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MECHANICS
(3 Credits /Compulsory).
Course Duration: Three hours per week for 15 weeks
As taught in 2010/2011 session
LECTURERS:
1
OGUNLEYE,Oladipupo Olaosebikan
Ph.D., M.Sc, B.Tech., Reg. Engr.(COREN), MNSChE, MAIChE,MSIAM.
E-mail: ooogunleye@yahoo.com
Office Location: Rm 5, Ground Floor,Department of Chemical Engineering Building
Consultation Hours: 11.00-1.00pm Mondays and Wednesdays.
2
AJALA,Elijah Olawale
M.Sc ,B.Tech.,
E-mail: ajala.oe@unilorin.edu.ng
Office Location: Rm 1, Ground Floor,Department of Chemical Engineering Building.
Consultation Hours: 11.00-1.00pm Mondays and Wednesdays.
Developer: Dr OGUNLEYE,Oladipupo Olaosebikan
.Course Content:
Properties of fluids, Fluids Statics, Basic conservation laws, friction effect and losses in laminar
and turbulent follows in ducts and pipes. Dimensional analysis and dynamic similitude,
principles of construction and operation of selected hydraulic machinery. Hydropower systems.
45h (T); C
Course Description:
The course is designed to introduce students in the Faculty
of Enginnering and Technology especially to lower level
course in fluid mechanics, which emphasizes the systematic
application of fundamental principles (e.g., macroscopic
mass, energy, and momentum balances and economics) to
the analysis of a variety of fluid problems of a practical
nature. The scope of coverage includes internal flows of
Newtonian and non- Newtonian incompressible fluids,
adiabatic and isothermal compressible flows .Applications
include dimensional analysis and scale-up, piping systems
with fittings for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids,
1
Course Justification:
Nigeria being an oil-rich nation transports crude oil and its allied products through pipe
line where so many phenomena occur due to the nature of the fluid being transported, the
channel of transportation and the forces behind the transportation. Fluid mechanics gives clear
insight into the understanding of such systems as this. The economics of crude oil processing
will not be complete without an application of fluid mechanics to imrove pump efficiency in the
course of crude oil transportation thereby minimizing the cost and maximizing profit. This
principle is what many developed nations had applied to the management of their pipeline
networks whose integrity has been secured through Artificial Intelligent Systems.
Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course as an integral part for the award of B. Eng. are :
For the students to have an understanding of the fundamental principles underlying the
behavior of fluids in order to apply them in a systematic manner to solve practical
engineering problems.
To provide a ready reference and basic methods for the analysis of a variety of problems
encountered in the movement of fluids through pipes , pumps and all kinds of process
equipment.
Course Requirements:
This is a compulsory course for all students studying Engineering In view of this, students
are expected to participate in all the course activities and have minimum of 75% attendance
to be able to write the final examination.
Methods of grading:
No
1.
2.
3.
Item
Assignment/ Quiz / Monthly Test
Mid Semester Test
Examination
Total
Score %
10
20
70
100
The lecture will be delivered through face-to-face method, lecture guide (lecture note) will be
provided during lectures. Students will be encouraged and required to read around the topics.
The delivery strategies will also be supported by tutorial sessions.
Week 1 - 2:
LECTURES
Objective: The students should be able to explain the basic concept of fluid mechanics at the
end of these classes.
Description: The course outline will be introduced with emphasis on the objectives and delivery
strategies, definitions, the continuum concept , types of fluids, units of
measurements, properties of fluids, Viscosity, Compressibility of fluids, surface
tension and capillarity, vapour pressure.
Study Questions/Assignments:
1
2
3
4
5
Reading List:
1
2
3
4
5
An ethylene storage tank in your plant explodes. The distance that the blast wave travels
from the blast site (R) depends upon the energy released in the blast (E), the density of the
air ( ), and time (t). Use dimensional analysis to determine the dimensionless group(s) that
can be used to describe the relationship between the variables in the problem
Determine the number of the dimensionless parameters for the following functional
relationship:
h
f 6 V, D, , , g using step by step method
l
In general, the pressure drop p of a fluid in motion in a conduit depends on the length of the
pipe l ,its diameter D, the fluid velocity V, density , viscosity , surface tension , bulk
modulus k , gravitational acceleration g and pipe roughness e. Determine the term for the
functional relationship
4 Water is used to simulate the flow characteristics of oil in an industrial pipeline. The diameter
of the test pipeline is 1/10th of that of the industrial pipeline. The viscosities of water and oil
are 3.0 x10-4 and 2.9 x 10-2 N.s/m2 while their densities are 1000 and 1720 kg/m3
respectively. If the water velocity in the test pipeline is 10m/s, what is the corresponding oil
velocity in the industrial pipeline?
5 The head on a spillway is 1.5m and the discharge is 100m 3/min. What is the head on the scale
model of 1:80. Determine the model discharge.
Reading List:
3
1
2
3
Week 4:
Fluids Statics.
Objective: Student should be able to describe the forces which keep the body of fluid in static
equilibrium.
Description: Concept of stress and pressure, pressure transmission, pressure measurement,
Forces on submerged surfaces,Buoyancy and Static Forces on Solid Boundaries.
Student will also be assessed on the topics covered so far through a short Monthly
Quiz .
4
Study Questions:
1. If an egg can be crushed by pressure of 200kPa, at what depth will it burst in sean water
of specific gravity 1.1?
2. Predict the atmospheric pressure at a height of 1000m above sea level on a day when the
temperature is 300C.Assume that the air density at sea level is 1.15kg/m3 and take the gas
constant as 287J/kg.K. State other assumptions you make.
3. If the effort and load arm areas of a hydraulic jack are in the ratio 1:25, determine the
effort required to raise a load of one tonne mass.
4. A gate of a reservoir is hinged at a point and it is prevented from opening by the force in
the spring. The gate is 3m high and 1m wide. The level of water is 2m above th top of the
gate. Determine the force in the spring if the gate is just about to open.
5. The wall of a reservoir on which the slide gate is located is inclined at 300 to the
horizontal. The gate is hinged at its upper end and a massive weight is pushed against its
lower end to keep it closed. Determine the reaction of the weight and its direction if the
gate has a circular cross section of diameter 3m.
Reading List:
1
2
3
Week 5 - 6:
Objective:
The students should be able to describe the mathematical laws guiding the
movment of mass and energy.
2
3
Reading List:
1
2
3
4
Week 7 - 8 :
Objective:
Pipe Flows
Students should have an understanding of various flow regimes and their effects
on flow velocities in pipes.
Description: Flow Regimes, Pressure Drop in Laminar Flow,Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow,
Velocity Profiles in Turbulent Flow, Velocity Distribution, Pressure Losses in Pipe
Fittings and Pipeline Problems.Student will also be assessed on the topics covered
so far through a short Monthly Quiz.
Study Questions:
1 Classify the following flows as laminar or turbulent
a) Water at 200C flowing in a 0.30m diameter pipe at 1.1m/s.
b) Oil of specific gravity 1.1, viscosity 0.05kg/m.s at 20 0C flowing in a 0.15m diameter pipe
at 0.5m/s
2. A liquid of viscosity 3.2N.s/m2 and specific gravity 1.1 flows in a pipe of diameter
125mm.The pressure drop over a meter is 150N/m2. Calculate the frictional factor for the
pipe if the flow is in the laminar regime.
3 A pipe whose average roughness is 0.02mm is employed to raise water through a height of
10m.The pipe length is 100m and its diameter is 300mm.Calculate the power required for a
discharge rate of 30,000l/min.
4 Three pipes of diameter 300mm, 200mm and 400mm and lengths 450mm, 255mm and
315mm respectively are connected in series. The difference in water surface levels in two
tanks is 18m. Determine the rate of flow of water if coefficients of friction are 0.0075, 0.0078
and 0.0072 respectively considering cases of minor losses and neglecting minor losses.
5 When a sudden contraction is introduced in a horizontal pipe line from 500mm diameter to
250mm diameter, the pressure changes from 105kN/m2 to 69kN/m2.If the coefficient of
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contraction is assumed to be 0.65, calculate the water flow rate. Following this, if there is a
sudden enlargement from 250mm to 500mm and if the pressure at the 250mm section is
69kN/m2, what is the pressure at the 500mm enlarged portion.
Reading List:
1
2
3
Week 9-10:
Compressible Flows
Objective: Students should be able to describe the effects of pressure and temperature on fluid
density.
Description: Gas Properties, Energy equation for compressible flow,Isentropic
flow,Compressible flow in pipes.
Study Questions:
1 An ideal gas in which the pressure P is related to the volume V by the equation PV = 75 m2/s2
flows in steady isothermal flow along a horizontal pipe of inside diameter di, = 0.02 m. The
pressure drops from 20000 Pa to 10000 Pa in a 5 m length. Calculate the mass flux
assuming that the Fanning function factorf= 9.0 X10-3.
2
Ethylene flows through a pipeline 10 km long to a receiving station A. At a point 3 km from
A, a spur leads off the main pipeline and runs 5 km to a receiving station B. The internal
diameter of the main pipeline is 0.20 m and that of the spur is 0.15 m. The flow rates into A
and B are regulated by valves at these locations. If the pressure immediately upstream of
valve A is 3.88 bar (absolute) and that at B is 3.69 bar when the flow rate into B is 0.63
kg/s, calculate the pressure at the beginning of the main pipeline, assuming that flow in the
pipeline is isothermal at a temperature of 20C.
Data: specific volume of ethylene at 20 0C, 1 bar = 0.870 m3/kg, Fanning friction factor =
0.0045.
3 Calculate the air velocity in m / s required to cause a temperature drop of 1 K on a
conventional thermometer given that for the air at atmospheric pressure and 373 K, the
thermal capacity per unit mass at constant pressure Cp, = 1006 J/(kg K).
4
An ideal gas flows in steady state adiabatic flow along a horizontal pipe of inside diameter
di, = 0.02 m. The pressure and density at a point are P = 20000 Pa and = 200 kg/m3
respectively. The
density drops from 200kg/m 3 to 100kg/m3 in a 5m length. Calculate the mass flux assuming
that the Fanning friction factor f = 9.0 x 10 -3 and the ratio of heat capacities at constant
pressure and constant volume = 1.40.
Reading List:
1
2
3
Calculate the available net positive section head NPSH in a pumping system if the liquid
density = 1200 kg/m3. The liquid dynamic viscosity = 0.4 Pa.s, the mean velocity u =
1 m/s, the static head on the suction side zs = 3m, the inside pipe diameter di, = 0.0526m,
the gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2 , and the equivalent length on the suction side
The liquid is at its normal boiling point. Neglect entrance and exit
losses.
A volute centrifugal pump has the following performance data at the best efficiency
point:
1
2
3
4
5
Briefly explain the operations of the following flowmeters: (i) The pitot tube (ii) The
orifice meter (iii) The venture meter (iv) The nozzle (v) The weir.
Sulphuric acid of density 1300 kg/m3 is flowing through a pipe of 50 mm internal
diameter. A thin-lipped orifice, 10 mm diameter, is fitted in the pipe and the differential
pressure shown by a mercury manometer is 10 cm. Assuming that the leads to the
manometer are filled with the acid, calculate (a) the mass of acid flowing per second, and
(b) the approximateloss of pressure caused by the orifice. The coefficient of discharge of
the orifice may be taken as 0.61, the density of mercury as 13,550 kg/m3, and the density
of water as 1000 kg/m3.
The rate of flow of water in a 150 mm diameter pipe is measured by means of a venturi
meter with a 50 mm diameter throat. When the drop in head over the converging section
is 100 mm of water, the flowrate is 2.7 kg/s. What is the coefficient for the converging
cone of the meter at that flowrate and what is the head lost due to friction? If the total loss
of head over the meter is 15 mm water, what is the coefficient for the diverging cone?
Water flows through an orifice of 25 mm diameter situated in a 75 mm pipe at the rate of
300 cm3/s. What will be the difference in level on a water manometer connected across
the meter? Viscosity of water is 1 mN s/m2.
What size of orifice would give a pressure difference of 0.3 m water gauge for the flow
of a petroleum product of density 900 kg/m3 at 0.05 m3/s in a 150 mm diameter pipe?
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Reading List:
1
2
3
4
This is to give students the opportunity to ask questions on all the topics covered in
the course.
Description: A general overview of the course will be made. Students are expected to seek
explanation on any difficult concept or topic treated during the course.
LEGEND FOR LIST OF BOOKS:
1
- Available in the University Library
2
- Available in local bookshops
3
- Available on the Web
4
- Personal collection
5
- Departmental library
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