m in width, for
oil field roads, are shown in the tables below:
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Edition: 2
A) Widening in curves with radius 20 m
Widening e of each traffic lane, cm, per curve radius R, m:

R, m
20
22
25
30
35
40
50
70
100
101
115
116
150
151
225
e, cm
200
185
160
135
115
100
80
60
40
35
30
25
B) Widening in curves with radius < 20 m, by category of vehicles

Widening e of each traffic lane, cm,
per curve radius, m:
R, m
e,
cm
10
15
18
Category of vehicles
Without trailer
310
200
200
Single axle trailer, 6 m
325
225
200
Single axle trailer 9 m
550
375
325
Note: Interpolated widenings will be rounded by adding to 5 cm.

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2.4.5.1.2. Road width

The cross section represents the intersection of the road corpus and the surface of
the natural ground with a vertical plan, normal on the road axis.
The cross sections contain elements of road infrastructure construction, such as:
dimensions, slope levels, road platform width, carriageway, turning areas, characteristic
features of road structures and water drainage devices etc.
The road platform consists of the consolidated central part for traffic that is the
carriageway, partially or totally consolidated shoulders (framing lanes), water discharge
areas, guardrail areas etc.
The width of the carriageway in alignment
Width of component platform elements is to be determined function of the traffic
intensity on the respective road.
The width of current vehicles varies from 1.70 to 2.00 m for cars and 2.25 to 2.90 m
for trucks and buses (generally 2.50 m).
Usually, the minimum traffic lane width must be 3.00 m.
In the case of intense traffic roads and high traffic speed (40-60 km/h) the required
width is 3.50 m.
Therefore, generally roads carriageway width is 6.00 m, while for roads with intense
traffic 7.00 m.
According to the specifications of the Order for the approval of technical norms
regarding design, construction and upgrading of roads, issued by the Ministry of Transport,
Constructions and Tourism (no. 45/27.01.98), the road width is:
Local roads
3501-8000
III
3.50
80
50
40
Low
750-3500
IV
3.00
60
40
30
Medium
Low
Low
Very low
Very low
3501-8000
750-3500
750-3500
sub 750
sub 750
III
IV
IV
V
V
2
2
2
2
2
3.50
3.00
3.00
2.75
2.75
80
60
60
50
50
50
40
40
40
40
40
30
30
25
25
Traffic lane
width (m)
Medium
Technical
category
Number of
traffic lanes
mountain
Village roads
hill
County roads
plain
Principal national roads

Secondary national
roads
Traffic
intensity
Annual daily
average (for the
next 15 years)
Physical
vehicles / 24
hours
Road category
Speed km/h
The oil field roads usually accommodate what is called low traffic (750-3500
physical vehicles in 24 hours); these are roads with two traffic lanes of minimum 6.00 m
carriageway width and 8.00 m platform.
When required (traffic, servicing and other social and economic objectives) the oil
field road carriageway will be 7.00 m and the platform 9.00 m.
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For short time access, one lane roads may be provided. These can be carried out on
sections with minimum 150 m visibility and conditions for stop and leave (4-5% maximum
gradient) in areas arranged for intersection.
The intersection stations have 5.50 to 6.00 m wide carriageways (traffic lane
included), 15 to 20 m minimum in length; they are to be designed considering necessary
visibility, but not longer than 300 to 400 m (to be located generally on the right side, in idle
travel direction).
The carriageway and platform width values (in alignment) are given below:
50
Traffic lane width of roads, m:
- with one traffic lane
- with two traffic lanes
Carriageway width of roads, m:
Shoulder width, m:
Road platform width, m:
40

30
25
20
15
10
3.50
3.50 3.00 3.00
3.50
3.00
3.00
2.75
3.00
2.75
3.00
2.75
3.50
7.00 6.00 6.00
1.00 1.00 1.00
3.50
6.00
1.00
3.00
5.50
0.75
3.00
5.50
0.75
3.00
5.50
0.75
5.50
9.00 8.00 8.00
5.50
8.00
4.50
7.00
4.50
7.00
4.50
7.00
The platform and the carriageway shall be provided by construction with:

crest with two slopes in alignment and in curves with radii longer than recommended
slope in curves that need conversion or superelevation, in the case of one traffic lane
roads and hill roads, where the gradient is provided towards the flank, to avoid
vehicles sliding into valley.
Crest slopes may be: 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6%, depending on the carriageway paving and the
spatial arrangement of curves (superelevation).
-
2.4.5.1.3. Clearance
The maximum clearance necessary for vehicle trafficking is equal to the width of the
road platform (carriageway and shoulders STAS 2900-89) and the free height 5.00 m (Order
of Transport Ministry no.. 45/27.01.98).
2.4.5.1.4. Intersections
Intersections of oil field roads shall be designed considering the traffic intensity and
the type of future traffic on intersecting roads.
At grade arrangements of intersections between oil field roads and public roads will
be designed in conformity with the requirements, as per Normative for at grade
arrangement of public roads intersections outside localities, indicative C 173-86.
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The arrangement of intersections, as per C 173-86 will be subject to approval of

relevant authorities, in accordance with the instructions elaborated by the Ministry of
Transport, Constructions and Tourism, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Administration.
The road intersections design consists in:
- determining intersection dimensions
- providing visibility
- determining location and dimensions of pedestrian crossings
- placing the traffic signs
- providing water drainage
Connection of carriageway shall be provided by arcs with minimum radius of 8-12 m
(at kerb). The minimum radius shall only be used in difficult cases, providing the traffic lane
width, including the respective superelevation.
Intersections at grade with railways will be designed in areas with adequate road and
railway visibility, with arrangement and signing, as per SR 1244-1:1996; SR 1244-2:2004 and
STAS 1244-3-90. In the area of the grade passage, it is recommended that the railway route
alignment should be in alignment.
The intersection angle of the oil field road axis with the railway axis shall be if
practically possible 900, with the minimum allowable crossing angle of 450, and 300 in
exceptional cases.
Before and after the grade crossing, it is recommended that the road should be in
alignment on a minimum distance of 20 m.
The design of the intersection at grade with the railway shall be provided by
specialist companies, with the related documentation being approved by the railway
authorities.
Signing of grade crossings shall be carried out according to the requirements, as per
SR 1244-2:2004 i STAS 1244/3-90 and SR 1848-1:2004.
Intersections of oil roads with the railways or other public roads will be provided at
grade difference, based on a Feasibility Study that shows the efficiency of the grade
difference, subject to approval of S.C. OMV PETROM S.A. and the railway and road
authorities.
2.4.5.1.5. Undercrossing and overcrossing
2.4.5.1.5.1. Undercrossing
The route of aerial lines and underground services (water, thermal power supply,
sewage, gas supply etc.) shall pass under the road, as much as possible at right angles,
while providing necessary relocation of utilities, in conformity with the design prescriptions
of the respective installations.
2.4.5.1.5.2. Overcrossing
The minimum clearance must be provided of 5.00 m over the carriageway, shoulders
and ditches of oil field roads. This clearance shall be observed in the case of all aerial lines,
passages and bridges crossing the road.
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Edition: 2
At oil field roads crossing by the aerial and telecommunication installations, the
following free height shall be provided, from the lowest point of the electrical line to the
highest point of the carriageway:
6.00 m for the telecommunications and low voltage electrical lines (below 0.4
kV); (PE 106/1995 - 7.00 m for county roads)
7.00 m for the electrical lines up to 110 kV inclusive;
8.00 m for the electrical lines of 220 kV;
9.00 m for the electrical lines of 400 kV.
At crossings and in the vicinity of aerial lines, security and protection measures shall
be provided on oil field roads, according to the requirements, as per Normative for the
construction of power supply aerial lines over 1000 V - NTE 003/04/00 (For voltage below
0.4 kV: Normative PE 106/1995).
2.4.5.1.6. Guardrails
To increase traffic safety on roads, guardrails shall be mounted in hazard areas.
Guardrails are usually mounted outside the platform width.
In special cases, to reduce the cost of works, the guardrails can be mounted in the
shoulder area (Order of the Ministry of Transport, Constructions and Tourism, no. 45/1998).
Guardrails will be placed according to the requirements, as per STAS 1948/1-91 on
roads and STAS 1948/2-1995 on ramps and bridges.
The requirements of standard 1948/1-91 (clause 1.2.1.) are also applicable for local
roads that are, either covered already, or shall be covered with asphalt pavement, cement
concrete, or paving (clause 1.2.1.).
It is recommended that guardrails be mounted on oil field roads, irrespective of the
road pavement system, in dangerous areas.
Reference should be made to the Decision no 307 of 2005 issued by the General
Manager of the Romanian National Company of Motorways and National Roads for the
approval of the Catalogue of traffic safety protection systems for roads and motorways
with two years applicability, AND 591, published in B.T.R. no. 4-5/2005.
The oil field roads belong to the technical classes III to V, function of traffic intensity
(Order of the Ministry of Transport no. 46/1998).
When practically applying the respective requirements, the recommendation should
be observed that semiheavy guardrails must be provided instead of light ones and heavy
guardrails instead of semiheavy ones, when the vehicles with service load over 50 kN
represent at least 15% of the prospective traffic.
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Section 4 - Vertical route alignment

2.4.5.2. Vertical road geometry
The longitudinal profile is the projection spread out on the vertical plan, of the
intersection between the surface area generated by the vertical lines of the road axis with
the natural ground area and the platform area.
The projection of the intersection with the ground area is an irregular line and it is
called the ground line, or the black line.
The projection of the intersection with the platform area has been termed the project
line or the red line.
2.4.5.2.1. General. Definitions
Definitions
The horizontal sectors of the red line are termed level sections and inclined sectors
are called gradients.
Two types of gradients have been considered, that is: ramps, when the levels of
different successive points in current travel direction are increasing values (ascending road)
and slopes when the levels are decreasing (descending road).
The placement of the red line is one of the most important design issues and its
adequate solving involves a complex procedure.
The design of the red line must provide in particular vehicle traffic safety, comfort and
economy of road construction and exploitation.
For normal traffic conditions, the normative requirements show a series of minimal
requiements regarding the principal geometry of the red line, such as: maximum gradient,
minimum length of the Vertical Inatersection Points distance, minimum radii of vertical
connection curves etc.
2.4.5.2.2. Maximum ramp
a) In alignment
Road category
1. Public roads, STAS 863-85
- longitudinal gradient %
maximum
exceptional
2. Oil field exploitation roads
- longitudinal gradient %
maximum
exceptional
exceptional, at idle travel
Speed, km/hour
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
7
-
7
8
7.5
8.5
8.0
9.0
7
8
7
8
8
8.5
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
9.5
10
11
12
12
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- skew slope %
maximum
exceptional
exceptional, at idle travel
8
8
9
8
9
9
8.5
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
11
9
9
12
9
9
12
The skew slope (po) results from the composition of the red line gradient (d) with the
crossfall in curves with single slope cross section (i), and has the direction of the steepest
slope line.
It must be calculated by using the following ratio:
po = i 2 + d 2
For safety reasons, to secure the vehicles against the risk of skidding in the direction
of the steepest slope line, the skew slope should not exceed the maximum allowable slope.
The maximum or exceptional gradient values can only be used on difficult sections
(to avoid demolishing, very expensive works etc.), subject to OMV PETROM approval and on
least sectors as much as possible.
These areas shall be provided with facilities for permanent surveillance, signing and
maintenance (mud, frost and snow cleaning, spreading of anti-skidding materials).
b) In curves, the gradients must be reduced as follows:
Curves radius, m
Reduction of maximum and
exceptional longitudinal gradients, %
50
4940
3930
2920
1910
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
and the allowable skew slope must not be exceeded

c) Extended ramps
On road sections with extended ramps, the weighted mean of which exceeds, or is
equal to 5%, after each 75 to 90 m grade difference, resting stages will be inserted minimum
100 m in length (measured between tangent points of vertical connections), where the
gradients must not exceed 2%, or lateral resting platforms located approximately
perpendicularly on the road (lateral roads), where the defect vehicles could stop for repair,
or return.
2.4.5.2.3. Maximum crossfall
The carriageway crossfall depends on the type of pavement and is in alignment 2 to
4% (2% cement concrete SR 183-1:1995; 2.5% asphalt SR 174-1:2002; 3% macadam STAS
1120:1995; hard-core road with ballast or crushed stone 3-4%, AND 582-2002 - Stone
paving of earth roads).
To avoid skidding in curves with smaller radius than recommended, the profile will be
converted from crest (dome) shape to single slope eaves directed towards the interior of the
curve, with the crossfall equal to the alignment slope. In the case of curves with smaller
radii, (between minimum-exceptional and current radii) carriageway superelevation shall be
provided by using a steeper crossfall.
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The maximum allowed superelevation is 7% in the case of car traffic and 6% in the
case of combined traffic, or in areas with frequent glaze formation. Oil field roads will have
the maximum crossfall of 6%..
The maximum crossfall will be used, considering also longitudinal profile gradients,
to that the skew slope should not be steeper than recommended.
It is recommended that on sections with bridges, passages, and viaducts, the
maximum crossfall shall not exceed 5%..
2.4.5.2.4. Minimum vertical connecting radius
Minimum vertical connecting radii of slopes are shown in the table below:
Minimum radii of vertical

connections, m:
- convex (humps)
- concave (valley)
50
40
1300
700
(1000)
1000
400
(1000)

30
25
20
(800)
700
300
(500)
(500)
300
200
(300)
200
150
15
10
150
80
100
80
Radii of vertical connecting curves at slope changes in longitudinal profile at oil field
roads will be selected to obtain curve lengths of at least 1.4 V (m) but not less than 20m (V =
speed in km/hour) and bisector 5 cm minimum.
If the oil field road will accommodate public traffic as well, V 25 km/hour,
connections will be provided at the minimum radii given in brackets.
It shall be checked that the recommended connecting radius provides the minimum
guard to ground of prospective loaded vehicles on the entire connecting curve length.
The geometry of vertical connections shall be determined by applying the following
ratios:
T
mR
200
(tangent, m)
T2
2R
(bisector, m)
X2
Y
2R
(the y-coordinate of a point located at x m from the tangent point)
m = sum (in the case of reverse gradients), or deduction of two successive gradients,
% (when gradients are the same direction)
R = radius, m
2.4.5.2.5. Cutting slopes
The slopes gradient in maxim 12.00m deep cuttings are shown in Table 5 of STAS
2914-84 function of the existing cutting materials:
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Cutting materials
Slope gradient
Clayey soil, clayey sands or silty clay
1.0 : 1.5
Loam
1.0:1.0....1.0:0.5
Macropore land (loess and loessoid earth)
1.0 : 0.1
Weathering stony rocks function of the weathering

degree and cutting depth
1.0:1.5....1.0:1.0
Unweatherable stony rocks
1.0:1.5....1.0:1.0
Stony rocks (unweatherable) with good stability
from 1.0:0.1 until vertical

position
In cuttings steeper than 12.00 m, or locted in hidrologically unfavourable conditions

(wet areas, infiltrations, swamp zones), the slope gradient shall be established by stability
calculations, irrespective of depth.
2.4.5.2.6. Embankment slopes
Embankment slope gradient located on subgrade with adequate bearing capacity will
be 1:1.5 up to maximum vertical height indicated in table 3 of STAS-ul 2914-84:
Embankment materials
Maximum height, m
Silty clay or sandy clay
Clayey sand or clayey silt
Sand
Gravel or ballast
10
In embankments over 10.00 m, not higher than 12.00 m, the slope gradient will be 1:2
to the toe of embankment.
In embankments over 12.00 m and in embankments located on subgrade consisting
of fine and very fine particles, the slope gradient will be determined based on a stability
calculation, with a stability coefficient of 1.3 to 1.5.
Embankment slopes that are located on low bearing capacity and sloping subgrade
will be designed in accordance with the recommendations stated in table 4 of STAS 2914-84
and the recommendations provided in the geotechnical study regarding the stability
calculation.
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Section 5 - Road superstructure

2.5. Superstructure design
Road pavement (pavement systems):
- Flexible pavement:
a) Crushed stone and ballast
b) Asphalt, crushed stone and ballast
- Semirigid pavement:
a) Stabilized layers, crushed stone and ballast
b) Asphalt, stabilized layers, crushed stone and ballast
- Rigid pavement:
Cement concrete, stabilized layer, (crushed stone) and ballast
2.5.1. Design statement
Dimensioning methods of flexible and semirigid pavement systems are based on the
following principles:
- reduction of the fatigue damage of asphalt structures and aggregate layers
stabilized with hydraulic and puzzolanic binders;
- reduction of the permanent deformation of the road pavement support (roadbed).
Rigid pavements will be dimensioned in accordance with the technical class of the
road (Order of Ministry of Transport, Construction and Tourism no. 46 of 27 January 1998 for
public roads); it is recommended to consider the technical methods that can limit the fatigue
damage of the cement concrete layer, and ensure that the slab effort (i) does not exceed
the allowable concrete bending tensile stress (adm)
i adm
2.5.2. Standard references
For the flexible and semirigid pavements, the following normatives are used:
Normative for dimensioning flexible and semirigid pavements (analythical method),
indicative PD 177-2001 for new pavement, Normative for dimensioning reinforcement
asphalt paving of flexible and semirigid pavement (analythical method) indicative AND 55099 for the reinforcement of the existing flexible and semirigid pavement systems.
2.5.2.1. Criteria of flexible road pavement determination:
The specific vertical deformation by compression at road bed level (z) must
not exceed the allowable specific deformation (z adm);
The specific tensile strain at the base of asphalt layers (r) must be smaller than
the allowable specific tensile strain (z adm).
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Semirigid pavement determination:

- The same requirements as for flexible pavement, plus:
- Tensile stress (r) at the base of the treated natural aggregate layers with hydraulic
and puzzolanic binders must not exceed the allowable tensile stress (r adm)
Elements z, z i r result by the application of computing programme CALDEROM
2000.
Allowable calculation traffic is expressed in millions of 115 kN standard axles
(m.o.s.).
2.5.2.2. Criteria of rigid road pavement determination:
Rigid pavements are dimensioned as per the Normative for rigid pavement
dimensioning - indicative NP 081-02.
Oil field exploitation roads are similar with public roads of technical class III to V, for
medium, low and very low traffic (Order of Ministry of Transport no. 46 of 27 January 1998).
Calculation hypotheses:
-
Roads of technical class III and IV (hypothesis 2)
i(2) t + 0.8 x 0.65 tt adm

-
Roads of technical class V (hypothesis 3)
i(3) t adm
for i(2), i(3),, refer to the drawings in annex to NP 081-02
Allowable concrete bending tensile stress (adm) is:
K
adm = Rinc
(0,70 log Nc ) `n MPa
(Refer to NP 081-02 for the definition of ratio terms)

2.5.2.3. Verification of pavement behaviour at freeze and thaw
Any road pavement resulting by dimensioning calculation, function of traffic intensity
effects, shall be verified under repeated freezing, according to the requirements, as per
STAS 1709/1-90.
It is considered that a road pavement is resistant to freeze and thaw, if the protection
degree at penetration of freezing into the pavement system K is minimum that of table 4,
STAS 1709/2-90, depending on climate, road pavement system, soil category and sensitivity
to freeze and thaw.
Otherwise, it is required to take steps for the prevention of freeze and thaw damages.
If design procedures are insufficient to protect the road pavement against freeze and
thaw, the following additional measures will be taken: traffic restrictions for heavy duty
vehicles (5 t total weight), instatement of the freeze barrier during critical periods (heavy
duty vehicles will not be allowed to travel during thaw periods, traffic interdiction signs will
be installed and their observing by drivers monitored) - (AND 582/2002).
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2.5.3. Pavement design function of exploitation, construction cost and paving

maintenance requirements
Pavement systems that are recommended for oil field roads:
a) Earth roads
- pavement systems of soil and stabilized soil with granular materials or chemical
substances
b) Hard core roads
- pavements of simple hard cores provided in one or two layers (SR 662-02; SR
667-01; STAS 6400-84)
- pavements with macadam paving
c) Roads with asphalt wearing courses
- pavements with protected macadam - asphalt macadam
- pavements with permanent asphalt, or cement concrete wearing courses
Road pavements of earth and improved earth are only used for seasonal exploitation,
and low intensity traffic.
Earth pavements are obtained by profiling and compacting road platform ground.
Pavements of improved earth are carried out by adding, either local materials to the
platform soil, such as: ballast, sand, quarry waste, slag etc., to obtain mechanical
stabilization (STAS 8840-83) or binders (STAS 10473/1-87) (to improve physical, chemical
and mechanical properties), and chemical substances, resulting chemical stabilization.
The proportion of admixtures necessary to obtain a mixture as stable as possible at
humidity and mechanical strain will be determined by laboratory testing and based on the
specifications of the chemical products suppliers.
The simple hard core layers consist of several layers of stone material (ballast or
crushed stone, according to the requirements, as per STAS 6400-84, SR 662:2002, SR
667:2001) carried out in one or several stages.
The simple hard core single layers are applied on local roads on seasonal terms.
The simple hard core in two layers are provided on local roads all the year round.
Road pavements with macadam paving (SR 179:1995) provide road operating
conditions all the year round.
The macadam foundation can be of coarse crushed stone, or ballast.
Macadam protection shall be achieved by simple or double surface treatment (SR
599:2004) or asphalt overlays.
Macadam asphalt can be, either penetrated, or semi penetrated macadam (SR 11201995).
The pavements with permanent wearing course are used in the case of medium to
intense traffic, as well as when the oil field road must also be prepared to accommodate
other activities.
Permanent pavings include asphalt pavement (SR 174-1/2002, SR 7970:2001) with 7 to
15 years of service life and cement concrete pavement (SR 183-1:1995) with 20 to 30 years of
service life.
The type of pavement shall be selected based on the feasibility study, where
investment and maintenance expenses are considered for the road pavement (for the
following 20 to 30 years).
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Section 6 - Water discharge

2.6. Collecting and discharging rain water
2.6.1. Design statement
Road water collection and discharge works aim at avoiding:
- road corpus damage;
- depreciation of subgrade bearing capacity;
- damage of riparian land by water staying, streaming, swamping, delayed
discharge, etc.
2.6.2. Normative references
Design of road water collection and discharge works will observe the requirements,
as per the following standards:
- STAS 10796/1-77. Ancillary construction works of water collection and discharge.
General design statement.
- STAS 10796/2-79. Ancillary construction works of water collection and discharge.
Gutters, ditches and downchutes. General design and construction specifications.
- STAS 10796/3-88. Water collection works. Dewatering drains. Design and location
requirements.
- STAS 2914-84. Earthworks. General technical quality requirements (Chp. 5. Water
discharge ditches and gutters).
- STAS 4273-83. Hydrotechnical constructions. Categories of construction works
importance.
- STAS 9470-73. Maximum rainfall frequancy.
- STAS 2916-87. Slope and ditch protection.
2.6.3. Adjacent ditches to road
Road water collection and discharge will be provided by gutters, ditches and
downchutes. Several such works are mentioned below (STAS 10796/2-79):
- Gutters at the edge of platform;
- Shoulder gutter with paved section, or paved and traffickable section
- Ditches at the edge of platform with:
o Unprotected section;
o Protected section (revetment)
- Downchutes for discharge of shoulder gutter for embankments over 1.50 m.
Design of gutters, ditches and downchutes will be provided in conformity with the
requirements, as per STAS 10796/2-79, considering the rainwater outflow capacity, the
ground morphology and the geometry of these works.
To determine the rainwater flows, calculations will be provided, as per STAS 1846-90
and STAS 9470-73. These will be correlated with STAS 4068/1-82 and STAS 4068/2-87 as
well as with the dewatering systems, irrigation and other existing hydrotechnical systems, or
to be provided in the vicinity of roads.
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Ditch dimensions and shapes (deltoid, V-shaped etc.) are to be established from case
to case, function of relief, water flow and velocity, ground morphology, construction
technology, traffic conditions, to avoid accidents, in conformity with the requirements, as
per STAS 10.796/2-79.
The longitudinal slope of ditches will be minimum 0.25% on natural ground and 0.1%
at revetment ditches (STAS 2914-84).
Protection of ditches and gutters is mandatory when their slope exceeds the
maximum allowable slope to avoid soil erosion (STAS 2916-87).
The maximum allowable slopes of revetment ditches and gutters are indicated in
STAS 2916-87.
2.6.4. Guard ditches (STAS 10796/2-79)
When the rainwater flow resulting from adjacent land areas of the road (cutting
slopes, depressions etc.) exceeds the capacity of current discharge devices, or endangers
road slopes, guard ditches will be provided.
Guard ditches at roads located in combined profile, or cutting will be located at
minimum 5.00 m from the cutting slope edge.
When guard ditches also protect the embankment toe against waters flowing in
transverse direction, the distance to the former will be 1.5 to 2.00 m. The land strip between
the embankment toe and the ditch will be provided with 2% slope to the ditch.
Generally, the guard ditches will be lined up with revetment, or paved (STAS 291484).
2.6.5. Other rain water collection and discharge devices
Water collection and discharge from the road foundation will be provided (as per
STAS 10.796/1-77) by:
- shoulder transverse drains;
- interception transverse drains; cutting drains under shoulders or gutters;
- continuous drainage layers.
When current discharge of rainwaters cannot be provided by ditches or sewage,
drainage by absorbing wells is recommended, on condition that:
- there is a permeable layer at a convenient depth, to undertake the amount of
collected rainwater and naturally outflow them;
- the maximum hydrological level of ground waters permits this outflow;
- there are no contamination risks of the phreatic acqueferous layer (STAS
10.796/1-77).
The discharge of ditches into emissaries will only be provided after water filtering in
settling lagoons: solid parts decanters, oil separators, etc.
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Section 7 - Art Works

2.7. Design art works and ancillary works
The art works consist of:
- protection works of banks and slopes
- consolidation works (supports drains etc.)
- works of bridges and culverts
2.7.1. Design principles (A, B, C)
2.7.1.A. River bank protection works
The classification of the protection works is based on several crtiteria, as follows:
a) depending on the face type
The solution of the bank protections have to be determined considering the work
height and the distance between the road and the water bank so that the discharge opening
should not decrease. Considering all the above mentioned, there can be acheived a tilting,
vertical and/or mixed face;
- The protections with tilting face (sloped) have to protect the bank slope against
erosions and they are covered with vegetation and works of stone, concrete, bituminous
mixtures and geosynthetic materials.
- The protections with vertical face are also purposed tu support the slope/ bank and
the following types can be noticed: gravity retaining walls, cribs of reinforced concrete
elements filled with stones, reinforced earth, walls of reinforced concrete elements with/
with out anchorages being inserted into the ground by tamping, vibrating or drilling.
- The protections with mixed face are applied in case the work height is great and the
distance between the road and the water bank is relatively narrow.
b) depending on the structural characteristics of the foundation ground
In accordance with the manner by which they work with the foundation ground on
site, the bank protection works can be of rigid and/ or elastic type.
- The rigid structures are applied to the foundation grounds with good geotechnical
characteristics and they are made up of monolith concrete, stone masonry and monolith
concrete prefab boxes.
- The elastic structures are used when the ground has low geotechnical characteritics
that infer certain risks generating settlements; they are made of: gabions, riprap, nonmonolith prefab elements and geosynthetic elements.
In accordance with the water circulation on the slope, there can be also distinguished
impervous works where a reverse filter will be performed under the lining in order to avoid
the small-sized particles from being entrained, and respectively the impervious works that
are applied/ used to avoid the water losses though exfiltrations.
c) depending on the position against the water variable level where the following
zones can be found:
- zone 1 - under the level corresponding to the average discharge where the current
action has a high frequency and is accompanied by the ice action;
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- zone 2 - located between the level corresponding to the average level and that of the
guard design level;
- zone 3 - existing over the level corresponding to the guard design discharge up to
that one appurtenant to the maximum discharge.
The guard height is takem in relation to the hydrological characteristics of the water
stream and the importance class of the structure/road.
2.7.1.B. Reinforcement works
The supporting and consolidation works are efficiently designed in accordance with
the geotechnical properties of the ground where they follow to be bulit on.
The retaining walls are used to support the cut and fill of the road.
The drilled piles and the grouted mini-piles are used to support the road fill and to
improve the physical and mechanical characteritics of the ground in case of groutings with a
grouting fluid.
The gabions are used to support the road fills and to protect them in case there is a
water stream at the fill toe. Also the gabions are used to support the cutting slopes with
running cutting and to keep it behind them.
The drains are works meant to drain the water from the ground and to evacuate it in
the outside sector of the road on the existing valleys or water streams. The purpose of the
water collection from the ground and its re-evacuation is to improve the physical and
mechanical characteristics of the ground where the road is located.
2.7.1.C. Bridges
The bridges, passage ways, viaducts and retaining walls are resistance structures
considered as art works.
The bridges, passage ways and viaducts are structures that support the
communication ways when passing over obstacles and leaving a space to provide the
continuity of the crossed-over obstacle. (STAS 5626/1992)
The concept of the resistance structures as well as that of the art works has to meet
the several general principles coming from experience, such as:
- functionality;
- resistance capacity;
- economic efficiency;
- aesthetic aspect.
From the perspective of these principles, the bridge (passage way, viaduct) will have
to meet the purpose it is meant for, that is to provide the free traffic of vehicles when
passing over the obstacle.
This calls for providing the free traffic spaces to pass over and under the bridge,
providing the structure stiffness within the limits of the allowed deformations, providing the
optimum conditions of operation and maintenance.
Depending on the location conditions (length and height of the obstacle, geotechnical
foundation conditions etc.), the economic efficiency of the work is achieved by setting the
appropriate length and adopting the economic bridge span.
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2.7.2. Normative references

In order to protect the art works, besides the general norms and standards, the following
specialty norms shall be met, such as:
- The department norm related to the deign of protection works for roads, railways and
bridges against the action of flowing waters and lakes. NP 067-02.
- The design guide of the slope protection and consolidation works at canals and dikes.
GE 027-1997.
- The technical instructions related to the design, execution, examination and
maintenance of drains for the public roads - AND 513-2002
- The use guide of the controlled horizontal drilling for the drainage and consolidation
of the landslides, the installation of filters for depolluting the contaminated zones and
laying of pipes, underground cables of any nature (GEOTEC) - GE 037-2000
- The technical instructions for the design, execution and accepatance of the short piles
by vibration - C 252-94
- The department technical handbook for the formation and calculation of the
structures of roadway bridges and culverts with monolith and prefab superstructures
- indicative PD 165-2000
- The norm for the execution and acceptance of the foundations on open and
compressed air caissons - indicative CD 22/66
- The drilled piles of large diameter - STAS 2561/4-90
- The technical instruction for the protection and execution of bars - P 106/85
The document text includes other norms, as well.
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Section 8 - Bridges
2.7.3. Bridges and culverts
2.7.3.1. Bridges
When designing bridges, all the principles mentioned in section 2.7.C.1 shall be
simultaneously observed as much as possible and the choice of a certain bridge solution
(pass or viaduct) must result only after drawing up a techno-economical documentation in
which several solutions are to be analyzed comparatively.
2.7.3.1.1. Bridge terminology
The bridge is a construction that supports a carriageway over an obstacle leaving a
space in order to ensure the continuity of the obstacle crossed.
The main elements of a bridge are:
- the substructure
- the superstructure
The substructure is that part of the construction that supports the superstructure and
transmits the loads to the foundation terrain.
The superstructure is that part of the construction on which the rolling track of
vehicles is placed on and which supports the loading trasmitted by these. The
superstructure is the main element of the resistance structure and assures the continuity of
the way above the obstacle.
The elements of the superstructure are:
The rolling track having the purpose of creating a continuous surface for the traffic of
vehicles and pedestrians. The way is composed of carriageway and sidewalks.
The flooring is the construction element that supports the way and transmitts the
loads to the main resistance structure. In case of reinforced concrete bridges, the flooring is
made up of slab and cross beams or only of slab.
The main resistance element supports the flooring and transmits directly or through
the bearing, the loads to the substructure.
In case of masive bridges, the main strength element may be:
- slab;
- beam;
- frame;
- arch;
- vault
2.7.3.1.2. Classification of bridges
a) According to the nature of the obstacle crossed:
- bridge - it crosses a water course
- viaduct - bridge that replaces a backfill
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pass - bridge that crosses a transport way

overpass - highway bridge that crosses a railway
underpass - railway bridge that crosses a road
According to the span:
culvert - bridge having the span less than 5 m
small bridge - bridge with the maximum span 20 m
middle bridge - bridge on which the largest span is of 21...50 m
large bridge - bridge on which the largest span is of 51... 100 m
very large bridge - bridge having at least a span of over 100 m
Depending on the material of which the superstructure is made:
metallic bridge
masonry bridge (brick or stone)
concrete bridge
reinforced concrete bridge
prestressed concrete bridge
bridge with mixed superstructure (metal-reinforced concrete or metal-prestressed
concrete)
Bridges made of masonry, concrete, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete are
called massive bridges because are characterized by own important weight..
d) Depending on the static scheme of the resistance structure, massive bridges may
be:
- slabs or simply propped beams
- slabs or beams with cantilevers
- slabs with continuous beams
- frames
- arches - walls or washers
- arches or vaults
e) Depending on the method of construction, bridges of reinforced or prestressed
concrete may be:
- monolith
- with poured elements
- with precast elements
b)
c)
-
2.7.3.1.3. Determination of bridge length and height

The main criteria of determination of bridge length and height is represented by the
hydraulic conditions of discharging the water under the bridge.
The total clearance of the bridge (C) i.e. the distance measured horizontally between
the faces of abutments is the element that is dimensioned by hydraulic calculation.
The calculation of the length of bridges and culverts is done according to the
prescriptions from Normative regarding the hydraulic design of bridges and culverts,
indicative PD 95-2001.
The category and importance class of a bridge are set in conformance with the
provisions STAS 4273-83.
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Depending on the importance class, the annual probability of exceeding the

maximum flows in normal conditions of exploitation on the basis of which the calculation
flow is determined.
Depending on the value of the calculation flow and the characteristics of the water
course riverbed, all main elements of the bridge are being calculated: length, number of
spans,maximum water level, general and local underminings, protection and direction
works.
The height of free passing under the bridge determines the positioning of the bridge
in vertical plane and on its basis and of the construction height, levels of the way on the
bridge is calculated. By free passing height it is understood the distancde between the level
of water at calculation flow and minimum level of the bridge superstructure intrados.
The length ofpasses and viaducts
The length of passes and viaducts is determined due to technical (crossing obstacles,
roads, railways) and economical reasons. The optimum length is determined by comparing
the techno-economical indexes between the viaduct solution and the ramps solution.
The width of bridges, passes and viaducts
The width of a bridge is the distance between the interior sides of parapets at the
level of the balustrade.
In cross section, the width of bridges is established depending on the case and on the
width of the carriageway, according to article 3.8 and anned 2 from Technical norms
regarding the design, construction and modernization of roads approved by order 45/1998
of The Ministry of Transports.
T
7.80
c) on roads of the technical class III & IV
7.00
d) on roads of the technical class V with 2 traffic lanes

5.00
e) on roads of the technical class V, with a single traffic lane
Image. 2.7.3.1.1.
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The width of bridges, passes and viaducts according to annex no.2 at Technical norms
regarding teh design, construction and modernization of roads
In case of bridges situated in curve, when determining the width of the carriageway,
overwidening shall be taken into account according to STAS 863-85 that is added to the
height established for straightway bridges.
2.7.3.1.4. Free spaces on and under the bridge
a) Bridges
The length of the bridge and the underside or so fit level of superstructure shall
be established by a hydrological design in accordance with the departamental norms M.T.,
POD 95-2002/BTR 01/2002 norms for the hydrological design of bridges and platforms.
In the case of navigable river or stream, the navigable span shall be also observed,
especially for the max central span of the bridge.
b) Overpasses
The height of platform and the size of the spans shall be fixed observing the
minimum overall dimensions necessary for the crossing of railways (STAS 4392/84) or
motorway (STAS 2924/91).
c) Loading gauge for bridges and overpasses
The height of the platform, the width of the carriageway, of the bicycle path and of
the sidewalks was set according to the STAS 2924/91 provisions and depending on the
technical class of the road.
2.7.3.1.5. Loading
The structural design of bridges has taken into account all the possible loads that can
be solicited by observing the following standards:
- STAS 10101/1-78
Actions in constructions. Technical weight and permanent loads
- STAS 10101/OB-87 Actions in constructions. Classification and grouping of actions for
railway and road bridges
- STAS 1545/89
Road and highway bridges. Foot bridges. Actions
- STAS 3221/86
Highway bridges. Type trains charging classes
2.7.3.1.6. Calculation and dimensioning
The structural design was performed by taking into account that nowadays in
Romania there are two valid calculation procedures for the dimensioning of the bridges
namely:
- the allowable stress procedure, applicable to metallic superstructures in accordance
with STAS 1844/75 Metallic road bridges. Design prescriptions and SR 1911/98 Metallic
railway bridges. Design prescriptions.
- the limit design procedure applicable to concrete applicable to concrete, reinforced
concrete and prestressed concrete substructures and superstructures according to STAS
10111/1/77 Railway and road bridges. Masonry, concrete and reinforced concrete
substructures. Design prescriptions and STAS 10111/2-87 Railway and road bridges.
Concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete superstructures. Design
prescriptions.
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2.7.1.7. Types of bridges

Slabbed bridges
Domains of use
Generally, slabbed bridges are made as simply propped structures (Image 2.7.3.1.2.).
The construction height is comprised between (1/12-1/16) L for bridges with the span up to
10 m made of monolith reinforced concrete. For larger spans with prestressed
superstructure, the construction height may be reduced up to (1/25-1/30) L.
In case of bridge or passes on which a reduced construction height is necessary and
the foundation terrain is good, continuous slabs with the height in the field may constructed
up to 1/30 L.
Construction materials are the monolith reinforced concrete mostly used on small
spans and prestressed concrete.
ELEVATION
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
DETAIL I
Protection concrete 3cm
Slab
Waterproofing 1cm
Support layer 2cm
Drain
Socked rib
50
l
Lp
Abutment
2 sheets of asphalt cartboared
Pile cap
Drain ditch
325/ml OB37
CROSS SECTION
DETAIL II
B
Poured asphalt 3+4cm
Celocked cork
Waterproofing protection
40
20
2 15
17
Waterproofing 1cm
50
8 2
40
Support layer
Drain ditch
80
Drain ditch
40
Image 2.7.3.1.2
Monolith slabbed bridge L 10 m
In cross section are used monolith slabs (image 2.7.3.1.3.a) or precast (image
2.7.3.1.3. b) with full section or with voids and straps with prestressed precats voids (image
2.7.3.1.4).
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a) monolith slabs
B
1,00
reinforced concrete precast slabs C16/20
1,00
B
1,00
Reinforced concrete precast slabs C16/20
1,00
b) precast slabs
Image 2.7.3.1.3
Cross sections slabs
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VIEW A - A
LONGITUDINAL SECTION B - B
CROSS SECTION C-C
Concrete cast in place

C
25 1.20
7.80/2
B
Precast element
L/2
Lo /2
1%
l/2
2%
1,02
A
C
1,02
2
1,02 1,02
2
2
2
9.34/2
1,02/2
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPIFIED STRIPS
98
98
2 4
40
40
62
80
40
102
40
58
54
50
34
9
37
52
72
5 334
6 54 7
6 54 7
2
98
40 5
102
h = 52
h = 72
Length
Weight
Length
superstructure strip t/piece
strip (m)
(m)
4,20
5,60
6,00
5,70
7,60
8,00
7,20
9,60
10,00
11,60
12,00
8,70
40 5
102
h = 80
Length
Length
Weight
strip (m)
(m)
9,50
10,00
8,30
11,60
12,00
10,00
13,60
11,70
14,00
15,60
16,00
13,50
Length
Length
Weight
strip (m)
(m)
13,50
14,00
12,90
15,60
16,00
14,70
17,60
16,60
18,00
Image 2.7.3.1.4
Strips with precast prestressed voids
Bridges with beams
General notions
Bridges with beams of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete are nowadays
constructed for covering the spans from 5-15 m up to 60-100 m.
By resorting to modern execution technologies, bridges of prestressed concrete
beams with a 250 m span have been constructed in the cantilever.
The superstructure of a bridge with beams is presented as a network having as main
elements:
4
1
Image 2.7.3.1.5 Main elements of bridges on beams

1-Main beams; 2-Cross beams; 3-Slab in cantilever; 4-Slab of the carriageway;
5-Secondary longitudinal rib
- main beams
- cross beams
- slab of the carriageway
- slab in cantilever which supports the sidewalk
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Types of bridges with beams

The classification of bridges with beams may be made after various criteria. Only a
few of these criteria (with the main methods of making up superstructures) are presented:
a) Depending on the static schemes:
a1 - Constructions with articulated propping of the beams on substructures
- simply propped beams
- continuous beams
- simply propped beams with cantilevers
a2 - Constructions with framed beams
b) Depending on the type of the cross section:
b1 - slabbed bridges
b2 - bridges on actual beams:
- wide beams - image 2.7.3.1.6.a
- T-type beams - image 2.7.3.1.6.b
- beams in double T (with bulb) - image 2.7.3.1.6.c
- beams with pockets (with variable core thickness) - image 2.7.3.1.6.d
b3 - bridges with cased beams:
- beams with one case - image 2.7.3.1.6.e
- beams with one case and a median wall - image 2.7.3.1.6.f
- beams with two or more cases - image 2.7.3.1.6.g
- cased beams with skewed walls - image 2.7.3.1.6.h
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b
e)
h
a)
f)
h
b)
b
c)
g)
d)
h)
1
SECTION 1-1
Image 2.7.3.1.6
Cross section on bridges with beams
Depending on the type of reinforcement:
- with common reinforcement (reinforced concrete)
- with reinforcement in carcass (reinforced concrete)
- with pre-tensed reinforcement (prestressed concrete)
c) Depending on the construction method:
c1 - of monolith poured concrete
- with proppings (scaffoldings)
- without proppings made by concreting in the cantilever
- poured on the bank in sections and launched in the span as they are constructed
c2 - with precast elements
- with precast beams in the plant
- with pre-poured beams on the site
c3 - entirely precast bridges and launched in the span
Bridges of reinforced concrete beams have a very large domain of use due to to
economic advantages and constructive reasons.
At the moment, the most used are bridges with precast elements on which modern
construction methods are changed with fast execution procedures of the works.
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Cast-in-place (monolith) bridges are constructed where precast methods are not
allowed.
Bridges with wide beams may be used on small spans of 5-14 m, in case of simply
propped beams and 12-18 m in case of continuous beams. Generally, these bridges are
monolith.
Bridges with T-type beams and double T are used for small and medium spans (535m) and sometimes even for large spans (40-50 m).
In case of small and medium spans, simply propped beams of reinforced concrete as
well as prestressed concrete are usually used. Simply propped beams of prestressed
concrete as well as reinforced concrete continuous beams or prestressed concrete or beams
with cantilevers may be used for large spans.
Simply propped beams are precast in most of the cases, while continuous beams or
beams with cantilevers are precast and monolith also.
In order to simplify the execution, beams have usually a constant height. In order to
reduce its own weight, on monolith beams with large spans the variation of the core width
may be adopted, creating the so-called pocket beams (image 2.7.3.1.6.d)
The thickening of cores on beams in double T (with bulb) is foreseen only in the area
of proppings where the shearing force has maximum values.
The types of superstructures cross sections are very varied and depend on several
factors: static scheme of beams, span dimension, type of reinforcements, construction
method.
In image 2.7.3.1.6. are presented a few characteristic types of cross section of
superstructures on bridges with beams.
Determining the number of main beams in cross section and also the distance
between them, the number of cross beams, as well as the thickness of the slab is generally
done on economic considerate by comparing several possible solutions depending on the
span, width, static scheme, available construction height and materials used.
With respect to the number of main beams, the following may be adopted:
- a small number of beams (minimum two) and a thick slab that has the purpose of
compressed foot of the main beam
- a large number of main beams having a reduced height.
When designing the cross sections of precast superstructures, the following aspects
must be taken into account:
- elements must have as small as possible weights in order to simplify the haulage and
mounting conditions;
- the construction must be simple and the number of mounting joinings as reduced as
possible;
- the cross sections of the elements must have the shape that allows serial (typified)
execution;
- joinings/fastenings must be safe and able to withstand for a long time in use on
alternative and dynamic loads;
- the distance from the location of the work to the plant of precast elements must be as
small as possible so that the value of the construction does not get drawn into the haulage
costs.
The superstructures with simply propped beams satisfy the best the main conditions
that a precast construction must meet.
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The cross section of the superstructures with simply propped beams may be made
up in various ways:
- precast beams with monolith slab poured between beaml in formworks with proppings
(image 2.7.3.1.7. a)
- precast beams with monolith slab poured on pre-slabs (image 2.7.3.1.7. b)
- precast jointive beams with super-concreting (image 2.7.3.1.7. c, d)
- precast upside down T-type beams with post-tensed adherent reinforcement (image
2.7.3.1.7.c)
- precast beams with precast adherent slab (image 2.7.3.1.7. f, g, h)
1.45
7.80
1.45
7.80
1.70
a
1.70
1%
2%
2%
1%
b
1.45
7.80
1%
1.45
1%
2%
c
1.45
1%
7.80/2
7.80/2
2%
1.45
2%
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1.45
1%
7.80/2
7.80/2
2%
2%
1.45
1%
e
1.70
1%
7.80
2%
1.70
2%
1%
f
1.70
1%
7.80
2%
1.70
2%
1%
g
1.70
1%
7.80
2%
1.70
2%
1%
Image 2.7.3.1.7
At the moment, in our country are used mainly the following types of precast beams
for the superstructures of road bridges:
- T-type upside down beams with pre-tensed reinforcement for spans of 6-12 m
- double T beams with pre-tensed reinforcement for spans of 14-18 m
- T-type beams with pre-tensed reinforcement for spans of 12-24 m
- mono-block precast beams with post-tensed fascicles for spans of 24-40 m.
In table 4.1. are written the constructive characteristics of superstructures with
prestressed precast beams.
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T-type
beams
machined or
precast on
site
Beams of 3
monolithed
transoms on
site
T-type
beams
Superstructure of jointively arranged beams with the deck slab

5.50
16
0.42 0.52-0.60
C32/4
8.50
16
0.42 0.52-0.60
0
C25/30
9.50
16
0.42 0.52-0.60
(Bc
(Bc 30)
9.50
16
0.52 0.62-0.70
40)
11.50
16
0.52 0.62-0.70
13.50
9
0.72 0.82-0.90 C32/4
0
15.50
9
0.72 0.82-0.90
C25/30
(Bc
(Bc 30)
15.50
9
0.80 0.90-0.98
40)
17.50
9
0.80 0.90-0.98
11.30
8
0.93 1.05-1.13
C32/4
14.30
8
0.93 1.05-1.13
0
C25/30
17.30
8
0.93 1.05-1.13
(Bc
(Bc 30)
20.30
8
0.93 1.05-1.13
40)
23.30
8
0.93 1.05-1.13
Upside
down Ttype
beams
6.00
8.00
10.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
16.00
18.00
12.00
15.00
18.00
21.00
24.00
Torons TBP 12 (74)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Double
T
beams
Fascicles of parallel wires

with the diameter of 5 or 7
mm of SBP I
Types of prestressed precast beams usually used for superstructures of road bridges
Table 4.1.
No.
Length
Precas
h
h
Monolit Reinforce
of
of
t
N
Calculati
bea resistanc
h
ment for
Type of
bea
superconcr
o
on span
ms
e
concret prestressi
beam
ms
ete
crt structur
(piec
(m)
structure
e clas
ng.
e
class
e)
Superstructures of mono-block beams with monolith reinforced concrete between beams
1
12.00
11.30
6
0.85
0.85
2
15.00
14.30
6
0.95
0.95
C32/4
C25/30
3
18.00
17.30
4
1.25
1.25
0
(Bc
30)
4
18.00
17.30
6
1.05
1.05
(Bc
5
21.00
20.30
4
1.40
1.40
40)
6
21.00
20.30
6
1.23
1.23
7
24.00
23.25
4
1.60
1.60
8
27.00
26.25
4
1.60
1.60
C32/4
C25/30
9
30.00
29.25
4
1.80
1.80
0
(Bc 30)
10
33.00
32.25
4
1.80
1.80
(Bc
11
36.00
35.25
4
2.10
2.10
40)
12
40.00
39.25
4
2.10
2.10
Note: The number of beams and the height of the resistance structure are those
corresponding to a bridge with a carriageway of 7.80 m and sidewalks of 1.00 m.
Together with the use of execution systems, in cantilever started to be used precast
materials on bridges with beams and cantilevers and on superstructures with continuous
beams. Also, independent spans of beams with cantilevers and articulations may be made
of precast materials.
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Section 9 - Culverts
2.7.3.2. Culverts
Water undercrossing the road will be provided by bridges (span > 5.00 m) and
culverts (span 0.50 to 5.00 m).
Generally, oil field road culverts include the following constructions:
- pipe culverts 0.75-1.00 m (access roads)
- box culverts with span 1.00 m (axial or access roads)
- box culverts with span 2.00 m (axial or access roads)
- frame culverts () of 1.00 to 2.00 m (axial or access roads)
- slab culverts with infrastructures and precast slabs (span 3.00 to 5.00 m).
The hydraulic calculation of culverts shall be provided according to the requirements,
as per Normative regarding hydraulic design of bridges and culverts PD 95-2002.
(Technical Road Bulletin 13/2002).
The categories of hydrotechnical constructions corresponding to the public roadways
(crossings and protections in the area of water courses and lakes) are established based on
the type and importance of the respective roadways, according to table 11 of STAS 4273-83,
as indicated below:
Hydrotechnical constructions for roads:
Categories of hydrotechnical constructions
- national
- county
- communal
- exploitation
- collector roads
- local streets
According to table 13 of STAS 4273/83, the hydrotechnical constructions and

installations are framed in classes of importance, depending on their category, their
designed service life and their operational status within the respective technical
arrangement, as follows:
Classification of hydrotechnical
constructions
Service life
Permanent
Temporary
Operational status
Principal
Secondary
Principal
Secondary
Categories of hydrotechnical constructions,

STAS 4273 (Table 11)
3
4
Hydrotechnical constructions classes of
importance STAS 4273 (Table 13)
III
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
V
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Local road culverts are secondary permanent hydrotechnical works, or principal

temporary hydrotechnical works, category 4 and class of importance IV.
Considering the construction works class of importance and the service conditions,
the annual probability rate of exceeding the maximum flow, according to STAS 4068/2-87 is
as follows:
The construction works class of
importance
(STAS 4273/83)
I
Normal exploitation conditions

Annual probability rate of exceeding
the maximum flow %
0.1
II
III
IV
10
Culverts on the oil field exploitation roads are framed in class IV of importance and
are to be dimensioned to accommodate possible annual overflow of 5%.
Pipe culverts (recatangular, circular, egg-shaped, etc.) embedded in the embankment
of roadways may be framed into a lower category, as compared to that indicated in table 11
(STAS 4273/83), provided the roadway, the crops, and the social and economic
constructions in the area are not affected and 0.50 m minimum guard is allowed from the
upstream margin of the road platform.
The culverts adapting to the current ground morphology will be provided according
to the Normative regarding road culverts typical design projects adapting to the current
ground morphology (P 19-03).
The procedure of culverts adapting to ground morphology includes:
- to determine the type of culvert to be used
- to determine the span and flow capacity of culverts
- to determine the horizontal culvert location, the longitudinal profile and the cross
section culvert locations
- to adapt foundations to the current ground morphology.
The passage flows are calculated in free flow regime through the culvert, while
providing the guard height ( 0.50 m).
The water inflows to bridges and culverts are determined by INMH, or by the
authorized services of the Regional Romanian Waters Authority.
The water discharge design projects (bridges - culverts) will be approved by the
territorial Romanian Waters Authority.
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Section 10 - Consolidation and protection of river banks

2.7.4. Retaining walls
Classification:
1.
- of cutting
- of backfill (for toe, for platform)
2.
- of plain concrete
- of rubble stone masonry
- of reinforced concrete
When designing the walls there are taken into consideration the physical and
mechanical characterizes of the foundation ground and of the ground they sustain. In order
to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of the ground sustained by the wall,
it is necessary to design a water draining, collection and evacuation system into a ditch
directing the water to a valley or water stream.
This draining system consists of one drain, at least behind the retaining wall and the
collected water is outlet through the weep holes of the retaining wall into the ditch or gutter
near the road.
At the calculation of the retaining walls there are considered the physical and
mechanical characteristics of the ground, the seismic zone of the road, the frost depth
Safety factors
Safety factor at overturn for the elevation-foundation joint and at the
foundation-ground joint > 1.3
Safety factor at sliding >1.25
Safety factor at overturn in case of seismic calculation >1.05
2.7.5. Piles
They are used to sustain the road backfill in case its height is greater or when there
cannot be made expropriations and the sustaining work has to be placed in the roadway
and the road shoulder.
The consolidation of the earth masses by mini-piles is purposed to improve the
physical and mechanical characteristics of the unstable masses and provides the connection
to the stable ground (bedrock) under the sliding surface.
In case of the phenomena of instability at some earth masses, such as the earth
works of the communication ways where very great horizontal stresses may occur, there are
provided consolidation works with drilled reinforced concrete piles (
> 300 mm) in order to
take over such stresses.
The reference standards for the calculation of the drilled piles: SR EN 1536 /08.2004
(Execution of the special geotechnical works. Drilled piles) and of the grouted mini-piles - GP
113/2004 - MO 430 bis/2005 (Guide book for the design and execution of the drilled minipiles).
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2.7.6. Gabions
The gabions have the following characteristic:
- they are elastic structures, able to withstand any type of stress in good conditions;
- they are structures at which the limited deformation is not a fault but a functional
factor that confirms the co-operation of all elements of the structure without reducing its
resistance;
- are draining structures.
They are used for bank protections, slope consolidations and diking. The gabions are
galvanized wire-mesh baskets mounted on steel frames and filled with dry masonry of river
boulders or rubble stones.
2.7.7. Drains
The drains are structures needed for:
- planned collection and evacuation of the seepage waters;
- lowering of the ground water table level when it can have a negative influence on
the road body behaviour and on other works;
- consolidation of embankments, earth works and slopes that can influence the roads
platform or other works;
- improving the working conditions and providing the stability of the retaining walls
and the abutments of bridges and passage ways.
1. The open-excavation drains can be currently performed manually down to the
depth of 6.0 m and mechanically down to the depth of 3.0 m. Greater depths are justified in
the designed.
In order to avoid the water collection behind a sustaining work and to diminish the
variation interval of the earth thrust on them under the influence of external factors, a
draining system has always to be provided at the rear operating during the whole life span
of the work.
2. The draining solution with drilled drains is used for the draining-off and
consolidation of the earth works and slopes as a viable and non-destructive environmental
alternative.
This type of drains is performed by drilling along one or more directions in order to
provide the gravity discharge of the collected waters.
If the cross-slope of the ground is rather steeper, the drilled drains are provided with
drainage adit.
The drilling can be made at one or more levels depending on the soil stratification
and the area following to be drained.
The drains are purposed to collect and evacuate the seepage water, to come down to
the level of the underground water table and to collect the water from a shallow bed.
Depending on the purpose, the drains are:
- in excavation
- horizontally drilled.
2.7.8. River bank protection works
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Dimensional elements
Actions
In order to dimension the protection works for banks/ slopes, the following actions/
requests shall be considered: specific weight, soil thrust from the bank/ backfill following to
be protected, water hydrostatic pressure, water sub-pressure, overloads due to operation
and seismic actions.
These actions are assessed in accordance with the standards and technical
regulations in force and they are divided into fundamental and respectively, special actions.
Verifications
The following verifications of the proposed works shall be carried out during the
design stage:
- verification of the general stability when sliding on cylindrical surfaces or at the
contact surface of the filling with the natural ground;
- verification of the stability when sliding on the foundation surface;
- verification at overturn;
- verification of pressures on the foundation ground.
The minimum values of the safety coefficients during the stability verifications shall
have to meet those mentioned in the following tables.
Group of
actions
Fundamental
Special
Class of hydro technical structures

(STAS 4273/83)
2, 3
4
2, 3
4
general
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
Stability
sliding
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.05
overturn
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.1
Technical solutions
Independent of the adopted solution it is necessary to have an early preparation of
the site ground by removing the vegetation and treating it with chemical products following
to avoid the repairs.
The sloped bank protections have three distinctive areas, respectively the foundation,
the lining itself and the area located over the max. design level.
The foundations have to meet the following conditions: to take over the maximum
scourings of the riverbed bottom, to withstand the entraining action of the water current and
waves and to provide the general stability of the bank.
They can be achieved with beams and riprap shell placed directly on the ground or
founded on mattresses.
The beams are performed of plain concrete, reinforced concrete, cyclopean concrete
or stone masonry on sites with favourable geological characteristics. Their recommended
sizes should be 0.8...1.0x1.0...1.2 m.
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The riprap shell will be continued by 20-30 cm over the average level of the water
stream, the crest width being 2.0-3.0 m due to the reasons considered to provide the general
stability.
The mattresses on which the riprap shell is to be placed shall be made of gabions,
fascines and/or geosynthetic materials.
- The gabion mattresses are made of wire mesh of 2.0-6.0 m plan sizes and 0.15-1.5 m
thickness, filled with river/quarry stones.
- The fascine mattresses are made of fascine rolls of 15-20 cm diameter laid in several
layers and resulting a thickness ranging between 0.45 m - 1.0 m. In order to lay in position
they are weighted with rubble stone ripraps.
- The mattresses of geosynthetic materials are permeable membranes withstanding
the operation stresses and their stability is provided by weighting.
These products can be made of a lower geosynthetic unwoven layer purposed to act
like a filter element and respectively, an upper geosynthetic woven layer purposed to act like
a resistance element.
There are fascine rolls fixed into 1.0x1.0 m grids on the surface of the synthetic
material in order to provide the strengthening, floating and weighting of the mattress.
The coating itself protects the slope against the erosions due to the water variations,
the current velocity, the action of ice and floaters. Its upper level is adopted over the
respective level of the maximum design discharge adding the guard height for the waves
with a value of 0.3-1.0 m.
Depending on the used material and the composition manner, the coating can
consist of: riprap, gabions, cushions of rubble stone or monolith concrete/prefab tiles, beds
of bituminous mixtures and geosynthetic materials combined with riprap or concrete.
- The riprap protection consists of stone blocks placed at section by controlled throw
and removal of the material by pinch bar on a thickness of two layers at least laid on a
broken stone bed.
- The gabions are placed on slopes with current velocities of up to about 5 m/sec. and
with few suspensions. In order to increase the resistance the silting-up with bituminous
mastic is recommended. The gabion mattresses can be laid directly on the slope or on a
reverse filter consisting of granular materials or geosynthetic material.
- The pitching of broken stone are achieved with partly cornerstones that is carefully
laid generally in two layers of 10-15 cm thick of sand and gravel or broken stone.
The stone joints can be covered with cement mortar or asphalt.
The water running down the slope will be drained at the base of the pitching or weep
holes min = 50 mm placed at distances of about 4 m.
- The monolith and concrete prefab elements are placed in the locations where rubble
stones are not available and thy have a square or rectangular shape with side sizes of 0.52.5 m and 6-25 cm thick.
- The coatings of the beds of bituminous mixtures are elastic and tight being easy to
perform. They are performed as asphaltic concrete of 6-8 m thick and directly placed on the
slope over a layer of broken stone or monogranular (poruos) concrete or as asphaltic plates
and mattresses that are made in dry conditions and laid on the slope.
This type of coating allows different settlements of the slope without any fissure
hazard.
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- Generally the synthetic materials are used as filter element replacing the sorted
granular material existing under the protection itself as well as in combination with the
rubble stone and the concrete elements according to the adjacent figure.
The area existing over the design level plus the guard is generally designed for
simpler works, such as: grass-sowing, turf-claddings, gratings and tree-planting.
- The grass sowing are performed after the early laying of a vegetal cover of 15-25 cm
thick. The sowing is carried out in spring or during the rainy time of the year.
- The protections with grass turfs are applied where the sowings do not have enough
time to be set for the bank consolidation. On slopes, the turfs are laid along their width or in
superposed layers embedded into the vegetal cover.
- The gratings consist of wattles of 0.2-0.5 m high forming a grating of 0.75-1.00 m
side. Its mesh is filled up with broken and rubble stone based on the principle of the reverse
filter. Also there can be used gratings of reinforced concrete or welded geosynthetic
materials.
- Young plants of 1-2 years old are used for planting and generally willow seedlings
are planted in holes or isolated.
The vertical face protections are indicated for the narrow riverbeds as they are
purposed to consolidate the banks. They are made by means of the gravity restraining walls
or sheet piling walls.
- The restraining walls are solid structures that can be executed up to the top edge of
the road platform or to protect the lower section of road fill or banks (foot wall).
The solution of the retaining wall is chosen depending on the characteristics of the
foundation ground, the available materials, the required height etc. There are provided
drains at the rear in order to collect and evacuate the undergorund water by means of weep
holes.
The vertical face walls can be made of: gabions, cribs, stone wall, monolith/ prefab
concrete and reinforced earth.
- The sheet piling walls are executed of steel, wood and/ or reinforced concrete
prefab sectional elements.
- The gabion walls consist of parallelepiped elements made of wire mesh mounted on
round steel frames and filled with stones. They present the advantage of an increased
elasticity and a fast execution.
The gabions can be plated with monolith concrete of 10-15 cm thick for an additional
protection of the reinforcing mesh. A filter of granular and/or geosynthetic materials shall be
performed behind the gabion walls - to the face from the bank.
- The crib walls are performed as boxes with or without wood bottom, prefab
elements of reinforcing concrete, worn-out railroad sleepers, and are filled with stones after
laying. Before the installation, the foundation ground is prepared for levelling and the
achievement of a bed.
- The retaining walls can be of stone masonry with the rubble stone elevation walled
with M 100 cement mortar and the foundation of B 100 cyclopean concrete. The face can be
vertical or tilted with gradients of maximum 5:1, and behind the walls there is made a riprap
filtering filling. A gutter is performed at the wall base to collect and direct the undergorund
waters from the weep holes = 10-15 cm placed at distances of de 2-4 m on the horizontal.
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- The concrete walls can be of monolith concrete with vertical/tilted face and it is
plated with rubble stone and respectively of prefab elements of various shapes, that is
rectangular or angle type boxes. They are placed on a foundation of riprap, plain concrete or
directly on the ground.
The boxes are filled with weighing material, respectively riprap or concrete.
The drain behind this type is performed in a similar manner with the retaining walls
of stone masonry.
- The retaining walls of reinforced earth consist of successive layers of granular
material and between them there are placed the reinforcing elements, respectively
continuous and discontinuous thin gepsynthetic strips.
The vertical/tilting face is made of geosynthetic or gabions, concrete etc. The joints
between sections shall be ensured against the entrainment of the filling material.
- The sheet piling walls are made with/ without anchorages, depending on their
height and providing a good joining of the component elements that can be metallic (of
various shapes), of pre-fab concrete or wood. Also at low heights, there can be used tamped
piles at 1-2-m distance with pre-fab plated mounted between them and the filling of granular
material made at the rear.
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Section 11 - Marking - Signing

2.7.9. Marking
Markings are to be applied on the carriageway surface of roads with modern paving,
on kerbs, on road structures, on road ancillaries, as well as on other elements in the road
area (poles, trees, guardrails etc.) based on a project approved by the road authority and
road police.
Standard 1848-7:2004 specifies the road markings recommended for public traffic
roads.
These recommendations can be applied also to the service roads that are not open to
public traffic.
SR 1848-7:2004 specifies the form, the dimensions, the location, the significance and
the general execution requirements of road markings.
Road markings enable traffic organization, warning or guiding the participants to
road traffic. They can be used individually, or combined with other road signing elements, to
supplement, enhance or specify their significance.
The execution, or maintenance of markings fall in the responsibility of road owners or
road authorities.
2.7.10. Traffic signs
Standard SR 1848-1:2004 specifies the forms, the symbols, the written text, the
colours and the location requirements of road signs.
SR 1848-2:2004 specifies the technical instructions regarding the execution of the
road signs. SR 6900:1995 provides recommendations for kilometer and hectometer chainage
marks.
Supply, installation and maintenance of road signs fall in the responsibility of the
road management authority.
The type of signs and their placement location will be established by the road
management authority together with the road police (based on a project).
2.7.11. Signing of maintenance and repair works
The Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Transports regarding
public roads, no. 1112/411/08.06.2000 (Official Bulletin no 397/24.08.2000) stipulates the
conditions regarding the closing of traffic roads and instatement of traffic restrictions for the
execution of works in the area of public roads, or for public roads protection.
These norms specify several instances, where signing is required and the respective
signing procedures that are applicable for local roads as well.
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CHAPTER III - CONSTRUCTION OF OIL FIELD ROADS

Section 1 - General overview and materials
3.1. General
The documentation relating to the design of oil field roads will be prepared in
accordance with the requirements of the territory arrangement and urbanism plans,
including the permits required according to the relevant methodological norms.
The underground services crossing the oil field roads will be provided at the same
time with the earthworks and before road pavement construction, to avoid subsequent
interventions. With this end in view, it is recommended to submit to the contractor the
documentation for the construction of underground services. The pipes will be designed, to
avoid superposition on permanent route alignments.
Borrow pit ground levelling must be provided for adequate water drainage in the
respective areas.
Surface waters on certain road sectors that are expected to outfall towards the road
embankment or cutting areas must be diverted through guard ditches that discharge the
waters outside the road territory (before starting earthworks).
The soil in excess resulting from roads in cutting areas will be used for ground
levelling, land improvement and fertilizing, while acting in accordance with the
environmental protection law.
During construction works, the contractor must observe the contract requirements,
the project recommendations and the technical specifications.
Environmental protection during execution is mandatory.
Mention should be made here that no ammendment, or change in the execution
procedure, as compared to the initial documentation can be introduced, except by approval
of beneficiary or/and originator of the design documentation.
During construction, it is recommended to observe the current standards,
normatives, and requirements relevant for the respective works.
The contractor will need the following documentation to provide the construction
works:
- general layout, location layout and general arrangement plans;
- the geotechnical survey with site geo-morphology and adequate foundation
solutions;
- detailed drawings, shuttering and reinforcement plans etc. for all the road structure
componenets;
- the technical specifications, including the technical prescriptions for the respective
work;
- the schedule of construction works.
These documentations will be prepared by authorized design and research
companies.
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3.2. Materials
The following materials shall be used for oil field road constructions:
3.2.1. Earthworks
3.2.1.1. Filling material (as per STAS 2914-84)
Soil classification:
- non-cohesive soil (sand with gravel, coarse, medium and fine sand etc.)
- cohesive soil (silty sand, silty clay, loam clay etc.).
Types and categories of soil (classified as per SR EN ISO 14688-2:2005) adequate for
earthworks construction are indicated in Table 1a and 1b of STAS 2914-84.
For soils of average quality, it is recommended to examine their behaviour at freeze
and thaw, as well as the effect of the hydological conditions (as per STAS 1709/1,2,3-90).
3.2.1.2. Capping layer materials
STAS 12253-84 indicates the general technical quality requirements for the capping
layers of road pavement systems.
Non-cohesive materials (non-cohesive soil, existing hard core paving, flay ashes),
cohesive materials (lime treated cohesive soils, stabilized with granular fly ashes and lime,
with cement, natural aggregates stabilized with puzzolanic binders) are considered to be
adequate material for capping layers.
Capping layer materials must comply with the quality requirements, according to the
requirements, as per clause 2.2.1, STAS 12253-84.
3.2.2. Road pavement
3.2.2.1. Ballast pit aggregates
SR 662:2002 indicates the technical quality requirements for the natural aggregates
non-processed, or processed by washing, sorting and crushing, from case to case, that are
adequate for road works.
Classification of ballast pit aggregates by:
- grain size: sand, gravel, ballast, boulders
- origin: as per Table 1, SR 662:2002
- processing technology: non-processed, or processed by washing and sorting (sand,
gravel, ballast), by washing, crushing and sorting (crushing sand, crushed gravel, crushed
ballast)
- grading: continuous grading (containing all the elementary sorts), or discontinuous.
Road base and sub-base courses of the rigid and non-rigid road pavement systems
must comply with the requirements, as per STAS 6400-84.
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3.2.2.2. Crushed stone and rubble

Technical quality requirements for stone, aggregates and processed stone materials,
obtained by excavation and processing of rocks will be provided according to the
requirements, as per SR 667:2001.
Split stone is a natural aggregate obtaind by simple crushing of rocks and sorting
from 8 to 16, 16 to 25 and 25 to 40.
Coarse crushed stone is a natural aggregate obtained by simple crushing of rocks
and sorting from 40 to 63 and 63 to 80.
Rubble is a natural product obtained by crushing rocks larger than 80 mm, that is
used for road constructions, hydrotechnical and consolidation works.
Base and sub-base courses of non-rigid and rigid pavements shall be provided in
conformity with the requirements, as per STAS 6400-84.
3.2.2.3. Macadam (SR 179:1995)
Adequate materials to be used for producing macadam base course and wearing
courses:
- crushed stone 40-63 grading, split 8-16, or 16-25 grading, grit 0-8 grading, chipping,
and sand
- water for sprinkling granular materials.
3.2.2.4. Semipenetrated and penetrated macadam (SR 1120:1995)
Adequate materials for asphalt macadams:
- granular materials: crushed stone 40-63 grading, split 8-16, or 16-25 grading,
chipping, sand
- penetration binders: parafineless bitumen, rapid fracture bituminous emulsion, filer
bitumen suspension and other asphalt binders
- special treatment binders: parafineless bitum for roads and cationic rapid fracture
bituminous emulsion.
3.2.2.5. Aggregates, or cement stabilized soils
STAS 10473/1-87 indicates the technical quality requirements for the cement
stabilized aggregates.
Adequate materials to be used for producing base and sub-base courses:
- aggregates: ballast pit run aggregates (ballast, sand, gravel), or crashed quarry /
ballast pit run aggregates
- cement: Portland P 40, cement with additives Pa 35, cement for roads
- cohesive and noncohesive soils, or existing scarified hard core paving that can be
corrected if necessary, by adding admixtures, such as aggregates, granular fly ashes, etc.
- water
- materials for stabilized layer protection: protection fluid P 45, Polisol, cationic
bituminous emulsion.
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3.2.2.6. Cement concrete

Cement concrete wearing courses will be provided using road concrete (BcR) in
accordance with the requirements, as per SR 183-1:1995 and SR 183-2:1998.
Road concrete grades:
Road concrete grades
BcR 3.5
BcR 4.0
BcR 4.5
BcR 5.0
Rknc 150 (MPa)

3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Rknc = bending strength on prismatic concrete test specimens 150x150x600 mm.

Road concrete grade will be established function of the road category and the traffic
class, as indicated in Table 2 of SR 183-1:1995.
Special attention will be given to concrete formula preparation by an authorized
laboratory, to cement utilization in compliance with the requirements, as per SR 183, to joint
formation and concrete protection.
Industrial salt treatment used as winter antiskidding measure is not allowed to be
performed on cement concrete pavings within five years from the date of their execution.
3.2.2.7. Asphalt mixture (for the base course) will be prepared as indicated in SR
7970:2001
Materials for asphalt base course construction:
- quarry aggregates (chipping, crushing sand, grit), ballast pit aggregates (sand,
gravel, crushed gravel)
- filler
- binders (parafineless bitumen, rapid fracture cationic bituminous emulsion for the
priming of the support layer).
Depending on aggregate grading, the asphalt mixtures are:
- type AB 1, with medium aggregates
- type AB 2, with coarse aggregates.
Asphalt mixtures for the base layers will be prepared of, either quarry aggregates,
mixture of quarry and ballast pit aggregates, or ballast pit run aggregates, in conformity with
the requirements, as per Table 3 of SR 7970).
3.2.2.8. Binder and asphalt concrete (for binder and wearing course) will be provided
in conformity with the requirements, as per SR 174-1:2002
Materials used to prepare asphalt mixtures:
- quarry aggregates (chipping, crushing sand), or ballast pit aggregates (gravel,
crushed stone, sand), according to the requirements, as per 2.3.1, SR 174-1
- filler
- binders (parafineless bitumen, polymer bitumen, additive bitumen, rapid fracture
cationic bituminous emulsion for priming of the support layer), as indicated under clauses
2.3.3-2.3.5, SR 174-1
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- fibers used for the fiber stabilized asphalt mixtures.

Depending on the grading and maximum size of aggregate grains, the types of
asphalt mixtures for the wearing course are those indicated in Table 1 of SR 174-1.
Depending on grading, the maximum size of aggregate grains, and the type of
aggregates, the asphalt mixture categories for binder course are in conformity with the
requirements, mentioned on the table 2 of SR 174-1.
3.2.2.9. Pavings of rubble and boulders (STAS 9095-90)
The size of rubble for pavings, frames of pavings and framing lanes are in conformity
with clause 2.4.1.3 of SR 667:2001.
Boulders dimensions will be as indicated in clause 2.1.2, STAS 9095-90.
For rough rubble pavings improved by excess filling of joints, asphalt mastic will be
used, in accordance with the requirements, as per 3.4.2, SR 6978:1995.
3.2.2.10. Rubble paving. Large, medium and small size paving setts
The rubble size and the thickness of sand substratum after compaction hammering
(or cement mortar) shall be in conformity with the requirements, as per SR 6978:1995,
clause 2.1.1, Table 1 of SR.
3.2.3. Water collection ancillary constructions
In conformity with STAS 10796/2-79, Annexes A, B, C, D and E of STAS precast
concrete and reinforced concrete are recommended for guidance only.
3.2.4. Guardrails
In conformity with STAS 1948/1-91, the following types of guardrails are indicated, by
construction and behaviour to vehicle impact:
- rigid guardrails (made of reinforced concrete, stone masonry, and plane concrete)
light, semiheavy, heavy and very heavy gurdrails, as shown in Fig. 4-6, Annex B
- deformable guardrails (made of metallic elements) semiheavy, heavy and very
heavy gurdrails, as shown in Fig. 7-9, Annex B.
Catalogue of protection systems for traffic safety on roads and motorways indicative AND 591/2005 proviedes guardrail details.
3.2.5. Culverts
Recommended precast culvert elements:
- precast abutments and slabs, in conformity with Normative, indicative PD 165-2000
Precast slabs will be used with full or void profile, strips with voids profile, the latter
being currently used.
Types of culverts that are generally in use:
- rectangular closed frames (boxes) with span (1.00 to 2.00) m
- frames, with span (1.00 to 2.00) m
- pipe elements, with interior diameter 75 and 1.00 m.
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3.2.6. Hydrotechnical works (river bank protection)

3.2.6.1. Fascines are clusters of rods held together by wire, with diameters of 0.150.30 m and length of 4 to 12 m.
Mattresses are made of several fascine layers, with thickenss: 0.45 m, 0.60 m, 0.75 m
and 1.00 m, rubble being used for ballast material 10 to 50 kg/pcs., approx. 250 kg/m2. The
rolls will be jointly placed, perpendicularly in several layers, with a grid at the top, for
placing the ballast rubble.
Rods must be willow, poplar, alder, recently cut off, still elastic and capable of giving
off springs.
Fascine mattresses must constantly remain below the lowest water level, to avoid
decay.
3.2.6.2. Woven and unwoven geosynthetic materials have the basic functions as
detailed below:
- to separate strata with different grading;
- to provide filtering, by retaining earth particles carried away by water;
- to provide drainage of infiltration water;
- reinforcement, increasing ground stability;
- protection, by directly undertaking the water flow and waves loading;
- sealing, by preventing water passage between different areas.
Standard width of geosynthetics is 5.0 to 5.5 m, the length 50 to 200 m and the
thickness in unloaded regime 0.2 to 10 mm. The mass of unwoven geosynthetics is from 100
to 1.000 g/m2, while that of woven geosynthetics 100 to 200 g/m2.
Generally, the light types are used for separation, while the heavy ones for
reinforcement and/or mattresses. The service life of geosynthetics can be affected by certain
pollutants from water, air, and soil, as well as by exposure to solar action.
The geosynthetics below are commonly used:
- geosynthetics, with filtering and drainage role;
- geomembranes for sealing;
- geogrids and geonets for reinforcement (reinforcement and consolidation);
- geocomposite materials, combinations of the types mentioned above.
3.2.6.3. Concrete used for protection works is classified by concrete grades, function
of the concrete component elements.
It is recommended to work in conformity with the requirements contained in the
Code of practice for concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete works NE
012-99, and standards: SR EN 12350/2-7/2002 and 2003, SR EN 12390/6:2002, SR EN
296/1:2002, SR EN 12620:2003, SR EN 13369:2002 and STAS 8600-79, STAS 7009-79.
The categories of concrete steel and their characteristics will be determined in
conformity with the requirements, as per STAS 438/1-89, STAS 10107/0-90 and NE 012-99.
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3.2.7. Consolidation woks

Materials
Water - must fulfill the requirements of STAS 1008-2003, if delivered from other
sources than the public water supply system.
Cement - to prepare concrete, the cement will be used, as indicated in the
construction project concrete mixing formula, which shall be in conformity with the quality
requirements indicated in the Code of practice for concrete construction works, reinforced
concrete and precast concrete, indicative NE 012-99, approved by MLPAT with order no.
59/N of August 1999.
In the case of concrete injecting into ground with aggressive waters, the slurry mixing
formula will have to provide the cement quality, in accordance with the type and degree of
aggressiveness, as per the requirements of SR EN 197-1/2002 (replacing SR 1500 and STAS
3349/1-83).
Aggregates - to prepare cast in situ concrete and drains, it is recommended to use
sand, gravel, and crushed stone, that comply with the quality requirements, as per SR EN
12620/2003, STAS 4606-80, SR 662:2002, SR 667:2000.
For drains, the drain filling will be gravel (7 to 40 mm) grading, at the drain bottom, as
per SR 667-2000; for the rest of the drain, ballast will be used (STAS 662/2002), (0-71 mm)
grading. It is recommended that these materials have continuous grading and be wrapped
in geotextile
Shutterings - must fulfill the requirements below:

to provide the form and dimensions indicated in the project;
to be sealed against loss of cement laitance;
to be stable and resist under the effect of loading that may appear during concreting;
to be provided with assembly devices;
to be provided with greased faces, which will be in direct contact with the concrete;
to allow gradual undertaking of load at dismantling, by the existing construction
elements.
Reinforcement
To provide the reinforcement of the concrete support and consolidation works,
welded nets or concrete steel bars will be used, PC 52, or OB 37, which will be mounted
,,bar by bar. The reinforcement must comply with the requirements, as per STAS 438/1-89
or SR 438-3:1998.
For piles reinforcement, the following steel types are used:
OB 37 STAS 438/1-89
PC 52 STAS 438/1-89.
For the resistance reinforcement of piles, only PC 52 will be used.
For raft reinforcement, steel OB 37, or PC 52 will be used.
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Concrete
The concrete quality to be used in construction works will be determined by the
designer, function of the working regime and the loading features.
The concrete composition will be established by preliminary trials, using supplied
materials.
Under special conditions, in cold seasons, it is recommended to work in conformity
with the requirements regarding the temperature of component materials and concrete.
Moisture content of aggregates shall be verified on daily terms, as well as after each
change in weather conditions.
At pouring, it is recommended to check that the poured concrete completely fills the
formworks, and penetrates all the corners, leaving no voids.
The fresh concrete must be poured in shutterings in maximum 1 hour time, when
working with common cement, and half an hour, when working with quick setting cements,
or when the fresh concrete temperature is over 40oC. The concrete supplied for pouring
must not contain seggregated aggregates. Between preparation and pouring, no water
adding into concrete is permitted.
Troughs, concrete haulage trucks etc. must be kept clean and washed every time the
work is interrupted.
Mechanical vibration equipment of concrete will be used.
The concrete to be poured into large diameter piles will be fluid, minimum class
C20/25, its composition depending on the pouring procedure selected. For pumped concrete
(8-10 m3/hour) in dry the minim dosage will be 340 to 360 kg/m3. Workability at site must
be T4.
The maximum aggregate size must not exceed the least of the values below:
- 1/4 of the reinforcement cage mesh
- 1/2 of the reinforcement concrete covering thickness
- 31 mm.
Water/cement ratio must not exceed 0.4.
It is recommended to use plasticizers, and set retarders, if necessary.
The concrete coating must be minim 6 cm for piles.
The concrete to be poured at raft and elevation will be minimum C16/20, with
workability T3 at the pouring location; the concrete will be vibrated.
The concrete coating on the raft reinforcement will be minim 5 cm.
The workability of fresh concrete prepared at the concrete mixing plant will be
established by the constructor, to comply with the pouring requirements on site, taking into
consideration the environment and weather requirements, as well as the total transport
period, until placement.
Injection slurry (mortar)
Preparing of slurry for the construction of small diameter piles will be performed in
mixers, by cement immersion into water and continuous mixing. The supplied cement must
be covered by supplier quality certificate.
Injection will be carried out immediately after preparation. The slurry will not be
stored after preparing.
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When injecting is performed into aggressive grounds, the mixing formula will comply
with the requirements, as per NE 012-99 (part A), SR EN 197-1:2002; STAS 3349/1-83,
concerning the procedure of cement grade determination.
The slurry must have 25 MPa minimum resistance on the 7 cm edge cube (28 days
after injection), according to the requirements, as per Guidelines regarding design and
construction of drilled minipiles - indicative GP 113/2004.
This filling slurry must be fluid during borehole filling, harden quickly, and fissure
during ground injection under pressure.
Rubble stone masonry
Rubble shall be sprinkled with water when stored in the bulk, to be slightly wet for
the works.
During dry seasons, the masonry must be slightly sprinkled at small intervals, to
prevent quick drying. They will be adequately protected against rainfall, freeze and dryness.
These protection measures must be provided especially when interrupting the works for a
time.
When new masonry must be applied on existing masonry, their junction areas will be
cleaned, sprinkled, or washed and uncovered, if necessary.
Before use, the mortar must be stored, either in troughs, or on platforms made of
wood, metal, or plastics, not on masonry directly. These troughs, or platforms will be
sheltered by rainy and hot seasons. Softening of mortar is not allowed by water adding.
If the masonry construction must be temporarily interrupted, due to adverse weather,
protection measures will be provided, by covering the upper part of the masonry with
special concrete protection straw tents, or by a sand layer minimum 0.10 m thick.
When resuming works, any damaged masonry will be demolished and reconstructed.
No masonry construction is allowed by snowfall. The construction works may only proceed
under protection cover devices.
Rubble stones for mortar masonry construction must be cleaned by removing earth
and other impurities. The material will be sprinkled with water and placed in successive
layers on mortar, lightly hammering or ramming for insertion.
Contact between stones must only be provided by means of mortar to fill completely
in all the joints, which will be 2 to 5 cm thick.
The rubble stone of the same row will be the same quality; every 1 or 2 m interval on
the vertical, one rubble stone row will be inserted, made of larger rubble stones, fairly
regular in shape.
Vertical joints will be woven at minimum 10 cm distance.
Rubble stones will be placed in normal (perpendicular) rows on the direction of
loading.
The masonry will be provided by alternating oblong with almost round rubble stones,
very well fitted into the rest of the masonry.
Rubble stone settlement will be provided inside the masonry as well. No size
variation of rubble stone is allowed inside the masonry.
The corner stones will be larger and slightly ciselled, to show two perpendicular flat
surfaces, with horizontal joints on the visible surfaces.
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Connecting a new wall to the existing wall will be provided by cutting into the
existing wall several recesses at least 15 cm deep, with the same thickenss of the respective
rows, at two rows interval.
The upper face of the retaining walls will have 1/5 minimum gradient.
The visible surface of rubble stones must be an irregular polygon, with the edge of 15
cm minimum; the longest edge must not exceed by one and a half the shortest edge.
It is not allowed to use triangle shaped and sharp-edged rubble stone.
The rubble stone will be placed to produce polyhedral joints, while observing the
following rules: in no point can meet more than 3 joints; no continuous vertical, or horizontal
joints are admitted.
Wire nets
- Gabion baskets are made of zinc plated wire Z 50x3.15x1000, 1500, 2000 as per
STAS 2543-76 corresponding to the gabion size of 1000, 1500, 2000 mm.
Cages providing baskets rigidity are made of concrete steel 12-16 mm (coated with
corrosion protection paint) with zinc plated wire anchors (ties) 4 mm.
- Nets, cages and gabions are bound together with zinc plated bending wire 3.0mm
(Znl 3,0 as per SR EN 10244-2/2002, replacing STAS 889-89).
Rubble stone dry masonry
Dry masonry will be provided manually. It is recommended to use large size rubble
stone from homogeneous compact rocks. It is not allowed to use clay or marl masonry
stone. Only quarry stone will be used for dry masonry. It is recommended that they excavate
the stone before the winter season prior to its utilization for construction works.
The shape of the rubble stone will be irregular, almost parallelipipedal.
The quality requirements for the rubble stone are as follows: the stone must be hard,
minimum 100 grade, frost resistent, showing live edges when ciselled and giving a clear
hammering sound; it is not admitted to use stone material with cracks, weathered, or
crushed areas, with mineral embeddings that get easily dislodged.
The frost resistance of stone will be determined in conformity with the requirements,
as per SR EN 12620/2003 (replacing STAS 1667-76).
For dry masonry constructions, the stones will be placed in width, on horizontal rows,
to provide extensive contact support between stones, with the least volum of voids.
The stones will be wedged together, by using smaller stones of adequate shape, to
be inserted into voids.
Stone placement shall be provided to enable woven vertical joints formation on
minimum 10 cm.
Stones will be used that have continuous resistance and density.
Special attention will be paid to the placement of stones at the parament, by
alternating oblong and less oblong stones.
Larger size stones will be used for the construction of exterior surfaces.
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Drain pipes:
a. PVC corrugated pipes
The PVC perforated corrugated pipes are used for the construction of drilled drains.
As a rule, the pipes are to be wrapped in geotextile.
b. PVC or PE rigid pipes
PVC or PE perforated rigid pipes (STAS 6675/2-92 or DECIZIA no. 33/2004 (replacing
STAS 10617/2-84) of 75-80 mm will be used for drilled drains without casing.
PVC or PE nonperforated rigid pipes (STAS 6675/2-92 or DECIZIA no. 33/2004
(replacing STAS 10617/2-84), of 110 mm will be used for drain ends.
c. Concrete precast pipes
Concrete precast pipes with round section D = 1000 mm, STAS 816-80 are used for
the construction of drain manholes.
Geotextile materials
It is recommended to use geotextile materials with the technical characteristics as
indicated in the detailed drawings, to provide reverse filter
3.2.8. Bridge works
Concrete
When executing concrete works, the following regulations must be observed: the
specifications under annex I.1, I.2, I.3, I.4, I.5 and I.6 of Practice Code for the execution of
concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete works NE 012/99 approved by
MLPAT by Order 59/N from August 24th 1999 and the provisions of STAS 10111/2-87 and SR
EN 1504/1/2002 and SR EN 206/1/2002.
The concrete class is set on the basis of the characteristic strength f.ck.cil (f.ck.cub)
which is the compression strength in N/mmp on cylinders of 150/H300 mm or on cubic
samples 150 mm of side at 28 days; under the value of this characteristics strength only max
5% of the results might be met. The samples will be kept according to STAS 1275/88.
The construction elements of the substructures will be made up of simple or
reinforced concrete with the minimum class of the concrete as in the following table.
SUBSTRUCTURES
Crt.
no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Construction elements
Minimum class
Lean mix concrete

Concrete filling( caissons)
Simple concrete foundations
Bearing foundations
Reinforced concrete foundations, caissons ( walls + pads)
Indirect foundations( columns, basement)
Massive abutments
- elevations
- bench, guard wall, wing wall
Frame abutments, including guard walls and wing walls
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C6/7.5
C8/10
C8/10
C12/15
C12/15
C16/20
C12/15
C12/15
C16/20

Edition: 2
10
11
12
13
Massive piers
- elevations
- bench
Lamelar piers
Frame piers on 2 poles
Piers on pole
Reinforced concrete in bearings
C12/15
C12/15
C16/20
C16/20
C25/30
C16/20
For the reinforcement elements of the superstructures are to be used concretes of

minimal class as in the following table.
SUPERSTRUCTURES
Crt.
no.
1
2
3
Resistance elements
Minimum class
Massive elements of simple concrete and reinforced concrete

Tubular culverts and simple or reinforced concrete
superstructures
- monolith poured
- precast
Prestressed concrete superstructures
C12/15
C12/15
C16/20
C25/30
To ensure the durability of bridges, the design has taken into account the regime of
exposure and the nature and degree of the environmental aggressivity according to the
Practice Code NE 012/99 chapter 5 - Demands regarding the concrete features and Annex I.2
The materials used for concretes are:cement, aggregates, water, additives and
admixtures.
The cement should satisfy the demands of the national standards or professional
standards. The usual types of cement may be classified according to SR EN 197/1,2-2002, SR
3011/96, and SR 7055/96. The usual types of cement, their parameters, the field and
conditions of applicability are described in Annex I.1 and Annex I.2 of Practice Code NE
012/99 and NE 013/02.
Aggregates are resulted from natural crushing and/or breaking of rocks and they shall
satisfy the requirements foreseen in SR EN 12620/2003 (STAS 1667/76) and SR 667-00.
The mixing water used for concrete preparation may come from the public water
system or from another source but in this case it has to fulfill the technical conditions of SR
EN 1008/2003.
The use of additives at the preparation of the concrete is compulsory in the situations
mentioned in the following table.
Item
1.
Category of concrete
Concrete exposed to
repeated Freezing thawing
Recommended
additive
air simulator
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Notes

Edition: 2
2.
Concrete with reduced

permeability
water reducer plasticizer
3.
Concrete exposed to
intense and very intense
aggregation
idem
Resisting concrete of
class C 12-15 and C 30/37
included
Monolith concrete class
C 35/45
plasticizer or
superplasticizer
4.
5.
6.
7.
Fluid concrete - with

settling of T5
Massive concrete
Concrete poured by special
technology (vibration)
8.
Conncrete poured on warm

weather
9.
Concrete poured on cold

weather
10.
Concrete with high

resistance on short term
as the case may be:

- intense reducer superplasticizer
as the case may be:
intense
reducer
superplasticizer
- corrosion inhibition
Concrete settling:
T3-T3/T4 or T4/T5-T5
superplasticizer intense water

reducer
superplasticizer
(Plasticizer)
Superplasticizer +
Hardening retardant
(retarded)
Hardening retarded
+ Superplasticizer
(Plasticizer)
anti-freezing +
hardening
accelerant
Hardening
accelearant
Even if they are not mentioned in the table, when the constructor needs a certain
type of additive, he will ask the engineers approval and their inclusion in the execution
documentation.
The type of additive or combination of additives will be decided by the engineer,
constructor or supplier of the concrete taking into consideration the recommendations in
the table, ANNEX I.3 and ANNEX I.4 - point 3.2.2. from the Practice Code NE 012/99 and for
the precast units NE 013/02.
When executing concrete works, the following standard and nomatives shall be
observed:
- Practice code NE 012/99; part A and part B and NE 013/02
- standards: STAS 10111/1-77, STAS 10111/2-87, STAS 1844/75.
Steel
The steel concrete must fulfill the technical conditions mentioned in STAS 438/1-89,
STAS 438/2-91 and SR 438/3-98.
The types usually used and the range of applicability are shown in the following
table, corresponding to the provisions of the Practice Code NE 012/99.
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Type of steel
Round smooth bars
STAS 438/1-89
Drawn smooth wire of reinforced
concrete STAS 438/2-91
Welded wire fabric for reinforced
concrete SR 438/3-98
Steel products for reinforcement of
the concrete. Steel concrete by
periodical
structure
STAS 438/1-89
Symbol
OB 37
STNB
Field of application
Strength reinforcements or construction
reinforcements
STNB
Strength reinforcement of welded wire

fabric or welded carcasses; repartition
reinforcement
PC 52
Strength reinforcement for concrete of min

C 12/15 (Bc 15) class
PC 60
Strength reinforcement for concrete of min

C 16/20 (Bc 20) class
The reinforcement that is part of the pre-stressing cables shall be made up of

concrete and prestressed concrete wires Ist quality and having the characteristics specified
in STAS 6482/1-73 and STAS 6482/2,3,4-80.
Metal
For the execution of the metallic superstructure elements of road bridges, the
following types of steel may be used:
- OL 37 EP and OL 52 EP according to STAS 12187/88;
- OL 37-4k and OL 37-3k according to STAS 500/1-89 and STAS 500/2-80.
- OCS 1, OCS 2 and OCS 3 according to SREN 10113/1 - 95;
- OT 50.2 according to SR-ISO-3755/94;
- OLC 35 N according to STAS 880/88;
- OLT 35 according to STAS 8183/80.
When designing, constructing and accepting the metallic superstructures of bridges,
the following standards shall be observed:
- STAS 1844/75
- SR 1911/1998
- STAS 9330/84
- STAS 3461/83
- STAS 9407/75
- STAS R 8542/79
- STAS 12187/88
- STAS 500/1-89
- STAS 500/2-80
Metal road bridges. Design prescriptions.

Rail metallic bridges. Design prescriptions.
Railway and road metallic bridges. Jointings with pretensioned
screws of high resistance. Design and execution prescriptions.
Railway and road metallic bridges. Riveted super-structure. Execution
prescriptions.
Metal bridges for railway and road. Welded superstructures.
Execution prescriptions.
Steel choice for metallic constructions.
Thick steel sheet-metal for the main elements of bridges and
viaducts.
Steel for general usage in constructions. Quality technical conditions.
Steel for general usage in constructions. Brands.
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Pavement covering of bridges

The way from the carriageway of bridges and from sidewalks is constructed at hot
temperatures of mixtures prepared with natural aggregates, filler and non-paraffin bitumen
for roads and the following provisions shall be observed:
- STAS 11348/87 - Road works. Bituminous pavement for the way on the bridge. Technical
conditions of quality.
- STAS 175/87 - Road works. Poured bituminous coverings, hot laid. General technical
quality conditions.
- Indicativ AND 546/99 - Normative regarding hot execution of the bituminous coverings for
the carriageway of the bridge, published in the Technical Road Bulletin no.15 from 2002.
The types of mixtures are those from the table.
Item
1.
The type of asphalt mixture
3.
Rolled asphalt concrete with

pure bitumen
Rolled asphalt concrete, with
modified by polymers
bitumen*)
Poured hard asphalt
4.
5.
Poured asphalt
Poured asphalt mortar
2.
BAP
The max.
dimension of
the granule
16
BAmP
16
ADT
AT
MAT
7
5
Symbol
The field of application

Carriageway covering of
the roadway bridges
Carriageway covering of
the roadway bridges
Covering to the bridges
with concrete plate
Covering on side walks
Waterproofing protection
or equalizer layer of the
bridges carriageway
Bridge equipment
The bridge equipment is made up of the elements necessary to preserve bridges and
assuring a satisfying exploitation level.
The materials used shall comply from the qualitative point of view with the conditions
specified in the project, namely:
- steel shall correspond with the conditions from the project or it shall be similar in
quality and most of all it can be welded;
- the precast concrete shall have the class specified in the project or minimum C 16/20
(Bc 20);
the type of paints used for the protection of parapets will have to be approved by the
client;
metallic bearings will be made up of materials that satisfy the minimum quality
conditions foreseen in STAS 4031/77 and STAS 4031/2-75, and for hooped elastomer
bearings, the quality of the material shall be in accordance with STAS 10167/83;
- the water outlet devices are generally precast according to STAS 4834/86 and are
mounted on the superstructure in such a manner so as to make possible the water outlet
without infiltration in the body of the structure;
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parapets (railings) shall be made in conformance with STAS 1948/1-91 and SR 1948/295;
- kerbs for sidewalks shall be of precast concrete or of stone elements according to STAS
1139-87;
- the waterproofing may consists of:
- liquid foil, fast hardening;
- waterproofing membrane.
The control of the specific physico-mechanical or chemical characteristics is made
observing the following standards:
- SREN ISO 527/1-00
Plastic materials. Determination of the tension features. Part I.
Generalities. Strength and elongation at break.
- SR 137/95
Bitum waterproofing materials. Regulations and methods of control.
- STAS 5690/80
Plastic materials. Determination of water absorption.
- Order MT 497/98
The normative for the characteristics of the unparafinous bitumen for
roads.
- SR-ISO 2409/94
Varnishes and dyes. Determination of the film adherence on the
support.
- STAS 6615/1-74
Adhesives based on elastomers. Viscosity determination.
- STAS 9199/73
Bituminous mastics for insulations in constructions. Methods of
analysis and test.
- the devices for covering expansion joints used on road bridges shall assure: the free
movement of the decks ends in the joints, the continuity of the carriageway on the
expansion joints zone, tightness at leaking and water infiltration.
The testing of the physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics is made in
conformity with the following standards:
- SR ISO 7619/01
Vulcanised elastomers. Hardness determination in Shore A hardness
degrees
- SR ISO 37/97
Vulcanised and thermoplastic rubber. Determination of stress-strain
characteristics at traction
- SR ISO 1817/00
Vulcanised rubber. Methods of testing the actions of liquids
- SR ISO 188/01
Vulcanised elastomers. Accelerated ageing testing
- SR ISO 812/01
Vulcanised rubber. Determination of brittleness temperature
- STAS R 9449/74
Vulcanised elastomers. Determination of ozone cracking resistance
under static conditions
- SR ISO 815+A 1/95
Vulcanised rubber or thermoplastic. Determination of remanent
deformation at compression and deformation at environment high
or low temperatures
- SREN 10002-1/95
Metallic materials. Testing to traction. Testing method (to the
environment temperature)
- SR 13170/93
Metallic materials. Impact bending test. Special test specimensand
estimation methods
- SREN 10045-1-93
Metallic materials. Impact bending test on the Charpy test specimen.
Part I: Testing method.
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Section 2 - Construction requirements

3.3. Construction requirements
3.3.1. Earthworks
The general technical requirements of the soil quality used at earthworks are
established according to STAS 2914-84 previsions.
Slopes protection requirements are executed for avoiding water flows, erosions and
of the possible maintenance loosing phenomena, according to the previsions of STAS 291687.
The mechanized execution of the road earthworks and of their quality survey will be
realized according to previsions of the Indicative C 182-87.
At excavations execution on narrow surfaces (for drains, culverts, etc.) will be
provided the previsions of The normative regarding the earthworks execution in order to
realize the civil and industrial works foundation, C 169-1988.
Before starting the earthworks, the following preparation works : deforestations, land
cleaning, vegetal soil cleaning and storing, the road area leveling.
The earthworks executed on different technologic alternatives, depending on working
different requirements, on technical endowments or endowment alternatives and execution
technologic development.
3.3.2. The main and foundation layers
The execution previsions of the main and foundation layers executed of rigid and
non-rigid road systems structure will be according to the previsions of STAS 6400-84.
The execution of foundation layers begins only after the earthworks surveying,
according to STAS 2914-84, in case of their direct execution on road bed or after the
reception of the foundation sublayers of the superficial layers, if one of these mentioned
layers are provided on the road system.
After the foundation reception layers, the main layers will be executed.
3.3.3. Macadam
The execution previsions of the macadam used as main layer or as asphalt covering
will be according to previsions of SR 179:1995.
The macadam executed of a mono-granular grade, of crushed stone, rolled to it
fixation, wedged with split or crushed stone uniformly developed, wet and wedged till
clenching, following the reminded holes filling with sand and ballast and continuing the
rolling to the final junction.
The macadam used as layer will be protected by double, bituminous treatments,
according to SR 599:2004.
3.3.4. The main layers and bituminous layers of mediumhard and hard macadam
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According to SR 1120:1995, the bituminous macadam will be executed on foundation

and main layers, which must be prepared and consolidate according to STAS 6400-84, SR
179:1995) and left in the traffic for minimum a month.
The bituminous macadam execution executes on the road entire road length and on
the entire traffic deviation.
On foundation prepared according to the above mentioned procedures, the crushed
stone layer will be settled as smooth as possible in order to achieved the mineral frame
(according the table no. 2 from SR 1120:1995) and will be dry rolling in order to assure stone
good junction on the layer.
According to the mixture used for penetration and for the penetration number, the
bituminous macadam is:
- medium-penetrated penetrated macadam with bitumen or bituminous emulsion
- penetrated macadam with filler bitumen of mortar suspension
- bituminous macadam as main layer.
In the first 10 days, the traffic speed must be increased at 30 km/h.
During the execution process, the medium-hard or hard bituminous macadam layers
should be maintained by the Executant, especially 1 year, the quickly improvement of the
dislevelments or damages will be executed as well.
3.3.5. Cement concrete layers executed on settled shutters
3.3.5.1. Quality technical conditions for cement concrete layers executed on
settled shutters will be done according to the previsions of SR 183-1:1995.
The concrete cement layers will be executed on main layer or foundation made
according to STAS 6400-84, usually settled on a single layer.
3.3.5.2. The road concrete categories, their numbering and the specific bending
strengthening are provided in the following table:
Road concrete category
BcR 3.5
BcR 4.0
BcR 4.5
BcR 5.0
RncK150 (MPa)
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
3.3.5.3. Preparation and placing of the cement concrete depends on the following
procedures:
a) Concrete preparation and transport;
b) Execution of the cement concrete layer.
The concrete setting will be done just with mechanic devices, excepting the narrow
surfaces (curves high extension, small rays curves, declivities up to the working potential of
the repartition device), to the settlement will be manual executed and consolidation using
plates of vibrant beams (SR 183/1-95 - pct. 3.2.3.).
c) Joints execution
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In order to avoid the fissures due to the temperature and humidity variations, the
unequal soil settlements and in order to avoid the execution requirements, the layers will be
executed using longitudinal and transversal joints. The fresh concrete protection will be as
well assured (SR 183/1-95 - pct. 3.2.5.).
The emptiness from the joints bottom side will be filled since to the layer surface with
an erosive product depending on joint type (ascorbith or bituminous mastic, neoprene or
tire precast products).
In order to assure the exploitation strengthening, the cement concrete layer will be
avoided from the sodium chloride treatment (the industrial salt) during 5 years from the
execution data.
3.3.6. Concrete cement layers executed on slipping shutters
Roads cement concrete layers, executed with slipping shutters devices, are according
to previsions of SR 183-2:1998.
3.3.7. Hot executed cylinder bituminous layers
Technical conditions for the execution and placing of the asphalt mixtures hot
executed will be according to previsions from SR 174/1-2002, SR 174-2:1997 (/A 91:2005) (for
wearing and joint layer ) and SR 7970:2001 (for the main layer):
The execution general previsions are the following::
- preparation of the support layer by confirmation of the support layer values ,
damages improvements, surfaces and of the working joints priming;
- the asphalt mixtures preparation;
- the asphalt mixture transport;
- the asphalt mixtures placing.
3.3.8. Rough stone or boulders pavements
According to STAS 9095-90, the rough stone pavements or boulders will be used as
temporary layers and, previously, as main layer I order to execute the asphalt layers on two
levels. The rough stone or boulders pavements and improved rough stone pavements will
be executed according to previsions from point 3 and 4 of STAS.
3.3.9. Natural stone pavements. Ordinary, out of norms and pieces of pavements
SR 6978:1995 provides the execution previsions regarding the ordinary, out of norms
pavements and natural stone pieces.
3.3.10. Adjacent constructions for water storing and evacuation. Ditches, cassies,
gravels
The STAS 10796/2-79 established the previsions for ditches, cassies, gravels
execution within the road adjacent works, in order to store and evacuate the meteoritic
waters and from the road, in order to avoid the road damages and the adjacent soils by
waters standstill, washes or plashes.
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3.3.11. The bituminous treatments

The bituminous treatments will be according to the previsions of SR 599:2004.
According to the indicative AND 556-99, are established the execution previsions for
bituminous treatments hot executed with additive bitumen.
According to the indicative AND 555-99 are established the execution previsions for
bituminous treatments with bituminous emulsion of polymers modified bitumen.
According to the indicative AND 545-1998 are established the execution previsions for
bituminous treatments with uncrushed gravel pit aggregation with increased traffic.
The project will establish what category of bituminous treatment must be applied.
3.3.12. Culverts
According to the Normative regarding the soil matching of culverts specific culverts
for roads indicative P 19-2003, the following are established:
- culverts and culverts outlet, according to the Normative regarding culverts and
bridges hydraulic designing, indicative PD 95-2002
- culvert class (sheared, type , tubular, slabed)
- the culverts settlement on plan, longitudinal and transversal profiles ( culverts
placing from the road, assuring foundations placing on established soil, etc.)
- constructive previsions at soil adaptation (assuring flowing slope for the foundation
plate, junction with the embankments, pipes crossing)
- foundations soil adaptation (establishing the slope of main foundation and of
foundation-elevation separation plane, establishing the stairs according to the raft slope).
3.3.13. Guardrails
According to STAS 1948/1-91, the guardrails are established on transversal profile,
out of the road platform width or within the shoulders width, according to STAS 2900-89
and to MT Order no. 45/1998.
Guardrails setting, along the road, makes taking into consideration the road
geometrical elements, the embankment width, slopes falling, close to waters flowing, close
to the other communication ways, etc.
The consulting of The protection system catalogue for the roads and motorways
traffic safety, indicative AND 591-2005.
3.3.14. Construction requirements for consolidation works
The retaining walls maintaining earthworks
Operations description
Before the works begins, the working area will be signallized and marked adequate
in order to assure the road traffic safety.
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The working execution platform

The working platform will have the project measures and will be executed from
ballast or crushed stone.
Excavation execution and shores reinforcing
The foundation excavation made on alternate sections of maximum 6 m length,
according to the project measures.
The excavation will be mechanised and manual executed, at the reinforcing
protection in order to avoid the possiblities to start some instability phenomena.
Where the excavations execution asked the emptying of some present underwater
networks (water, gases, electric plants, etc.) that will be in oder, measures to protect them
against excavation damages must be taken, works will be canceled and the Beneficiary must
be informed in oder to take the required measures.
Since excavations are finished, the inspection record of the foundation level and of
the foundation soil category must be elaborated.
Working reinforcement ( at walls with reinforced concrete elevation) For works
reinforcement must be used the sealed nets or PC 52 or OB 37 concrete seel, fixed according
to the principle stick by stick.
Foundation concreting makes since the excavations are finished, the concrete filling
adherent at the issued excavation walls. The supports demolation since those has been
executed, makes since the excavation filled with concrete.
- The placing of concrete realized constantly, on 20-50 cm thick to the level provided
in the project, using the metal or wooden ditches, according to the concreting rules
mentiond on NE 012-99 (part A) the Execution Code. The concrete vibrates.
- The execution of foundation-elevation joint by execution of inverse slope shoulders
and PC 52 (min. 4 pieces/m of wall ), min = 20 mm reinforcement whiskers.
The concrete natural fall will be assured under 1.5 m width. The working joints will be
avoided and since couldnt, the joint treatment will be executed according to NE 012-99 (part
A) Execution Code.
The concrete minimum category must be C16/20.
The concrete elevation (at concrete or reinforced concrete elevation walls)
According to the elevation, the main operations are the following:
- elevation of the shutter according to the project previsions;
- catching of PVC type M 110 pipes on weepers, in order to assure the waters falling;
- the concrete casting and vibration on wall elevation.
The concrete class must beaccording to the execution project (min. C16/20).
Since the concrete is casted on shutters, the follwing aspects must be taken into
consideration:
- dimensions from the plan;
- the shutters execution properly to the levels provided in the project;
- shutters smoothness and measures in order to maintain the shape and to assure tigtness;
- assuring the device of the concrete consolidation;
- maintaining the shutters cleaning, keeping them clear, if it is necessary.
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In order to avoid some internal requirements as result of contraction, the concrete

with agreggates with Dmax as big as possible and assuring T2 consistency (lucrability).
The concrete removal makes according to the cement used at concrete fabrication
and according to the envinronment temperature.
The concrete removal will be carrefully executed, so that the borders and faces
couldnt be damaged. The concrete possible damages will be avoided.
Execution of masonry elevation (at the retaining wall with concrete foundation and
rough stone masonry elevation)
Masonry setting - On the surface bounded in the layout, strips as masonry on vertical
plan has been fixed.
The hand lever and the lead wire are used at faces marking according to the masonry.
On foundation surface cleaned by muds and other organic substances, M 100 cement
mortar is settled.
The face stones are chosen, providing the plane face and a depth perpendicular on it
of almost 20-30 cm and are settled on line looking that joints must be as close as possible.
Stones with less plane surfaces are used on wall intrados. Between the 2 faces are
settled the stones staied from the 3/4 of the 2 leaved categories, preparing the tissued joints
masonry.
Over them, a mortar layer settles taking care that the mortar does not entered by the
entire joints since it binds with the mortar from the base.
In order to increased the cement quantity, as cement can be used C16/20 concrete
made from aggregates since 30 mm.
In this case, the stones from the 2 faces, will be placed at distances allowing the
concrete joints penetration, respecting the same condition the concrete casted on
previously layer binds with the concrete casted over the stored stone layer.
Must be taken into consideration to set up the weepers pipe or shutters with taper for
an easy concrete removal.
Masonry will be executed on metalic movable scarffolds fixed at an agreed hights in
order to make easy the masonry execution.
Surfaces meeting water will be covered with cement mortar in order to make them
impermeable. The drain ditch and the wall beam will be mashed off with cement mortar.
The seeing face will be joint with cement mortar having the same mark with masonry.
Drain execution behind working
In order to protect working against water infiltrations realized behind it using a
collector drain which evacuate awters by works weepers.
The proper drain realized from the crushed stone masonry, gravel or ballst according
to the details mentioned on execution project.
The drain filling provides covered on geotextile filter.
The geotextile filter setting made so that the bands must be overlapped on min. 20
cm., avoiding that the sand enter on drained field. We asked that the shore bands must be
mechanic sewing; in this case, their overlapping could be of (2-3) cm or according to the
technology of the geotextiles executant.
At the upper side, the drain closed with road system layers or with well reinforced
cley plug.
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Gabbions retaining walls

Execution of gabbions elevation
The main operations for gabbions elevation execution are the following:
- execution of gabbions sweeper;
- execution of stone masonry on made boxes.
Gabbions making - Gabbions are made of Z 50x3.15x1000, 1500, 2000 - STAS 2543-76
zinc wire net according to gabbion width of 1000, 1500, 2000 mm.
In order to assure the gabbion indeformability, it is strenght with 12-16 mm
concrete steel frames pretected with anticorossive painting and anchores (joints) made of
4 mm zinc wire.
Nets, frames and gabbions are catched with = 3.0 mm.soft zinc wire.
Gabbions filling makes with frost resistant rough stone or with river stone having
dimensions between 120-250 mm dry, well catched stone.
Gabbions filling is in situ executed, by rough stone improvement or boulders
setting on wire baskets are provided attached and catched one to another with wire.
Where gabbions are made of out of their final setting, before works started, the
Beneficiary agrees his delegate loading devices, transport, gabbions raising and setting.
The rough stone setting on made boxes
At stone setting on gabbions, takes the right measures that the parameter must be
realized with bigger dimensions stone.
The earthworks reinforcement with drilled piles or with injected small-piles
1 - Earthworks reinforcement with injected small-piles
Preparation of working platform and work marking
- Before work beggins checked if on execution placement, the various open or ground
wire. Since these already exist and are affected by works execution, before starting the
boreholes execution, their deviation begins.
- Work reservation will be cleaned (the possible extract trees root and the removed
vegetal layer).
- The working platform will be well reinforced, having the access slopes. The platform
level after the reinforcement must be accortding to the project level.
- The reinforcement of shutters borders makes according to an established markes,
according to the distances between the lines provided in the project and borders marked by
wooden legs.
Boreholes execution
- The boring executes by devices that assued the diameter, length and bores slope
according to the project previsions.
- In order to avoid the possible fall of bores wall, especially on instability areas, the
bores has the pipe shape.
- The executed boring diameter will be according to the project, but > 130 and < 300
mm or according to the previously site previsions.
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- The boring work begins since the boring and the auxiliary plans are fixed and since
the technologic samples execution begins as well.
- The working execution makes on traffic flux, by plant retreating, avoinding to pass
over the already executed works.
- The boring executes the following operations:
= The plant pressing for each boring place
= Suppling with a required number of bar sections
= Assuring the verticality or the slope of boring bar (according to the project).
- If during the boring works is noticed that the soil lithology contains local notable
diffrences as those mentioned on the geotechnical borings, the Designer will be informed
and he makes the possible soil matching according to the site previssions.
- Since a borehole couldnt be extended or finished it will be filled with very fluid
C6/7.5 concrete and will be reinforced since the activity will be replaced.
- The soil coming from boring will be constantly realised.
- At each boring operation its technical sheet will be written according to the
Previssions from GP 113/2004 (replaced C 245-93).
- The site management answered by the skilled staff training, before execution
begins. Is strictly forbbiden to work with unqualified or wrong qualification staff, because
the quality of small piles execution depends strictly by this think.
The reinforcement execution and introduction on executed borings
- The reinforcement for each borehole is made of PC 52 steel boxes according to the
project diameter being fixed on boring hole using the plastic or metal spacers.
The elaboration made on plants at the diameters and dimensions provided in the
project.
- Since bars are joint, it will be realized out of the contact area with sliding surface by
their overlapping and wealding by double wealding seam.
- When bars are joint and weald, the previssions of Requirements C 28-83 will be
fullfilled.
- Where the reinforcements will be executed and fixed, the previsions from the
Practice code for the concrete and reinforced concrete works execution indicative NE 01299 Part A, approved by MLPAT by Order no. 59/N from 24th of August 1999.
- Since the frame is made of many bars and it couldnt be directly manipulated, it will
be provided at the bottome side with a catching device according to the project adequate
detail, in order to sustain the frame during manipulation and introduction using a crane.
- Before starting the reinforcement (the frame) in the borehole, it will be cleaned
using a wire brush in order to reduce the rust, the grassy maintaining substances, the
foreign bodies, the mud.
Lower pressure injection
- Suspenssion injection makes starting from the borehole base, by a plastic pipe
especially fixed on reinforcement according to the project details or directly placed in the
borehole.
- Injection makes in one or 2 stages, as following:
stage I:
borehole filling injection, without pressure - since suspenssion losts in the
borehole are not detected.
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It will be executed simultaneous with the protection pipe removal.

at 4-5 hours from the 1st filling injection, other injection lower than 5 atm. - since
suspenssion removals within the borehole are noticed since from the 1st stage.
The suspenssion within the borehole is charged using a filling injection to the
level provided in the project.
The suspenssion network at injection concreting, strenght from an execution unit to
another according to the self execution technology, depending directly on used devices.
This network will be provided in the operational procedure according to this working
category, the procedure belonging to the quality safety plan, which must be approved by the
Beneficiary, the Designer and the working execution Technical Manager.
When injection executes on aggressive waters soils, at networks execution will be
taken into consideration the previssions of NE 012-99 (part A), especially regarding the used
cement category.
stage II:
Embankments reinforcement with bored piles or with injected small piles

2 - Earthworks reinforcement with bored piles (columns)
The working platform execution
The platform to which the columns will be executed according to the level mentioned
in the execution project.
Collumns (bored piles) provided on 2 lines, the working platform width is of 5-6m and
is made by a single ballast layer of 30 cm width. The operations executed for the working
platform execution are the following:
- marking the working platform;
- soil transport in the storehouses;
- ballast spreading;
- ballast weating and reinforcement.
On the working platform will be marked and settting out the collumns following to be
executed.
Marking and settting out the collumns axle will be visible executed, according the
levels mentioned on execution details.
Collumns excavation (bored piles)
- Columns will be executed by retirement, the traffic is not allowed over the columns
at least 3 days from concreting.
- Collumns (bored piles) are strongly accomplished with retrievable pipe plants.
- The material excavated on collumns will be urgently evacuated, its storing on
working area being strictly forbbiden (these storing places being one of sliding sources).
Collumns reinforcement (bored piles)
The column reinforcement (bored piles) makes with circular boxes made of
strenghtening longitudinal piles, of PC 52, strenghtening rings, binding hoop and spacers of
OB 37 and consists of:
- execution of reinforcement boxes and their placing transport
- box slowly starting up within the pipe using a crane and its placing so that it
shoudnt slide during the reinforcement.
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In order to the ultrasonique surveing, 3 metallic pipes with internal diameter of 2(2 x
25.4 mm) inside the strenghtening ring, at equal distances.
Collumns reinforcement (bored piles)
If water is present or out of borring whole are 2 casting technology : under water or
drying.
Both technologies required the following execution stages:
- concrete casting of fluid consistency with T4 lucrability at casting place
- accelerate retirement of concreting pipe from the retrievable pipe of the bored plant,
since concreting develops.
The lower head of concreting pipe could not be more than 1.50 m up to the drying
concreting casted concrete and 1.50 m on under water concreting casted concrete.
During casting process, the recuperable pipe of boring plant does not be increased
up to the concrete level. In order to fill with concrete the area pevailed as result of increasing
the retrievable piping, the poured concrete will be reinforced using pipes by left-right and
up-down on vertical circular movements.
When concreting operation stops, the poured collumn head must be up from the
levels provided in the project:
- 0.50 m at drying concreting
- 1.00 m at under water concreting.
The additional material which is not according to the required quality previsions will
be previously removed by demolition.
Foundation plates excavation
Foundation plates excavation makes at each plate (each foundation plate, being
followed by its reinforcement and
concreting) and will be executed according to the
manual.
Foundation plates reinforcement
Usually the foundation plates reinforcement makes OB 37 concrete-steel pile by
pile, of diameter and of distences provided on reinforcement drawings from the execution
project, but it can be also realized with manufactured boxes.
Within foundation plates reinforcement are also included the junction catwhiskers
getted out from piles body.
Foundation plates casting and elevation execution
The concrete pouring on foundation plates and on elevation makes directly from the
transportation machines using metal or wooden ditch, so that the concrete does not falling
free on a high > 1.50 m. The concrete vibrates.
The elevation executes in the following stages:
- elevation reinforcement
- PVC pipes setting up for weepers
- elevation concrete forming
- concrete casting and vibration leaving the empties for the parapet setting
- metal parapet setting with double ledge.
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Filling execution of elevation back

On entire working place of the elevation back, the drained filling will be executed until
under the road system, well reinforced. The water stored by the
drained filling will be
evacuated by weepers upstream to the work.
Drains cleaning on excavation and bored drains
1 - Drains on excavation
Operation description
Excavation execution
The excavtion executed mechanized or manual downstream to the upstream.
The longitudinal slope of rigid foundation plate drain has values between (0.2...10%)
according to the relief requirements and assuring functionality. Slopes values are between
(2...5%).
The longitudinal slope of elastic foundation plates are provided according to the relief
previsions and functionality between 0.2% and maximum allowed slope for protected
gravels and ditches according to STAS 2916-87, pct. 22.
Before working begins, the following measures are taken into consideration:
- signalling the working area, according to the update requirements;
- assuring the meteoritic waters flowing from the site;
- cleaning and classification of the materials which intimate to slide from the slopes
provided on working area or on the platform;
- identification of the possible underground or air plants and of nominal unit in order
to establish the requirements where works will be safely executed;
- works settlement;
- organization and supplying of the working place with required materials of 50%.
During excavations the following must be taken into consideration:
- does not damaged the present constructions and plants, both visibble or buried and
laboured works from the neighborhood;
- speed restriction of 5 km/ h demarcate by the sliding prism;
- daily, before labour beggins and since will be stopped, the signalling system will be
checked, supports and condition of the soil close to excavation in order to take the required
measures and to avoid the possible falls and accidental dangers.
Excavations executed with vertical walls, without the retaining walls, manual or
mechanized, according to the following requirements:
- soil is stable and with natural humidity;
- soil is not fissured and is not exposed to vibrations;
- the excavation sis not opened and filling operations executes in the same day;
- in the limit of the prism fissure, the traffic is stopped, special executions or other
supplies are not executed, it meaning an overloading;
- the excavation depth is almost low, respective 1.0 m on very stiff soils and beated
sands and 1.5 m on stiff consisntency soils.
When excavation are mechanized executed and execution technology of clean filling
is not required by the workers falling down in the excavation, according to the above
mentioned requirements, the depth can be increased to 2.0 m less.
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When the excavation depth is up to 1.0 m, respective 1.5 m, the excavations executed
on slopes without supports touching max. 2.0 m depth or vertical, with walls fixed on entire
depth.
Excavations with vertical slope, on stable soil and very stiff or stiff consistency,
executed as foundation of horizontal supports according to the execution project suitable to
the soil right conditions.
On soils influenced by the instability phenomena, the demanding loose soils (loesses,
inconsistent cleys, etc.), water infiltration soils or mainly local requirements, of moderate
depth, the retaining makes according to the execution project using frames and vertical piles
(possible small-scale sheeting or sheeting) creating a continous and closed wall. The
sheetings and small-scale sheeting are previously fixed (0.5...0.75 m) from the excavation
level.
The excavated soil will be stored at less 1.0 m from the excavation wall, while
materilas will be stord at least 5.0 m. Those distances will be half increased since
excavations for drains dranage, which, ussually, has depths lower than 2.0 m.
When cables, pipes, archeologycal soils, etc. are carrefully executed, according to
written requirements, by plants Executant, possible under surveying of the unit Delegate.
During excavation execution, the underground plants are descovered, works are
immediately stoped and their identification etablished and the Executant informed. Works
are taken since each danger was removed and unit Delegate estimate the works.
Foundation plants drain executed on more than 3 sections of 46 m length, from
downstream to upstream, assuring waters permanent flow from excavations by natural fall.
Excavation execution at the following section will be executed after the 1st section is
filled at half from it depth.
Supports demolation makes during drain body execution.
Since excavations are mechanized executed, the excavation and filling works are
succeded so that the excavations are not opened since at the end of the day. This
technology applies at drainage drained provided with drainage, striate, holed pipes and
drained body of gravel and ballast and finallya geotextile filter.
In case of drains settled back to the maintenace works, the excavation executed
manual or mechanized in the same time with excavation execution of supporting work
section, with or without supports according to the soil and excavating depth.
Execution of drains body
The body of catching drain of waters infiltration or falling level of the underground
bed is made of ditch, raft, drained filling, geotextile material and closing haed. The
evacuation body contains the same elements, excapting that the cleaning filling can be
executed on increased high.
Drains raft can be rigid or elastic.
The rigid raft execute from C 16/ 20 concrete category with ditch in the middle,
included on provided soil less permeable or practically permeable, with medium
comprehenssibility, increased or practically incomprehenssible. The transversal slope
purposed being of (2...5%) to the ditch.
Waters storing and managing to the rigid raft drains is gravitational assured by
ditches provided with half-circular heads, dry masonry or striate pipes.
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The elastic raft executed by the reinforcement of the soil from the base of the drain
excavation or in case of perfectly drains or, in case of imperfectly drains, 1 ballast layer of 20
cm thich will be executed.
Waters storing and managing on darins with elastic raft executes by the drainage
pipes with foundation (support) of striate pipes, made of PVC directly settled at the
excavation base, in case of perfect drains or on balalst layer of 20 cm thick, in case of
imperfectly drains.
The setting of geotextile filter makes so that the bands can be overlapped on min. 20
cm, so that the soil does not entered on the drained body. At the bands bottome
recommends that at those must be mechanic tissued, in this case their overlapping could be
of (2-3) cm or according to the technology of the geotextiles Executant.
Materials falling on excavation makess using mechanic devices or on ditches. The
ballast, the gravel and the soil are sliden in the fissure and directly by throwing.
The cleaned body executes by the reinforcemnt, on layers of (30...40 cm) thick, in
case of ballast filling or by rough stone streghtening in order to avoid the head settings.
The head filling reinforced on layers of (15-20 cm) thick at (90-95%) reinforcement
level.
The drains closing head can be made of :
- the walled up ditch made of rough stone or cement mortar river stone as side ditch,
ditch or gravel, on C 8/10 concrete layer;
- ditch made of C 20/25 concrete slabs or concrete precast slabs, on C 8/10 concrete
layer having weathered joints with mortar or bituminous mastic;
- plug of argillous soil, well reinforced, protected with vegetal soil and seed.
The sealing head is provided at entire drains, excepting the capture transversal
drains, on the area from the raod carriageway, because they had the aim to collect the water
from the road foundation, in this case the road layer represents the drain sealing head.
Since the drains back from the supporting works, excepting the drain body
represents some details:
- The evacution of the water stored in the drain back to the retainig wall, as the
elevation drain assured by weepers ussualy realized with circular section of 110 mm
diameter, provided at less 2 lines, 2 on each line, at each wall section of 6.0 m length;
- The dicth raft of the drain is provided with counter slopes which stored the water by
weepers;
- In case of the retainig walls from the cut and fill (embankment), with elevation of
precast elements or masonry rock, the drain back to the wall made simultaneous with
elevation increasing.
In case of cut and fill retaining walls with concrete elevation, the drain back to the
wall executed after the concrete removal, before it will be taken under charge.
The acces in the narrow spaces, back to the wall can be allowed just at supports
protection according to the project previsions.
Simultaneous with the execution of the drain back to the retaining wall executes the
back filling in order to be taken under charge.
The filling executes on horizontal, well reinforced layers, in order to assure the value
of the geotechnical indicatives taken into consideration at the retaining wall measures and at
a reinforcement level higher than (90...95%).
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The drain depth measues from the wall crest or from the slope edge excavation back
to the walls since these is up to the crest level.
The inspection chambers
In order to control the working and the assuring of the conditions required to review
and to maintain the drains, the inspection chambers are provided, settled at (50...70 m)
distance between them. In this respect, inspection chambers are also provided when the
sense is changed and also at the crossing of the 2 or more drains.
At the end of the upper inspection chambers are provided holes in order to assure
the natural ventilation.
Within the inspection chambers, the upstream dranage pipe must be of 10 cm atleast
up to the downsteam drainage - evacuation pipe.
The ventilation pits
At the end of the upstream drains, PVC smooth pits of 110 mm diameter are fixed, the
pits are prelucred at the upper head, to execute the holes in order to assure a natural
ventilation, in C 20/25 concrete raft.
The ventilation pits, the inspection chambers and the drainage heads are
designed and executed in order to assure the functionality both of the gravitational drainage
and the drainage by natural ventilation.
The drain point
Each drain ends with a drain point having the aim to evacuate the stored waters in
the drain and assured the requirements for maintenace and revision.
The drain pit executes by a rough stone or by a river stone ditch on C 16/20 concrete
layer according to the project previsions.
Drains waste in the excavation and bored drains
2 - The bored horizontal drains
Execution of the preparatory works - Execution of the horizontal drains by drainage
is followed by preparatory works, according to the executed drains class (from the surface
or by curent or previously executed works):
- execution of stored pits (of the reinforced concrete circular caissons) or of
excavations for many supporting constructions mentioned in the project (drained
reinforcement, retaining walls, etc.) following to be executed the horizontal boring and
setting of the drains filtrate pipes;
- the execution of the working platform for boring plant;
- setting on the working platform of the boring plant on a wooden surface, putting
drain on the place and assuring the stability during working time;
- preparation of the boring instruments (cons, sampling tubes, the boring pipes or
boring columns);
- prepation of the filtered pipes sections and of joint elements;
- improving the water evacuation from the storing pipe during drains execution;
- assuring the supplying with electric plant of the boring installation and possible of
the water evacuation pomps;
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- execution of a roof over working point and its lightning in order to work in any
atmosphere conditions and if it is necessary by night.
Costs for these works (out of the main works) will be mentioned in the unitary cost of
the bore reffering to the endowment of each tender participant.
Bore execution. The execution procedure
According to the soil category (the granulometer composition, consistency, etc.) to
which executed and also by the specific of the used works, the vibrant bored horizontal
drain, the following execution steps will be executed:
The execution of the horizontal bore by vibration-boring (vibration-penetration) with
cone, that, after the boring column extraction successively with the cone, the drain fitter
pipe will be fixed.
This process is carried out at the execution of the horizontal drains by vibrationboring procedure on soils silty cley and sandy dusty increased consistency (Ic < 0.5) to
which the boring walls stability maintains to the filtration pipe fixation (these startification
requirements ussually met at stability works and at the reinforcement of the soils concered
by istability).
The procedure applies and at evacuation pipes and joint pipes setting amoung the
storing pits.
The horizontal bore by vibration-boring (vibration-penetration) with cone, the boring
column being also used at the driving pipe, fixing the drain filtrant pipe; the driving pipe
removed again the cone and the placed filtered pipe.
The procedure applied at the horizontal drains execution by vibration-boring used at
radial water catching that settled down on noncrossive aquifer layers (sands) where the
maintenace of the horizontal boring walls is not assured.
The horizontal boring by vibration-processing (vibration-penetration) with cone by
strenght induction in the soil of the drain filtrant pipe, the procedure applied in case of water
radial catching (both as water source and as falling mean of the underground water level)
especially since the drains are settled on under pressure aquifer layers and having a raw
granulometric composition.
The filtrant pipes of the drains executed by this procedure carried out only by metal
pipe with metal pipe with thiny walls (5 mm).
The horizontal boring execution by ordinary boring or by protection casing
percussion (by soil extraction, fixing then the drain filtered pipe).
This procedure applies at the execution of the horizontal drains used at stability and
reinforcement works of the instable soils, any soil category.
At the entire above mentioned execution procedures, excepting the procedure
regarding the introduction strenght in the soil of the pipe filtered by cone vibrationpenetration, the filtered pipe diameter is smaller than the boring diameter with (40...50)% so
that, since it is fixed, already exist the falling and the soil dilatancy (suddenly for the noncorossive soil, but the others with any cohession in time).
During the vibrant boring procedure, the bored hole has the bearing to be curved
down, due to the boring collumn self weight; in this respect is recommended that the boring
execution started after the slope up inclination with 2o ... 3o m higher from the drain
designed carriageway.
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After the execution of each horizontal drain, the surface of the weeper remaind free
by the drain filtrant pipe is sealed with cement mortar.
During the starting period of the drain lucrability, must be executed by frequently
cleaninig with under pressure water, in order to get hurry the inverse filter development,
natural around the filtrant pipes, if these pipes were not covered on geotextile before being
introduced in the borehole.
The washing flow and pressure must be estimated according to the diameter and
strenghtening of the filtrant pipe walls, to the holes diameter or to the apertures (slots) sizes
and to the soil granulometer composition.
In case of some soils succeptible to the lichefiation phenomena under vibrations, is
not indicated the execution by vibrant-penetration of the horizontal drains used at the
maintenace and reinforcement works of the soils prevailed by instability.
3.3.15. Construction requirements for bridges
Foundations
Depending on the nature of the foundation terrain, bridge foundations may be direct
or indirect.
Direct foundations can be of surface (continuous or isolated under walls or poles,
general invert foundations) or of depth (open caisson or air-compressed caisson
foundations).
Direct foundations are constructed as specified in Normative for the execution and
acceptance of open caisson or air-compressed caisson foundations indicative CD 22/66.
Indirect foundations are made up of large diameter drilled piles or straps. The
following provisions shall be observed when executing them:
- STAS 2561/4-90 - Large diameter drilled piles. General prescriptions for design,
execution and acceptance.
- Technical instructions for designing and executing straps - P 106/85.
When constructing the foundations, the provisions from the General Technical
Specifications common to the art works - Indicative AND 590-2004 chapters 2 and 3 shall
also be observed.
Substructures
The substructures of bridges are made up of abutments and piers. The connection of
abutments with embankments may be made by cone-quarters, wings or retaining walls.
Substructures will have to observe the conditions specified in the design, STAS
10111/1-77 Railway and road bridges. Masonry, concrete and reinforced concrete
substructures. Design prescriptions and the provisions from the General Technical
Specifications common to the art works - Indicative AND 590-2004 chapters 4 and 5.
Superstructures
Substructures and superstructures of bridges shall be constructed only based on a
project drawn up by an authorized design unit and by strictly observing the provisions of the
norms in force.
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Also, superstructures shall have to observe the conditions specified in the General
Technical Specifications common to the art works - Indicative AND 590-2004 chapters 6,
11,12 and 13.
Bridge superstructures are executed with the help of temporary works that consist of:
- scaffoldings and proppings for superstructure elements with beams and straight slabs;
- centerings, scaffoldings and proppings for superstructures of bow type or vault.
Formworks and their propping are constructed only based on projects drawn up by
authorized design units in conformance with the provisions STAS 7721/90, Practice code NE
012/99 and Practice code for the execution of the precast concrete, reinforced concrete and
prestressed elements NE 013/02, as well as the provisions from the General Technical
Specifications common to the art works - Indicative AND 590-2004 chapters 7 and 8.
3.4. Normative references
When constructing oiler roads, the following are to be considered:
- STAS 2914-84 - Technical quality conditions of soils used on embankments
- STAS 6400-84 - Execution prescriptions of the main layers and of the foundation
ones that make up road systems, rigid and non-rigid
- SR 174/1-02, SR 7970:2001 - Technical conditions for asphalt layers hot rolled and
cylindered
- SR 183/1-95 - Road covering of cement concrete
- Department normative regarding the design of defence works of roads, railways and
bridges against running waters and lakes - NP 067-02
- Technical instructions regarding the design, construction, review and maintenance
of the drains for public roads
- Guide for execution compaction in horizontal and gradient plane - GE 026-97
- Normative for the execution and acceptance of opened caissons and with
compressed air - indicative CD 22/06
- STAS 2561/4-90 - Large diameter drilled piles
- Practice code NE 012/99 and Practice Code for the execution of concrete, reinforced
concrete and prestressed concrete works NE 012/02.
The normatives specified in Annex 9 and subsequent ones will be takn into account
and put into practice.
3.5. Construction documentation
The execution (construction) works for oiler roads is according to the provisions of
the technical project and the execution details drawn up by authorized design units.
Technical and execution projects shall be checked by authorized technical verifiers in
conformance with Law no. 10/1995.
3.6. Permits and authorizations according to the current law
The following notices and agreements are necessary to have the projects approved:
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- The notice of the main sequencer of credits regarding the necessity of making the
investment
- Urbanism Certificate together with the location in urbanism plan, noticed and approved
according to the law
- Notices regarding the provisions of utilities (thermic energy, methane gas, water,
channel, telecommunications, etc.)
- Notice for the consumption of fuel (if necessary)
- Agreements and notices for the environment and water protection
- The Notice of the National Defense Ministry
- The Notice of the Ministry of Administration and Internals
- Building Authorization
- The notices and agreements solicited by the Urbanism Certificate
- Notice regarding the location of constructions, installations and advertise panels in the
area of roads, on bridges, passes, viaducts and road tunnels (Order TM no. 571/19.XII.97
and Order no. 118/2002 of TM)
- Notice from the railway
- Notice of water management
- Other special notices established according to legal dispositions
- Land holding, etc.
3.7. Inspections and verifications
3.7.1. Verification processes
According to Law no. 10/1995, the verification of projects for construction is done
only by certified specialist design verifiers, others than those who design the projects.
The quality checking of constructions is compulsory and it is performed by investors
through specialist form masters or through specialized consultancy economic agents.
Normative regarding the quality verification and acceptance of construction works
indicative C 56-85, comprises the main quality conditions that construction works must
meet, as well as the verifications that must be performed in order to find out if the
conditions have been met.
For the category of hidden works not presented in this normative, the same general
provisions shall be applied together with the quality conditions from the technical
prescriptions specific to the respective categories.
The verifications shall be performed as following:
a) during execution for all categories of works that compose the objects of
investments before these become hidden;
b) when finishing a work phase;
c) at preliminary acceptance of the objectives that is part of an investment objective.
The verification and acceptance method of hidden works is done according to
Instructions for quality verification and acceptance of hidden works in constructions,
annex I.1 (C 56-85).
The minimal determinant phases for various types of reinforcement works are next
presented:
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Embankment propping with retaining walls

- Location specification/restoration
- Nature of the foundation soil, foundation level, shape and dimensions of the foundation,
reinforcement, formworking at the first wall section
- Formworking, reinforcement, elevation concreting at the first section
Propping/Bracing on gabions
- Nature of the foundation soil, foundation level, shape and dimensions of the foundation,
reinforcement, formworking at the first wall section
- Construction of the first gabions for every type of section (first member)
Embankment reinforcement with drilled piles and injected mini-piles
- Execution of the first pile (column)- reinforcement, concreting/first mini-pile injected
- Formworking, reinforcement, concreting of the first foundation frame of the piles
(columns)/injected mini-pile
- Formworking, reinforcement, concreting of the first elevation on the reinforcement
foundation frame of the piles (columns)/ injected mini-pile
Draining with drains in the dig hole and drilled drains

Drains in the dig hole:
Location specification/restoration
Execution of the first drain section (downhill) and also the outlet head
Drilled drains:
Location specification/restoration
Execution of the first drilled drain
3.7.2. Inspection procedures
According to Law no. 10/1995 and HG no. 272/1994 the state quality control in
constructions regarding the existence and observance of the quality system in constructions
comprises inspections at investors, at design units, execution, exploitation (usage) and afterusage of constructions.
The quality state control in constructions is performed by The State Inspection in
constructions, public works, urbanism and terrain arrangement.
It supervises the
observance of the legislative provisions concerning the quality in constructions during the
whole phases, the content of the quality system and it takes notice of infringements,
applying the sanctions specified by law; if the case requires, it ceases the inadequate works.
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CHAPTER IV - ACCEPTANCE OF OIL FIELD ROADS

4.1. Documentation
According to HG no. 273/1994 regarding the acceptance of the Surveying regulation
of the construction works and surveying of the afferent works and to the Normative for
quality acceptance and surveying the afferent works of constructions, indicative C 56-85,
the Executant must communicate to the Investitor the date of the entire works ending,
works which are provided in the contract, by a written document approved by the Investitor.
The documentation contains the following reports:
- for acceptance at works ending, the Committee provided the observations and the
conclussions on acceptance report, example provided in the Annex nr.1 of the above
mentioned Regulation (see Chapter 10 - Attachments).
If the Investitor asked to the requirement in order to take a part of the execution
before ending the entire work provided in the contract, a delivery and receiving document
(report) between the Executant and the Investitor, providing the phase of the of the
mentioned work, the maintenace mesures, as well as the mutual protection measures of the
2 sides activity.
- for the final acceptance (at the end of the warranty time), the Acceptance
Committee, will provide the statements and conclusions mentioned in the final acceptance
document, model present in the Annex nr.2 of the above mentioned Regulation (see Chapter
10 - ANNEXES).
The acceptancy reports at works ending will be distributed by the Investitor to the
followings:
a) executant
b) designer
c) the authorized pesson of the local public administration, emitent of the execution
licence
d) the authorized person of the local finaciar administration.
The final surveying reports are revealed by the Investitor:
a) the authorized pesson of the local public administration, emitent of the execution
licence
b) executant.
4.2. Construction manual
According to the Law no. 10/1995 regarding the constructions quality and HG no.
273/1994 concerning the approval of Acceptance Regulation of the execution works and of
the afferent plants, the execution technical book is settled from the documants reagarding
the designing, the execution, the surveying, the maintenance, the improvement and
following the execution.
The execution of the technical book elaborates by the Investitor and carried to the
execution Owner, that has the obligation to perform it daily.
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The technical book details before the final acceptance (model mentioned in the
Annex nr.6 of the Regulation - see Chapter 10 - ANNEXES ) and includes the following:
a) the entire documentation, containig the following chapters:
- Chapter A:
Designing documentation
- Chapter B:
Executing documentation
- Chapter C:
Acceptance documentation
- Chapter D:
Documentation regarding the exploitation, maintenace, improvement and
time action (also inclues the Events Record - see Chapter 10 - ANNEXES).
b) summary containing the elements, the statistics sheet per object, the general
shedule of the main documentation file and schedules copy including each file summary.
The elaboration and realization of the technical book is obligatory surveyed by the:
- final survey Commeetee of objects execution
- the control authority authorized by the authorities having in this field very often
responsabilities.
The execution technical book keeps during the execution object maintenace since it is
demolated, when is given to the archive of the administrative-territorial, in order to be
stored.
4.3. Tests
4.3.1. Earthwork
According to the STAS 2914-84 the following must be taken into consideration:
Soil testing
The foundation soil and materials to which the earthworks executed are studied and
tested from the geologyc, geotechnic and hydrologic point of view, according to the STAS
1242/2-83, STAS 1242/3-87, STAS 1242/4-85, STAS 1242/5-88, STAS 1242/7-84, STAS 1242/976 and STAS 1709/1,2,3-90.
Laboratory tests
In order to establish the phisyc-mechanic aspects of the soils, the following aspect
are determined:
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Features
Testing name
Granulometric compozition
STAS 1913/5-85
Non-uniform coefficient
SR EN ISO 14688-2:2005
Stiffy limits
STAS 1913/4-86
Frost-defrost sensibility
STAS 1709/1,2,3-90
Internal friction angle
STAS 8942/2-82
Cohession (if the maintenace testing is required)
STAS 2914-84
The ungle of the natural slope of the material on dry STAS 2914-84
phase and at humidity on natural phase
The uncondined swelling
STAS 1913/12-88
Contain on solvable salts
STAS 7107/3-74
Exploitation, Maintenance and Repair of Oil Field Roads Page 100 of
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10
11
Organic materials quantity

STAS 7107/1-76
The linear deformation and comprehenssibility level of STAS 8942/3-90
the foundation soil
STAS 8942/1-89
Maintenace of the reinforcement aspects established by ordinary Proctor testing,

according to the STAS 1913/13-83 and according to the moisted field of Proctor curve.
4.3.2. Road pavement
Weeper natural aggregates
The tested general aspects are according to SR 662:2002.
Layers of natural aggregates or soils maintained with cement
The general aspects surveied, according to STAS 10473/1-87, are:
Testing of the road layers quality maintained with cement are executed during the
execution period, according to the Table 6 from the STAS.
The reinforcement aspects of the main layers, of the foundation and capping layers
are determined by modiffied Proctor testing, according to STAS 1913/13-83.
Macadam
The general features surveyed according to the previssions of SR 179:1995.
The main layers and bituminous layers of mediumpenetrant and penetrant
macadam
The general features which are surveyed (penetration, softening point, the
granulometer contain, etc.) will be according to the previssions of SR 1120:1995.
The cement concrete layers executed on fixed shutters
According to SR 183-1:1995, the surveyed general previssions and frequency of the
materials of the road concretes (the cement watting time and the cement mechanic
resistance, the wastes, granulosity, etc.) are according to the Annex A (Normative), while for
the road concrete cement (lucrability, the comprehenssion and cross bending strenght, etc.)
are accoring to the Annex B (Normative) of SR 183-1.
Cement concrete layer executed on sliding shutters
The surveyed characteristics and testing frequency are according to SR 183-2:1998.
The asphalt mixture (for wearing and junction layer)
The rules and methods of the asphalt mixtures aspect according to SR 174-1:2002,
point 3, are the following:
- elaboration of the preliminary study in order to establish the asphalt mixtures
contain
- the asphalt mixture features on samples taken during the works execution
- testing the features of the executed bituminous layer.
The testing categories and their frequency are provided in the Table 19 of SR 174-1.
Asphalt mixtures ( for the main layer), are according to SR 7970:2001.
Rough stone or boulders pavement
The surveyed characteristics are according to STAS 9095-90.
Natural (ordinary) stone pavements. The ordinary, abnormed pavements and blocks
The surveyed features are according to previsions of SR 6978:1995.
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4.3.3. Bridges
Concrete
The concrete composition is established/verified by an authorized laboratory
according to the Practice Code for concretes NE 012/99.
The usual sorts of cement, their characterization as well as utilization conditions are
presented in Annex I.1. and Annex I.2 from Practice Code NE 012/99 and NE 013/02.
Reinforcements
The quality control of steel is made according to the provisions presented in chapter
17 from Practice Code NE 012/99 and annex 7.1 of Practice Code NE 013/02.
Metal
Main materials as well as supplementary ones and connection means (rivets, screws
or SIR) used for metallic superstructures of bridges shall be accompanied by quality
certificates and marked by the supplier.
The plant shall check the correspondence between the data comprised in the quality
certificates with those from the product standards.
The plant shall also check every 200 t (for works with steel consumption under 500 t)
the supply, their quality by mechanical tests and the chemical analysis according to STAS
9407/75 paragraph 3.1.2.3 table 3 and SR ISO 14284-99 (STAS 2015/1-83 and STAS 2015/285).
The results of the determinations will correspond with the following standards 500/180, 500/2,3-80 and STAS 12187/88.
If the results of the mechanical and chemical tests are inadequate, the checking shall
be done on every laminator from the batch where the tests have been extracted from; those
presenting inadequacies will be removed.
The supplementary materials (electrodes and welding wire) used shall comply with
the provisions of STAS 1125/1-91 and STAS 1126/87. These will also be specified in the
welding technology.
4.4. Acceptance of works at construction phases
The following laws and rules were taken into consideration for the provisions
regarding the control of the state on determinant execution phases: Law no. 10/1995
regarding quality in constructions, Regulation regarding the quality state control in
constructions approved by HGR no. 272/1994, Regulation regarding the determination of
the importance category of constructions approved through HGR no. 766/1997 and
Procedure concerning the state control during determinant execution phases for resistance
and stability of constructions drawn up by MLPAT and published in the Construction
Bulletin no. 4/1996.
Determinant phases are established by the designer of the project, having the
approval of territorial inspection units and notice organizations for the constructions of all
importance categories.
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The results of the control and the decision adopted (approval or non-approval of the
phase) will be written down in a verbal process drawn up with the authorized
representatives of the contractor, of the investor and of the designer.
4.5. Acceptance of works for opening to explotation
4.1.1. Definition:
According to Law no. 10/1995 regarding quality in constructions, HGR no. 273/1994
regarding the approval of the Regulation for acceptance of the construction works and
afferent installations of these and Normative for quality verification and acceptance of
afferent construction works - indicative C 56-85, the acceptance of works represents the
certification of their conception on the basis of the examination in conformance with the
documents comprised in the technical book of the construction.
The acceptance of constructions is made by investor-owner in the presence of the
engineer and constructor and/or specialized representatives that have been legally
designated by them
The acceptance of construction works of any category is performed on new works as
well as on interferences during time on existing constructions (major repairs,
reinforcements, modernizations, etc.).
4.1.2. Phases:
The acceptance is performed in two phases:
a) Acceptance at the finish of the works
The acceptance committee examines the following aspects:
- the observance of the provisions specified in the construction permit as well as the
notices and execution conditions
- the construction operations in conformance with the provisions of the contract, of
the execution documentation and specific regulations
- the presentation paper drawn up by the designer regarding the way in which the
work was constructed
- the finish of all the works specified in the signed contract between investor and
constructor and the annexed documentation of the contract.
b) Final acceptance (when the warranty period expires)
The final acceptance is convoked by investor in 15 days at most after the warranty
period has expired.
Those who participate at the final acceptance are: the investor, the acceptance
committee designated by investor, the designer of the project and the constructor.
The acceptance committee examines the following aspects:
- the acceptance verbal processes when the works are finished
- the finality of the works demanded by the acceptance of the finished works
- the paper of the investor regarding the behavior of constructions during the
warranty period, including also the flaws and their remedial works.
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CHAPTER V - EXPLOITATION OF OIL FIELD ROADS

5.1. Surveillance of road behaviour
The Normative P 130-1999 concerning the surveillance activity of the time behaviour
of the executions, asked to the previssions of the Law no. 10/1995 concerning the
constructions quality and Regulation regarding the time surveillance behaviour, time
interventions and constructions postutility, approved by HGR no. 766/1997.
5.1.1. Current surveillance
The current surveillance accomplished by direct visual examination and with
measurement ordinary amounts, according to the previsions from the technical book and
from the specific technical improvements, on working and execution categories and has as
aim to maintain the exploitation aptitude.
The time surveillance is currently and special according to the water flows, seisms,
etc. Measures executed by measuring and control device (AMC) and compared with the
initial estimations.
Reports will be elaborated, reports that will be provided in the Events Journal and
will be included in the Execution Technical Book. In case that advanced (leading) damages
of the execution structure are noticed, the Beneficiary asked an extended surveillance on the
provided construction followed, if it is necessary, by a technical survey.
The large survey has as object a detailed surveying, from the strenghtening,
maintenace and road endurance and executed by an authorized experts in this field.
The extended survey ends with a written report to which include observations, as
well as, if it is necessary, the development of the general (previously) measures of the time
behaviour surveillance. The written report will be provided (mentioned) in the Technical
Book of the provided work.
The recently following activities for the reinforcement works includes, according to
the execution category, the following tests (surveys):
The earthworks maintenace with the retaining walls
- visible (notable) changes surveys (rotatations, settlements) of the wall sections from
the other sections;
- surveying the actions of the possible out of law activities : excavations at the wall
base in order to use the soil at the other activities; missing of the metal guardrails used to
managed the traffic or of guard rails for the pietonal traffic);
- surveying the earthworks cleaning of the wall foundation due to the natural or other
causes;
- surveying the exfoliations at the concrete surface, in case of the concrete wall
- surveying the detachment (separation) of several stone blocks from the current
masonry, in case of the stone masonry;
- surveying the holes noticed at elavation-foundation joint;
- surveying the waters evacuation from the drain from the back wall by weepers.
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The earthworks reinforcement with bored piles and injected small piles
- surveying the visible movements of some sections different to the others;
- surveying the earthworks cleaning at bearing foundation, including the injected
small piles due to some natural calamities;
- surveying some exfoliations at the concrete surface;
- surveying the waters falling by weepers;
- surveying continuity of the the road system in the raft area;
- surveying the possible fissures in the road system in the raft area.
Time surveyllance according to several topographyc marks on settings close to the
work execution so that these can be affected by the other works or by the instability
phenomena.
The topographyc marks are fixed on the points marked on the situation layouts.
Gabbions supports
- surveying the deformations of the gabbions which cant be considered an offence;
- surveying the presence of some out of law activities, missing the zinc wire or the
steel from the gabbions;
- surveying the soil setting of the gabbion sills limit, in order to maintain the slope in
the early stage, in order to stop those limits erosion;
- surveying the cleaning of the earthworks in the gabbion supports due to the natural
calamities.
The slliden deluvium back from the retaining gabbions must be regulary eliminate so
that the entire material from the slope can be taken, which keep sliding by time.
Drains drainage in the excavation and horizontal bored drains
- surveying the water falling from the drain since the area rains stoppes and also in
the inspection pit;
- surveying the time damages of the drain, including the damages coming from the
offenced actions;
- surveying the excavated drains, with an established under pressure water quantity
for its debloking, in case of many rains, the water from the drain is missing.
Time surveillance makes according to a topographyc supports fixed close to the
reinforcement work so that these can be influenced by the other works of by the other
instability phenomena.
The supports will be settled according to a study elaborated at the execution placing
finalized in a design. These elements will have a local levelment base and will be well
protected and maintained.
In case that the current executions are surveyed, since some damages are noticed,
damages which ca affect the strenghtening, stability and construction durability, the work
Beneficiary asked to the Designer an extended inspection on provided constructions,
according to the article 3.1.9. from the Normative regarding the constructions time
behaviour indicative P 130-1999 in order to take into consideration the intervention result.
The staff authorized with recently activities will elaborate the reports provided in the
Events Journal and included on Constructions Technical Book.
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The ussualy survey makes 2 time per year at least : once in the spring and once in the
autumn and always as result of some natural calamities at the entire works provided in this
project.
The works access in order to achieved the prevalent or special surveys made
according to the labour protection norms, prevention and stopping the fires, the 1st aid rules,
since the surveys has been executed.
In case of increased hight at the upper side of the reinforcement works elements, at
the next inspections will be taken into consideration by the vertical measures of the
increased hight element or the topographyc elements will be settled at the new levels
(providing in the events Book ), so that the results interpretation can be realized according to
the corresponding referency terms: the last surveys executed before interventions beggins
to be equalized with the 1st surveys executed suddenly after the intervention.
In case of the bridges, a current surveillance of the technical stage will be executed,
surveillance developed during the entire execution period, having a stable aspect.
The technical stage of the current survey executed visual, by the direct monitoring
and using several ordinary, of current usage measures, by an person named by the
benefeciary asking with the execution survey.
The following will be surveyed:
- site removals;
- opening or closing the dilatation joints;
- fissures or cracks provided in the continuity area of the viaduct suprastructure, as
well as on the abutment area;
- shapes removal;
- vertical or horizontal important deformations, or swiching
- the noticed deformations as additional effects: strenghtening the platform heads in
the abutments guard walls, bending (deforming) of the different devices (guardrails).
The current survey results of the technical level are mentioned in the events journal
from constructions technical book, according to the previsions of the norms C 167/83.
5.1.2. Special surveillance - after special evants, with significant effects on road
behaviour during explotation (flooding, land sliding, etc.)
The special surveillance included the specific, regular, periodic investigations on
several parameters which are according to the execution or some parts of it, provided since
from the designing phase or due to the technical survey.
The special surveillance made since the Owner, other juridical perssons or interesting
perssons asked, at works in execution, with a dangerous evolution or that are on special
situations from safety point of view, as well at new constructions of special or exceptional
importance (provided in the project).
The special surveillance executed, on the established period, according to the project
or of a specific procedure, by an authorized specialty technical staff.
The reports mentioned in the Constructions Technical Book will be
replacedelaborated. The Designer or the Expert analized the activity of special surveillance
work and will inform the Investitors and/ or the Owners, by a written note, on the required
norms.
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CHAPTER VI - MAINTENACE OF OIL FIELD ROADS

According to the Normative concerning the maintenace and improvement of the
public roads, indicative AND 554/2002, the maintenace works will be the following:
- present, permanently executed;
- regular (periodic), planified executed in order to increased the road structure wear.
6.1. Road maintenace in summer
6.1.1. Maintenace of road platform
6.1.1.1. Curent maintenace works of the roads platform can be:
- works common to the entire roads: according to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter
B/101.2.1, the road cleaning by the mud taken by the vehicles, the shouldesrs levelment, the
holes removing by materials covering, etc.
- works specific to the layer category: according to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter.
B/101.1, the pavements maintenace depends on the road system (by the rolling layer).
The maintenace of the asphalt pavements of the pavements with hydraulic liants and
of the other pavements layer namely required the dislevelments and tracks elimination,
stoppings, the fissures and crucks erossion, slabs improvement, etc.
The previsions of the same normative and regarding the slopes maintenace will be
regarded.
6.1.1.2. The periodical maintaining works, accoding to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter
C/103-106, concerning the bituminous treatments, thiny bituminous layers, in situ
reclamationof the asphalt and bituminous convoys.
6.1.2. Providing road water drainage
Accoding to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter B/101.2.2, assuring the waters flowing from
the road area includs the cleaning and demolition of the ditches, culverts, elimination of the
local fissures, improvement of the joints at the paved ditches, the drains pavements, etc.
6.1.3. Maintenance of road traffic safety facilities
Accoding to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter B/101.2.3, the means maintenace in order to
assure the traffic safety concerned at the vertical signalling (maintenace of the traffic signs,
etc.) and horizontal (recosntruction and improvement of the road marking), at the
maintenace of the km. and hm. Borders, of the directinal guardrails, of the protection
guardrails, maintenace of the roads area and of the information regarding their
achievement.
6.1.4. Providing road traffic aesthetic appearance
Accoding to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter B/101.2.4, the assurance of the road cleaning
and the oprtaional interventions, executed by the movable teams (cleaning the wastes and
straw of the road area, cutting the grass vegetation, improvement or replacing of the
missiong or damaged elements, etc.).
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6.1.5. Bridges maintenace

6.1.5.1. The present maintenance works of the bridges
These are according to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter B/101.3 from the Normative AND
554/2002 and regards the road cleaning by mud and wastes, the cleaning of the outflows
(outlets), cleaning the shoulders and oiling the devices of the metal supporting, isolated
achievements at the bridge way, guardrails, footways, outlets, dilatation joints, cassies,
quarter cones, the access stais, etc. improvements.
6.1.5.1 Periodical maintenance works of the bridges
These are according to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter C/112 (AND 554/2002) and regards
the complete replacing of the road coating and on the guardrails, replacing the
hydroisolation on the bridge, the footways improvement, borders and guardrails
replacement, replacing the devices for covering the dilatation joints, replacing the damaged
supporting devices, cassies improvement, of quarter cones stone rip raps, of the access
stairs, the complete painting at the metal guardrails, etc.
6.2. Maintenace of roads in winter
6.2.1. Preparing of roads for the winter season
According to The requirements concerning the protection of the public roads during
summertime and wintertime, stopping the sliding and snowing, indicative AND 525-2000
and to The Normative concerning the maintenace and improvement of the public roads,
indicative AND 554-2002 Annex 1 and 2 chapter B, point 102, in order to assure the road
traffic during the wintertime, the preparatory measures consist of:
- road improvement (the water proofing of the carriageway, assuring the waters
flowing, removing the obstacles that can cause the snow covering, signalling during
wintertime)
- fixing the snowing guardrails
- bases preparation and taking the devices and equipments
- the staff training
- organization of the coordination and information activities, as well as the
colaboration way between the road and railway units (if it is necessary)
- the control regarding the execution of wintertime preparations.
6.2.2. Supply of antiskidding materials
According to the Instructions AND 525-2000 and AND 554-2002, concerning the
increasing of the road traffic safety during wintertime, chemical materials (salt and salt
solutions, calcium clor ), anti-derapant materials (sand, gravel, slag) provided with antiagglomerate or antreated, or other defrozen materials are ussualy used.
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On cement concrete sections, older than 5 years, the anti-derapant treated with antiagglomerate are strictly used. Salt is no alloewd to be used in the first 5 years.
The materials storing, according to their features, made in the warehouses, sheds or
shelters for the granular chemical materials, on reservoirs for the free chemical materials
and on open sky, silos or storing places for the anti-derapant materials.
6.2.3. Manual and mechanical snow removal
According to the Instructions AND 525-2000 and AND 554-2002, during softly snows,
measures concerning the roads snowing prevention by devices inspection (medium-carried
graders, blade tractor) and spreading the chemical and anti-derapant materials.
Manual snow cleaning on narrow surfaces (guardrails, footways, km and hm signs,
etc.) will be executed.
In case that the snow stored on the road cant be removed by inspection actions will
be intervenced using the snow claening devices (blade unimogs and plough, bulldozerexcavators, autocutters, autograders and bulldozers).
In order to drop the snows from the biggest distances , these devices are provided
with turbo-cutters.
In case of the dezasters as result of the dangerous methorologycal phenomenon are
according to the previsions of AND 567-2002.
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Edition: 2
CHAPTER VII - CURRENT REPAIRS AND OVERHAULS

According to the intervention method, the improvement works can be:
- RC current repairs (incomplete or totally compensation of the bearing capacity and
of the roads wear; indicative AND 554-2002, chapter D, Annex 2 and indicative AND 5142000)
Current repairs (RC) refers at accidental works (imprevents after water flows, land
slides, road accidents), executions of easy bituminous coats, rainforcement of the road
system, additional bands (the 3rd band on slopes, for slowly vechicles), elimination of the
dangerous points, crossections improvement, replacing the culverts damaged elements, etc.
Bridges current improvemnts are according to the Annex 1 and 2 chapter D/118 from
AND 554/2002 and refers at the infrastructures reinforcemnt, of the reinforced concrete
elements and of the suprastructure precast concrete, etc.
- RK overhauls (complete compensation of the phisical and moral wear or of the
increased technical aspects of the road, indicative AND 554-2002, chapter E, Annex 2).
Overhauls (RK) refers at the road line, embankments reinforcement, at the road
systems rehabilitations, improvemnts of the deviations, bridges and overpasses reinforcent,
bridges rehabilitataion, etc.
7.1. Normal exploitation time according to current law (HG no. 2139/2004)
7.1.1. According to HGR 2139/2004 Decision concerning the approval of the
Catalogue regarding the classification and normal exploitation time of the fixed centers, the
normal working time meant the improved operation time, from the economic point of view,
the entrance values of the fixed centers close to be amortized. Consequently, the ordinary
running time sincreased more than the physical lifetime of the mentioned fixed center.
The expenses made at the fixed centers, has as aim to establish the opening stages,
are considered the reparing expenses.
Maintaining the lucrability of the fixed centers which can affect the life protection, the
health and the environment (road, railway, air and naval transports, the execution devices
and the country economy, the elevation plants, etc.) after ending the working ordinary
lifetime can be executed according to a technical report elaborated by the qualified or by the
technical survey experts authorized in the activity field of the fixed center.
According to the Catalogue regarding the classification and normal explotation time
of the fixed centers, the transport works (having the Code 1.3) has the following working
time:
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Classificatio
n code
1.3.7
1.3.7.1
1.3.7.2
1.3.7.3
1.3.7.4
1.3.12
1.3.17
1.3.18
1.3.24
1.3.25
The ussualy
working
time
(years)
The fixed centers name

The infrastructe of the roads (public, industrial, agricole),
avenues, streets and motorways including the entire
accessories (footways, borders, parking, guardrails, marks,
the traffic signs):
- of ballast, sand stabilized or macadam pavement
- with the asphalt concrete pavement or pavement on a thiny
foundation
- with cement concrete pavement
- the infrastructure of the forest roads
Accessories execution for the road, air, naval transport
Bridges, culverts, catwalks and viaducts for the railway and
road transports, viaducts;
- wooden
- masonry, reinforced concrete or metal
Tunnels
Easy constructions for the transports (blockhouses,
wearhouses, shelters, huts)
Other constructions for the transportswhich didnt belong to
1.3. subcategory
16-24
20-30
28-42
24-36
24-36
8-12
32-48
40-60
8-12
20-30
The working ordinary period for the mentioned reinforcement working categories has
been assimilated as following:
Classificatio
n code
1.4.2.2
1.4.7
1.4.2.2
1.4.2.1
(1.3.7.1)
Name of the fixed activities

Eartworks maintenace with the retaining walls
Earthworks reinforcement with bored piles and injected
small-piles
Gabbions supports
Drainage with drains on excavations and bored drains
Ordinary
working
time
(years)
24-36
24-36
24-36
16-24
7.1.2. According to The Normative concerning the maintence and improvement of

the public roads, indicative AND 554-2002, the ussualy working period for the road
structure is the same to the usage period, in the ordinary exploitation period, from the road
given to the traffic, as new, and to its openning in the 1st capital improvement (the initial
working time) or between the 2 repairs.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
Item no.
Table1 provides the ordinary working time of the public roads per years (initial or
between the 2 capital repairs), according to the road pavement and to the annual daily
medium intensity expressed on vehicles:
Table 1/AND 554/2002
Annual daily medium intensity
on phisical vehicles
less than 750
751-3500
Pavement category
Ussualy working time
expressed on years (the initial
time or between the 2 capital
repairs)
1 Free stone pavements
30
25
2 Cement concrete
30
20
3 Bituminous pavements executed from the mixtures
with bitumen modified with polymers or from the
mixtures maintained with fibres
4 Bituminous pavements executed from the asphalt
16
12
concretes or from the asphalt concrete or asphalt
mortars on the crushed stone binder; asphalt poured
on the crushed stone binder
13
9
concretes or asphalt mortars on pea binder; the
poured asphalts
8
6
layers on prevailed netting stabilized with liants
7 Easy asphaltic pavements
7
5
8 Nets executed by complexe maintenaces, in situ
3
2
procedure or on centralized installations
Item no.
Table 2 contained the ussualy working period of the road bridges and culverts, for the
infrastructure and suprastructure according to the bridge or the culverts type.
Bridge or culvert type
Table 2/AND 554/2002

Ussualy working period
expressed on years (the initial
working period or between the
2 capital improvements)
Infrastructure Suprastructure
Wooden bridges and culverts, out of which :

- fir tree wooden
- fir tree wooden with oak wooden infrastructure
- oak wooden
OMV PETROM S.A.
8
16
16
4
4
8

Edition: 2
3
4
Combined bridges and culverts with masonry

infrastructure, out of which:
- with fir tree wooden suprastructure
- with oak wooden suprastructure
Metal bridges
Concrete or stone bridges and culverts, out of which
- with concrete suprastructure
- with masonry suprastructure (archs)
Bridges with composed suprastructures or executed
with special solutions (bracing wires, etc.)
30-50
30-50
30-50
4
9
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
30-50
7.2. Standards for planning repair works at roads and road structures
According to the Normative P 95-77, the standard service periods concerning the
usage of the fixed founds are provided in The catalogue of damping service and normed
service times of the fixed founds approved by the Decrete no. 393/1976, in order to change
and extend the Law no. 62/1968 concerning the damping of the fixed founds.
The normed service times in order to establish the damping levels of the fixed
founds, as well as for the difrent planning operations.
The values of RK works obtains according to a bill, elaborated on work categories,
according to the update legislation.
RK bill value must be according to the value Normative, which represent a plafon
which can be overtaken just on certain (particular) cases.
On bill are not provided the capital repairs in order to improve damages due to the
effect of several calamities.
The normed cost of the capital repairs, coming from the multiple replacing values of
the fixed found with the value normatice from the collumn 7 of the Annex 1(of P 95-77),
meaning the limited value of the repair according to the prices from 1977.
By the replacing value understands the entire expenses which will be given by the
replacemnt, in good conditions, of the provided fixed found (estimated that the replacing
value is equal with the inventory value).
As result that the prices of 1977 are not according to the present reality being
necessary that it must be reactualized.
According to the Order no. 32/N/1995, MLPTL approved The methodology for the
evaluation of the buildings and special constructions from groups 1 and 2 of fixed centers,
indicative GV 0001/0-95 ((this method is an extension of 1964 methodology). The indicatives
used on Methodology asked to be used in order to actualize the values of the buildings and
constructions special executed and surveyed to the evaluation date.
In order to appy the previsions from the Methodology has been republished The
catalogues of re-evaluation of the Buildings and special Buildings of groups 1 and 2 of fixed
centers.
On Problems of constructions economy no. 9/2005, elaborated by INCERC, the
determination of medium indexes of buildings and special constructions are determined as
result of prices and tariffes development at the level of the 3rd quarter of the year 2005.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
7.3. Guidelines concerning overhauls of roads and ancillaries

According to the Normative P 95-77 the orientative specification of the contain of RK
works established what works must inclues a capital repair, represents a guidance at the
execution of the daily surveys and used at the elaboration of RK bills.
The mentioned works are orintative and are included in the Normative P 95-77, Annex
2, code 232. As result of the often surveys can issued that does not required that several
works can be executed within RK, as also result that the execution of the other works
provided in the Normative are required.
The contain of RK works also found in the normative AND 554-2002, Annex 2,
chapter E/120-122.
7.4. Planning and providing road overhauls
Planning of capital repair works (RK)
According to the Technical normative of capital repairs at building and special
constructions, indicative P 95-77 and Normative concerning the maintenace and repair of
the public roads, indicative AND 554-2002, the daily surveys will be executed, surveys that
established if the overhauls are required.
The working cycle between the 2 successive overhauls meant the time interval to
which overhauls are executed.
At the roads that touched the working cycle and to which the often survey consist
that are in good conditions, the extension of the working survey will be required and the
delay of the mentioned overhauls as well. The extension of the working cycle does not
performed the proper descreased of the following cycle, prevaild with the provided period.
Taking into consideration by the wear degree and the road technical level also asked the
descreasing of the working cycle.
The overhauls value, established according to the bill of quantities, must be lower
than that resulted from the development of the valoric normative with the replacing value of
the mentioned found.
Norms for RK planning are mentioned in the Annex 1 of the Normative P 95-77.
7.4.1. Documentation of overhauls
The technic-economic documentation for the overhauls are technical works and of
special elaboration elaborated by the designed specialized (authorized) designing units. The
documentation development made according to the point 3.5 from the present standard.
The overhauls execution projects will be surveyed by the project authorized experts,
while the technical-sanitary documentation is approved and authorized accoring to the
Beneficiary requirements (OMV PETROM SA).
The elaborated documentations and acts concerning the execution of RK works will
be included on constructions technical book, according to the point 4.2 of the present
standard.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
7.4.2. Providing overhauls (RK)

According to the Normative P 95-77 the development and execution of RK works
makes by the units keeping the provided fixed centers, both on control and by specialized
units.
RK execution works are according to the previsions of the point 3.3. of the present
standard.
7.4.3. Surveillance of overhauls execution and verification
According to the Normative P 95-77 the following and surveillance of RK execution
works will be executed within the requiremnts and responsabilities established for the
constructions-montage works, by the entire intereseted factors:beneficiary units, designing,
execution works, the superior staffs, the finacing banks, as well as the constructions
surveillance staff.
The surveillance and inspection precesses for Rk will be according to the previssions
from point 3.7. of the present standard.
7.4.4. Acceptance of works
R. K works surveillance are according to the point 4.5. and to the documentation
concerning RK (the surveillance reports) are according to the point 4.1. of the present
standard.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
CHAPTER VIII - CLOSING AND CASSATION

According to the Regulation concerning the execution surveillance, time
intervention and constructions postusage, HGR no. 766/1997 and of the Law no. 10/1995,
the constructions post-usage represents an element of constructions on safety,
reconditioning conditions and reusage of the retrievable goods, as well as the wastes
recyclation in order to assure the environment safety according to the law.
The reintegration in the nature of the unused and non-recyclable wastes includes the
usage of the rough materials wastes for fillings and the natural landscape in the area of
wastes usage, by adequate slope constructions and afferent protection works, including the
reconstruction of the vegetal layer and plantations.
The activities and works development from the postutilization stage made according
to the technical documentation, elaborated by the able authorities, according to the law.
The oil way that is not necessary OMV PETROM SA can be carried out at the
interested units (Cityhalls, the agricultural roads, etc.) according to the update legislation.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
CHAPTER IX - FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Standards, normatives and laws used in the present standard are updated in may
2006. The users of the present standard must inform the list of the used documentations,
taking into account by the issued modifications or fulffilments.
The documentation previssions to which the documentation refer (standards,
normatives, regulations, laws) also can be applied at the oil exploitation roads according to
the Beneficiary approval.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
CHAPTER X - ANNEXES
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX No. 1
THE INVESTOR
to the regulations
THE ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATE ON THE WORKS COMPLETION

No. ................................. from ......................................
related to the work .........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
........................... executed within the contract no. .......... of ....................., completed between
...................................
for
the
works
of
......................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
1. The works were executed based on the authorization no. ........................, issued by
................................ on ............................, valid until ............................................
The acceptance committee developed its activity during the period of
................................, and it consists of:
....................................................................
(name and forename)
....................................................................
....................................................................
3. Other participants to the acceptance were:
...................................................................................................................................................
(name and forename)
(designated as)
4. The observations of the acceptance committee:
4.1. The parts included in the annexed list no. 1 are missing or incomplete from the
written and drawn documentation necessary to be submitted.
4.2. The volumes of works included in the annexed list no. 2 were not performed.
4.3. The works included in the annexed list no. 3 do not meet the designed
provisions.
5. Based on the findings, the acceptance committee has the following proposals:
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
6. The acceptance committee justifies the proposal by the following:
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Edition: 2
OMV PETROM S.A.
7. The acceptance committee recommends the following:

.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
8. The present certificate, containing ......... page and ......... numbered annexes,
summing up a total of ......... pages, has been concluded today .......... at .......... in ..........
copies.
Acceptance committee*
Experts*
President: .............................
..........................................
Members: ..............................
..........................................
___________________
* Name, forename and signature.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX No. 2
THE INVESTOR
to the regulations
THE CERTIFICATE OF THE FINAL ACCEPTANCE

No. ................................. of ......................................
related to the work .........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... authorized
by no. ....... of ..............., valid until ..................., by ...................
1. The final acceptance committee developed its activity during the period of
.........................., and it consists of:
....................................................................
(name and forename)
2. Other participants to the acceptance were:
...................................................................................................................................................
(name and forename)
(designated as)
3. The final acceptance committee has, following the examination of the work and the
documents included into the technical book of the structure, found the following:
3.1. The works on specialties were performed and accepted according to the annexed
list no. 1.
3.2. The works were completely finished on the date of ...............................................
3.3. The observations of the final acceptance committee are presented in the annexed
list no. 2.
3.4. The technical book of the structure and the synthetic data sheet of the objective
were (were not) completed.
3.5. The instructions for the objective operation and time-surveillance are (not) in the
users possession.
3.6. The structure (did not) behave accordingly during the period since it was finished
on the date of ............................................. up to the present, respectively for a period of
..................... months, and the committees findings are listed in annex no. 3.
3.7. The objectives value is ............................ lei, according to the annexed list no.1.
4. Based on the findings, the final acceptance committee has the following proposals:
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
5. The final acceptance committee justifies the proposal by the following:
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
6. The final acceptance committee recommends the following:

.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
7. The present certificate, containing ......... pages and ......... numbered annexes,
summing up a total of ......... pages, has been concluded today .......... at .......... in ...... copies.
Acceptance committee*
President:
Members:
Experts*
.............................
.............................
.............................
.............................
___________________
* Name, forename and signature.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX No. 6
to the regulations
THE TECHNICAL BOOK OF THE STRUCTURE
SUMMARY LIST
of the parts included in the technical book of the structure
1. Synthetic data sheet.

2. Chapter A*: Documentation related to the design.
3. Chapter B*: Documentation related to the execution.
4. Chapter C*: Documentation related to the acceptance.
5. Chapter D*: Documentation related to the operation, repair, maintenance and time
surveillance of the structure behaviour.
6. Events journal.
Chapter A*: Documentation related to the design
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Chapter B*: Documentation related to the execution.
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Chapter C*: Documentation related to the acceptance.
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Chapter D*: The documentation related to the operation, maintenance, repair and
time-surveillance of the structure behaviour.
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
___________________
* The general summary of the basic documentation files and the summary copies with the
contents of each file shall be included on chapters.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
SYNTHETIC DATA SHEET

1. The structure objective (name, localization) ..........................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. The investor (name and headquarters of the company) .............................................
...................................................................................................................................................
3. The investors delegates in charge of checking up the structure quality (name,
forename, function, designated as) ...........................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
4. The work designer
a) The name and the headquarters or address of the general designers company or
of the sub-designing companies ....................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
b) Name and forename of the project manager ............................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
c) Name and forename of the specialty designers, name and headquarters of the
respective companies ................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
5. The checker (the checker of certified projects), name, forename and number of the
confirmation certificate ............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
6. The structure contractor
a) Name and headquarters or address of the contractors company (general
contractor) and if the case, of the contracting companies for the appurtenant installations of
the structures .............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
b) Name and forename of the site manager ..................................................................
c) Name and forename of the manager in direct charge of the works (the head of the
objective work point) ................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
___________________
* The general summary of the basic documentation files and the summary copies with the
contents of each file shall be included on chapters.
7. Modifications of the data at paragraphs. 1-6 (date of the modification and the
modification) .............................................................................................................................
8. The certified technical experts who checked the quality and behaviour of the
structure (name, forename, number of the confirmation certificate) .......................................
...................................................................................................................................................
9. The acceptance committee at the works completion (name, forename and
company)
..................................................................................................................................
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
10. The final acceptance committee (name, forename and company) ..........................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
11. Commencement date of the execution .....................................................................
12. Date of the acceptance approval on the works finish ..............................................
13. Approval date of the final acceptance .....................................................................
14. Seismicity degree considered for the structure design ............................................
15. Other data ................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX No. 7
EVENTS JOURNAL
Name of the structure objective
.............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Rf.
no
.
Date of the
event
Category of
the event
Presentation of the
event and its effects on
the structure including
the reference to the
documents of the basic
documentations
3
Name, forename
and company of
person who
registers the
event and its
signature
4
Signature of
the person in
charge of the
technical
book of the
structure
5
Fill-in instructions
1. The events following to be registered in the journal are coded by the following
letters in column 2 Category of the event:
UC - results of the periodic checkings within the current surveillance;
US - results of the checkings and measurements within the special surveillance, in
case certain measures have to be taken;
M - intervention measures in case several defects are found (repairs, consolidations,
demolish works, etc.);
E - catastrophic events (earthquakes, floods, fires, torrential rainfalls, heavy snowfalls,
land collapses or slides etc);
D - certificates prepared by the verification bodies in relation to the works
performance stages;
C - results of the inspection related to the preparation and maintenance manner of
the technical book of the structure.
2. The events registered in the journal and that correspond to the documents
included into the basic documentation are provided with reference notes to the respective
file and the nature of such documents has to be specified.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX No. 8
Accounting evidence
The accounting evidence is carried out in compliance with the updates Accounting
Law no. 82/1991, Fiscal Code and its application norms.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX No. 9
NORMATIVE REFERENCES
STANDARDS (STAS, SR and SR EN)
SR ISO 37 /1997
Vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber. Determination of tensile

stress - strain properties.
STAS 42 /1968
Bitumen. Penetration determining.
SR 61 /1997
Bitumen. Ductility test.
SR ISO 62 /2004
Plastic materials. Determination of water absorption.
SR 137 /1995
Bitumen hydroinsulating materials. Rules and controlling

methods.
SR 174-1/2002
Road works. Hot bituminous rolled pavements. Technical

quality conditions.
SR 174-2 /1997
Road works. Hot bituminous rolled pavements.Technical

conditions for preparation, laying and acceptance of hot rolled
bituminous pavements.
SR 174-2-1997/A9-2005
Road works. Hot bituminous rolled pavements.Technical

conditions for preparation, laying and acceptance of hot rolled
bituminous pavements.
SR EN ISO 175 /2002
Plastic materials. Testing methods for determining the effects

of immersion in liquid chemical products.
STAS 175 /1987
Road works. Hot cast bituminous layers. General technical

quality conditions.
SR 179 /1995
Road works. Macadam. General technical quality conditions.
SR 183-1 /1998
Road works. Cement concrete pavements in fixed formworks.

Technical quality conditions.
SR 183-2 /1998
Road works. Cement concrete pavements

formworks. Technical quality conditions.
OMV PETROM S.A.
in
sliding

Edition: 2
SR ISO 188 /2001
Vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber. Accelerating aging test

and heat resistance.
SR EN 196-1 /1995
Methods of testing cements. Part 1: Determination of the

mechanical strength.
SR EN 196-3 /2006
Methods of testing cements. Part 3: Determination of setting

time and stability.
SR EN 197-1 /2002
Cement. Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity

criteria of common cements.
SR EN 197-2 /2002
Cement. Part 2: Conformity evaluation.
SR EN 206-1 /2002
Concrete. Part 1: Specification, performance, production and

conformity.
STAS 438/1 /89
Steel products for concrete reinforcement. Hot rolled

structural steel. Grades and technical quality conditions.
SR 438-3 /1998
Steel products for concrete reinforcement. Welded nets.
SR EN 450-1+A1 /2008
Fly ash for concrete. Definitions, conditions and quality

control.
SR EN 459-1 /2003
Lime for buildings. Part 1: Definitions, characteristics and

conformity criteria.
SR EN 459-2 /2003
Lime for buildings. Part 2: Testing methods.
SR 599 /2004
Road works. Bituminous treatments. Quality conditions.
SR 662 /2002
Road works. Natural ballast aggregates. Technical quality

conditions.
SR 667 /2000
Natural aggregates and processed stone for road works.

General technical quality conditions.
SR 754 /1999
Non-paraffinaceous bitumen for roads.
STAS 863-85
Road works. Geometrical elements of

prescriptions.
SR EN 932-3 /1998
Tests for determining the general properties of aggregates.

Part 3: Procedure and terminology for simplified petrographic
description.
SR EN 933-1 /2002
Tests for determining the general properties of aggregates.

Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution. Aggregate
grain analysis through sieving.
SR EN 933-2 /1998
Tests for determining the geometric characteristics of

aggregates. Part 2: Aggregate grain analysis. Test sives,
nominal size of apertures.
OMV PETROM S.A.
routes. Design

Edition: 2
SR EN 934-2:2003/A1 /2005
Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Part 2: Concrete

admixtures. Definitions, conditions, conformity, marcking and
labelling.
SR EN 1008 /2003
Mixing water for concrete. Specifications for sampling, testing

and assesing the suitability of water, including water
recovered from concrete industry processes such as mixing
water for concrete.
SR 1120 /1995
Road works. Base layers and bituminous pavements of

penetration and semipenetration. General technical quality
conditions.
STAS 1242-2 /1983
Foundation ground. Geotechnical, geological and technical

studies and investigations specific to railway routes, roads
and motorways.
STAS 1242-3 /1987
Foundation ground. Geotechnical investigation by open

borings.
STAS 1242-4 /1985
Foundation ground. Geotechnical investigations by borings in

the ground.
STAS 1242-7 /1984
Foundation ground. Geophysic investigation of the soil by

seismic methods.
STAS 1242-9 /1976
Foundation ground. Earth classification and identification.
SR 1244-1 /1996
Traffic safety. Railway level crossing. Technical conditions,

classifications and type of railway crossing.
SR 1244-2 /2004
Traffic safety. Railway level crossing. Part 2: Non-automatic

installation. Provisions.
STAS 1244-3 /1990
Traffic safety. Railway level crossing. Automatic signalling

installation.
STAS 1338-1 /1984

(partially replaced with
SR EN 12697-28 /2002)
Road works. Asphalt mixtures and hot bituminous pavements.

Preparation of mixtures, of test samples and test specimens.
STAS 1338 -3 /1984
Road works. Asphalt mixtures and hot bituminous pavements.

Metal moulds and accesories for moulding and dismantling
the specimens.
SR EN 1340 /2004
Concrete kerb units. Conditions and te4sting methods.
SR EN 1427 /2002
Bitumen and bituminous binders. Determination of the

softening point. Ring and ball method.
SR EN 1536 /2004
Execution of special geotechnical works. Drilled piles.
SR EN 1545 /1989
Bridges for streets and roads. Footbridges. Actions.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
SR EN 1600 /2000
Materials for welding. Covered electrodes for manual metal

arc welding of stainless and heat resisting steels.
Classification.
STAS 1709-1 /1990
Freeze-thaw action on road works. Freeze depth in the road

complex. Calculation specifications.
STAS 1709-2 /1990
Freeze-thaw action on road works. Prevention and remedial of

the freeze-thaw damages. Technical prescriptions.
STAS 1709-3 /1990
Freeze-thaw action on road works. Freeze sensitivity

determination of foundation soils. Method of determination.
STAS 1844
Steel road bridges. Design rules.
/1975
SR 1846-1 /2006
Exterior sewage. Determination of sewage water discharges.

Design specifications. replaces.....
SR 1848-1 /2004
Road signaling. Road traffic signs and signaling tools.

Classification, symbols and location.
SR 1848-2 /2004
Road signaling Road traffic signs and signaling tools.

Technical requierments.
SR 1848-3 /2004
Road signaling. Road traffic signs and signaling tools. Design

and description.
SR 1848-4 /1995
Traffic safety. Semafoare pentru dirijarea circulaiei. Location

and performance.
STAS 1848-5 /1982
Road signaling. Traffic lights. Technical quality conditions.
SR 1848-7 /2004
Road signaling. Road markings.
SR 1911
Steel railway bridges. Design rules.
/1997
STAS 1913-1 /1982
Foundation ground. Determination of the moisture content.
STAS 1913-2 /1976
Foundation ground. Determination of the density for the earth

skeleton.
STAS 1913-3 /1976
Foundation ground. Determination of the soil density.
STAS 1913-4 /1986
Foundation ground.Determination of the plasticity limits.
STAS 1913-5 /1985
Foundation ground. Determination of the grain size.
STAS 1913-6 /1976
Foundation ground. Laboratory permeability test.
STAS 1913-8 /1982
Foundation ground. Determination of the capillary height in

noncohesive soils. The earth column method.
STAS 1913-12 /1988
Foundation ground. Determination of the physical and

mechanical characteristics of soils with loops and
contractions.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
STAS 1913-13 /1983
Foundation ground. Determination

characteristics. Proctor test.
STAS 1913-15 /1975
Foundation ground. Determination of the volumetric weight

on site.
SR EN 1916
Concrete pipes and fittings of simple concrete, poorly

reinforced concrete and reinforced concrete.
/2003
of
the
compaction
STAS 1948-1 /1991
Road works. Guiding posts and parapets.

specifications for design and location on roads.
SR 1948-2
Footbridges. General specifications for design and location.
/1995
STAS 1963 /1981
Strength of materials. Terminology and symbols.
SR ISO 2409 /2007
Paints and varnishes. Cross-cut test.
STAS 2543
Welding braiding. Grating with square stitches.
/1976
STAS 2561-3 /1990
General
- replaces.....
Foundation ground. Piles. General specifications for design.

- replaces.....
STAS 2900 /1989
Road works. Width of roads.
STAS 2914 /1984
Embankments. General technical quality conditions.
STAS 2916 /1987
Protection of ramps and ditches. General specifications for

design.
SR EN 1996-1/2006/NB:2008
Masonry works design.
STAS 2924 /1991
Road bridges. Gauges.
SR 3011 /1996
Cements with limited hydration warmth and resistant to water

damage with sulphates content.
STAS 3061 /1974
Hydraulics. Terminology, symbols, measure units.
STAS 3221 /1986
Road bridges. Type trains and loading classes.
STAS 3300-1, 2 /1985
Foundation ground General principles for analysis and

calculation of the foundation ground of direct foundations.
STAS 3349-2 /1983
Cement concretes. Specifications for establishing the degree

of water aggressiveness.
STAS 3461 /1983
Railway and road metallic bridges. Riveted superstructures.

Execution prescriptions.
STAS 3789 /1986
Quality paper for packing. Resistant paper.
STAS 3949 /1971
Technical geology. Terminology.
STAS 3950 /1981
Geotehnics. Terminology, symbols and unit measures.
SR 4032-1 /2001
Road works. Terminology.
OMV PETROM S.A.
- replaces.....

Edition: 2
STAS 4068 /1982
Discharge and maximum water volumes. Determination of the

discharge and of the maximum water flow courses.
STAS 4068-2 /1987
Discharge and maximum water volumes. Annual probabilities

of flows and maximum volumes in normal and special
exploitation conditions.
STAS 4273 /1983
Hydrotechnical
determination.
STAS 4392 /1984
Normal railways. Gauges.
STAS 4580 /1986
Land improvement works. Terminology.
STAS 4606 /1980

(partially replaced with
SR EN 933)
Natural aggregates for mortars and concrete with mineral

binders. Testing methods.
STAS 4621 /1991
Hydrogeology. Terminology.
STAS 5032 /1969
Hydrology. Terminology.
STAS 5626 /1992
Bridges.Terminology.
STAS 6054 /1977
Foundation soils. Maxium frost depths. Zoning of the

Romnian territory.
STAS 6102 /1986
Concretes for hydrotechnical constructions. Classification and

technical quality conditions.
STAS 6400 /1984
Main layers and foundation layers. General technical quality

conditions.
STAS R 6823 /1971
Hydrometrics. Means for the measurement of water flows.

Conditions for usage.
SR 6900
Road works. Kilometer and hectometer stones.
/1995
constructions.
Importance
class
SR 6978 /1995
Road works. Natural stone pavements, large and small paving

sets and paving bucks.
SR 7055 /1996
White Portland cement.
STAS 7107-1 /1976
Foundation ground. Determination of organic matters.
STAS 7107-3 /1974
Foundation ground. Determination of the carbon content.
STAS 7883 /1990
Hydrotechnical constructions. Monitoring of the behavior in

time. General prescriptions.
SR 7970 /2001
Road works. Base layers of hot laid rolled bituminous

mixtures. Technical quality requirements and general
prescriptions for execution.
SR 8284 /1998
Hydrographic basins setting up for torrents. Terminology.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
STAS 8593 /1988
Normalizing works for the riverbed. Field studies and

laboratory research.
STAS 8840 /1983
Road works. Foundation layers of soils

stabilized. General technical quality conditions.
SR 8877-2 /2007
Quick break cationic bituminous emulsions for road works.

replaces.....
STAS 8879-1 /1981
Seismic micro-zoning. Preliminary project for micro-zoning

maps.
STAS 8942-1 /1989
Foundation ground. Determination of the compressibility of

soils by endometer testing.
STAS 8942-2 /1982
Foundation ground. Determination of earth strength by direct

shearing.
STAS 8942-3 /1990
Foundation ground. Determination of the linear modulus of

deformation by on site tests with plate.
STAS R 8972-1
Hydrometry. Water flow measurement in the free level flow

systems. Geometric method.
/1971
mechanically
STAS 8972-3 /1981
Hidrometry. Dilution method for the measurement of steady

water flow. Constant rate rejection method.
STAS 8972-4 /1982
Hidrometry. Determination of the water flow in a system with

free level. ( limnimetric key).
STAS 9095 /1990
Road works. Rubble stone or boulder pavements.
STAS 9163-18 /1973
Mineral silicated-aluminium products. pH determination.
STAS 9165
General design rules for constructions in seismic zones.
/1972
STAS 9199 /1973
Bituminous mastics for insulations in constructions. Analysis

methods and tests.
STAS 9268 /1989
Improvement works
specifications.
STAS 9312 /1987
Underpasse for railways and highways with pipelines..introduced.
STAS 9330 /1984
Railway and road bridges. Jointing by using high resistant

bolts. Design and execution rules.
STAS 9407 /1975
Railway and road steel bridges. Welded superstructures.

Construction requierments.
STAS 9470 /1973
Hidrotechnics.
frequency.
STAS 9539 /1987
Land improvement works. Drainage. Design prescriptions.
for
Maximum
the
riverbed.
rainfall.
OMV PETROM S.A.
General
Intensity,
design
duration,

Edition: 2
SR EN 10002-1 /2002
Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Part 1: Method of testing (at

ambient temperature).
SR EN 10025-2 /2004
Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steel.

delivery conditions
replaces...
SR EN 10025-5 /2005
Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steel. Part 5:

Technical delivery conditions for steel in constructions with
improved resistance at atmospheric corrosion.
SR EN 10045-1 /1993
Metallic materials. Charpy impact test. Part 1: Testing method.
SR EN 10083-2+A1 /2002
Quenched and tempered steels. Part 2: Technical delivery

conditions for non-alloyed quality steels.
STAS 10092 /2008
Cement for roads.
STAS 10100-0 /1975
General principles for checking the safetyof constructions.
STAS 10101-1 /1978
Actions in constructions. Technical weights and permanent

tests.
STAS 10101-0A /1977
Actions in constructions. Classification and

actions for civil and industrial constructions.
grouping of
STAS 10101-0B /1987
Actions in constructions Classification and

actions for railway and road bridges.
grouping of
STAS 10111-1
Railway and road bridges. Masonry, concrete and reinforced

concrete substructures. Design rules.
/1977
STAS 10111-2 /1987
Technical
replaces...
Railway and road bridges. Superstructures of concrete,
reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. Design rules.

SR EN 10293
/2005
Steel poured for general use.
S TAS 10473-1 /1987
Road works. Natural aggregates or soil stabilized with cement.

General technical quality conditions.
STAS 10473-2 /1986
Road works. Natural aggregates or soil stabilized with

hydraulic or puzzolanic binders. Determination and testing
methods.
STAS 10796-1 /1977
Road works. Annex constructions for collecting

evacuating water. General design prescriptions.
STAS 10796-2 /1979
Annex constructions for collecting and evacuating water ditches, gullies. Design and execution prescriptions.
STAS 10796-3 /1988
Constructions for collecting water. Drains. Design and location

prescriptions.
SR 10969
/2007
SR 11100-1 /1993
Road works. Bitumen adherence.

Seismic zoning. Macrozoning of the Romanian territory.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
and
STAS 11348 /1987
Bituminous pavement for the bridge deck. Technological

quality conditions.
SR EN 12092 /2002
Adhesives. Determination of viscosity.
STAS 12093 /1983
Protection fluid P45.
STAS 12187 /1988
Thick steel sheet for the main elements of bridges and

viaducts.
STAS 12253
Layers. General technical quality conditions.
/1984
SR EN 12350-1 /2002
Test on fresh concrete. Part 1: Sampling.
SR EN 12350-2 /2003
Test on fresh concrete. Part 2: Slump test.
SR EN 12350-3 /2003
Test on fresh concrete. Part 3: Vebe test.
SR EN 12350-4 /2002
Test on fresh concrete Part 4: Compactness degree.
SR EN 12350-5 /2002
Test on fresh concrete Part 5: Flow table test.
SR EN 12350-6 /2002
Test on fresh concrete Part 6: Density.
SR EN 12350-7 /2003
Test on fresh concrete Part 7: Air content. Pressure methods.
SR EN 12371 /2002
Natural stone test methods. Frost resistaance determination.
SR EN 12390-6 /2002
Testing of the hardened concrete. Part 6: Tensile splitting

strength of test specimens.
SR EN 12407 /2002
Natural stone testing methods. Petrographic examination.
SR EN 12620 /2003
Aggregates for concrete.
SR EN 12670 /2002
Natural stone. Terminology.
SR EN 12697-6 /2004
Asphalt mixtures. Testing methods for hot mixed asphalt. Part

6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens.
SR EN 12697-23 /2004

23: Determination of the indirect tensile strength of
bituminous specimens.
SR EN 12697-27 /2002

27: Sampling.
SR EN 12697-28 /2002

28: Preparation of samples for determining the binder content,
water content and grading.
STAS 13006 /1991
Foundation ground. Determination of the maximum density

corresponding to the dry state of noncohesive soils.
STAS 13021 /1991
Foundation ground. Determination of the maximum density

corresponding to the dry state of noncohesive soils.
SR EN 13139 /2003
Aggregates for mortar.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
SR EN 13170 /2003
Thermoinsulating materials for buildings. Expanded cork

products made in the factory (ICB) - Specifications.
SR EN 13242 /2003
Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for

use in civil engineering works and road construction.
SR EN 13242/2003/AC/2004
Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for

use in civil engineering works and road construction.
SR EN 13249 /2001
Geotextile materials and related products. Characteristics

required for use in the construction of roads and other traffic
areas (except railways and wearing courses).
SR EN 13251 /2001
Geotextile materials and related products. Characteristics

required for use in earthworks, foundation embankments and
support structures.
SR EN 13373 /2003
Natural stone testing methods. Determination

geometric characteristics of elements.
SR EN ISO 14688-2 /2005
Geotechnical investigations and testing.. Identification and

classification of soils.Part 2: Classification principles.
of
the
SR EN ISO/CEI 17050-1 /2005 Conformity assesment. Suppliers declaration of conformity.

Part 1: General requirements.
SR EN ISO/CEI 17050-2 /2005 Conformity assesment. Suppliers declaration of conformity.
Part 2: Suporting documentation.
NORMS, REGULATIONS, LEGISLATION

Law no. 10 /1995
regarding quality in constructions

modifications and additions).
Law no. 50
regarding the authorization of executing construction works.
/1991
(with
subsequent
Law no. 90 /1996
regarding labor protection (republished in the Official Monitor

47/29.01.2001).
Law no. 177 /2000
Completing regarding labor protection, nr. 90/1996.introduced.
Law no. 107 /1996
of waters (republished in the Official Monitor 78/18.02.1998).
Law no. 355 /06.06.2002
Law for the approval of OG 39/1998 regarding the national

standardization activity in Romania.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
HGR 272 /1994
Regulation concerning
constructions.
the
quality
state
control
in
HGR 273
/1994
Acceptance regulation of construction works and afferent

installations.
HGR 766
/1997
for the approval of some rules regarding the quality in

constructions.
HGR 925
/1995
Verification rule and technical quality expertise of designs,

execution of works and constructions.
OG 43 /1997
regarding the judicial regime of roads.
Order MT no. 45 /1998
for the approval of the Technical norms concerning the

design, construction and modernization of roads.
Order MT no. 46 /1998
for the approval of the Technical norms concerning the

establishing of the technical class of public roads.
Order MT-MI
407/991- /1999
Norms regarding the authorization and carrying road

transports with loads and/or gauge dimensions that exceed
the maximum limits foreseen in the Govern Ordonnance no.
43/1997 regarding the roads regime.
Order MT-MI
411/1112 /2000
Methodological norms regarding the conditions for closing

traffic and of putting into practice the traffic restrictions so as
to start the works in the area of the public road and/or for
protecting the road.
Order MT 497 /1998
Normative for the characteristics of the non-paraffin bitumen

for roads.
Order of The Ministry

Of Public Finances
no. 1013 /2001 and
MLPTL no. 873 /2001
Order regarding the approval of the structure, content and

method of using the standard documentation at elaborating
and presenting the offer for public aquisition of services.
AND 513 /2002
Departament technical instructions regarding the design,

execution, revision and drain maintenance for public roads.
AND 514 /2000
Regulation regarding the acceptance of the works,

maintenance services and current repairs on public roads.
AND 525 /2000
Directive regarding the protection of public roads during

winter, measures against skidding and snow-drifting.
AND 530 /1997
Directives regarding the quality control of road embankments.
AND 540 /2003
Normative for the evaluation of the state of the bituminuous

pavement for roads with slinky and semi-rigid road structures.
AND 545 /1998
Normative regarding the execution of bituminous treatments

with non-ragged ballast aggregates for roads with reduced
traffic.
Edition: 2
OMV PETROM S.A.
AND 546 /2002
Normative regarding the hot placement

pavements on the bridge roadway.
AND 547 /1999
Normative regarding the forewarning and remedial of the

flaws noticed on the modern road pavement.
AND 550 /1999
Normative for dimensioning of the stiffening bituminous

structurs of
slinky and semi-rigid structures.(analytical
method).
AND 554 /2002
Normative regarding the maintenance and repair of public

roads.
AND 555 /1999
Normative for the execution of bituminous treatments with

asphaltic emulsion having as base modified bitumen with
polymers.
AND 556 /1999
Normative for the execution of bituminous treatments with

added bitumen.
AND 567 /2002
Instructions regarding the intervention method in case of

calamities
produced
by
dangerous
meteorological
phenomena on public roads.
AND 586 /2002
Normative for the evaluation of the technical state of

reinforcement works.
AND 590 /2002
General Specifications common to the art works.
AND 591 /2005
Catalog of protection systems for traffic safety on roads and

highways.
C 16
Normative for creating construction works and afferent

installations during cold weather.
/1984
of
bitumen
C 17 /1982
Technical instructions regarding the composition

preparation of masonry and plastering mortars.
C 26 /1985
Normative for concrete testing by nondestructive methods.
C 28 /1999
Technical instructions regarding the welding of

reinforcements made of steel-concrete.
introduced.
C 29 /1985
Normative regarding the improvement of poor foundation

soils by mechanical procedures (Specifications I and VI).
C 54 /1981
Technical instructions for concrete testing with the help of

boring kernels.
C 56 /1985
Normative for checking the quality and the acceptance of

construction works.
C 58 /1996
Fire safety. Technical norms for the fireproofing of wooden

and textile materials and combustible products used in
constructions.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
and
C 61 /1974
Technical instructions for determining the subsidence of

socio-cultural and industrial constructions by topographic
methods.
C 83
Setting out guide constructions.

introduced.
/1975
C 130 /1978
Technical instructions for applying mortars and concretes by

guniting.
C 150 /1999
Normative regarding the quality of steel weldings of civil,

industrial and agriculotural constructions.
C 155 /1989
Normative regarding the preparing and use of concretes with

light aggregates.
C 159-89
Technical instructions for analyzing the foundation ground by

using cone pnetration, static penetration, dynamic penetration
and vibro-penetration.
C 168 /1980
Technical instructions for the reinforcement of grounds

sensitive to humidity and silicated and electrosilicated sands.
C 169 /1988
Normative regarding the execution of embankment works for

civil and industrial constructions.
C 178 /1976
Technical instructions for executing horizontal drains by vibrodrilling.
C 182 /1987
Normative regarding the mechanized construction of road

embankments.
C 196 /1986
Technical instructions for using the soils stabilized at

foundation works.
C 200 /1981
Technical instructions for the quality control of the concrete

used in constructions buried by sonic kerneling method.
C 230 /1989
Design and execution guide of pressed pits for foundations.
C 237 /1992
Usage instructions of the complex additive ADCOM at the

preparation of cement concretes.
C 241 /1992
Methodology for determining the dynamic characteritics of

the foundation ground at seismic stresses.
C 244 /1993
Inspection and diagnosis guide regarding the durability of

reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete constructions.
C 252 /1994
Technical instructions regarding the design, construction and

acceptance of short piles on site constructed using vibropressure.
C 300 /1994
Normative for prevention and fire extinguish

construction works and afferent installations to these.
OMV PETROM S.A.
during

Edition: 2
CD 22 /1966
Normative for the execution and acceptance of foundations

on opene-caissons and compressed air.
CD 99 /2001
Normative regarding the repair and maintenance of bridges

and road culverts made of concrete, reinforced concrete,
prestressed concrete and stone masonry.
CD 155 /2001
Technical instructions regarding the determining of the

technical state of modern roads.
CD 173 /2001
Normative for the arrangement at the same level of the public

roads intersections outside localities.
GE 026 /1997
Guide for the compaction in horizontal and leaned plane of

embankments.
GE 027 /1997
Guide for the design of protection and reinforcement works of

slopes on canals and dams.
GE 028 /1997
Guide for the execution of drainage works horizontally and

vertically.
GE 029 /1997
Useful guide regarding the execution technology of piles for

foundations.
GE 032 /1997
Guide for the execution of maintainance and repair works on

buildings and special constructions.
GE 037 /2000
Usage guide of the horizontal drilling for the draining and

reinforcement of soil slipping, installment of the filters for the
cleansing the polluted areas and laying out the conducts and
underground cables of any nature (GEOTEC).
GE 048 /2002
Guide for the maintenance and usage in safety conditions of

constructions and installations from water sources of rivers
(elaborated by SC AQUA PROIECT).
GP 014 /1997
Design guide. Calculation of the foundation ground at seismic

actions for direct foundations.
GP 113 /2004
(MO 430 bis /2005 revision and addition
to C 245 /1993)
Guide regarding the design and execution of drilled minipiles.
GV 001-0 /1995
(Order 32/N /1995-MLPAT)
Methodology regarding the evaluation of buildings and

special constructions group 1 and 2 of fixed means.
INCERC
Regulation regarding the determining of the importance

category of constructions. Methodology for establishing the
importance category of constructions.
MP 008
/2000
Guidebook regarding exemplifications, details and solutions

for putting into practice the provisions for fire safety P 118-99.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
MTTc no. 9 /1982
Labor protection norms specific to activities of constructionmounting for railway, road and naval transports.
NC 001
/1999
Normative regarding the content detailing of the requirements

set through Law no 10/1995.
NE 008
/1997
Normative regarding the improvementof the weak foundation

grounds by mechanical procedures and compaction with a
very heavy knocker - Specifications VIII.
NE 012
/1999
Practice code for the execution of concrete, reinforced

concrete and prestressed concrete works.
NE 013 /2002
Practice code for the execution of precast elements of

concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete
elements.
NE 014
Normative regarding the construction of road pavements of

cement concrete in a system of fixed and slided formworks.
/2002
NE 025 /2004
Normative
concerning
emergency
interventions
bituminous pavements during cold weather.
NGPM
General norms for labor protection. Regulation regarding the

protection and labor hygiene in constructions.
NP 0001 /1996
Design and execution code for constructions founded on soils

with lumps and large contractions.
NP 005
Normative regarding the design of wooden constructions.
/2003
on
NP 045 /2000
Normative regarding the testing on site of trial piles and

foundation piles.
NP 055 /2001
Normative regarding the antiseismic design of socio-cultural,

agricultural-zootechnical
and
industrial
constructions.
Detaling of the calculation parameters Ks and Tc at the level of
administrative-territorial units.
NP 067 /2002
Normative for designing the protection works for roads,

railways and bridges against the effects of running water and
lakes.
NP 074 /2002
Normative regarding the principles, exigencies

geotechnical research methods of the terrain.
NP 075 /2002
Normative for using geosyntetic materials on construction

works.
NP 077 /2002
Normative for antiseismic design of gravitational landing of

constructions (elaborated by IPTANA).
NP 081 /2002
Normative for dimensioning the rigid road structures.
NP 112 /2004
Normative for designing the structures of direct foundation.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
and
NP 114 /2004
Normative for designing and executing anchorages in the

field.
NSPM no. 79 /1998
Norms regarding the usage and maintenance of roads and

bridges.
NTE 003-04 /2000
Normative for the construction of aerial lines of electric power

with a voltage over 1000 V.
P7
/2000
Normative regarding the foundation of constructions on soils

sensitive to humidity (designing, execution and usage).
P 19 /2003
Normative regarding the usage on site of type projects of

culverts for roads.
P 59 /1986
Technical instructions regarding the design and use of the

reinforcement with welded nets of concrete elements.
P 82 /1986
Technical instructions regarding design, execution and

maintenance of building yard roads.
- replaces.....
P 91-1 /2002
Guide concerning the elaboration of estimates at the level of

work categories and construction objects for investments
made of public funds.
P 95
/1977
Technical normative of capital repairs on buildings and special

constructions.
P 100 /1992
Normative for the antiseismic design of socio-cultural,

agricultural-zootechnical and industrial constructions.
P 100-1 /2004
Seismic design code. Part 1: Design provisions for buildings.
P 103
/1982
Technical instructions regarding the design of concrete

elements partially prestressed using pretensed and
complementary non-pretensed elements.
P 106
/1985
Technical instructions regarding the design and execution of

straps for the foundation of constructions.
P 118 /1999
Normative of fire safety in constructions.
P 125 /1984
Technical guide for the study of non-cohesive liquefyable soils

properties.
P 130 /1999
Normative regarding the monitoring of the behavior in time of

constructions.
P 134 /1995
Guide for the design of works that contain geosyntetic

materials.
P 136 /1995
General principles regarding the geotechnical zoning of the

Romanian territory.
P 162 /2002
Normative regarding the design of extraurban motorways.
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
PD 95 /2002
Normative regarding the hydraulic design of bridges and

culverts.
PD 165 /2000
Normative regarding the composition and calculation of

structures for bridges and road culverts with monolith and
precast superstructures.
PD 177 /2001
Normative for dimensioning supple and semi-rigid (analytical

method).
PD 197 /1978
Departmental normative for the antiseismic design

constructions from transport and telecommunication.
ST 009 /2005
Technical specification regarding steel products used as

reinforcements: requirements and performance criteria.
ST 016 /1997
Technical specification. Criteria and methods for determining

by measurement the subsidence of constructions. Technical
instructions for topogeodesical methods of construction
movements due to deformations of the foundation ground.
ST 032 /2000
Technical specification regarding the quality requierements

for executing and finish of embankment works for roads and
railways.
ST 034 /2002
Technical specification regarding the quality requierements

for the compaction of road structures.
UTCB
Normative regarding the use of geocomposits on the

reinforcement of road structures.
Note:
___________________
____________________
introduced.
replaced......
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
of
ANNEX No. 10
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CONNECTIONS
1. Junctions on plan by circular curves

-
Tangent (T) the distance from the angle of the alignment-circle tangent point
T = R ctg
U
R
=
u
2
tg
2
out of which:
-
R = the radius of center (xR = 175 m)
U = the angle between the junction alignment (140g52)

(T = 175 x 0.50439 = 88.27 m)
The bisectrix (B) the distance from the top to the circle, measured on U ungle
bisectrix
B = R cos ec 1 = R
1
2
sin u
(B = 175 x 0.12001 = 21.00 m)

-
The length of the circular curve
C=R
(200 g u g )
200
(C = 175 x 0.93431 = 163.50 m)
2. Junctions with clothoide archs and central circular curve

Tangent OV =
R + R
+ x'
u
tg
2
The bisectrix B =
R + R
R
u
sin
2
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
Cc central circular curve

Cc =
R
200
= 200 (2 + u)
L
2R
t=
A = R L
t5
t9
t 13
x = A 2 t +
.......
10 216 9360
t3 t7
t 11
y = A 2
+
.....
3 42 1320
(2-4 term maintained)

Radius coordinations:
x = x Rsin
y = y + Rcos
R = y R sau R =
N = x-
L2
L4
+ ......
24 R 268.803
y
tg
N = the distance from Oi at common junction clothoid radius

L = clothoide length (from the point 2.4.5.1) or estimated as following :
V3
L=
(m)
47 j R
j = 0.3 0.7 m/s3
R = radius
V = speed on km/h
Exemple:
V = 50 km/h
U = 140g52
L = 55 m
R = 100 m
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
R =
rad =
L2
L4
55 2
55 4
= 1,26m
24 R 2688 R 3 24 100 2688 100 3
L
55
=
= 0,275radian
2 R 2 100
g = 0,275rad
200
= 17 g 5076 estimated on centezimale degrees
t = = 0,275 = 0,5244
A = R L = 100 55 = 74,1620
t5
t9
0,5244 5
= 74,1620 2 0,5244
= 104,88(0,5244 0,004 ) = 54,59
x = A 2 t +
10
10 216
t3 t7
t 11
y = A 2
+
... = 104,88(0,048 0,002596 + 0,00000062 ) = 5,01m
3 42 1320
'
x = x R sin = 54,59 100 sin 17 g 5070 = 54,59 27,15 = 27,43
y ' = y + R cos = 5,01 + 100 cos 17 g 5070 = 101,25
R + R
100 + 1,26
+ x' =
+ 27,43 = 78,50
u
140 g 52
tg
tg
2
2
R + R
100 + 1,26
R=
100 = 13,41
B=
u
140 g 52
sin
sin
2
2
R
Cc =
; = 200 (2 + u ) = 200 (2 17,5070 + 140.52 ) = 24,4660
200
3,1416 24.4660 100
Cc =
= 38,43
200
y
5,01
= 54,59
= 36,83
N = x
tg
tg17 g 5070
OV =
The calculation can be also executed:

According to the Annex 15:
= 17,507
R = 1.26 m
X = 54.59 m
Y = 5.01 m
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
x = 27.44 m
y = 0.63 m
Calculations:
= 200 (2 + u ) = 200 (2 17,5079 + 140,52) = 24,4642

100 + 1,26
R + R
+ x' =
+ 27,44 = 78,51m
140,52
u
tg
tg
2
2
R + R
100 + 1,26
r =
100 = 13,41
B=
140,52
u
sin
sin
2
2
R 3,14 100 24,4642
=
= 38,43m
Cc =
200
200
OV =
3. Clothoid points
R = .........m
Lclothoide = ..............m
A=
RL
Clothoide
radius length
(Li)
Li
2R
t=
0.20L
0.40L
0.60L
0.80L
L
t5
x = A 2 t + .......
10
t7
y = A 2 3
+ ...
3 42
4. Junctions on vertical plan

a) Declivities with oposite points
m = m1 + m2 = 3+5=8
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
R = 1000
T=
mR
T2
;B =
200
2R
b) The same point declivities

m = m1 - m2
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX 11
CALCULATION OF CLOTHOIDE ELEMENTS
V = 20 km/h
L = 15 m
X
(m)
Y
(m)
a
(centers
degrees)
DR
(m)
x'
(m)
y'
(m)
N
(m)
x"
(m)
0.684660
14.67
2.31
29.8430
0.59
7.45
0.29
10.12
15.968719
0.664218
14.71
2.18
28.0875
0.55
7.45
0.28
15
16.431677
0.645503
14.74
2.06
26.5271
0.52
7.46
15
17.320508
0.612378
14.79
1.86
23.8744
0.47
7.47
22
15
18.165902
0.583880
14.83
1.69
21.7040
0.43
24
15
18.973666
0.559022
14.85
1.55
19.8953
27
15
20.124612
0.527051
14.88
1.38
17.6847
32
15
21.908902
0.484128
14.92
1.17
39
15
24.186773
0.438533
14.94
0.96
R
(m)
L
(m)
16
15
15.491933
17
15
18
20
max.
decliv.
i%
transversal
slope
7.23
6.0
5.0
200
10.10
7.26
5.5
5.0
200
0.26
10.09
7.28
5.0
5.0
200
0.23
10.07
7.32
4.5
5.5
200
7.47
0.21
10.06
7.35
4.0
5.5
185
0.39
7.48
0.20
10.05
7.38
3.5
5.5
160
0.35
7.48
0.17
10.04
7.40
3.0
5.5
135
14.9215
0.29
7.49
0.15
10.03
7.43
2.5
6.0
135
12.2433
0.24
7.49
0.12
10.02
7.45
2.0
6.0
100
*)
= radius
= length of the clothoide radius
= clothoide modulus =
t
arad
=
=
= Si x-coordinate
= Si y-coordinate
R L
rad
L
2 R
gr . cente
rad
extensions
for a single
line
200
= circle retirement
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
without truck
(cm)
*)
*)
*)
*)
ANNEX 12
CALCULATION OF CLOTHOIDE ELEMENTS
V = 25 km/h
R
(m)
L
(m)
L = 20 m
X
(m)
Y
(m)
a
(degrees
centers)
DR
(m)
x'
(m)
y'
(m)
N
(m)
x"
(m)
i%
max.
decliv.
extension for
a single line
transv.
slope
(cm)
25
20
22.360680
0.632462
19.68
2.64
25.4660
0.67
9.95
0.33
13.44
9.73
6.0
5.5
160
27
20
23.237900
0.608586
19.73
2.45
23.5797
0.62
9.96
0.31
13.43
9.77
5.5
5.5
150
28
20
23.664319
0.597620
19.75
2.36
22.7375
0.60
9.96
0.30
13.42
9.78
5.0
5.5
145
31
20
24.899799
0.567967
19.79
2.13
20.5371
0.54
9.97
0.27
13.40
9.82
4.5
6.0
135
34
20
26.076810
0.542331
19.83
1.95
18.7250
0.49
9.98
0.25
13.39
9.85
4.0
6.0
120
38
20
27.568098
0.512994
19.86
1.75
16.7540
0.44
9.98
0.22
13.38
9.88
3.5
6.0
105
100
43
20
29.325757
0.482247
19.89
1.54
14.8058
0.39
9.99
0.19
13.37
9.91
3.0
6.5
50
20
31.622777
0.447218
19.92
1.33
12.7330
0.33
9.99
0.17
13.36
9.93
2.5
7.0
80
62
20
35.213634
0.401614
19.95
1.07
10.2686
0.27
10.00
0.13
13.35
9.95
2.0
8.0
70
= radius
= length of clothoide arch

= clothoide modulus = R L
A
t
arad
=
=
rad
L
2 R
= Si x-coordinate
= Si y-coordinate
gr . cente
rad
200
= circle retirement
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
CALCULATION OF CLOTHOIDS ELEMENTS

V = 30 km/h
L = 35 m
R
(m)
L
(m)
35
35
35.000000
38
35
36.469165
ANNEX 13
i%
max.
decliv.
extension for
a single line
transv.
Slope
(cm)
X
(m)
Y
(m)
a
(grade
cente)
DR
(m)
x'
(m)
y'
(m)
N
(m)
x"
(m)
0.707114
34.14
5.73
31.8325
1.46
17.36
0.73
23.64
16.77
6.0
6.0
115
0.678627
34.26
5.29
29.3194
1.34
17.38
0.67
23.59
16.88
5.5
6.0
105
100
41
35
37.881394
0.653328
34.37
4.92
27.1741
1.24
17.40
0.62
23.55
16.97
5.0
6.5
44
35
39.242834
0.630662
34.45
4.59
25.3213
1.16
17.42
0.58
23.52
17.03
4.5
6.5
90
49
35
41.412558
0.597620
34.56
4.13
22.7375
1.04
17.43
0.52
23.49
17.12
4.0
6.5
85
54
35
43.474130
0.569281
34.63
3.75
20.6322
0.95
17.45
0.47
23.46
17.19
3.5
7.7
70
62
35
46.583259
0.531285
34.72
3.27
17.9700
0.82
17.46
0.41
23.43
17.26
3.0
8.0
70
72
35
50.199602
0.493011
34.79
2.82
15.4742
0.71
17.47
0.35
23.40
17.32
2.5
8.0
60
89
35
55.812185
0.443433
34.86
2.29
12.5184
0.57
17.49
0.29
23.38
17.38
2.0
8.0
50
= radius
modulus of clothoide arch

R L
= clothoid modulus =
A
t
arad
X
=
=
rad
L
2 R
gr . cente
rad
200
= Si x-coordination
= Si y-coordination
= circle retirement
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX 14
CALCULATION OF CLOTHOIDS ELEMENTS
V = 40 km/h
R
(m)
L = 45 m
L
(m)
X
(m)
Y
(m)
a
(degrees
centers)
DR
(m)
x'
(m)
y'
(m)
N
(m)
x"
(m)
i%
max.decli
v.
extension for
a single line
transv.
Slope
(cm)
65
45
54.083269
0.588354
44.46
5.15
22.0379
1.30
22.42
0.65
30.18
22.04
6.0
5.3
65
68
45
55.317267
0.575229
44.51
4.92
21.0657
1.24
22.43
0.62
30.17
22.08
5.5
5.8
65
73
45
57.314920
0.555180
44.57
4.59
19.6228
1.16
22.44
0.58
30.14
22.14
5.0
6.2
55
79
45
59.623821
0.533681
44.64
4.25
18.1325
1.07
22.45
0.53
30.12
22.19
4.5
6.6
55
86
45
62.209324
0.511501
44.69
3.91
16.6566
0.98
22.46
0.49
30.10
22.23
4.0
6.9
45
96
45
65.726707
0.484128
44.75
3.50
14.9215
0.88
22.47
0.44
30.08
22.28
3.5
7.2
40
110
45
70.356236
0.452271
44.81
3.06
13.0224
0.77
22.48
0.38
30.06
22.33
3.0
7.4
35
129
45
76.190551
0.417639
44.86
2.61
11.1044
0.65
22.49
0.33
30.04
22.38
2.5
7.6
30
157
45
84.053554
0.378569
44.91
2.15
9.1240
0.54
22.49
0.27
30.03
22.41
2.0
7.7
25
= radius
= length of clothoide radius

R L
= clothoide modulus =
A
t
arad
=
=
rad
L
2 R
= Si x-coordinate
= Si y-coordinate
gr . cente
rad
200
= circle retirement
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANEXA
15
C A L C U L A T IO N O F C L O T H O ID E S E L E M E N T S
V = 5 0 k m /h
R
(m )
L = 55 m
L
(m )
X
(m )
Y
(m )
a
(d e g re e s
c e n te rs )
DR
(m )
x'
(m )
y'
(m )
N
(m )
x"
(m )
i%
m ax.
d e c liv .
e x te n s io n fo r
a s in g le lin e
tra n s v .
s lo p e
(c m )
6 .0
5 .3
40
35
100
55
7 4 .1 6 1 9 8 5
0 .5 2 4 4 0 9
5 4 .5 9
5 .0 1
1 7 .5 0 7 9
1 .2 6
2 7 .4 4
0 .6 3
3 6 .8 0
2 7 .1 4
106
55
7 6 .3 5 4 4 3 7
0 .5 0 9 3 5 1
5 4 .6 3
4 .7 3
1 6 .5 1 6 9
1 .1 9
2 7 .4 5
0 .5 9
3 6 .7 9
2 7 .1 8
5 .5
5 .8
114
55
7 9 .1 8 3 3 3 2
0 .4 9 1 1 5 4
5 4 .6 8
4 .4 0
1 5 .3 5 7 8
1 .1 1
2 7 .4 6
0 .5 5
3 6 .7 7
2 7 .2 2
5 .0
6 .2
35
123
55
8 2 .2 4 9 6 2 0
0 .4 7 2 8 4 4
5 4 .7 3
4 .0 8
1 4 .2 3 4 1
1 .0 2
2 7 .4 7
0 .5 1
3 6 .7 5
2 7 .2 6
4 .5
6 .6
30
4 .0
6 .9
30
135
55
8 6 .1 6 8 4 4 0
0 .4 5 1 3 4 0
5 4 .7 7
3 .7 2
1 2 .9 6 8 8
0 .9 3
2 7 .4 7
0 .4 7
3 6 .7 4
2 7 .3 0
150
55
9 0 .8 2 9 5 1 1
0 .4 2 8 1 7 9
5 4 .8 2
3 .3 5
1 1 .6 7 1 9
0 .8 4
2 7 .4 8
0 .4 2
3 6 .7 2
2 7 .3 3
3 .5
7 .2
30
171
55
9 6 .9 7 9 3 7 9
0 .4 0 1 0 2 6
5 4 .8 6
2 .9 4
1 0 .2 3 8 5
0 .7 4
2 7 .4 9
0 .3 7
3 6 .7 1
2 7 .3 7
3 .0
7 .4
25
201
55
1 0 5 .1 4 2 7 6 0
0 .3 6 9 8 9 0
5 4 .9 0
2 .5 0
8 .7 1 0 4
0 .6 3
2 7 .5 0
0 .3 1
3 6 .6 9
2 7 .4 0
2 .5
7 .6
25
246
55
1 1 6 .3 1 8 5 2 8
0 .3 3 4 3 5 1
5 4 .9 3
2 .0 5
7 .1 1 7 0
0 .5 1
2 7 .5 0
0 .2 6
3 6 .6 8
2 7 .4 3
2 .0
7 .7
= r a d iu s
= le n g t h o f c lo t h o id e r a d iu s
R L
= c lo t h o id e m o d u lu s =
A
t
a
ra d
=
=
ra d
L
2 R
= S i x - c o o r d in a t io n
= S i y - c o o r d in a t io n
= c ir c le r e t ir e m e n t
g r .c e n te
rad
200
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX No. 16
Items
Horizontal connection radii.

Comparison by road categories
50
40
Radii (m)
Speed km/h
30
25
20
126
76
41
31
85
50
85
50
100
Public roads
Geometrical elements on
road sections
15
10
20
15
10
10
20
15
10
10
65
35
25
16
10
10
270
170
90
70
Industrial roads
200
120
55
35
35
35
Forest roads
170
100
40
25
15
15
Oiler roads
146
157
89
62
39
22
10
Public roads
400
250
150
100
Industrial roads
450
275
110
70
70
70
Forest roads
340
200
80
50
30
30
Oiler roads
360
230
130
90
57
32
20
Minimal radii
(the increased height)
Public roads
STAS 863 (i = 6%)
Industrial roads
C 79-80
Forest roads
PD 67-80
Oiler roads (i = 6%)
Current radii
(circle+conversion)
The approved radii

(the alignment profile)
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2
ANNEX NO.17
ROAD CROSS SECTION

NEW ROAD SYSTEM
Platform+extensions
Carriageway+extensions
Shoulder
Tappered
0.25
band
Shoulder
Tappered
band
0.25
Parapets distance
Metalic parapet (acc. to STAS 1948/1-91)
2:3
i%
i1%
1:1
i%
i1%
2:3
10%
Platform extension for

the parapets
2:3
Slope protection for

the parapets
Shoulders reinforcement
Soil filling
Longitudinal
drain
Vegetal soil leveling

The designed road
system
2%
Junction bench
(acc. to STAS 2914-84)
ROAD CROSS SECTION

REINFORCEMENT OF THE PROVIDED ROAD SYSTEM
Platform+extensions
Carriageway+extensions
Shoulder
Tappered
band 0.25
i1%
1:1 1:3
Shoulder
Tappered
band
0.25
i%
i%
i1%
2:3
Slope protection with

vegetal soil
10%
Shoulders
reinforcement
Longitudinal
drain
Current road
system
Reinforcement of the
current road system
Soil filling
Extension with new
road system
Road system leveling
on min.0.25
OMV PETROM S.A.

Edition: 2

EP FE CS STD 001 01 E Company Standard For Access Roads

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OMV PETROM EP Regulation

A controlled copy of the current version of this document is on OMV PETROM

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

CHAPTER I - GENERAL ................................................................................................................................... 7

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

2.6.1. Design statement ..................................................................................................................... 37

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Section 2 - Scope of application

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

CHAPTER II - DESIGN OF OIL FIELD ROADS

2.3. Traffic description

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Section 2 - Road route alignment

Foundation ground. Classification and identification of soils

2.4.3. Safety distances to adjacent elements

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Section 3 - Horizontal route alignment

2.4.5.1.1. General. Definitions

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Public roads (STAS 863-85)

Oil field roads

Forestry roads (PD 67-80)

The superelevation rate, i, (crossfall) is determined in alignment by the type of

Resulting clothoid length values:

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

* As per STAS 863, clause 6

The calculation of road geometry also includes the following elements:

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Radii of central arcs, m

minimum (superelevation rate 6%)

Current radii, m, (arc + conversion)

Recommended radii, m, (crest as in alignment)

Valid from: june 2010

OMV PETROM EP Regulation

Minimum curves length (1.4 V)

Arc and clothoid connections

Minimum length of clothoid arcs, with central arc, m,

Minimum length of clothoid arcs, without central arcs,

Superelevation length, expressed in m, , without

Minimum visibility distances, m, for:

Valid from: june 2010