Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Security Classification :
Unclassified
Originator Code :
EEC Division B2
Sponsor Code :
EATCHIP Development
Directorate
EUROCONTROL Agency
Rue de la Fuse, 96
B - 1130 BRUSSELS
Telephone 32 (2) 7299011
Title :
AIRCRAFT POSITION REPORT USING DGPS AND MODE-S
Distribution Statement :
(a) Controlled by :
(b) Special limitations :
(c) Copy to NTIS :
Descriptors (keywords) :
Date
Pages
02/95
21
Period
2nd Semester
1994
Figs
15
Refs
Annexes
Task No.
Sponsor
FCO.ET2.ST08
Task No.
Originator
AT 58
Head of Division B2
None
NO
DGPS, Extended Squitter, Mode-S
Abstract :
This note describes the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre contribution to the experiment
set up by the French DGAC/STNA to assess the value of aircraft position reports using
differential GPS and Mode-S extended squitters.
The modifications made to the THOMSON-TRT transponder and the various formats used plus
the structure and method used in programming the PC based Data Link Processor are
described.
SUMMARY
This note describes the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre contribution to the experiment set
up by the French DGAC/STNA to assess the value of aircraft position reports using differential
GPS and Mode-S extended squitters.
The modifications made to the THOMSON-TRT transponder and the various formats used plus
the structure and method used in programming the PC based Data Link Processor are described.
C O N T E N T S
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1. OVERALL ON-BOARD CONFIGURATION ......................................................................................................................2
1.2. PART PROVIDED BY EUROCONTROL......................................................................................................................2
2. EXTENDED SQUITTER.........................................................................................................................................3
2.1. FORMAT TYPE CODES ................................................................................................................................................3
2.2. AIRBORNE FORMAT CODING......................................................................................................................................4
2.2.1. Surveillance Status............................................................................................................................................5
2.2.2. Turn...................................................................................................................................................................5
2.2.3. Altitude..............................................................................................................................................................5
2.2.4. Time ..................................................................................................................................................................5
2.2.5. Lat/Lon..............................................................................................................................................................6
2.3. IDENTITY FORMAT CODING .......................................................................................................................................6
2.3.1. Type/Wake Field ...............................................................................................................................................6
2.3.2. ICAO Identifier Field........................................................................................................................................6
2.4. LATITUDE LONGITUDE CODING .................................................................................................................................6
2.4.1. CPR Algorithm Parameters and Internal Functions ........................................................................................7
2.4.2. CPR Position Encoding Process.......................................................................................................................8
3. DESCRIPTION OF GPS UPLINK FORMATS ..................................................................................................10
3.1. RF FORMATS ...........................................................................................................................................................10
3.2. MESSAGE BLOC FORMAT .........................................................................................................................................10
3.3. MESSAGE BLOCK HEADER .......................................................................................................................................10
3.4. MESSAGE DATA FORMAT .........................................................................................................................................10
3.5. CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK .................................................................................................................................11
4. SPECIFICATIONS OF MODIFICATIONS TO TRANSPONDER SOFTWARE..........................................12
5. SPECIFICATION OF THE DATA LINK PROCESSOR MODIFICATIONS ...............................................13
6. DLP SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................14
6.1. IMPLEMENTATION PRESENTATION ..........................................................................................................................14
6.2. HARDWARE SUPPORT ...............................................................................................................................................14
6.3. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION .........................................................................................................................................15
6.3.1. Uplink Chain...................................................................................................................................................15
6.3.2. Downlink Chain ..............................................................................................................................................15
6.4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION...........................................................................................................................................16
6.4.1. Uplink Process (see Figure No. 10 Uplink Process).......................................................................................16
6.4.2. Downlink Process (see Figure No. 11 Downlink GPS)...................................................................................17
7. GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................................................19
8. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................20
9. FIGURES..................................................................................................................................................................21
1.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Extended Squitter Experimentation with the TRT Mode-S Transponder
ICAO Annex 10 /Ref. 1/ specifies that Mode-S transponders send spontaneous
transmissions called squitters on a regular basis. LINCOLN Laboratory in the USA
has proposed to extend those messages to carry additional information such as present
position. This initiative opens the way to very innovative applications such as passive
surveillance. See /Ref. 2/ for more information.
Recently, several experiments have been conducted or proposed using extended
squitters.
In the USA, the FAA already conducted some tests using modified COLLINS
transponders which squitter the aircraft GPS position. This enables a ground system to
track the aircraft with high precision whilst taxiing at the airport, hence allowing the
ground controller to monitor the position of the aircraft even in adverse weather
conditions.
In Europe, the French DGAC/STNA is conducting flight trials to evaluate the airborne
position reports received from an aircraft equipped with DGPS and Mode-S equipment.
Due to its expertise in Mode S transponders and Data Link Processors, the
EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre has been invited to contribute to these trials,
which are relevant to the EATCHIP Future Concept Domain.
The ground equipment is provided by DASSAULT and THOMSON and is not described
here.
The airborne equipment is provided by EUROCONTROL and STNA and is described in
this document.
A THOMSON-TRT Mode-S transponder modified to transmit Extended Squitter
messages is provided by EUROCONTROL.
A special version Data Link Processor is also provided by EUROCONTROL. This DLP
consists of a ruggedised PC (provided by STNA) with ARINC 718/429 and RS 422
interface boards to interface with the transponder and the GPS receiver respectively.
The airborne GPS receiver is provided by STNA (from SEXTANT).
The airborne equipment is mounted in a PILATUS aircraft to be flight-tested by STNA at
Toulouse-Blagnac.
2
1.1.
1.2.
3
2.
EXTENDED SQUITTER
The Mode-S Extended Squitter messages provide a means to obtain independent
surveillance of aircraft both in the air and on the ground. Highly-accurate GPS-derived
position information enables precise aircraft tracking for surveillance, planning, and
collision-avoidance applications. The Compact Position Reporting (CPR) compression
algorithm provides an efficient and unambiguous means to provide uniformly-precise
and bit-efficient encoding of GPS-derived latitude and longitude.
All Mode-S Extended Squitter messages contain 56 bits as required by the Mode-S SLM
protocols. Differential GPS signals are uplinked using Mode-S COMM-A messages.
The internal coding of these messages is recalled in Section 2 for ease of reference.
Detailed specifications can be found in references /3/ and /4/.
2.1.
CODING
0
1-3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17-3
2.2.
FORMAT
No data
Unassigned
Identity format
Surface format
Surface format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Airborne format
Unassigned
RNP
5 meter RNP
100 meter RNP
5 meter RNP
100 meter RNP
0.25 nmi RNP
1.0 nmi RNP
5 meter RNP
100 meter RNP
0.25 nmi RNP
1.0 nmi RNP
5 meter RNP
100 meter RNP
ALTITUDE
Spare
Surv/Status
Turn
Altitude
Time
Lat/lon
2 bits
2 bits
1 bit
11 bits
1 bit
34 bits
5
2.2.1. Surveillance Status
The surveillance status field in the airborne message format encodes information from
the aircraft's ATCRBS code as follows :
Encoding
0
1
2
3
Meaning
No information
Emergency/loss of Comm. (ATCRBS codes :
7500/7600/7700 octal)
SPI
Change in ATCRBS code
2.2.2. Turn
The turn field in the airborne message format indicates that the aircraft is performing a
turn. The turn field is set to 1 if the aircraft is turning at a rate greater than or equal to 1
degree per second. The turn field is set to 0 if the turn rate is less than 1 degree per
second.
2.2.3. Altitude
The altitude field in the airborne message format contains the aircraft altitude. The
definition of the altitude precision is determined from the message format type (25 feet,
100 feet, GPS-derived).
2.2.4. Time
The time in the airborne message format is a 1-bit field containing the low-order bit of
the seconds value of the GPS time of position. A time value of 0 indicates an even
second measurement, while a time value of 1 indicates an odd second measurement.
6
2.2.5. Lat/Lon
The latitude/longitude field in the airborne message format is a 34-bit field containing the
latitude and longitude of the aircraft's surface position. The latitude and longitude each
occupy 17 bits. The surface latitude and longitude encodings contain the high-order
17 bits of the 19-bit CPR-encoded values defined in Section 5 below. The positional
accuracy maintained by the airborne CPR encoding is approximately 5.1 meters. Note
that the Lat/Lon encoding is also a function of the time value described in 2.2.4. above.
2.3.
The encoded positions are nearly uniform in precision for all latitudes and
longitudes.
b)
c)
A pair of encoded airborne position reports (one even-second and one oddsecond) separated by less than 10 seconds may be unambiguously decoded
globally.
7
2.4.1. CPR Algorithm Parameters and Internal Functions
The CPR algorithm uses the following parameters whose values are set as follows for
the Mode-S Extended Squitter application :
a)
The number of bits used to encode a position co-ordinate, Nb, is be set to 19.
b)
The "convert to integer" function denoted Int() accepts a single argument, and
returns the largest integer value less than or equal to that argument.
b)
The "modulus" function denoted MOD() accepts two arguments that represent
angles. The MOD() function returns the remainder of its first argument divided
by its second argument. If the first argument is negative, the MOD() function
adds 360 degrees to the first argument before performing the division by the
second argument.
c)
The "number of longitude zones" function denoted NL() accepts one argument
that represents a latitude angle. The NL() function returns the value of the
following computation :
1
1 cos
2 NZ
NL = int 2 arccos 1
2 2
cos
lat
180
where lat denotes the latitude argument. If the NL() argument lat is plus or minus
90 degrees (North or South pole); the NL() functions returns 1.
Note : This equation for NL() is impractical for a real time implementation. A table of
transition latitudes can be pre-computed using the following equation :
8
0.25
1 cos
2NZ
180
lat =
arccos
for NL = 2 to 4 * NZ
1 cos
NL
and a table search procedure used to obtain the return value for NL(). The table value
for NL=1 is 90 degrees.
2.4.2. CPR Position Encoding Process
The CPR encoding process calculates the encoded 19-bit position values Xzi and Yz for
the airborne or surface Lat/lon field from the global position latitude (Lat), longitude
(Lon), and the position time parity, (i) (0 for even second and 1 for odd second), by
performing the following sequence of computations :
a)
la t i =
b)
90o
NZ
i
4
Yzi is then computed from lati and Lat using the equation :
MOD(Lat, lat i )
Yz i = 2 Nb
Rounded to nearest integer
lat i
c)
Rlati is then computed from LAT, YZi, and lati using the equation :
Yz
Lat
Rlat i = lat i Nbi + Int
lat i
2
d)
loni
is
lon i =
then
computed
from
Rlati
using
the
equation
360 o
NL(Rlat i ) i
9
e)
Xzi is then computed from Lon and loni using the equation :
MOD(Lon, lon i )
Xz i = 2 Nb
Rounded to nearest integer
lon i
If the position time parity is odd (i=1), the CPR encoding process performs the
following additional steps (f) and (g) :
f)
g)
If the boundary adjustment, A, is non zero, subtract A from the value of Yzi
calculated in step (b) and redo steps (c) through (e).
The Lat/lon encoding for airborne message formats utilises only the upper
17 bits of Xzi and Yzi.
10
3.
3.1.
RF Formats
Figure No. 4 shows how the uplink Comm-As are arranged in a table using the UBI and
GI fields as an index to compose the total correction message.
The useful data then starts with the Block Identifier (BI) and finishes with the CRC bytes.
3.3.
11
The Acceleration Error Bound gives the appropriate acceleration errors for the pseudodistance corrections.
The satellite ID gives the satellite number 1 to 64 where 64=0 binary.
The pseudo range correction (PRC) is a twos complement value, the resolution = 2 cm
and the range is + -655.34 metres.
Issue of Data (IOD), the pseudo-distance correction is only possible if the IOD of the
satellite and that of the correction are the same.
The Range Rate Correction (RRC) is a two complement value where the resolution is
0.002 m/s and the range + 4.094 m/s.
The User Differential Range Error (UDRE) is an approximation of the differential error at
the reference station calculated by the reference station.
The resolution is 0.2 m and the range 0 to 12.4 m, where code 111111 binary is invalid
data.
3.5.
12
4.
Figures Nos. 6 to 9 show the extended squitter timing /7/ and detailed flow charts.
13
5.
Low
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
The application programme shall receive the corrections from the transponder in the
form of broadcast Comm As, extract the correction message and send it to the GPS
receiver using the RS 422 protocol.
Also, the PC shall receive the corrected position from the GPS receiver via an
ARINC 429 interface and after reformatting pass it to the transponder via the ARINC 718
interface.
14
6.
6.1.
Implementation Presentation
Transponder - GPS receiver interface (DGPS).
A ground differential GPS unit of known position measures its latitude and longitude
from satellites.
The deviation between the known and measured positions give the differential
corrections which are sent to the aircraft as Mode-S Broadcast - Comm-A messages
(see Figure No. 2
The DLP receives these corrections from the transponder via the ARINC 718
Transponder-DLP bus. These data are tested and filtered before being sent to the onboard GPS receiver in RS 422 format.
In the other direction, the on-board GPS receiver transmits three satellite data blocks on
an ARINC 718 bus to the transponder.
6.2.
Hardware Support
The computer is a ruggedised portable PC (DASSAULT) in which two ARINC cards /8/
and a standard serial interface RS 422 are installed.
The ARINC cards communicate with the host PC via interrupts and dual ported RAM.
The main data exchange with the PC is through a dual port RAM of 128 Kbytes.
A driver program is loaded onto the ARINC card and executed by the local on-board
processor. Data exchange between ARINC cards and the Transponder/GPS is by
ARINC 718/429 respectively.
The cards are configurated by jumpers :
Example of configuration :
ARINC card 1 used for the Uplink process.
Input/Output port address :
Interrupt :
Start address of the dual port memory :
280 Hex
IRQ 5
A00000 Hex (12 Mbytes)
300 Hex
IRQ 10
C00000 Hex (12 Mbytes)
15
RS422 serial board for transmission to the DGPS.
Interrupt :
Serial port :
6.3.
IRQ 3
COM4
Software Description
There are three separate programs.
Two are assembler programs which are loaded onto the ARINC cards by the PC to
control the ARINC 718 and 429 protocols.
The third is the main application program written in PASCAL which controls the functions
of the GPS-DLP.
This program runs under control of a real-time multi-tasking system called RTKernel 4.0
from ON-TIME GmbH Hamburg.
This system which controls applications on MS-DOS computers, offers many attractive
features (unlimited number of tasks, fast inter-task switch time, priorities, interrupt
support, semaphores, mailboxes, MS-DOS re-entrance problem solved, support of
peripheral hardware ...).
The use has been divided in two distinct parts which correspond to the Uplink and
Downlink processes.
16
6.4.
Detailed Description
The higher priorities have been affected to the differential corrections, with which we will
begin the explanation.
Remark : The semaphores and mailboxes are synchronisation tools; they are used
respectively to exchange signals and data between tasks.
Next, a GPS Comm-AB task reads the contents of mailbox 1 and verifies the fields
GI, UBI to check if the data is a GPS Broadcast - Comm-A.
The validated message is put in a second mailbox.
The following function reads mailbox 2.
At the first GPS message, the application activates by means of a signal No. 2 a
background timer of 350 ms, Delay 350 corresponding to a lapse of time greater
than the two pulse-trains together ([train 1 = 100 ms], gap of 100 ms, [train 2 = 100 ms].
During this time, GPS Table sorts and stores the new incoming messages. An
individual counter linked to each message is set to 1 at the first passage (pulse-train 1).
It is incremented to 2 during the second pulse train, if and only if both corresponding
messages are identical, otherwise the value is set to 0 and the data discarded.
After 350 ms, Delay 350 sends a signal No. 3 to Corrections task which fixes
and checks the table of data from individual counters attached to each message.
The verifications are the following :
17
All the segments have been received once (counter >=1),
At least half the segments have been received twice (counter = 2),
Segments received twice are identical,
The message count in segment 1 corresponds to the number of bytes of the total
correction message.
If these conditions are true, the table is displayed on the screen and converted to ASCII
characters to be transmitted to the satellite receiver via the RS 422 bus.
The task ends with the transmission of a signal No. 4 to activate Send RS 422 which
transmits the data under interrupt to the COMM4 port.
18
Send BDS 5 receives 2 or 3 BDS updates for each activation; it selects the latest
one and checks if the ARINC card 1 is busy before sending the message on the 718
bus. The BDS sent is displayed on the screen.
These two main processes consisting of about 15 tasks are performed simultaneously,
task activation depending on the interrupts from the I/O cards. They are illustrated by
Figures No. 10 & 11.
The control window enables several options such as the on-line recording on hard disk
of the RS 422 and BDS 05 data, a status of tasks and interrupts or the CPU load, to be
chosen.
An example of the DLP PC screen during experimentation is shown in Figure No. 12.
19
7.
GLOSSARY
ATCRBS
BDS
CPR
DLP
GPS
ICAO
RCC
RNP
SLM
SPI
STNA
STNACPR
20
8.
REFERENCES
/Ref. 1/
ICAO Annexe 10
/Ref. 2/
/Ref. 3/
/Ref. 4/
/Ref. 5/
BAYLISS
Compact Position Reports for Efficient Data Link Usage
Lincoln Laboratory Project Report (preliminary draft)
16 March, 1994
/Ref. 6/
/Ref. 7/
Mesures de Spectres
H.P. ENGLMEIER/L. DUTTO
Note Technique CEE No. 29/94
/Ref. 8/
/Ref. 9/
21
9.
FIGURES
Figure No. 1 :
Figure No. 2 :
Figure No. 3 :
Figure No. 4 :
Figure No. 5 :
Figure No. 6 :
Figure No. 7 :
Figure No. 8 :
Figure No. 9 :
Figure No. 10 :
Figure No. 11 :
Figure No. 12 :
Example of PC Display
Figure No. 13 :
Figure No. 14 :
Figure No. 15 :
PR EAM PLI
VHF ANTENNA
V H F M IN IL IR
M IN IL IR
DECODER
GPS
RACK
R S 422
M O D E -S A N T E N N A
M O D E -S
TRANSPONDER
E X P E R IM E N T A L
O U TPU T
D LPU
ON PC
PC
GPS
PC
STNA
FIGURE 1
EUROCONTOL PART
SATELLITES
GPS CORRECTIONS
COMMA BROADCASTS
AIRCRAFT POSITION
EXTENDED SQUITTER
GPS
ANTENNA
MODE-S
ANTENNA
DLP ON PC
429
ARINC 429 I/O CARD
SEXTANT
GPS RACK
RS 422
MODIFIED MODE-S
DISCRETES
TRANSPONDER
GILLHAM
ALTIMETER
BARO
718
429
KEYBOARD
DISPLAY
CONTROL
UNIT
FIGURE 2
112
DF
FS DR
DI
SD
MB
PARITY
16
56
24
Surv.
Spare Status
T
U
R
N
ALTITUDE
11
T
I
M
E
WAKE
AIRCRAFT
IDENT
48
FIGURE 3
CommA BROADCAST RF
Bit
Field
Length
1
UF PC RR DI
5 + 3 5 + 3
SD1
8
SD2
8
MA1
8
MA2
8
FORMAT
MA3
8
MA4
8
MA5
8
MA6
8
MA7
8
SD1
b7
SD2
b8
Zc
m2
m3
m4
m6
m7
m8
m10
crc3
Error
m2
m3
m4
m6
m7
m8
m10
112
Mode-S Address
24
CommA
GPS
1
CommA
Message
3
5
Numbers
6
7
8
9
MA1
UBI
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
MA2
GI
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
MA3
b1
BI
m1
m2
m3
m5
m6
m7
m9
m10
MA4
b2
MA5
b3
MA6
b4
MA7
b5
RR+DI
b6
r type
Len
m1
m1
m3
m3
m4
m4
m5
m5
m7
m7
m8
m8
m9
m9
crc1
crc2
Figure
48 bits
Variable
24 bits
Bits
8
24
2
6
8
Bytes
Bits
13
3
6
16
8
12
6
Bytes
Meaning
0.000m/s < AEB <
0.002m/s < AEB <
0.004m/s < AEB <
0.006m/s < AEB <
0.008m/s < AEB <
0.010m/s < AEB <
AEB > 0.015 m/s
Station not working
0.002 m/s
0.004 m/s
0.006 m/s
0.008 m/s
0.010 m/s
0.015 m/s
Figure
11
Number of events
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5200
5160
5120
5080
5040
5000
4960
4920
4880
4840
4800
Time in milliseconds
25
20
15
10
5
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
0
300
Number of events
30
Time in milliseconds
FIGURE 6
A:\MMONI.AF2
11/5/94
12:43
Long Squitter 6809 Main Loop
100 ms
Elapsed?
NO
Modifications to MMONI.ASM
E.AUTO
M.RESU
E.LIGT
E.DISC
M.ACID
M.FLID
E.CHOS
E.TFR
E.SQUIL
E.SQUID
M.COMA
M.COMB
A:\ESQD.AF2
Start test oscillator
Enable IRQ
Set TMS flag
Inhibit antennas
25/3/94
14:17
Ident Squitter Flowchart
Program ESQD.ASM
Squat switch?
Yes
Set CH1 = 0
Force Top only
Diversity?
No
Set CH1 = 1
Force Bottom only
Select Bottom
Antenna
Wait 37 sec
Inhibit IRQ FIRQ
Select antenna
0
Select Top Antenna
CH1 = ?
Send
Interrogation
P1 P3 P4L
Yes
P4L Validated?
Sent to TOP?
Yes
P4L Validated?
Yes
Send
Interrogation
P1 P3 P4L
Send
Interrogation
P1 P3 P4L
P4L Validated?
No
Yes
P4L Validated?
Page 1
Yes
A:\ESQD.AF2
25/3/94
14:17
Ident Squitter Flowchart
Program ESQD.ASM
Antenna select
OK ?
No
Add fail
Antenna selection
Antenna select
OK ?
No
Inhibit top
antenna
Set CH1 =0
Inhibit bottom
antenna
Set CH1 = 1
P4L validation
reset ?
Enable antennas
Halt test oscillator
Enable IRQ FIRQ
Tell TMS squitter
finished
Clear IRQ
Page 2
No
Add fail
Antenna selection
A:\TMS1.AF2
10/5/94
14:11
Save context
Decode
UF
Sync. phase
yes
UF subroutine
detected ?
no = P4L
yes
Short squitter flag ?
yes
Long squitter flag ?
yes
Ident squitter flag ?
yes
TD timeout ?
Build DF 17
Build DF 17
Build DF 11
Message
Message
Message
E$A600
E$A600
E$A501
no
Rate OK ?
E$A500
Reset
INT,IRQ,RAM
Restore context
EXIT
Interrupt5 Task
ARINC718 Task
set semaphore 1
wait semaphore 1
read message
on ARINC card1
if Coma_Broadcast
put in mailbox 1
else exit
Record
data on
hard disk
delay
Corrections Task
set semaphore 3
wait semaphore 3
Uplink GPS
wait semaphore 4
check
corrections Table
send corrections to
GPS in RS422
format
if complete
set semaphore 4
Option:
set semaphore 5
RS422
record
to disk
ARINC 429
interrupt from
GPS receiver
(IRQ10)
Interrupt10 Task
ARINC429 Task
set semaphore A
wait semaphore A
Record data on
hard disk.
read message
on ARINC card2
put ARINC 429
data in mailbox A
Downlink GPS
FRENCH RESUME
Cette note dcrit le travail ralis par EUROCONTROL pour obtenir la position des
aronefs en utilisant le GPS diffrentiel (DGPS) et le transpondeur Mode-S.
Cette exprimentation a t initialise par le Service Technique de la Navigation Arienne
(STNA) et ralise en collaboration avec les Socits DASSAULT et THOMSON.
Les modifications apportes par le Centre Exprimental EUROCONTROL sur le
transpondeur THOMSON-CNI, les diffrents formats de messages utiliss ainsi que la
structure et la mthode de programmation employes sur PC sont prsents.
Description gnrale
Depuis quelques mois, de nombreuses exprimentations utilisant des squitters longs et
courts ont t proposes et ralises.
Aux Etats-Unis, la FAA a dj effectu plusieurs tests avec un transpondeur COLLINS
modifi qui met chaque seconde la position GPS de lavion. Cela permet un systme
sol de suivre une grande prcision les dplacements dun aronef au sol ou au contrleur
de vrifier la position de lavion et cela indpendamment des conditions mtorologiques.
En Europe, le STNA ralise une exprimentation en vol pour valuer les reports de position
mis par un avion quip de DGPS et de transpondeur Mode-S. Du fait de son expertise
dans le domaine des transpondeurs Mode-S et Processeurs de liaisons de donnes
(DLPU), le Centre Exprimental EUROCONTROL (CEE) a t invit contribuer ces
exprimentations qui appartiennent au domaine Futurs Concepts (FCO) de EATCHIP.
Des mesures infrarouges effectues partir du sol servent de rfrence pour apprcier les
carts de trajectoire.
Les quipements sol ont t raliss et fournis par les Socits DASSAULT et THOMSON.
Ce travail ne sera pas dcrit dans cette prsente note. Les quipements de bord sont
fournis par le STNA et EUROCONTROL.
EUROCONTROL a, dune part, modifi un transpondeur THOMSON-TRT pour la
transmission des squitters longs et, dautre part, fourni une version spciale du DLP (Data
Link Processor). Ce dernier consiste en un PC avionable (dlivr par le STNA) quip de
cartes dinterface ARINC 718/429 et RS 422 et pouvant dialoguer dun ct avec le
transpondeur et de lautre avec le rcepteur GPS.
Le rcepteur GPS SEXTANT a t fourni par le STNA.
Les quipements de bord ont t installs sur un avion exprimental de type PILATUS.
Les essais sont conduits par le STNA Blagnac, prs de Toulouse.
Rappel oprationnel
Lexprimentation Mode-S - GPS diffrentiel vise tudier le report au sol de la position
GPS diffrentiel de laronef.
La position GPS accessible par les civils (environ 100 mtres) nest pas suffisamment
prcise pour le contrle arien. Lide du GPS diffrentiel consiste corriger les
informations dlivres par le GPS de bord avant quil ne les retransmette au sol.
Ces informations de correction sont calcules par un systme sol qui effectue la
comparaison entre les informations dtermines par la rception de plusieurs satellites
GPS (identiques ce que reoit le GPS de bord) et les coordonnes godsiques du site
parfaitement connues.
Ces corrections tant dtermines, il suffit de les monter laronef par le canal Data
Link Mode-S. Les corrections sont ensuite fournies au rcepteur GPS de bord qui corrige
ces informations et retransmet la position corrige au sol via lmission de squitter Mode-S.
Il en rsulte un gain de prcision important (prcision = 10 m) et cela dans un rayon de 60
miles nautiques autour de linstallation sol.
Le systme sol doit pouvoir transmettre lavion en moyenne 2500 bits par seconde et
cela de faon omnidirectionnelle.
Travail ralis par lAgence
EUROCONTROL a pris en charge la ralisation de la maquette embarque. Cette dernire
comprend un rack mtallique 19 pouces qui supporte un alticodeur Ghillam, un
transpondeur TRT modifi, une bote de commande et un ensemble de discrets (Max Air
Speed, Mode-S address...). Cette maquette est connecte un DLP dvelopp sur PC qui
assure le traitement des informations montantes et descendantes entre le transpondeur et
le rcepteur GPS dans laronef.
Le transpondeur Mode-S modifi
Les informations montantes de correction GPS sont mises par le sol sous forme de
messages Mode-S Comm-A. Pour transmettre la quantit de bits ncessaires qui dpend
de la couverture satellite cet instant, un maximum de 22 messages Comm-A peut tre
envoy chaque seconde. Le traitement de ces messages est de base dans le
transpondeur qui na subi aucune adaptation particulire.
Le squitter court a t conserv. Rappelons que ce dernier constitue une mission
spontane dune rponse Mode-S, transmise alatoirement toutes les secondes ou deux
secondes dans le cas dun avion quip de la diversit dantennes, et formant un message
de 56 bits. Ce message appel squitter court contient ladresse de laronef.
Dans lexprimentation GPS, lide consiste ajouter dautres missions spontanes
mises toutes les 500 msec dont un message donnant les informations de temps et de
position (Altitude, Longitude, Latitude). Un message Mode-S long de 112 bits a t choisi
avec un DF format gal 17. Par ailleurs, linformation didentification du vol est
galement transmise par squitter toutes les cinq secondes.
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