Magnitude

Direction
Sense
Coplanar
Parallel
Concurrent
Moment
Center of moment
Moment arm
Concentrated loads
Uniform loads
Other loads
Tension
Compression
Shear
American Society for
Testing and Materials
American Concrete
Institute
American Institute for
Steel Construction
Stress Strain Diagram
Proportional Limit
Elastic Limit
Yield point
Ultimate strength
Rupture strength
Allowable stress
Elastic range
Elastic deformation
Brittleness
Ductility
Elasticity
Malleability
Toughness
Modulus of elasticity
Permanent set
Yield strength
Strain-rate effect
Temperature effect
Stress relaxation
Creep
Fatigue
Compressive strain
Shear

The amount of force, N

Refers to the orientation of its path or line of action.
Refers to the manner in which it acts along its line of action
All acting in a single plane of a vertical wall
All having the same direction
All having their lines of action intersect at a common point
Force x distance
Moment that can be about any point
Distance from center of moment to force, shortest or perpendicular distance
from the center of moment to line of action of force
Example is a beam supporting a column
A series of uniform concentrated loads, but for 5 or more uniformly spaced
Varying load and moment load
Pulls away from joint
Pushes towards joint
For connections
ASTM
ACI
AISC
A graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the
corresponding unit strains for a specific material
Maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length the load
has released
Maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original length
but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent
The stress where in the deformation increases without any increase in the load
The maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual rupture
Stress at which material specimen breaks
The maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural
member, usually a fraction of the materials elastic limit
The range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation
A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress
less than the elastic limit of the material
The property of material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with
little evident deformation.
The property of a material that enables it to undergo plastic deformation after
being stressed beyond the elastic limit before rupturing.
The property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied
force to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force
The ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load
is released
The property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing
A coefficient if elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress
and the corresponding strain caused by the stress
The inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress
producing deformation
The stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set In a
material, .02%
behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile
material
The brittle behavior low temperature can cause in a normally ductile material
The time-dependent decrease in a constrained material under a constant load
The gradual permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued
application of stress or prolonged exposure to heat
The weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when
subjected to a repeated series of stress
The shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress
The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force that causes
one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction parallel
to their plane contact

Shear force
Shearing force
Shearing stress
Shearing strain
Shear modulus of
elasticity
Bending
Transverse force
Torque
Torsion
Effective length
Cover
Bond stress
Hook
Standard hook
Anchorage
Critical section
Balanced section

Over reinforced section

Under reinforced
section
14.5ksi
24ksi
29,000ksi
Tension
Tensile force
Axial force
Axial stress
Compression
Compressive force
Eccentric force
Stress
Tensile stress
Tensile strain
Elongation
Reductions area

An applied force producing or tending to produce shear in the body

An internal force tangential to the surface on which it acts,
The force per unit area developed along a section of an elastic body to resist a
shear force
The lateral deformation developed in a body in response to shearing stresses,
the tangent of the skew angle of deformation
A coefficient elasticity of a material, expressing the ratio between shearing
stress and the corresponding shearing strain produced by the strain
The bowing of an elastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its
length
A force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member, producing
bending and shear
The moment of a force system that causes or tends to cause rotation or torsion
The twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal
and opposite torques, producing shearing stresses in the body
The depth of concrete section measured from the compression to the centroid
of the tension reinforcement
The amount of concrete required to protect steel reinforcement from fire and
corrosion,
The adhesive for per unit area of contact between reinforcing bar and the
surrounding concrete developed at any section of a flexural member
A bend curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length,
A 90deg, 135deg, 180deg bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according
to standards
Any of various means, as embedment length or hooked bars, for developing
tension or compression in a reinforcing bar on each side of critical section in
order to prevent bond
The section of a flexural concrete member at a point of maximum stress, a
point of infection
A concrete in which the tension reinforcement theoretically reaches its specified
yield strength as the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate
strain
A concrete section in which the concrete in compression reaches its assumed
ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement reaches its specified yield
strength
A concrete section in which the tension reinforcement reaches its specified
yield strength before the concrete in compression reaches its assumed ultimate
strain
Maximum allowable stress (Fv) in shear
Maximum allowable stress (Fb) for bending
Modulus of elasticity (E)
The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation
of elastic body
An applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body
A tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural
member and at the centroid of the cross section
The tensile or compressive stress that develops to resist axial force
The act of shortening or state of being pushed together, resulting in the
reduction in size or volum
An applied force producing or tending to produce compression in an elastic
body
Force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to
the centroid of the cross section
The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied
to it
The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist
the collinear tensile forces tending to elongate it
The elongation of a unit length of material produces by a tensile stress
A measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in
cross sectional area of a test specimen after failure in tensile test
A measure of ductility of a material, expressed as the percentage decrease in
cross sectional area of a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test

Tensile strengths
Strain
Strain gauge
Youngs modulus
Poissons ratio
Compressive stress
Beam
Span
Clear span
Effective span
Bending moment
Resisting moment
Deflection
Neutral axis
Bending stress
Camber
Transverse shear
Vertical shearing
Horizontal shearing
Flexure formula
Moment of Inertia
Section modulus
Lateral buckling
Stress trajectories
Shear diagram
Moment diagram
Concentrated loads
Uniformly distributed
loads
Positive shear
Positive moment
Inflection point
Negative moment
Simple beam
Cantilever beam
Cantilever
Overhanging beam
Fixed end beam
Continuous beam

The resistance of a material to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum

amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material
The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force
An instrument for measuring minute deformation in a test specimen caused by
tension
A coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ration of longitudinal stress
to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the strain
The ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal strain in an elastic
The axial stress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist
the collinear compressive forces tending to shorten it
A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads
across supporting elements
The extent of space between two supports of a structure
The distance between inner faces of the support of a span
The center to center distance between the supports of a span
An external moment tending to cause part a structure to rotate or bend
An internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment
The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course
under transverse loading
An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam
A combination of compressive and tensile stresses developed at a cross section
of structural member to resist transverse force
A slight convex curvature intentionally built into a beam, girder, or truss to
compensate for an anticipated deflection
An external force at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to
bending,
The shearing stress developed along cross section of a beam to resist
transverse shear
The shearing stress developed to prevent slippage along longitudinal planes of
a beam under transverse loading
A formula defining the relationship between bending moment, bending stress,
and the cross sectional properties of a beam
The sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its
distance from a coplanar axis of rotation
A geometric property of a cross section,
The buckling of a structural member induced by compressive stresses acting on
slender portion insufficiently rigid in the lateral direction
Lines depicting the direction but not the magnitude of the principal stresses in a
beam
A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the external shears
present in a structure for a given set of transverse loads
A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment
present in a structure for a given set of transverse load and support conditions
Produce bending moments which vary linearly between loads
Produce parabolically varying moments
A net resultant of shear forces that acts vertically upward on the left part of the
structure being considered
A bending moment that produces moment that produces a concave curvature
at a section of a curvature
A point at which a structure changes curvature from convex to concave or vice
versa as it deflects under a transverse load
A bending moment that produces a convex curvature at a section of a structure
A beam resisting on simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and
have no moment resistance
A projecting beam supported at only one fixed end
A beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and
supported by a balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum
A simple beam extending beyond one of its supports
A beam having both ends restrained against translation and rotation
A beam extending over more than 2 supports in order to develop greater
rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar

Haunch
Suspended span
Effective length
Column
Post
Buckling
Critical buckling load
Buckling
Bifurcation
Critical buckling stress
Slenderness ratio
Radius of gyration
Long column
Short column
Intermediate column
Eccentricity
P-delta effect
Middle third rule
Effective length
Combined stresses
Kern
Kern point
Lateral bracing
Unbraced length
Effective length factor
Method of sections
Method of joints
Active earth pressure
Anchor bolts
Balanced design
Batter piles
Bearing wall system
Bending moment
Bored pile
Caisson
Cement gun
Chute

spans and loading

The part of a beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment
resistance
A simple beam supported by the cantilevers of two adjoining spans with pinned
construction joints at points of zero moment
The distance between infection points in the span of a fixed end or continuous
beam
A relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial
compressive loads, applied at the member ends
A stiff vertical support especially wooden column in timber framing
The sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member
induced by the action of a compressive load
The maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without
causing it to buckle.
The axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes
unsuitable
The critical point at which a column carrying its critical buck load
The critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section
The ratio of the effective length of a column to its least ratio of gyration
The radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of body could be
concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis
A slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing
A thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling
A column having a mode of failure between that a short column and a long
column
The amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis
An additional moment developed in a structural member as its longitudinal axis
deviates from the line of action of a compressive force equal to the product of
the load
The proposition that compressive loads should be located within the middle
The distance between infection points in a column subjected to buckling load
A set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of
axial and bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member
The central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the
resultant of all compressive loads must pass
A point on either side of the centroid axis of a horizontal column or wall section
The bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective
length
The distance between the points at which a structural member is braced
against buckling in a direction normal to its length
A coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end
conditions in order to determine its effective length
A method of determining member forces in a truss by considering the
equilibrium of any portion of the truss assembly
A method for determining member forces in a truss by considering the
equilibrium of the various joints idealized as a points in free body diagrams
A soil pressure acting on any structure that will tend to push the structure
where the structure or wall tends to move away from the soil
A round, steel bolt embed in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery
On which both the concrete and the steals are so proportioned as to work to
their full working
Are piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical
A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
The algebraic sum of the moments of the forces acting on either side of the
section of a beam about an axis through the center of gravity of the section
A concrete pile which concreted either with a casing or without a casing at its
permanent location
A water light, cylindrical or rectangular chamber used to in under water
construction to protect workers from water pressure and soil collapse
Is an ejector operated by compressed air to force gunite into cavities or
cracks
Is an open through which bulk materials are conveyed and by gravity

Coffer dam
Construction joint
Cold joint
Creep
Counter
Diaphragm strut
Diving bell
Dowel
Drift bolt
Expansion or
contraction
Fatigue
Gunite
Grade beam
Granolithic finish
Grillage
Distribution of horizontal
shear
Hybrid steel girder
Intensity
Inflection point
Jetting
Lintel beam
magnitude
Modulus of elasticity
Modulus of resilience
Modulus of resistance
Mortar
Mullion
Non-bearing wall
Orthogonal effect
Party wall
Plaster cement finish
Pointing
Portal method

Portland cement
Proportional limit

A temporary dam-like structure constructed which excludes water from the site
The vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has
been topped and continued later
Formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete is
placed
The tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant
load
A cantilever wall that is reinforced with a masonry structure extending upward
from the foundation or from the inner face of the retaining wall to provide
resistance
A structural member of a horizontal bracing system that takes axial tension or
compression
A water light bell shaped steel chamber which can be lowered to or raised from
a fresh or seawater bed crane
A short steel bar extending from one concrete element to another as for
instance a concrete foundation to a concrete column
A long pin of steel or wood made with or without head, driven through timber
A joint designed to take expansion and contraction
A phenomenon of failure under repeated stresses
Is a rich cement which is applied by spraying under high air pressure
A concrete beam placed directly on the ground to provide foundation for the
superstructure
A surface layer or granolithic concrete which maybe laid on a base of either free
or hardened concrete
A footing which consist of steel beams arranged to distribute a concentrated
load
Design analysis requirement, considered as the basis for the structural design
or design analysis requirement
A fabricated metal beam composed of flanges with a material of specified
minimum yield strength different from that of the web plate
The measure of the damage level of an earthquake
A point in the moment diagram where it changes from positive to negative
moment of vice versa
A method of driving piles or well points into the sand in the situation
A beam especially provided over an opening for a door, window, to carry the
wall opening
The measure of the energy released by and earthquake
The constant which, within the proportional limit, express ration between the
unit stress to the unit strain
A measure of the capacity of the material to absorb energy without danger of
being permanently deformed
The internal resisting moment of a beam
A mixture, composed of one part Portland cement and one part of clean sand,
used as filter
A vertical member between two proportions of window sash usually designed to
resist wind load and not vertical load
Wall that carries no load other than that its own weight
The effect on the structure due to extreme lateral motions acting in directions
other than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration
A wall used to adopted for joint service between two buildings
A mixture of Portland cement, with water and san applied to surfaces such as
walls ceilings in a plastic state, later it sets to form a hard surface
In masonry, the final treatment of joints by the troweling of mortar or putty like
filler into joints
Method of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming
hinges at the center of beam spans and column heights for the interior column
carries twice as much
The product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcimining to
incipient fusion an intimate and properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous
and calcareous materials
The highest unit stress for which the deformation of a body is proportional to

Redundant member
Rip-rap
Sagrod
Sand drain
Shear wall
Soffit
Spandrel beam
Stiffness ratio (K)
Strain deformation
Tie bar
Torsion or moment of
inertia
Transformed section
Tremie
Underpinning
Vibrator
Void-cement ratio
Wall footing
Water cement ratio
Web crippling
Allowable stress Design
Load resistance factor
design
Artificial rigidity
Base
Base shear
Bearing wall system
Boundary element
Braced frame
Building frame system
Concentric braced frame
Collector
Diaphragm
Diaphragm strut
Diaphragm chord
Dual system
Essential facilities
Flexible element
Harmonic motion
Moment resisting frame

the stress
Any framed structure or truss
Consist of rough stones of various placed compactly or irregularly to prevent
scour by water and protect material which maybe washed out by the water
Structural member in the steel truss framing that counteracts forces in
compression
It is provided to help in the compaction of natural soil which provide channels
through
A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane wall
Is the concave surface of an arch
A beam from column to column, carrying an exterior wall in skeleton building
Moment distribution method
The change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action force
A deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed
to hold a butting edges together
A quality which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a
line
One in which the flexural steel is conceived to be replaced by large area of
imaginary concrete which can take tension
A water light pipe 300mm to 600mm in diameter with a flared top used in
depositing concrete underwater
An art of placing new foundation under old foundation
An oscillating power operated machine used to agitate fresh concrete so as to
eliminate gross voids including entrapped air and to produce intimate contact
with form surfaces
The ratio of volume air plus water to the volume cement
A continuous type of air plus water to the volume cement
The ration of the amount of water, to the amount of cement in a concrete or
mortar mixture
Local failure of a thin web plate of a steel beam or girder in the immediate
vicinity of a concentrated load
ASD
LRFD
Will cause torsion
The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the
structure
The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
An element at edges of opening or at the perimeters of shear walls or
diaphragm
An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type
An essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads
A braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces
A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system
A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the
vertical resisting elements
Also known as tie or collector, the element of diaphragm parallel to the applied
load
The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take
axial stresses
A combination of special or intermediate moment resisting space frame and
shear walls
Are those structures which are necessary for emergency post-earthquake
operations
An element or system is one whose deformation under lateral load significantly
larger than adjoining parts of the system
The coincidence of the natural period of structural with the dominant frequency
in the ground
Is a space frame which the members and joints are capable of resisting forces
primarily by flexture

Orthogonal effect
P-delta effect
PERT-CPM
Platform
Pneumatic mortar
Shear wall
Soft storey
Soil-structure
Strength
Soil stabilization
Space frame
Storey
Storey shear
Storey drift
Storey drift ratio
Structure
Rainwater leader
Torsion rigidity
Tower
Vertical load carrying
space frame
Weak storey
As graded
Bedrock
Bench
Burrow
Compaction
Earth material
Erosion
Excavation
Fill
Grade
Existing grade
Finish grade
Grading
Key
Admixture
Aggregate
Aggregate Lightweight
Anchorage
Bonded tendon
Column
Composite concrete
flexural members
Concrete
Specified compressive

The effect of the structure due to earthquake motions acting in directions other
than parallel to the direction of resistance under consideration
The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced by
the vertical loads acting on laterally displaced building frame
A presentation of project plan by a schematic diagram or network that depicts
the sequence and interrelation of all the component parts of the project
The lower rigid portion of a structure having vertical combination of structural
system
Mortar applied to a surface with a cement gun in the same manner as gunite
A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall
A storey whose lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the storey
above
The coincidence of the natural period of structure which dominant frequency in
the ground motion
The usable capacity of a structure or its members to carry loads within
deformation limits prescribed in the code
The process of improving the properties of a soil to make it more suitable for a
particular purpose
A three dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of
members interconnected
The space between levels
The summationof design lateral forces above the storey under consideration
The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
The storey drift divided by the storey height
An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and
resist lateral forces
It is another term for a downspout
Refers to the relative stiffness of the structure to resist torsional stress
The upper flexible portion of a structure having a vertical combination of
structural system
A space frame designed to carry all vertical loads
A storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey
The extent of surface conditions on completion of grading
Is in place solid rock
A relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed
Earth material acquired from an off site location for use in grading on a site
The densification of a fill by mechanical means
Any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination
The wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of the
wind, water or ice
The mechanical removal of the earth material
A deposit of earth material placed by artificial means
The vertical location of the ground surface
The grade prior to the grading
The final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan
Any excavating or filling or combination thereof
A designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated material beneath the
toe of a proposed fill slope
A material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or
during its mixing
Granular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag
Aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 100kg/m meter or less
In post tensioning, a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member
Pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through
grouting
Member with a ratio to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to
support axial load
Concrete flexural members of pre-cast and or cast un place concrete elements
Mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate and water, with or without admixtures
Compressive strength of concrete used in design expressed in megapascals

strength of concrete
Concrete, structural
light weight
Curvature friction
Deformed reinforcement
Development length
Effective depth of
section (d)
Effective prestress
Embedment length
Jacking force
Dead load (DL)
Live load (LL)
Factored load
Modulus of elasticity
Modulus, apparent
(concrete)
Modulus initial
Modulus secant
Modulus tangent
Pedestal
Plain concrete
Plain reinforcement
Post tensioning
Reinforced concrete
Spiral reinforcement
Stirrup
Design strength
Nominal strength
Required strength
Tendon
Tie
Transfer
Wall
Wobble friction
Yield strength
Balanced design
Underreinforced design
Overreinforced design

Concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight not
exceeding 1900kg/m3
Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified pre-stressing tendon
profile
Deformed reinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire fabric and welded
deformed fabric
Length embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength of
reinforcement at a critical section
Distance measure from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement
Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses has occurred
Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section
In pre stressed concrete, temporary force extended into prestressing tendons
Dead weight supported by a member, loads of constant magnitude that
remains in one position
Loads that may change in magnitude and position
Load multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to proportion a members by
the strength design method
Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive
stresses below proportional limit of material
Also known as long term modulus, determined by using the stress and strains
obtained after the load has been applied for a certain length of time
The slope of the stress strain diagram at the origin of the curve
The slope of the line drawn from the origin of appoint on the curve somewhere
between 25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength
The slope of tangent to the curve to some point along the curve
An upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to average
at least lateral dimensions of less than 3
Concrete that does not conform to the definition of reinforced concrete
Reinforcement that does not conform to the definition of deformed concrete
Method of prestressing un which the tendons are tensioned after concrete has
hardened
Designed on the assumption that two materials act together in resisting forces
Continuously wound reinforcement in the form o a cylindrical helix
Reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural member
Nominal strength reduction factor
Strength of a member or cross-section before application of any strength
reduction factors
Strength of a member or cross section required to resist factored loads or
related internal moments and forces in such combinations
Steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rods or strand, or a bundle of such
elements used to impart prestress to concrete
Loop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement
Act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from jacks or pre tensioning
bed to concrete mem
Member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate spaces
Pre-stressed concrete, friction caused by unintended deviation of prestressing
sheath
Specified minimum yield strength or yield point or reinforcing in Mpa
A design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete and steel are
reached simultaneously since the ultimate load is reached
A design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for
balanced conditioned
A design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for
balanced condition