The Historical Implications of Middle Kingdom Scarabs Found in Palestine Bearing Private

Names and Titles of Officials

Author(s): Daphna Ben-Tor
Source: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 294 (May, 1994), pp. 7-22
Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357151
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The

Historical

Kingdom
Private

Scarabs
Names

Middle

Implicationsof
Found

in

Palestine

and

Titles

of

Bearing

Officials

DAPHNA
BEN-TOR
The Israel Museum
P.O.B 71117
Jerusalem 91710
Israel
Thepresenceof MiddleKingdomEgyptianscarabsbearingprivatenamesand titles
of officialsin MiddleBronzeAge Canaangenerateda scholarlycontroversyregarding
the relationsbetweenEgyptand Palestineduringthatperiod.Analysisof distinctive
characteristicsof the scarabs,and of the contexts(wheneveravailable)in whichthey
werefound in Egypt,indicatesthat theiroriginalfunctionwas primarilyas funerary
amulets.Examinationof the inscriptionsand the archaeologicalcontextsof officials'
thatthescarabsreachedCanaan,afterhaving
scarabsfoundin Palestinedemonstrates
beenplunderedfrom tombsin Egypt,no earlierthanthe timeof the 13thDynasty,and
thattheirmainuse in Canaanwas, similarto Egypt,as funeraryamulets.
It is suggestedthat scarabs, includingthose bearingprivate names and titles of
officials,initiallyarrivedin Palestinethroughthe Asiaticswho settledin the eastern
Delta duringthe late MiddleKingdom.

ixty-seven Egyptianscarabsbearing private

names and titles of officials from Middle
Bronze Age Canaan have so far been published (Appendix A). Seven of the officials whose
names appearon the scarabs were most probablyactive during the Hyksos period (Appendix A, nos. 1,
6, 9, 42-44; the same officials in nos. 16, 18, 45, 61,
67), but the majority are of the 12th and 13th
Dynasties.
In trying to account for the presence of these
scarabs in Canaan, scholars have reached contradictory conclusions. Some regard them as official
seals of the Egyptian administration, reflecting an
Egyptian rule over Canaan, or at least strong diplomatic and economic relations (Giveon 1967: 29,
nn. 1-3 with additional bibliography; 1987: 24,
32-33; Weinstein 1975: 1, nn. 1, 2 with additional
bibliography); others suggest, based on the archaeological contexts in which the scarabs were found,
that they were plundered from Egyptian tombs and
brought to Canaan during the Hyksos period, when
southern Canaan maintained strong contacts with
Egypt (Weinstein 1974: 56; 1975: 9-10, n. 74).
7

To resolve this problem, two separate issues

must be addressed: First, we have to determine the
original function of the scarabs in Egypt. Second,
we have to deal with the archaeological contexts in
which they were found in Canaan.
Unlike the majority of Egyptian scarabs that are
now regarded by most scholars as amulets (Petrie
1917: 4; Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 13-17;
Tufnell 1984: 1; Ward 1978: 46, 58; 1987: 514,
n. 33), the group bearing names and titles of
officials is still often referred to as "officials' seals"
(Martin 1971: xi-xii; Johnson 1977: 142-44; Martin in Tufnell 1984: 147). Close to 1900 such scarabs are known so far (Martin 1971: 7-141),2 dating
almost exclusively to the Middle Kingdom and the
Second IntermediatePeriod (Martin 1971: xii).
Doubts have been raised, however, concerning
the function of some of the scarabs as seals. For example, those made of precious materials, which are
very shallowly engraved, could not have been used
for sealing (Ben-Tor 1989: 26, 61:17). This is also
the case with scarabs whose bases are covered with
a thin gold sheet, on which the inscription appears

DAPHNA BEN-TOR

(Martin 1971: 193; Ben-Tor 1988: 38). Moreover, in

instances in which many scarabs of the same official
have been found-the best example of which is the
Hyksos treasurerH3r, of whom more than 100 scarabs are known (Martin 1971: 78-85, nos. 9841088a)-most scholars agree that they were used as
amulets (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88; Johnson
1977: 141; Martin in Tufnell 1984: 147), though it
has been suggested that they were seals used by
minor officials on behalf of their superiors, whose
names appearon the scarabs (Steindorff 1936: 179).
A very significant phenomenon concerning scarabs bearingnames and titles of officials is that22 percent bear funerary epithets following the name,3 a
common phenomenon in Egyptian funeraryinscriptions, examples of which are found on tomb walls,
stelae, and funerary objects recovered from tombs.
Based on these epithets, it has been suggested thatthe
entire corpus of scarabs bearing officials' names and
titles served in Egypt as funerary amulets of the
officials whose names and titles are inscribed. These
scarabs were comparedto other magical means used
by Egyptian officials to eternalize their names and
titles (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88-89).
Most of the scarabs under discussion were purchased on the antiquities market, and we have no
knowledge of their provenances (Martin 1971: 19294). However, the majority of those whose origins
are known were found in or very close to large Middle Kingdom cemeteries, such as El-Lisht, El-Lahun,
Thebes, Abydos, and Egyptian cemeteries at the second cataractregion in Nubia (Martin 1971: 189-90;
Appendix C here). About 50 percent of the scarabs
found in funerary contexts were found in tombs
(Appendix C).
A factor that makes our problem more complex
is that sometime during the late Middle Kingdom,
for a limited period, all types of scarabs (including
those bearing officials' names and titles) were used
for sealing. This is indicated by the thousands of
clay seal impressions found in El-Lisht, the town of
Kahun,4and the Egyptian forts in Nubia, mainly the
fort of Uronarti by the second cataract. The great
majority of these sealings were made by scarabs
bearing geometric and symmetric hieroglyphic designs, representing the entire range of scarabs typical of the 12th and 13th Dynasties (Petrie 1890,
pl. 10; 1891, pls. 9, 10; Petrie, Brunton, and Murray
1923: pls. 64, 65; Reisner and Wheeler 1930: 4755; Hayes 1953: 191; Reisner 1955: 26-69; Dunham 1967: 65-80; Tufnell 1975: 67-90, figs. 2-12;
Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 99-102; Weinstein
1992: 33; Appendix B here). A small number of
sealings, however, were made by scarabs bearing

BASOR 294

names and titles of officials (Tufnell 1975: figs. 1012). Of those, about 22 percent bear funerary epithets (the same percentage private-name scarabs
have in general; Appendix B). The use of those
scarabs for sealing differs in no way from the use of
design scarabs (below).
The great diversity of the seal impressions,
those bearing funerary epithets, and the fact that
most of them bear no inscription, indicate that
scarabs were chosen for sealing randomly, depending on the available material, regardless of their
decorations or inscriptions, and that their use as
seals was a secondary one, unlike the government
seals which were made expressly for this purpose,
as indicated by the word btm, "seal," inscribed on
many of them (Martin 1971: 142-48, 183 under
btm, not including the word as part of a title). The
latter bear names of government departments in
Egypt and the Nubian forts in the second cataract
region, such as Mirgissa, Uronarti, Shalfak, and
Buhen (Martin 1971, pls. 43-47). Very few of
these government seals bear a title or a name in
addition to the government department,5and none
bear funerary epithets. Most important, this group
does not include a single scarab!
The sites where the great majority of sealings
were found-El-Lisht, the town of Kahun, and the
fort of Uronarti-provide archaeological evidence
to support the conclusion that the use of scarabs
for sealing represents a secondary use:
El-Lisht
The great majority of the sealings were found in
debris outside the brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I (Hayes 1953: 191; Appendix B
here). The scarabs used for the sealings date from
the early 12th Dynasty to the late 13th Dynasty
(Hayes 1953: 191). Of the 31 sealings bearing
officials' names and titles found at the site, 26 are
from this debris, which contained hundredsof sealings of boxes, jars, baskets, and bundles of offerings
contributed to the funerary foundation of the king
(Appendix B). However, the great majority of scarabs bearing names and titles come from the large
cemetery outside the brick enclosure wall of the
pyramid of Amenemhat I (Appendix C), and seven
of them were found in tombs (Appendix C, nos. 10,
11, 13, 20, 34, 85, 89). The archaeological material
of the site has not been sufficiently published, but as
26 percent of the private name sealings bear funerary epithets, and as this cemetery was extensively
plundered in antiquity (Hayes 1953: 178), it is very
likely that many of the scarabs used for the sealings

1994

HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS

were plundered from the tombs, where they had

originally been used as funerary amulets.
The Town of Kahun
The town was originally built for the workers
of the pyramid complex of king Senusert II in
El-Lahun. It later housed the priests and officials
connected with the pyramid endowments and other
activities in the area, until the end of the 13th Dynasty (Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 87-88, 102). The
town was surroundedby the large cemetery of ElLahun. The hundreds of hieratic papyri found in
Kahun were dated by Griffith (1898) to the period
from the time of Amenemhat III to the early 13th
Dynasty (Tufnell 1975: 68; n. 3), but a sealing bearing the name of Neferhotep I (Tufnell 1975: 69,
fig. 12: 444), extends the town's period of activity to
the time of the latter's reign. The sealings, however,
record the names of Senusert I-III (Tufnell 1975:
68; n. 4), and there is a consensus among scholars
that the typological range of the scarabs covers the
time from the founding of the town during the reign
of Senusert II to the late 13th Dynasty (Tufnell 1975:
70; 1984: 86; Kemp and Merrillees 1980: 99-102;
Ward 1987: 515; Weinstein 1992: 33).
Petrie (1890: 31), excavator of the site, states,
"During the latter part of the 12th Dynasty and the
beginning of the 13th, the inhabitants of the town
ransackedthe tombs for materials and brought away
many slabs of offerings, some of them inscribed, also
stelae, statuettes and parts of tombs." This evidence,
and the fact that 20 percent of the private name sealings bear funerary epithets, make it very probable
that scarabs were part of the loot from this plundering. The sealing bearing the name of Senusert I,
whose reign predates the building of the town, and
the designs on many of the scarabs used for the sealings indicate the use of scarabs and seals not contemporaneous with the sealings themselves, which
according to Griffith'sdating of the papyri are probably not earlier than the reign of Amenemhat III.
The Fort of Uronarti
The largest group of sealings found in the Nubian forts in the second cataractregion was discovered at Uronarti, where Senusert III built a fort in
his 16th year and set up temple endowments. Thousands of clay sealings were found in the floor debris
of the inner fort, a deposit of dust and decayed mud
from the walls about 10 to 25 cm deep. The excavator dates this debris to the 13th Dynasty, based on

four sealings bearing the name of king Shm-rc-hwt3wy of the early 13th Dynasty (Reisner and
Wheeler 1930: 49; Reisner 1955: 26). However,
Tufnell (1975: 69), who analyzed the designs on the
scarabs used for the sealings, has shown that there
are many 12th Dynasty designs, and even a broken
sealing naming Senusert II, whose reign predated
the building of the fort (Reisner 1955: 54:13).
Moreover, a sealing bearing the name of the Hyksos
(Tufnell 1975, fig. 12:446), extends
king M3C-ibCrC
the time span of the sealings into the Hyksos period.
The archaeological evidence that caused Reisner to date the sealings to the 13th Dynasty was
never called into question, and the fact that the
sealings were made by 12th Dynasty scarabs and
seals does not conflict with this conclusion. All it
indicates is that scarabs used for the sealings were
not always contemporaneous with them. However,
the use of 12th Dynasty scarabs and the fact that
15 percent of the private name sealings bear funerary epithets favor the probability that scarabs were
brought to Uronarti either from the cemeteries of
Semna and Mirgissa nearby, or from cemeteries in
Egypt, after they had been plundered from tombs.
An importantobservationmade by Reisner distinguishes between the function of what he calls official
sealings (made by the government seals), which are
always stamped once, and private sealings (made by
scarabs,including those bearingprivatenames and titles), which were usually stamped several times over
the official seal, in most cases by the same scarab
(Reisner and Wheeler 1930: 54; Reisner 1955: 29).
There is ample archaeological and textual evidence from Egypt to prove that tombs were extensively plundered during all periods of Egyptian
history. Already during the Old Kingdom, tomb
walls bear a magic formula of warning the visitors,
"Any person who would enter this tomb uncleanly,
and do something evil against it, they shall be
judged for it by the great god" (Lichtheim 1988:
11). Many tombs were reused after they had been
plundered, and we often find inscriptions of pious
officials boasting on their tomb walls, "I made this
tomb on the side of the West, in a clean place
where no person's tomb was" (Lichtheim 1988: 11).
Garstang, who excavated the tombs of the
nomarchsat Beni-Hasan, found evidence attesting to
extensive plundering of the tombs by the workers
who built them and who were in charge of the burials.
He asserted, "In cases where the chambersof adjoining tombs lay alongside, the workmen or others engaged in constructing a new chamber, seem to have
consistently plundered that next to it... but it is
doubtful whether they found much within ... their

10

DAPHNA BEN-TOR

quest was jewellery [sic] and valuables, which so far

as our observations go, would be rarely found by
these later plunderers, as they hardly escaped from
the pilferings of those who performedthe actual interment"(Garstang 1907: 48).
The problem of tomb robberiesduring the Middle
Kingdom in Abydos led to the building of dummy
mastabaS8, to set potentialplundererson a false trail
(Weigall in Ayrton, Currelly,and Weigall 1904: 1718). In reality, the supposed mastabascontained rubbish heaps that included clay sealings, the majority
of which were made by design scarabs (Weigall in
Ayrton, Currelly, and Weigall 1904: 18). Only three
were made by private name scarabs, and the number
is insufficient to justify the conclusions of Johnson
(1977: 142) regarding the lack of funerary epithets
and the actual function of these officials in Abydos.
The sealings are securely dated to the time of the
13th Dynasty but many were made by 12th-Dynasty
scarabs (Weigall in Ayrton, Currelly, and Weigall
1904: 18). As Abydos was the largest and most importantfunerarysite in Egypt, and the sealings were
found within the area of Middle Kingdom tombs, it
seems very probable that in Abydos, as in the other
sites discussed above, the scarabs used for the sealings had previously been plunderedfrom tombs.
The evidence discussed so far indicates that
scarabs bearing names and titles of officials were
not used as official seals in Egypt, but were probably made for funerary purposes by the officials
concerned, to be used as tomb offerings.6
As is the case in Egypt, the archaeologicalcontext
of the scarabs bearing names and titles of officials
found in Canaanis not always clear. Of the 67 published scarabs, 37 are of a known provenance (Appendix A, nos. 1-37), but only 15 come from a clear
context (Appendix A, nos. 2, 3, 8, 12-16, 22, 24, 25,
27-29, 36). Thirteen scarabs were found in Canaanite tombs (Appendix A, nos. 6, 9, 12-16, 22, 24-27,
36. There is no proof for no. 37), 17 bear funeraryepithets (25 percent) (Appendix A, nos. 4, 12, 14, 21,
27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 41, 46, 50, 53, 58, 60, 64, 65), and
24 have exact parallels (scarabsof the same officials)
in Egypt (Appendix A, nos. 3, 6, 8, 16, 18, 25, 30, 31,
33, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 48, 51, 52, 56, 61, 63-67). Two
scarabs, both of unknown provenance but definitely
found in Canaan, of the high official-the treasurer
Snb-sw-m-c (Appendix A, nos. 51, 52)-who is
known from 12th Dynasty inscriptions (Giveon
1980: 179), have 28 exact parallels in Egypt (Martin
1971: nos. 1513-1541a): one from the town of
Kahun (Martin 1971: no. 1517), and one from the
12th Dynasty cemetery in El-Lisht, where it was
found inside a tomb (Martin 1971: no. 1526).7

BASOR 294

The titles on many of the scarabsfound in Canaan

are of very high officials such as treasurers,magistrates, chief stewards, chamberlains, high priests,
and chief scribes, all courtiers of high rank with
close connections to the pharaoh (Appendix A, nos.
3-6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16-19, 21, 25-28, 30-32, 35-38,
40-46, 48, 50-55, 57, 59, 61-67). The titles are all
known from Egyptian records, and most of the
officials concerned had no business outside the royal
court or their nomes in Egypt.8 Moreover, in the
group found in Canaan, there are no titles such as
army commanders or overseers of provinces on behalf of the pharaoh, which we would expect to find
had these officials actually functioned in Canaan.
It should also be noted that no official government seals or sealings were found in Canaan, in
contrast to Nubia, which was under Egyptian rule
during the Middle Kingdom, where many such
items were found (above).
Very few scarab sealings were found in Canaan,
and only one (of unclear context), was made by a
scarab bearing a name and title of the attendantto
the king's table S3-nb, found in Tell-el Ajjul (Appendix A, no. 10). There are, however, several scarab sealings on jar handles, a custom not known in
Egypt during that period.9 Two examples made by
scarabs bearing names and titles are known (Appendix A, nos. 11, 28): one from Shechem, which
bears the name and title of the stewardlImn-m-h3t.
It is stamped once on a handle of a jar together with
a Syrian cylinder seal which is rolled five times
(Rowe 1936, pl. 26:S.4). A steward by the same
name is known from the time of Amenemhat II
(Rowe 1936: 234-35); but even if the official concerned is not the same one, the name indicates a
12th Dynasty date (Rowe 1936: 234-35; Giveon
(1974: 224, n. 2; Kempinski 1993: 335). However,
the jar is of a later date, typical of the MB IIB phase
and postdating the time of the 12th Dynasty (Amiran 1969: 103, pl. 32; Dever 1992: 3). The cylinder
seal is dated to the first half of the 18th century B.C.
(Kempinski 1993: 333-37, with additional bibliography), and could therefore coincide with the late
12th Dynasty. However, regarding the late date of
the jar, the sealings, which were made for either
decorative purposes or as a personal mark of property by the owner, were not necessarily made by
seals contemporary with one another. Moreover,
they had no connection with the 12th Dynasty
official whose scarab was used for the sealing.10
Six jar handles from Jericho were stamped by a
scarabbearing the name and title of the scribe of the
Vizier Snb.f, with a funerary epithet following the
name (Rowe 1936: 235, pl. 26:S5). The MB IIB con-

1994

HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS

text of the handles, the high probabilityof the official

concerned being active during the time of the 12th
Dynasty (Rowe 1936: 235), and the funeraryepithet
following the name, indicate that at Jerichojust as at
Shechem, the sealing had no connection with the
official whose name and title appear on the scarab.
All the scarabs bearing private names and titles
that were found in archaeological contexts in Palestine were discovered in MB IIB-C contexts (Appendix A, nos. 2-4, 8, 12-16, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28,
30-34[?], 36), that is, later than the 12th Dynasty
in Egypt, except for one scarab from Aphek, which
was found in the last phase of MB IIA (Appendix
A, no. 29). Furthermore, many of these scarabs
were found in multiburial Canaanite tombs together with other types of scarabs used as funerary
amulets, a large number of them bearing funerary
epithets and titles of officials of the highest rank,
who could not have been in service in Canaan. It
thus seems that these scarabs reached Canaan after
having been plundered from tombs in Egypt.
The questions to be considered now are when, by
whom, and for what purpose did scarabs--including
those bearing private names and titles-arrive in
Canaan. Scarabs first appear in Canaan during the
late MB IIA in very small numbers (Weinstein
1975: 1-7; 1992: 35). During the transitional phase
of MB IIA-B they occur in larger numbers (Weinstein 1975: 1-2, 4-7),1 and already feature local
designs.12 The numbers increase dramatically during the MB IIB-C when scarabs are found in almost
every contemporaryCanaanite site in large numbers
and include additional local productions.13
There is no consensus among scholars concerning
the absolute chronology of the Middle Bronze Age
in Canaan, especially for the date of the transitional
phase of MB IIA-B (Weinstein 1992: 29; Dever
1992: 3). But according to all chronologies this
phase is later than the 12th Dynasty in Egypt and
earlier than the Hyksos period.14 This period of transition coincides with the time of the 13th Dynasty,
which was one of gradual decline of the Middle
Kingdom. It seems very unlikely that Egypt would
develop an interest in Canaanat that time. As Weinstein (1975: 14) states, "It may seem strange that
when Egypt was strong and Palestine weak (the condition existing in MB IIA), trade was at a minimum,
but when Egypt's political and military fortunes declined and Palestine's increased (the situation in late
MB IIA and early MB IIB), trade rapidly expanded.
Nevertheless, this indeed seems to have been the
case, and future analyses of Palestine's relations with
Egypt in the Middle Bronze Age should take this
phenomenon into consideration."

11

The solution to the problem is found in the site of

Tell el-DabCain the eastern Delta. The site is identified with the Hyksos capital Avaris, and contains
importantevidence concerning the Asiatic settlement
in the area (Bietak 1979; 1984; 1987; 1989; 1991,
with additional bibliography).15 The beginning of
this settlement is dated by the large amount of
Canaanite pottery found there to the MB IIA phase
(For the most recent analyses see Bietak 1991: 3138, 49-51, 53-55). The transitionalphase MB IIAB is the fourth level of occupation at the site and is
dated by the excavator to the time of the 13th Dynasty (Bietak 1991: 38-40, 51; Weinstein 1992: 3031). A gradual Egyptian influence on the material
culture of the Asiatic settlement is noted by Bietak
(1984: 483; 1991: 45-46), who states that the population ultimately became completely Egyptianized.
In view of all the above, it appears that scarabs
were brought to Canaan through the Asiatics who
settled in the Delta and adopted the Egyptian custom
of using them as funeraryamulets. The scarabsbearing private names and titles found in Canaan reflect
therefore no more than a Canaanite adaptationof an
Egyptian funerary custom, transmitted through the
Asiatics living in the Delta. Their appearance in
Canaanhad nothing to do with relations between the
Egyptian state and Canaan during the Middle Kingdom,16but ratherreflects close contacts between the
Asiatics living in the Delta region and their kin living in Canaan,beginning during the time of the 13th
Dynasty.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wishto thankDr.J. Weinsteinforhis helpfulremarks.

NOTES

Based on the names,contemporary

Egyptianrecords
and scarabtypology. (Martin1971: xii, and in Tufnell
1984: 147; Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2; Tufnell 1984: 142147).Giveon,whoat onepointsuggesteda Hyksosdatefor
manyof thembasedon theirMB IIB-C contexts(1974:
224), lateradmittedto a lateMiddleKingdomdateforthe
majority(1976: 127; 1980:179, n. 1; 1987:32-33).
2Veryfew additionalobjects,most of themfromPalestine, have been publishedsince; see AppendixA.
3Martin(1971: 187-88): imJy,
im3Ow,im3w c3,
whm Cnf, whm

Cn0

dt, whmt

Cnf,

mic trw, m3ct zrw, nb

im3h,nbt im3h,andthe funeraryformula:htpdi nsw.

4"Kahun"is used here to distinguishthe town from
the largersite of El-Lahun,as is oftendonewhendealing
with materialfound in the town. (Tufnell 1975; Kemp
andMerrillees1980:57-102; Weinstein1992:33).
5Martin(1971), nos. 442, 732, 1254, 1255, 1256,
(no. 732 has
1618, and 1856 bearthe same title:
.hty-c

12

DAPHNA BEN-TOR

BASOR 294

an additional title: imy-r hwt-ntr). No. 1856, which is an to recognize the appearance of some so-called "Hyksos
official seal of the fort of Mirgissa, bears only the title designs" in Canaan earlier than their appearance in
without a name. The others are official seals of the pyra- Egypt, but he declined to consider most of them as local
mid town of Senusert III near El-Lahun: htp-Snwsrt Canaanite designs. The forthcoming publication of the
mc"rw; these are the only official seals bearing private Rishon le-Zion scarabs will include a thorough discusnames. (Stamp-seals bearing private names and titles, sion of this question.
13Tufnell (1984) deals with a large number of objects
some, including funerary epithets [Martin 1971: nos.
302, 329, 567, 806, 1648, and others; see Appendix B, that sufficiently reflect the quantity and variety of the
marked as stamp-seals], are not official seals, as they do material. Note 12 here discusses local productions.
14The high chronology suggested by Dever (1992: 3)
not bear names of government departments. They seem
to be funerary amulets similar to the scarabs.) On the dates this transitional phase between 1775 and 1750 B.C.
scarabs, the name is the most significant element, as These dates are now also accepted by Ward (a chronothere are no scarabs bearing only titles, but there are a logical table distributed during his lecture in Jerusalem
in May 1993).
few bearing a name without a title (Appendix A).
6For the religious implications concerning the use of
15Canaanitepottery has been found in other northern
these scarabs as funerary amulets during this period, see Egyptian sites, mainly in the eastern Delta (Weinstein
1992: 27-28), indicating Asiatic settlement in the area.
Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 88; Johnson 1977: 142.
7Scarabs bearing names and titles of officials were However, since most of the material is either related to
only rarely found in the tombs of their original owners burials or still awaits publication, it cannot be used for
(e.g., Martin 1971: 195, 196, 390). Some such scarabs determining the development and absolute chronology of
were found in other tombs (e.g., Martin 1971: no. 804 the Asiatic settlement in the region.
16Because hardly any 12th Dynasty Egyptian material
bearing the name Nht, which was found in the tomb of
'In-it.f). Five scarabs of the treasurerH3r were found in was found in contemporarycontexts in Palestine (Weinfive tombs at different sites (Martin 1971: nos. 1063, stein 1975), it seems very unlikely that trade would have
1064, 1065, 1065a, 1077a), and two scarabs bearing been initiated by Egypt during the early 13th Dynasty
names and titles of different officials were found in Tomb (above). Thus, the appearanceof scarabsin Palestine at that
275 in El-Haraga (Martin 1971: nos. 272, 1344). It thus particulartime probablyreflects the beginning of new trade
seems that these scarabs were used as funeraryamulets by routes, initiated by the Asiatics who settled in the eastern
individuals other than their original owners as well, after Delta region.
The scarabs are listed according to provenance. The
they had been plunderedfrom the tombs of the latter.
8See discussions of some of the titles by Tufnell information includes: the inscription with a reference to
(1984: 142-47 with additional bibliography), especially Ward 1982, all publications beginning with Martin's catconcerning the titles: sd3wty bity, imy-r pr wr, imy-hnt, alogue, with data concerning the context or date of the
iry-ct n d3dw, imy-r sd3wt, wr m3w; and by Helck (1958: scarab in each publication, a reference to PN, the present
51-53, 59-60, 71-72, 81) for wr mdw smCw,smsw h3yt, location of each scarab, and exact parallels from Martin
(1971). See Martin (1971) for all previous bibliography.
nty m srwt, imy-r pr wr.
9Although such sealings were found in Tell-el Dabca
in the eastern Delta, the custom probably was imported
APPENDIX A
from Canaan (see discussion below). I thank C. Mlinar
for sending me the drawings of the Tell-el Dabca scarabs
Scarabs Bearing Private Names and Titles,
and sealings.
Found in Palestine Tombs and funerary epithets are
loKempinski (1993: 335) considers the cylinder seal
printed in bold type
contemporary with the scarab; he therefore dates the
Tell el-CAjjul
sealings to the time of the late 12th Dynasty (early 18th
and
them
connects
to
events
the
century B.C.)
following
1. ysinn-name without title, probably Semitic.
campaign recorded on the Khusobek stela. However, beMartin 1971, no. 306, pl. 27:25: Level II.
cause the jar itself is definitely of an MB IIB date, this
Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2911: towards the end of the
suggestion seems very doubtful.
Second IntermediatePeriod.
11A cemetery near Rishon le-Zion, dated to the tranGiveon 1974: 230:k: no clear context.
sitional phase of MB IIA-B, recently was excavated by
London, University College E XIII 82/1
the Israel Antiquities Authority. More than 100 scarabs
were found in these multiple burial Canaanite tombs, 2. irw whmt Mry-Pth-Bistt-Ward 1982: no. 558:
which include Egyptian imports as well as local producMaker of furniturelegs.
tions (unpublished).
Martin 1971: no. 614, pl. 20:39: Level III, Room DN.
12The question of local productions of Middle
Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2913: beneath the burnt layer
Bronze Age scarabs has been dealt with only partially
in the lower city, at the southwest corner of the
(Schroer 1985: 51-107; Keel 1989: 40-87, 211-80;
mound. 13th Dynasty.
Schroer 1989: 90-207). Ward (1987: 526) was the first
Giveon, 1974: 230:c: MB IIB-C context.

1994

HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS

PN I: 160:14. (mry Pth).

Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological
I.10242

Museum,

3. s' wr n imy-r sd3wt Nhsy. nfr-Ward 1982: no. 1371:

Chief Scribe of the Treasurer.
Martin 1971: no. 799, pl. 11:15: Level II, Room AN.
Tufnell 1984: 144-45, no. 2910: 13th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:h: MB IIC context.
PN I: 209:4.
London, University College E XII 64/2
Martin 1971: nos. 796-800: same name and title.
whm Cnh-Ward
4. sd3wty bity wr m3w Rc m3c
of the King of Lower
1982: no. 1472: Seal Bearerh.rw
Egypt, and 717: greatest of seers (priest).
Martin 1971: no. 811, pl. 8:7.
Tufnell 1984: 146, no. 2914: could have come from
the upper city or from a grave. 13th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:d: MB IIB-C context.
PN I: 217:7.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
38.619
5. c nsw Ht-Cnh-Ward 1982: no. 585: King's Arm.
Martin 1971: no. 915a, pl. 42B:6.
Tufnell 1984; 144, no. 2909: early 12th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:f: no clear context.
PN I: 231:14.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
35.4005

13

Tufnell 1984: 145, no. 2912; part of an isolated building block that produced a scarab of Neferhotep I;
probably 13th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:i: MB IIC context.
PN I: 313:23.
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Martin 1971: nos. 1547-1556: same name and title.
9. 4tmy Sth-Ward 1982: no. 1186a: Seal Maker.
Martin 1971: no. 1665, pl. 11:10: Grave 424.
Tufnell 1984: 146-47, no. 2916: earlier part of Second Intermediate Period.
Giveon 1974: 230:j: no clear context.
PN I: 321, 29.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum,
35.3773
10. 3tw n tt hk3 S3-nb-Ward 1982: no. 13: Attendant of
the Ruler's Table.
Giveon 1974: 230:1: no clear context; a pellet of gray
clay with the seal impression on its flat surface.
Giveon 1985: 108-9, no. 138.
PN I: 282:17.
London, British Museum 135621
Shechem
11. imy-r pr `Imn-m-h3t-Ward 1982: no. 132: Steward
(administrator).
Martin 1971: no. 177, pl. 1:21: impression on a jar
handle, southwest temenos area.
Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2: 12th Dynasty.
PN I: 28:8.
Jerusalem,Rockefeller Archaeological Museum, 1.982

6. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt Hir-Ward 1982: no. 1472:

Seal Bearer of the King of Lower Egypt, and 364:
Overseer of the Treasury.
Martin 1971: no. 1064, pl. 29:23: Grave 489.
Lachish
Tufnell 1984: 146, no. 2915: Second Intermediate
12. (web) Ck n Nibt (-Iw).f-n.i nb im~)-Ward 1982:
Period.
no. 630: Enterer of Nehbet (priest).
Giveon 1974: 230:e: no clear context.
Martin
1971: no. 63, pl. 23:32: Tomb 129.
PN II: 304:17.
Giveon 1974: 230:s: MB IIB context.
Rockefeller
Museum
Jerusalem,
Archaeological
PN I: 14:7.
35.3793
Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
Jerusalem,
Martin 1971: nos. 984-1088a: same name and title.
33.1954
7. iry pdt S3-hi-Ward 1982: no. 516: Bowman.
Martin 1971: no. 1309, pl. 12:23: southeast part of 13. 3Iri-mr-Name without title.
Martin 1971: no. 267, pl. 11:1: Tomb 129.
town, Room AB.
Giveon
1974: 230:q: MB IIB context.
Tufnell 1984: 147, no. 2917; Tufnell believes it came
PN II: 265:25.
from Grave 27, which lies partially under the walls
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
of this chamber; 13th Dynasty.
33.1956
Giveon 1974: 230:g: no clear context.
Ben-Tor 1989: 63:15.
14. imy-r hwt-ntr Df3.i IcFpi-hmm nb im5l/-Ward
PN I: 283:17.
1982: no. 250: Overseer of the Temple.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
Martin 1971: no. 1769a, pl. 42A:19: Tomb 4004.
33.1725
Giveon 1974: 230:r: MB IIB-C context.
PN I: 406:16 (Df3.1IHCp), 269:21 (Imm).
8. sd3wty bity smr wCtyimy-r sd3wt Snbi-Ward 1982:
Rockefeller Archaeological Museum, 38.57
Jerusalem,
no. 1476: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower
Egypt, Sole Friend, Overseer of the Treasury.
Tell-el Farca (S)
Martin 1971: no. 1554, pl. 22:8: Level II, Room
15. 3Imny-name without title.
AC.

DAPHNA BEN-TOR

14

Martin 1971: no. 219a, pl. 42B:4: Tomb 570.

Tufnell 1984: 144, no. 2907 and 2340: Second Intermediate Period.
Giveon 1974: 230:b: MB IIB-C context.
PN I: 31:13.
London, Institute of Archaeology, London University
E.V1 9/13
16. Sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt H3r-see no. 6.
Martin 1971: no. 1077a, pl. 42B:1: Tomb 565.
Tufnell 1984: 144, no. 2908: not earlier than Jericho
Group IV; Second IntermediatePeriod.
Giveon 1974: 230:a: MB IIB-C context.
PN II: 304:17.
London, Institute of Archaeology, London University
Accho
17. wr mdw smCwW3h-k--Ward 1982: no. 721: Magnate of the Southern Tens.
Martin 1971: no. 391a.
Giveon 1974: 231:dd: no context.
Giveon and Kertesz 1986: 10, no. 4.
PN I: 73:23.
Israel Antiquities Authority 73-107
no. 6.
18. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt
Giveon and Kertesz 1986:
.Hir-see
10, no. 5: no context.
PN II: 304:17.
Israel Antiquities Authority 73-163
19. wr m3w WDd(?)-Ward 1982: no. 717: Greatest of
Seers (priest)
Giveon 1974: 231:ee: no context.
PN I: 74:14.
20. imy-r st Mntw-m-h3t-Ward 1982: no. 313: Overseer of the Storehouse.
Giveon 1974: 231:ff: no context.
PN I: 154:7.
Gezer
21. ss' Cn nsw (n) sm3yt 'Imny nb im'i-Ward 1982: no.
1363: Scribe of the Royal Tablet of the Archive.
Martin 1971: no. 209, pl. 35:26.
Giveon 1974: 230:t: no context.
Giveon 1985: 110:2
PN I: 31:13.
London, British Museum 104925
Megiddo
22. imy-r pr
ihw Iw.f snb-Ward 1982: no. 160:
Stewardh.sb
of Reckoning Cattle.
Martin 1971: no. 85, pl. 8:2: Tomb T.5067; MB IIB
context.
Giveon 1974: 224, n. 2: 12th Dynasty.
PN I: 16:1.
Israel Antiquities Authority 39.538
23. imy-r mntw Snb-6pr-Ward 1982: no. 195: Overseer
of Beduin.

BASOR 294

Martin 1971: no. 1508, pl. 14:7.

Giveon 1974: 231:bb: no context.
PN I: 268:21 (Hipr-snb).
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
38.981
24. ihms (n) ct ... (?) D?-Ward 1982: no. 563: Attendant of the ... Chamber. (see nos. 564-568).
Martin 1971: no. 1766a, pl. 42:19: Tomb I.
Giveon 1974: 231cc: MB IIB-C context.
PN I: 404:9.
Berlin, VorderasiatischesMuseum 2499m
Jericho
25. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr Nmty-m-wsht (Cnty-mwsht)-Ward 1982: no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the
King of Lower Egypt; no. 141: Chief Steward.
Martin 1971: no. 354, pl. 20:14: Tomb B3.
Tufnell 1984: 142, no. 2904: multiple successive burials, at least 25 bodies, a much disturbedtomb. 13th
Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:n: MB IIB context.
PN I: 69:19.
Amman, Museum J.5851
Martin 1971: nos. 353-356a: same name and title.
26. iry ct n d3dw Pnwy-Ward 1982: no. 496: Hall
Keeper of the Audience Hall.
Martin 1971: no. 475, pl. 5:20: Tomb G37.
Tufnell 1984: 143, nos. 2906, 2338: last layer of
Group II, early 13th Dynasty.
Giveon 1974: 230:m: no clear context.
PN I: 133:6. (pnw).
Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1954.757
27. imy int HInnw m3c hrw-Ward 1982: no. 425:
Chamberlain (in the immediate entourage of the
king).
Martin 1971: no. 1107, pl. 1:6: Tomb H13.
Tufnell 1984: 143, nos. 2905, 2254: 12th Dynasty, but
could be later.
Giveon 1974: 230:p: MB IIC context.
PN I: 245:1.
Amman, DAJ J.5847
28. s' n t3ty Snb.f whm cnh-Ward 1982: no. 1449:
Scribe of the Vizier.
Martin 1971: no. 1574, pl. 15:8: six seal impressions
on pot handles, one from room 17, three from room
44C, (two from Watzinger'sexcavations).
Giveon 1974: 230:o: MB IIB context.
PN I: 314:5.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
33.1305, 1362-64
Aphek
29. imy-r pr Nr-ib(?)-see no. 11.
Giveon 1978: 16, fig. 13.
Giveon 1988: 44-45: 37, broken.Area A, Locus 2130,
StratumA-13, Late MB IIA, post-Palace II phase.

1994

HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS

Martin 1991: 206 reads the name as Hnr, 13th Dynasty.

Weinstein 1992: 35: 13th Dynasty.
PN I: 206:19.
Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv University 21252/70

15

Brandl and Sass 1985: 111-12, no. 1, fig. 1:a; with

previous bibliography.
Said to have been found in a tomb in Jerusalem.
PN I: 312:15.

CAinSamiya

Of Unknown Provenance

30. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr Nhy snbi-see no. 25.

Giveon 1974: 231:u. fig. 1/2:1: MB IIB-C context(?)
PN I: 207:22.
M. Dayan Collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 440
Martin 1971: nos. 774-77: same name and title.

38. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr smsw nsw Rdi n Pth-see

no. 25, and Ward 1982: no. 1523: King's
Retainer.
Martin 1971: no. 896a.
Giveon 1974: 231 :gg. (Giveon's reading is rejected because of the parallels in Martin 1971, pl. 24:21-22).
PN I: 228: 1 or 3.
Jerusalem, Rockefeller Archaeological Museum
35.2892
Martin 1971: nos. 892-96a: same name and title.

31. siry nsw S3-Pth whm 'nh nb im3?h-Ward 1982: no.

1461: Royal Linen Keeper.
Giveon 1974: 231:v. fig. 1/2:2: MB IIB-C context (?)
PN I: 282:1.
M. Dayan collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 431
Martin 1971: no. 1293: same name and title.
32. wr mdw imCw33(?) or Hrw-sri(?)-see no. 17.
Giveon 1974: 231:w. fig 1/2:3: MB IIB-C context(?)
PN I: 245:19
M. Dayan collection; present location unknown
33. imy-r gnwtyw S3 Pth-Ward 1982: no. 407: Overseer of Sculptors.
Giveon 1974: 231:x. fig 3:4: MB IIB-C context(?)
PN I: 282:1.
R. Braun collection
Martin 1971: nos. 1287-88: same name and title.
34. imy ht sDprw Shtp ib-Ward 1982: no. 431: a police
official.
Giveon 1974: 231:y. fig 1/2:5: MB IIB-C context(?)
PN I: 318:1.
M. Dayan collection. Now in Tel Aviv University 406
35. Cnh n tt hki Nfr-iw nb imhh-Ward 1982: no. 611:
Participant of the Ruler's Table (Member of the
Ruler's Household).
Giveon 1974: 231:z: no clear context.
Giveon 1980: 183, no. 9, fig. 3, pl. 40:4.
Giveon 1987: 38-39.
PN I: 194:7.
R. Braun collection
Beth Shemesh
36. smsw h3yt SnCC-ib-Ward 1982: no. 1309: Elder of
the Portal.
Brandl and Sass 1985: 112, no. 2, fig. l:c, pl. 2:b;
with previous bibliography.
From Tomb 13 (formerly Tomb 3). MB IIB context.
PN I: 312:14.
Phildelphia, University Museum, 61-14-977
Martin 1971: no. 1479: same name and title + nb
im@h.
Jerusalem(?)
1982: no. 839:
37. nty m srwt Snb whm
Cnh-Ward
Who is among the Magistrates.

39. iry-ct n km-w Wsr psv-Ward 1982: no. 492: Hall

Keeper of Winnowers (or Winnowing Place).
Martin 1971: no. 432, pl. 10:19 (reads iry km3w).
PN I: 86:8.
London, University College 11364
40. ssv(n) knbty Nhzy-Ward 1982: no. 1441: Scribe of a
Magistrate.
Horn 1972: 142-43, pl. 17.1.
PN I: 207:19.
Berrien Springs, MI, Horn Archaeological Museum
62.003
41. tmy-r imywt-prw Pmpw nb im.?-Ward 1982: no.
39: Overseer of Household Goods.
Martin 1971: no. 472, pl. 42:21.4 (Palestinian origin
not noted).
Brandle and Sass 1985: 112-13, no. 3, fig. 1:d, pl.
2:c; bought in Palestine.
Berlin, Charlottenbourg22667
42. s3 nsw smsw lIpk-Ward 1982: no. 1245: Eldest
Prince.
Giveon 1976: 129, no. 2, fig. 1:2., pl. 7:2.
Said to have been found in the Hebron region.
M. Dayan collection, present location unknown.
Martin 1971: nos. 127-69: same name and title.
43. s3 nsw smsw YckCm(?)-see no. 42.
Giveon 1976: 129, no. 3, fig. 1:3, pl. 7:3.
44. s3 nsw smsw K(wppn-see no. 42.
Giveon 1976: 129, no. 5, fig. 2:1, pl. 7:5.
Martin 1971: nos. 1679-85: same name and title.
45. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt Hi3r-see no. 6.
Giveon 1976: 129, no. 6, fig. 2:2.
Said to have been found at Yabne Yam (Nebi
Rubin).
46. h3ty-c (n) Nzn(?) S Cwnb im@b-Ward 1982: no.
876: Count of Nehen.
Giveon 1976: 131, no. 7, fig. 2:3, pl. 7:6. Reads hityCCwy sJ Cw nb imj.

PN I: 56:28 (3wy).

16

DAPHNA BEN-TOR

BASOR 294

47. imy-r pr n inc Nn-hm-sn-Ward 1982: no. 179:

Overseer of the Department of Stores.
Giveon 1976: 131, no. 8, fig. 2:4, pl. 8:1.
Ben-Tor 1989: 63:13.
PN I: 204:28.
Private collection

56. imy-r pr S3 mryt-see no. 11.

Giveon 1980: 181, no. 6, fig. 2:3, pl. 40:2.
Giveon 1987: 36-38, no. 6, fig. 2:3.
PN I: 282:10: (s3 mry), 282:12: (s3 mrt)
R. Braun collection
Martin 1971: nos. 1298-99: same name and title.

48. ss c n nsw sm3yt Rdi-n-pth-Ward 1982: no. 1363:

Scribe of the Royal Tablet of the Archive.
Giveon 1976: 131, no. 9, fig. 3:1, pl. 8:2.
PN I: 228:3.
Martin 1971: nos. 878-87: same name and title.

57. wr mdw imCwS3 Mntw-see no. 17.

Giveon 1980: 183, no. 7, pl. 40:3.
Giveon 1987: 38, no. 7.
Seen in an antiquities store in Jerusalem; only an
impression could be obtained.
PN I: 282:7.

49. nbt pr hty-Ward 1982: no. 823: Lady of the House

(married woman).
Giveon 1976: 131, no. 11, fig. 3:3, pl. 8:4.
PN I: 277:26.
50. wCb C~ n sbk ijwy niwt.f whm Cnb6Ward 1982:
no. 657: Chief Priest of Sobek.
Giveon 1976: 131-32, no. 12, fig. 3:4, pl. 8:5.
Ben-Tor 1989: 60:7.
PN I: 267:3.
Private collection

58. nbt pr Bbl whm(t) Cnb-see no. 49.

Giveon 1980: 183, no. 8, fig. 2:4.
Giveon 1987: 38, no. 8, fig. 2:4.
Seen in an antiquities store in Jerusalem, only a
drawing.
PN I: 95:16.
59. smsw h3yt `Ib-ic-see no. 36.
Niccacci 1980: 60, no. 133, pl. 4.
PN I: 19:4.
Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum FranciscanumMuseum

51. sd3wty bity smr wCtyimy-r sd3wt Snb-sw-m-c-see

no. 8.
Giveon 1980: 179, no. 1, fig. 1:1, pl. 39:1.
Giveon 1987: 33-35, no. 1, fig. 1:1, 12th Dynasty.
PN I: 313:21.
M. Dayan collection; present location unknown
Martin 1971: nos. 1513-41a: Same name and title, one
from Kahun, (1517), one from Lisht, Tomb 405
from the Pyramidcemetery of AmenemhatI (1526).

61. sd3wty bity imy-r sd3wt

no. 6.
Niccacci 1980: 61, no. 137,
.H3r-see
pl. 4.
Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum FranciscanumMuseum

52. sd3wty bity smr wCtyimy-r sd3wt Snb-sw-m-c-see

no. 51.
Giveon 1980: 179-81, no. 2, fig. 1:2, pl. 39:2.
Giveon 1987: 35, no. 2, fig. 1:2.
Bought in Jerusalem, said to have originated in the
Hebron region.
R. Braun collection

62. idnw(?)n imy-r ipt-nsw IUnmsw-Ward 1982: nos.

573, 36: Deputy of the Overseer of the Royal
Counting-House.
Niccacci 1980: 61, no. 138, pl. 4; reads: sd3wt n(t)
imy-r ipt-nsw.
PN I: 270:13-15.
Jerusalem, Studium Biblicum FranciscanumMuseum

lrw-see
no. 36.
53. smsw h3yt
m3c
Giveon 1980:
Swd_3-hr
181, no. 3, fig. 1:3, pl. 39:3.
Giveon 1987: 35-36, no. 3, fig. 1:3.
PN I: 303:6. Giveon reads the name Sd3-hr.
R. Braun collection

63. h3ty-c imy-r hmw-ntr Snwsrt-Ward 1982: no. 864:

Count, and no. 259: Overseer of God's Servants.
Ben-Tor 1989: 60:1.
PN I: 279:1.
Private collection
Martin 1971: no. 1249: same name and title.

54. hrp ch S3-rmny-Ward 1982: no. 1140: Controller

of a Palace.
Giveon 1980: 181, no. 4, fig. 2:1, pl. 40:1.
Giveon 1987: 36, no. 4, fig. 2:1.
PN I: 283:10.
M. Dayan collection; present location unknown
55. si n mF Kmn(i)-Ward 1982: no. 1384: Army Scribe.
Giveon 1980: 181, no. 5, fig. 2:2, pl. 39:4.
Giveon 1987: 36, no. 5, fig. 2:2.
Ben-Tor 1989: 60:8.
PN I: 354:10.
R. Braun collection

60. imy-r st n Ct iwf(?) Nfri m3c hrw-Ward 1982: no.

314: Storekeeper of the Meat(?) Pantry.
Niccacci 1980: 60-61, no. 136, pl. 4.
PN I: 203:11.
Jerusalem,Studium Biblicum FranciscanumMuseum.

64. sd3wty bity imy-r bnrt Snb nb img/-Ward 1982:

no. 1472: Seal Bearer of the King of Lower
Egypt; no. 302: Overseer of a Prison.
Ben-Tor 1989: 60:5.
PN I: 312:15.
Private collection
Martin 1971: no. 1499: same name and title.
65. rh nsw S hthr whm Cnh Ward 1982: no. 857a:
King's Acquaintance.
Ben-Tor 1989: 61:20.
PN I: 283:20.

1994

HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS

Private collection
Martin 1971: no. 1312: same name and title.
66. sd3wty bity imy-r pr wr wdb wpt Nhzy-snbi-See no.
30-Ward 1982: no. 775: Chief Steward who Directs the Household(?) The title wdb wpt always
follows imy-r pr wr.
Ben-Tor 1989: 63:14.
PN I: 207:22.
Private collection
Martin 1971: nos. 778-79: same name and title.

17

67. s3 nsw smsw kwppn-see no. 44.

Ben-Tor 1989: 63:16.
Private collection
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I thank O. Keel for the information concerning the
present location and registration numbers of scarabs nos.
17, 18, 23, 24, 27.

APPENDIX B

Clay SealingsBearingPrivateNamesand Titles, from Egypt and

Nubia (seals printedin bold type were found in tombs)
The information includes provenance, funerary epithets or formulas, and an indication whenever the sealings
were made by stamp seals and not by scarabs. Assisting
data concerning funerary epithets or formulas are provided at the end. Second numerals are from Martin 1971.
1. 8-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8
2. 9-Uronarti Fort, nb im@3
3. 32-Kahun town, mDc(hrw)?
4. 33-Kahun
town. m3c (hrw)?
5. 34-Kahun town, (mDchrw)?
6. 42-Kahun town
7. 43-Kahun town
8. 44-Kahun town, stamp-seal
9. 49-Abydos, dummy mastaba S8
10. 62-Tukh (Nubt)
11. 71-Quban Fort, m3c rw, htp di nsw
12. 74-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
13. 87-Kahun town
14. 107-Uronarti fort
15. 126-Uronarti fort, m3c Irw
16. 183a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
17. 185-Uronarti fort
18. 207-Mirgissa fort
19. 219-Kahun town, stamp seal
20. 222-Uronarti fort
21. 223a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
22. 232-Urfonarti fort
23. 254-Urfonarti fort
24. 255-El-Lisht, m3c rw, debris outside brick
enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
25. 258-El-Lisht, m3cthrw, debris outside brick
enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
26. 266-Urfonarti fort
27. 279-Uronarti fort
28. 287-Kahun town
29. 288-Kahun town
30. 289-Tukh (Nubt)

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.

302-Semna West, stamp seal(?)

314-Mirgissa fort, mc h rw
324-Kahun town, stamp seal
336-Mirgissa fort
348-Shalfak fort
372-Tukh (Nubt), whm Cnh
381-Unknown
405-Tukh (Nubt)
412-Mirgissa fort
412a-Kahun town
415-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
416a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
421-Kahun town
442-Kahun town, stamp seal
451-Uronarti fort. m3Chrw
454-Kahun town
455-Kahun town
471-El-Lisht, whm Cnh, pyramid cemetery of
Amenemhat I
509-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw
531-Uronarti fort, stamp seal(?)
533-Urfonarti fort
540-Unknown, nb im@h
604-Mirgissa fort
606-Tukh (Nubt), whm Cnh
626-Mirgissa fort, stamp seal
650-Kahun town, whm Cnh,m3c (hrw)
676-Tukh (Nubt)
683-Tukh (Nubt), m3c hrw
686-Tukh (nubt)
693-Uronarti fort
694-Mirgissa fort
699-Uronarti fort
702-Uronarti fort
703-Kahun town, m3c hrw
726-Uronarti fort, mDchrw
731-Uronarti fort
732-Kahun town, stamp seal
733-Buhen, whm Cnf

DAPHNA BEN-TOR

18

69. 739-Uronarti fort

70. 741-Uronarti fort
71. 742-Shalfak fort
72. 854a-Unknown, nb im3h, m3c rw
73. 916-EL-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
74. 1094-Uronarti fort
75. 1109-Mirgissa fort, mf hrw
76. 1126-Kahun town stamp seal
77. 1128-Tukh (Nubt)
78. 1132-Kahun town, mDC(hrw)(?), nb im3,,

stamp seal

79. 1139-Uronarti fort

80. 1144-El-Lisht, mC hrw, debris outside brick
enclosure wall of the pyramidof Senusert I.
81. 1147-Mirgissa fort
82. 1153-El-Lisht, Pyramidcemetery of
Amenemhat I
83. 1158-Uronarti fort
84. 1182-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramidof Senusert I
85. 1188-Kahun town, stamp seal
86. 1200-Mirgissa fort
87. 1202-Mirgissa fort, whm Cnh
88. 1225-Uronarti fort
89. 1226-Kahun town, nb im@3
90. 1227-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
91. 1235-El-Lisht, debrisoutside brickenclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
92. 1237-Kahun town
93. 1248-Kahun town
94. 1251-El-Lisht, debrisoutside brickenclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
95. 1255-Kahun town, stamp seal
96. 1256-Unknown, stamp-seal
97. 1257-El-Lisht, debrisoutside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramidof Senusert I
98. 1260-Kahun town, stamp seal
99. 1261-Kahun town, stamp seal
100. 1262-Kahun town, stamp seal
101. 1263-Kahun town, stamp seal
102. 1264-Kahun town, stamp seal
103. 1274-Uronarti fort
104. 1275-Mirgissa fort
105. 1299a-El-Lisht, nb im3h, debris outside
brick enclosure wall of the pyramidof
Senusert I
106. 1301a-Kahun town
107. 1306a-Serra East fort, nb im@
108. 1322-Uronarti fort
109. 1329-Mirgissa fort, nb im3
110. 1330-Mirgissa fort, nb im3i
111. 1338-Mirgissa fort
112. 1370-Kahun town
113. 1371-Uronarti fort
114. 1380a-El-Lisht, whm Cnh,(mc) trw, debris
outside brick enclosure wall of the pyramid
of Senusert I

115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.

149.
150.
151.
152.
153.

154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.

BASOR 294

1390-Uronarti fort, m3c hrw

1414-Kahun town
1415-Kahun town
1435-Uronarti fort
1443-Tukh (Nubt)
1463-Kahun town, htp di nsw
1464-Semna West fort, htp di nsw
1475-Uronarti fort
1485-Kahun town, nb im3h
1486-Abydos, dummy mastabaS8, stamp
seal
1491-Mirgissa fort
1501-Uronarti fort
1502-Shalfak fort, m3c hrw
1560-Kahun town, m3Chrw
1563-Kahun town
1578-Tukh (Nubt), m3Chrw
1582-Tukh (Nubt)
1584-Uronarti fort, m3chrw
1599-Kahun town
1600-Kahun town
1601-Dahshur
1612-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramidof Senusert I
1613-Mirgissa fort, nb im3h
1618-Kahun town, stamp seal
1621-Kahun town
1622-Kahun town, stamp seal
1624-Mirgissa fort
1635-Mirgissa fort
1639-El-Lisht, debrisoutside brickenclosure
wall of the pyramidof Senusert I
1644-Uronarti fort
1648-Uronarti fort, stamp seal
1673-Uronarti fort
1688a-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
1690a-El-Lisht, mc hrw, debris outside
brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of
Senusert I
1708-Unknown
1714-Uronarti fort
1725-El-Lisht, from pyramidcemetery of
Amenemhat I
1750-Mirgissa fort
1766d-El-Lisht, mc (jhrw), debris outside
brick enclosure wall of the pyramid of
Senusert I
1769-E1-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramidof Senusert I
1775-Uronarti fort
1780-Mirgissa fort
1781-Semna West fort
1783-Mirgissa fort, whm Cnh,m3c (hrw)?,
stamp seal
1784-Kahun town
1785-E1-Lisht, from pyramidcemetery of
Amenemhat I
1786-Uronarti fort

1994

HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM SCARABS

162. 1787-Uronarti fort

163. 1788-Uronarti fort
164. 1791-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
165. 1793-Buhen fort
166. 1796-Kahun town
167. 1797-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
168. 1798-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
169. 1799-Kahun town
170. 1800-Uronarti fort
171. 1801-Sedment, Tomb 1288
172. 1801a-Uronarti fort
173. 1802-Tukh (Nubt)
174. 1803-Buhen fort
175. 1804-El-Lisht, debris outside brick enclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
176. 1805-Mirgissa fort
177. 1806-Uronarti fort
178. 1809-Kahun town, stamp seal
179. 1810-Kahun town
180. 1812-Kahun town, stamp seal
181. 1814-Buhen
182. 1815-Kahun town, stamp seal

183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.

19

1817-Kahun town
1824-Uronarti fort
1825-Mirgissa fort
1826-Mirgissa fort
1827-El-Lisht, debris outside brickenclosure
wall of the pyramid of Senusert I
1828-Buhen, stamp seal
1829-Kahun town, stamp seal
1831-Unknown
1832-Abydos, Tomb C6
1833-Uronarti fort
1834-Mirgissa fort, stamp seal(?)
1835-Mirgissa fort
1836-Kahun town
1837-Kahun town. nb imD3
1838-Uronarti fort

Forty-four of the above sealings bear funerary epithets

or formulas. There were 31 from El-Lisht, (27 from
debris outside the enclosure wall of the pyramid of
Senusert I, 4 from the cemetery of Amenemhat I); 8 of
them bore funerary epithets. Fifty-five sealings were
from Kahun, 11 of them bearing funerary epithets or
formulas; and 46 were from Uronarti, 7 of which bore
funerary epithets.

APPENDIX C
Scarabs Bearing Private Names and Titles, found in Funerary Contexts in Egypt and Nubia
The information includes provenance, tomb numbers
and funerary epithets or formulas. Assisting data are
provided at the end concerning funerary epithets or formulas, and scarabs found inside tombs. Second numerals
are from Martin 1971.
1. 6a-Mirgissa, Cemetery M.III, Tomb 2. m3c brw,
whm Cnh,nb im@h,htp di nsw
2. 12-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
htp di nsw, mDchrw
3. 21-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
mDc hrw
4. 22-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
m3c hrw
5. 29-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
nb im5h
6. 68-Abydos, Temple of Osiris. whmt Cnh
7. 77-~Aniba, Tomb S26
8. 103-El-Ballas, Tomb Q188
9. 136-Qaw El-Kebir, Grave 7323
10. 195-El-Lisht, Tomb 453, Pyramid cemetery of
Amenemhat I
11. 196-El-Lisht, Tomb 453, Pyramid cemetery of
Amenemhat I. whm Cnl6
12. 237-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
13. 241-El-Lisht, Tomb 308, Pyramid cemetery of
Amenemhat I
14. 272-El-Haraga, Tomb 275

15. 293-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I

16. 299a-Debeira East, cemetery 185, Tomb 545. m3c

hrw
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

311 a-Tell el-DabCa,Tomb 5

321-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
340-Abydos, Tomb 1818. (mc) hrw
Pit 951, Pyramid cemetery of
360-El-Lisht,
Amenemhat I
361-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
373-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
390-Thebes, Tomb 1102
392-Semna East, Tomb H213. m3ct rw
446-Esna, Grave 223. m3c hrw
456-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
imbhy hr Pth, n k1 n
511-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
517-Buhen, Tomb K7. miC hrw
547-Buhen, Tomb H12. whm Cnh
555-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
558-CAniba, Tomb S49. whm Cnh
561-Thebes, east chamber, burial no. V, Tomb 729
563-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
619-El-Lisht, Tomb 334, Pyramid cemetery of
Amenemhat I. whmt Cnl
622-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
mDcIrw
651-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I

20

DAPHNA BEN-TOR

37. 655-Abydos, Temple of Osiris. whm Cn6.

38. 665-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
m3c hrw
39. 674-El-Haraga. Tomb 308. mDCJrw
40. 691-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
41. 734-Aniba, Tomb S11. whmt Cnl
42. 745-Masmas. Cemetery 201, Grave 37
43. 767-Kerma, Grave K1045
44. 804-Thebes (CAsasif), Tomb 41. m3c brw
45. 834-Thebes (CAsasif), coffin no. 24, Tomb 37.
whm Cnh
46. 840-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
47. 848-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
48. 872c-Debeira East, Cemetery 185, Tomb 20
49. 893-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
50. 1063-Qaw el-Kebir, Grave 3763
51. 1065-Kerma, Tumulus K X
52. 1065a-Debeira East, Cemetery 185, Tomb 8
53. 1093-Ginari, Cemetery 58, Grave 119
54. 1100-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
55. 1111-Abydos, Tomb E.108
56. 1116-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
57. 1145-El-Haraga, Tomb 291
58. 1157-El-Lahun, Tomb 903
59. 1164-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
60. 1166-Buhen, Tomb H10
61. 1196-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
62. 1206-El-Haraga, Tomb 37
63. 1249-Thebes (Sheikh CAbdel-Qurna). mgCbrw
64. 1269-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
65. 1273-Abydos, north cemetery, Tomb B13
66. 1278-Abydos, Tomb 416
67. 1279-Abydos, Tomb D303. nb im3b
68. 1285-Abydos, Temple of Osiris
69. 1292-Abydos, Tomb E.313
70. 1314-Qaw el-Kebir, Grave 3712

71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.

BASOR 294

1344-El-Haraga, Tomb 275

1359-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
1383-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Senusert I
1396-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
mc hrw
1430-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
1440-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
1445-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
whm Cnh
1458-Abydos, Tomb 404. nb im53
1478-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
1480-Quban, Cemetery 110, Tomb 267
1482-Thebes (Sheikh CAbdel-Qurna), Chamber I,
Tomb 97. mic rw?
1484-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
1497-Abydos, Temple of Osiris
1506-Sheikh Farag, Tomb 5053
1526-El-Lisht, Tomb 405, Pyramid cemetery of
Amenemhat I
1576a-Debeira East, Cemetery 170, Tomb 20
1577-Thebes (CAsasif),Burial 2, Tomb 63. whm Cnl
1590-Kerma, Grave K1043
1619-El-Lisht, Chamber E, Tomb 954, Pyramid
enclosure of Amenemhat I
1667-Quban, Cemetery 110, Tomb 37. whm Cnl
1671-Thebes (Sheikh CAbdel-Qurna)
1730-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.
nb im5h
1761-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I
1777-El-Lisht, Pyramid cemetery of Amenemhat I.

m hrw

Thirty-threeof the above scarabsbearfuneraryepithetsof

formulas.Fifty-two scarabswere found inside tombs, 19 of
them bearingfuneraryepithetsor formulas.

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