Ruby on Rails tutorial 3rd 中文版

3
Ruby on Rails
Rails
Web
Michael Hartl
rev 1.0.2, 2015-01-14T20:00:00+08:00
................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
20
1.5.
29
1.6.
33
1.7.
33
.......................................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.
35
2.2.
38
2.3.
49
2.4.
58
2.5.
59
Git
............................................................................................................................... 63
3.1.
63
3.2.
65
3.3.
73
3.4.
78
3.5.
87
3.6.
88
3.7.
90
Rails
Ruby ........................................................................................................................... 97
4.1.
97
4.2.
100
4.3.
106
4.4. Ruby
115
4.5.
123
4.6.
123
........................................................................................................................................ 125
5.1.
125
5.2. Sass
140
5.3.
148
5.4.
154
5.5.
157
5.6.
158
........................................................................................................................................ 161
6.1.
161
6.2.
170
6.3.
183
6.4.
189
6.5.
190
............................................................................................................................................... 193
7.1.
193
7.2.
206
7.3.
213
7.4.
223
7.5.
231
7.6.
234
7.7.
235
.................................................................................................................................... 239
8.1.
239
8.2.
250
8.3.
263
8.4.
265
8.5.
288
8.6.
289
vi -
Asset Pipeline
.................................................................................................................. 293
9.1.
293
9.2.
303
9.3.
315
9.4.
327
9.5.
334
9.6.
336
10
.................................................................................................................... 339
10.1.
339
10.2.
364
10.3.
386
10.4.
388
10.5.
388
10.6.
391
11
.................................................................................................................................. 393
11.1.
393
11.2.
402
11.3.
412
11.4.
431
11.5.
442
11.6.
444
12
12.1.
...................................................................................................................................... 447
452
12.2.
461
12.3.
485
12.4.
493
12.5.
493
- vii
Ruby
Rails
Ruby
David Heinemeier Hansson

Rails
Ruby on Rails
Web
Ruby on Rails Tutorial
Rails
Web
Web
Ru-
by on Rails
Michael Hartl
Ruby is a delightful computer language explicitly designed to make programmers happy. This philosophy influenced
David Heinemeier Hansson to pick Ruby when implementing the Rails web framework. Ruby on Rails, as its often
called, makes building custom web applications faster and easier than ever before. In the past few years, the Ruby on
Rails Tutorial has become the leading introduction to web development with Rails.
In our interconnected world, computer programming and web application development are rapidly rising in importance, and I am excited to support Ruby on Rails in China. Although it is important to learn English, which is the international language of programming, its often helpful at first to learn in your native language. It is for this reason
that I am grateful to Andor Chen for producing the Chinese-language edition of the Ruby on Rails Tutorial book.
Ive never been to China, but I definitely plan to visit some day. I hope Ill have the chance to meet some of you when
I do!
Best wishes and good luck,
Michael Hartl
Author
The Ruby on Rails Tutorial
ix
CD Baby
PHP
Ruby on Rails
Google
Michael Hartl
Rails

Test-driven Development
Rails
Rails
TDD
Rails
TDD
Git Bitbucket Heroku
Derek Sivers (sivers.org)

CD Baby
1.
xi
Ruby on Rails
Prochazka
Debra Williams Cauley
RailsSpace
Aurelius
Aure
RailsSpace
Ruby
David Heinemeier Hansson Yehuda Katz Carl Lerche Jeremy Kemper Xavier Noria Ryan Bates Geoffrey Grosenbach Peter
Cooper Matt Aimonetti Mark Bates Gregg Pollack Wayne E. Seguin Amy Hoy Dave Chelimsky Pat
Maddox Tom Preston-Werner Chris Wanstrath Chad Fowler Josh Susser Obie Fernandez Ian McFarland
Steven Bristol Pratik Naik Sarah Mei Sarah Allen Wolfram Arnold Alex Chaffee Giles Bowkett Evan
Dorn Long Nguyen James Lindenbaum Adam Wiggins Tikhon Bernstam Ron Evans Wyatt Greene
Miles Forrest Pivotal Labs
Heroku
thoughtbot
GitHub
xiii
Michael Hartl
SoftCover
Rails
Ruby on Rails Web

RailsSpace
Rails
Ruby on
Ruby
Insoshi
2011
Y Combinator
Ruby Hero
Ruby
RSpec
Rails
Rails
Rails
xv
Ruby on Rails Tutorial: Learn Web Development with Rails (Third Edition)
Michael Hartl
Michael Hartl
MIT
Beerware
The MIT License

Copyright (c) 2014 Michael Hartl
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
/*
* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------* "THE BEERWARE LICENSE" (Revision 43):
* Michael Hartl wrote this code. As long as you retain this notice you
* can do whatever you want with this stuff. If we meet some day, and you think
* this stuff is worth it, you can buy me a beer in return.
* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
xvii
Ruby on Rails
Rails
Web
Ruby on Rails Web
Ruby Rails HTML CSS
Web
Rails
MVC
Web
Web
Web
Ru-
REST
by
1
Web
hello_app
ple_app
toy_app
1.3
3
sam-
12
Rails
Web
Web
1.1.1
Web
Web
Rails
1.1
Rails
1.2
Rails
MiniTest
RSpec Cucumber Capybara Factory Girl
Guard Spork
Rails
Web
Ruby on Rails
Rails
1.
RubyTest
1.2
hello_app
http://railstutorial-china.org
Git
1.4
1.5
Rails
1.2
toy_app
URI
URL
sample_app
Rails
integration test
Ruby
5
Test-driven Development
4
3
10
11
1.2
12
Rails
Rails

Rails
15
scaffold
TDD
15
generate scaffold
Rails
Rails
2
3
Rails
Web
1.1.
Ruby on Rails
Rails
Airbnb Basecamp
Rails
Web
Disney Github
Rails
Rails
2004
Rails
Hulu Kickstarter Shopify Twitter
Yellow Pages
Web
ENTP thoughtbot Pivotal Labs Hashrocket
HappyFunCorp
Rails
Rails
Ruby
Domain-specific Language
DSL
URL
Rails
HTML
Rails
Web
Web
Ruby
MIT
Rails
Web
Rails
Uniform Resource Identifier

URL
Web
REST
Rails
2. URI
Locator
2-
Web
URL
David
Uniform Resource
Heinemeier Hansson
Rails
Rails
Merb
Merb
API
Rails
gem
gem
IRC
Rails
1.1.1.
MiniTest
Unix
HTML
CSS
HTML
Rails
JavaScript
Ruby
SQL
Rails
Web
Rails
Ruby
Ruby
Chris Pine
Web
Learn to Program
Daniel Kehoe
Peter Cooper
Ruby
Ruby
Learn Ruby on Rails
Ruby
Ruby
Rails
Try Ruby
One Month Rails
Rails
Code School
Tealeaf Academy
Rails
Thinkful
Ryan Bates
RailsCasts
RailsApps
Rails
Rails
Rails
Rails
1.1.2.
Unix
$ echo "hello, world!"

hello, world!
3.
Rails
https://selfstore.io/products/13
1.1.
-3
1.2
Windows
Unix
1.2.1
Linux
Rails
Web
rails server
1.3.2
$ rails server
Unix
production.rb
config/environments/production.rb
IDE
/home/ubuntu/workspace/sample_app/
production.rb
/home/ubuntu/workspace/sample_app/config/environments/production.rb
shell
Ruby
Rails
RED
class User < ActiveRecord::Base

validates :name, presence: true
validates :email, presence: true
end

.
.
.
has_secure_password
end
4-
GREEN
1.2.
Rails
Ruby
Rails
Development Environment
Integrated
IDE
1.1
IDE
Rails
Web
Windows
4
InstallRails.com
1.2.1.
Rails
Cloud9
Rails
Cloud9
Ruby RubyGems
Git
IDE
Web
1.1
IDE
1.2.2
1.1
4.
5.
Windows
foo
Rails
Rails
IDE
InstallRails
Rails
def foo
1.2.
-5
1.
Cloud9
2.
Go to your Dashboard
3.
Create New Workspace
4.
rails-tutorial
5.
rails_tutorial
Rails
Private to the people I invite

Ruby on Rails
1.2
Create
6. Cloud9
Start editing
1.2
Cloud9
Ruby
Code Editor (Ace) Ace
Tabs
6-
1.3
Soft
Save
1.3
1.2.2.
Cloud9
Rails
gem
IDE
1.1
1.1
Rails
1.1
Rails
RubyGems
Rails
$ gem install rails -v 4.2.0

-v
Rails
1.3.
hello, world!
Rails
1.2.1
6. Cloud9
hello, world
1.3.4
rails new
Cloud9 IDE
1.5
Rails
workspace
Rails
1.3.
-7
1.2
1.2
cd
Unix
mkdir
1.3
1.2
workspace
Rails
$ cd
$ mkdir workspace
$ cd workspace/
#
#
#
workspace
workspace
1.3
Windows
Unix
Mac OS X
Unix
Unix
Linux
shell
Bash
mkdir
mv
cp
cd
Graphical User Interface
GUI
shell
Unix
1.1
Unix
Conquering the Command Line
Mark Bates
1.1
Unix
ls
$ ls -l
mkdir <dirname>
$ mkdir workspace
cd <dirname>
$ cd workspace/
$ cd ..
$cd ~
$ cd
$ cd ~/workspace/
IDE
Rails
8-
mv <source> <target>
$ mv README.rdoc README.md
cp <source> <target>
$ cp README.rdoc README.md
rm <file>
$ rm README.rdoc
rmdir <directory>
$ rmdir workspace/
rm -rf <directory>
$ rm -rf tmp/
cat <file>
$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
1.3
4.2.0
1.1
Rails
1.3
Rails
1.3
Could not find railties

1.1
Rails
rails new
$ cd ~/workspace
$ rails _4.2.0_ new hello_app
create
create README.rdoc
create Rakefile
create config.ru
create .gitignore
create Gemfile
create app
create app/assets/javascripts/application.js
create app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
create app/controllers/application_controller.rb
.
.
.
create test/test_helper.rb
create tmp/cache
create tmp/cache/assets
create vendor/assets/javascripts
create vendor/assets/javascripts/.keep
create vendor/assets/stylesheets
create vendor/assets/stylesheets/.keep
run bundle install
Fetching gem metadata from https://rubygems.org/..........
Fetching additional metadata from https://rubygems.org/..
Resolving dependencies...
Using rake 10.3.2
Using i18n 0.6.11
.
.
.
Your bundle is complete!
Use `bundle show [gemname]` to see where a bundled gem is installed.
run bundle exec spring binstub --all
* bin/rake: spring inserted
* bin/rails: spring inserted
rails new
1.3
bundle install
1.3.1
rails new
1.4
Rails
Rails
1.2
Pipeline
5.2.1
CSS
app/assets
Asset Pipeline
Asset
JavaScript
1.3.
-9
1.4
1.2
Rails
Rails
/
app/
app/assets
CSS
bin/
config/
db/
doc/
lib/
lib/assets
log/
public/
bin/rails
test/
tmp/
10 -
CSS
JavaScript
JavaScript
/
vendor/
gem
vendor/assets
CSS
JavaScript
README.rdoc
Rakefile
rake
Gemfile
gem
Gemfile.lock
gem
config.ru
Rack
.gitignore
Git
gem
1.3.1. Bundler
Rails
Bundler
rails new
gem
4
1.4
Bundler
Bundler
1.4
1.5
Ruby
Refresh File Tree
hello_app
gem
1.3
bundle install
Gemfile
Ruby
1.5
Gemfile
source 'https://rubygems.org'
# Bundle edge Rails instead: gem 'rails', github: 'rails/rails'
gem 'rails', '4.2.0'
# Use sqlite3 as the database for Active Record
gem 'sqlite3'
# Use SCSS for stylesheets
gem 'sass-rails', '~> 5.0.0.beta1'
# Use Uglifier as compressor for JavaScript assets
gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'
# Use CoffeeScript for .js.coffee assets and views
gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
# See https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme for more supported runtimes
# gem 'therubyracer', platforms: :ruby
# Use jquery as the JavaScript library
gem 'jquery-rails'
# Turbolinks makes following links in your web application faster. Read more:
# https://github.com/rails/turbolinks
gem 'turbolinks'
# Build JSON APIs with ease. Read more: https://github.com/rails/jbuilder
gem 'jbuilder', '~> 2.0'
# bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
gem 'sdoc', '~> 0.4.0', group: :doc
1.3.
- 11
# Use ActiveModel has_secure_password

# gem 'bcrypt', '~> 3.1.7'
# Use Unicorn as the app server
# gem 'unicorn'
# Use Capistrano for deployment
# gem 'capistrano-rails', group: :development
group :development, :test do
# Call 'debugger' anywhere in the code to stop execution and get a
# debugger console
gem 'byebug'
# Access an IRB console on exceptions page and /console in development
gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0.0.beta2'
# Spring speeds up development by keeping your application running in the
# background. Read more: https://github.com/rails/spring
gem 'spring'
end
#
gem
gem
gem
gem
Bundler
gem 'sqlite3'
gem
Rails
gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'

1.3.0
7.2
gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 4.0.0'
12 -
uglifier
Asset Pipeline
Bundler
Gemfile
1.5
4.0.0
4.1
coffee-rails
~> 4.0.0
>=
4.0.0
4.0
gem
Gemfile
4.0.1
4.1
gem
~>
1.4
Gemfile
1.5
sqlite3
7.1.1
Heroku
1.5
1.5
Gemfile
Ruby gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
'rails',
'sass-rails',
'uglifier',
'coffee-rails',
'jquery-rails',
'turbolinks',
'jbuilder',
'sdoc',
'4.2.0'
'5.0.0.beta1'
'2.5.3'
'4.1.0'
'4.0.0.beta2'
'2.3.0'
'2.2.3'
'0.4.0', group: :doc
group :development, :test do
1.3.
- 13
gem
gem
gem
gem
end
'sqlite3',
'byebug',
'web-console',
'spring',
'1.3.9'
'3.4.0'
'2.0.0.beta3'
'1.1.3'
Gemfile
1.5
bundle install
gem
$ cd hello_app/
$ bundle install
Fetching source index for https://rubygems.org/
.
.
.
bundle install
1.3.2. rails server

rails new
1.3
bundle install
1.3.1
Rails
rails server
1.6
Cloud9
1.7
IP
8
Rails
$IP
Cloud9
echo $IP
1.6
$PORT
IP
echo $PORT
Rails
$ cd ~/workspace/hello_app/
$ rails server
=> Booting WEBrick
=> Rails application starting on http://localhost:3000
=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options
=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server
1.7
IDE
Rails
$ cd ~/workspace/hello_app/
$ rails server -b $IP -p $PORT
=> Booting WEBrick
=> Rails application starting on http://0.0.0.0:8080
=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options
=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server
rails server
1.6
1.7
Ctrl-C
http://localhost:3000/
7.
3.1
8.
14 -
install
80
bundle
bundle install
IDE
Share
Application
1.8
1.9
1.6
About your applications environment
1.10
Rails
Rails
1.3.4
1.3.
- 15
1.7
1.8
16 -
Rails
1.9
rails server
Rails
1.10
1.3.
- 17
1.3.3.
Rails
1.11
1.4
app/
trollers
logic
Rails
business logic
models
MVC
views
con-
domain
Web
GUI
1.11
Rails
Rails
request
MVC
Web
view
model
Rails
HTML
Ruby
HTML
2.2.2
3.2
18 -
MVC
MVC
6.1
1.3.4
MVC
MVC
7.1.2
1.3.4. Hello, world!

MVC
2.2.2
hello, world!
Rails
hello, world!
1.9
ApplicationController
hello
2
$ ls app/controllers/*_controller.rb
hello
render
1.8
hello, world!
Ruby
4
1.8
app/controllers/application_controller.rb
hello
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base

# Prevent CSRF attacks by raising an exception.
# For APIs, you may want to use :null_session instead.
protect_from_forgery with: :exception
def hello
render text: "hello, world!"
end
end
Rails
1.11
Rails
1.11
2.2.2
URL
1.10
URL
http://www.example.com/
/
1.9
welcome
config/routes.rb
Rails
index
1.10
troller
hello
Rails
ApplicationCon-
1.1.2
1.9
config/routes.rb
Rails.application.routes.draw do
.
.
.
# You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
# root 'welcome#index'
.
.
.
end
1.3.
- 19
1.10
config/routes.rb
.
.
.
# You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
root 'application#hello'
.
.
.
end
1.8
1.10
1.12
1.4.
Git
Rails
20 -
hello, world!
hello, world!
1.12
Rails
Git
Git
Linus Torvalds
Linux
Scott Chacon
Git
9
Pro Git
Git
Rails
1.4.3
Git
1.5
1.4.1.
1.2.1
Rails.com
IDE
Git
Git
IDE
Install-
Git
$
$
$
$
git
git
git
git
config
config
config
config
--global
--global
--global
--global
user.name "Your Name"

user.email your.email@example.com
push.default matching
alias.co checkout
Git
co
Git
co
checkout
checkout
git co
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/ubuntu/workspace/hello_app/.git/
git add -A
$ git add -A
.gitignore
rails new
Rails
10
.gitignore
status
staging area
$ git status
On branch master
Initial commit
Changes to be committed:
(use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
9.
10.
http://git-scm.com/book/zh
https://selfstore.io/products/46
3.7
1.4.
Git
- 21
new
new
new
new
new
.
.
.
file:
file:
file:
file:
file:
.gitignore
Gemfile
Gemfile.lock
README.rdoc
Rakefile
commit
Git
$ git commit -m "Initialize repository"

[master (root-commit) df0a62f] Initialize repository
.
.
.
-m
-m
Git
-m
Git
1.4.4
git push
log
$ git log
commit df0a62f3f091e53ffa799309b3e32c27b0b38eb4
Author: Michael Hartl <michael@michaelhartl.com>
Date:
Wed August 20 19:44:43 2014 +0000
Initialize repository
q
1.4.2.
Git
app/controllers/
$ ls app/controllers/
application_controller.rb concerns/
$ rm -rf app/controllers/
ls: app/controllers/: No such file or directory
Unix
ls
$ git status
On branch master
22 -
app/controllers/
rm
-rf
Changed but not updated:

(use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
deleted:
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
checkout
-f
$ git checkout -f
$ git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
application_controller.rb concerns/
1.4.3. Bitbucket
Git
Git
Git
Bitbucket
Bitbucket
GitHub
1.4 GitHub
Git
GitHub
Bitbucket
1.4
Bitbucket
Bitbucket
Bitbucket
GitHub
Bitbucket
GitHub
Web
Web
Bitbucket
GitHub
Github
Bitbucket
Bitbucket
1.
Bitbucket
2.
IDE
cat
1.11
1.11
bucket
Bit-
Git
- 23
1.4.
3.
Manage account
SSH keys SSH
1.13
1.13
1.11
SSH
cat
$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
Create
This is a private repository
Command line > I have an existing project
1.12
you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
1.12
1.14
Create repository
>
1.12
Are
yes
Bitbucket
$ git remote add origin git@bitbucket.org:<username>/hello_app.git

$ git push -u origin --all #
Git
-u
Bitbucket
git set upstream
$ git remote add origin git@bitbucket.org:mhartl/hello_app.git
Bitbucket
hello_app
1.15
24 -
<username>
1.14
Bitbucket
1.15
Bitbucket
1.4.
Git
- 25
1.4.4.
1.4.3
README.rdoc
Bitbucket
1.16
rdoc
Markdown
README
Bitbucket
README.rdoc
README.md
Git
1.16
11
Bitbucket
README
Git
master
checkout
topic branch
$ git checkout -b modify-README

Switched to a new branch 'modify-README'
$ git branch
11.
26 -
Git
Atlassian
SourceTree
-b
master
* modify-README
git branch
checkout -b modify-README
git
modify-README
co
1.4
git co -b modify-README
12
README
RDoc
.md
Markdown
Bitbucket
Git
Unix mv
$ git mv README.rdoc README.md
README.md
1.13
README
1.13
README.md
# Ruby on Rails Tutorial: "hello, world!"

This is the first application for the
[*Ruby on Rails Tutorial*](http://www.railstutorial.org/)
by [Michael Hartl](http://www.michaelhartl.com/).
$ git status
On branch modify-README
Changes to be committed:
(use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
renamed:
README.rdoc -> README.md
Changes not staged for commit:

(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified:
README.md
git add -A
1.4.1.2
git mv
12.
Pro Git
Git
git commit
-a
Git
1.4.
Git
- 27
$ git commit -a -m
2 files changed, 5
delete mode 100644
create mode 100644
"Improve the README file"

insertions(+), 243 deletions(-)
README.rdoc
README.md
-a
git add -A
Git
Git
Git
Shiny new commit styles
$ git checkout master

Switched to branch 'master'
$ git merge modify-README
Updating 34f06b7..2c92bef
Fast forward
README.rdoc
| 243 -------------------------------------------------README.md
|
5 +
2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 243 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 README.rdoc
create mode 100644 README.md
34f06b7
Git
Git
git branch -d
$ git branch -d modify-README

Deleted branch modify-README (was 2c92bef).
git branch -D
#
$
$
$
$
$
$
git checkout -b topic-branch

<really screw up the branch>
git add -A
git commit -a -m "Major screw up"
git checkout master
git branch -D topic-branch
-d
-D
README
1.4.3
28 -
Bitbucket
origin master
git push
$ git push
Bitbucket
Markdown
1.17
1.17
README
Markdown
1.5.
Rails
13
Rails
Rails
Phusion Passenger
Engine Yard
Rails Machine
Heroku
Heroku
13.
14.
Rails
Git
Apache
Nginx 14 Web
Engine Yard Cloud
Heroku
Rails
Web
Ninefold
Rails
1.4
Git
Heroku
1.5.4
Engine X
1.5.
- 29
1.5.1.
Heroku
PostgreSQL15
Heroku
pg
Rails
PostgreSQL
group :production do
gem 'pg',
'0.17.1'
gem 'rails_12factor', '0.0.2'
end
rails_12factor
Gemfile
Heroku
gem
1.14
1.14
gem
Gemfile
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
'rails',
'sass-rails',
'uglifier',
'coffee-rails',
'jquery-rails',
'turbolinks',
'jbuilder',
'sdoc',
group
gem
gem
gem
gem
end
'4.2.0'
'5.0.0.beta1'
'2.5.3'
'4.1.0'
'4.0.0.beta2'
'2.3.0'
'2.2.3'
:development, :test do
'sqlite3',
'1.3.9'
'byebug',
'3.4.0'
'web-console', '2.0.0.beta3'
'spring',
'1.1.3'
gem 'pg',
'0.17.1'
end
bundle install
gem
pg
rails_12factor
$ bundle install --without production
1.14
gem
pg
gem
rails_12factor
Gemfile.lock
$ git commit -a -m "Update Gemfile.lock for Heroku"
15.
post-gres-cue-ell
Postgres
16.
SQLite
PostgreSQL
30 -
3.1
16
Heroku
Heroku
Heroku
$ heroku version
IDE
heroku
Heroku
Heroku Toolbelt
heroku
Heroku
SSH
$ heroku login
$ heroku keys:add
heroku create
Heroku
1.15
1.15
Heroku
$ heroku create
Creating damp-fortress-5769... done, stack is cedar
http://damp-fortress-5769.herokuapp.com/ | git@heroku.com:damp-fortress-5769.git
Git remote heroku added
heroku
1.5.2. Heroku
Git
Heroku
$ git push heroku master
7.5
1.5.3. Heroku
heroku create
1.15
IDE
heroku open
1.18
1.12
1.5.
- 31
1.18
Heroku
1.5.4. Heroku
Heroku
$ heroku rename rails-tutorial-hello
Heroku
hwpcbmze.herokuapp.com
seyjhflo.herokuapp.com
jhyicevg.herokuapp.com
Ruby
('a'..'z').to_a.shuffle[0..7].join
17
Heroku
Heroku
Heroku
Heroku
Heroku
17.
32 -
Heroku
Github Pages
http://railstutorial-china.org
1.6.
Rails
Facebook
Ruby on Rails
http://railstutorial-china.org/
Ruby on Rails
Rails
1.6.1.
Ruby on Rails
Ruby
Web
Rails
rails
Rails
rails new
rails server
hello, world!
Git
Bitbucket
Heroku
1.7.
1.
hello
1.8
hello, world!
Hola, mundo!
hello
2.
world!
18.
hola, mundo!
Rails
1.8
1.10
ASCII
18
1.19
goodbye
goodbye
goodbye,
1.20
invalid multibyte character
1.6.
- 33
1.19
1.20
34 -
hello
Hola, mundo!
goodbye, world!
Rails
Ruby on Rails
Web
1.2
URL
Rails
Rails
REST
users
microposts
Twitter
3
Rails
2.1.
rails new
1.3
$ cd ~/workspace
$ rails _4.2.0_ new toy_app
$ cd toy_app/
rails new
Rails
Could not find railties

1.1
Rails
1.2.1
IDE
Refresh File Tree

Gemfile
2.1
2.1
Gemfile
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
'rails',
'sass-rails',
'uglifier',
'coffee-rails',
'jquery-rails',
'turbolinks',
'jbuilder',
'sdoc',
group
gem
gem
gem
gem
end
'4.2.0'
'5.0.0.beta1'
'2.5.3'
'4.1.0'
'4.0.0.beta2'
'2.3.0'
'2.2.3'
'sqlite3',
'1.3.9'
'byebug',
'3.4.0'
'spring',
'1.1.3'
35
gem 'pg',
'0.17.1'
end
2.1
1.5.1
1.14
--without production
gem
gem
Git
$ git init
$ git add -A
Bitbucket
Create
$ git remote add origin git@bitbucket.org:<username>/toy_app.git

2.1
36 -
Bitbucket
2.1
1.8
1.9
Heroku
$ git commit -am "Add hello"
$ heroku create
1.5
7.5
Heroku
1.18
Web
2.1.1
data model
2.1.2
2.1.1.
id
email
integer
name
string
string
2.2
2.2
6.1.1
2.2
users
id
name
email
2.1.2.
id
2
content
text
user_id
2.3
2.3
1.
2.
Rails
string
Heroku
text
2.1.
- 37
user_id
2.3.3
11
2.2.
2.1.1
Users Resource
read
ate
scaffold
User
Web
update
rails generate
cre-
HTTP
delete
Rails
Rails
scaffold
$ rails generate scaffold User name:string email:string

invoke active_record
create
db/migrate/20140821011110_create_users.rb
create
app/models/user.rb
invoke
test_unit
create
test/models/user_test.rb
create
test/fixtures/users.yml
invoke resource_route
route
resources :users
invoke scaffold_controller
create
app/controllers/users_controller.rb
invoke
erb
create
app/views/users
create
app/views/users/index.html.erb
create
app/views/users/edit.html.erb
create
app/views/users/show.html.erb
create
app/views/users/new.html.erb
create
app/views/users/_form.html.erb
invoke
test_unit
create
test/controllers/users_controller_test.rb
invoke
helper
create
app/helpers/users_helper.rb
invoke
test_unit
create
test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb
invoke
jbuilder
create
app/views/users/index.json.jbuilder
create
app/views/users/show.json.jbuilder
invoke assets
invoke
coffee
create
app/assets/javascripts/users.js.coffee
invoke
scss
create
app/assets/stylesheets/users.css.scss
invoke scss
create
app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
User
3.
38 -
Users
name:string
id
email:string
2.2
Rails
primary key
Rake
2.1
migrate
$ bundle exec rake db:migrate

== CreateUsers: migrating ==============================================
-- create_table(:users)
-> 0.0017s
== CreateUsers: migrated (0.0018s) =====================================
6.1.1
Gemfile
bundle exec
Rake
rake
IDE
bundle exec
bundle exec
Web
1.7
`rails server`
1.3.2
IDE
IDE
2.1
Unix
Rake
make
$ ./configure && make && sudo make install
Unix
Rake
Linux
Ruby
Mac OS X
make
Ruby
Web
make
Rails
Rake
rake db:migrate
rake -T db
$ bundle exec rake -T db
Rake
$ bundle exec rake -T
2.2.1.
URL http://localhost:3000/
4. rails
Rails
1.9
/users
/users/
bundle exec
2.2.
- 39
new
2.1
URL
2.1
URL
URL
/users
index
/users/1
show
/users/new
new
/users/1/edit
edit
2.4
http://localhost:3000
ID
ID
2.4
/users
2.5
IDE
Create User
URL
40 -
2.6
/users/1
flash message
2.2
id 7.1
7.4.2
2.5
2.6
/users/new
/users/1
2.2.
- 41
2.7
2.8
Update User
6
9.1
2.7
/users/1/edit
2.9
2.10
JavaScript Rails
42 -
JavaScript
9.4
2.10
7.1
2.8
2.9
/users
2.2.
- 43
2.10
2.2.2. MVC
MVC
1.
1.3.3
MVC
2.11
/users
2. Rails
/users
UsersController
3. index
index
User.all
4.
5.
@users
6.
7.
Ruby
8.
HTML
HTML
5
HTML
5.
44 -
index
Web
Apache
Nginx
2.11
Rails
MVC
1
Rails
3.2
URL
URL
2.1
2.2
:users
Symbol
2.2
4.3.3
Rails
config/routes.rb
resources :users
.
.
.
end
/users
1.10
2.2.
- 45
# root 'welcome#index'
hello
UsersController
2.3
index
hello
UsersController
2.3
config/routes.rb
resources :users
root 'users#index'
.
.
.
end
UsersController
2.2.1
class UsersController < ApplicationController
4.4
2.4
.
.
.
def index
.
.
.
end
def show
.
.
.
end
def new
.
.
.
end
def edit
.
.
.
46 -
2.4
Ruby
2.3.4
end
def create
.
.
.
end
def update
.
.
.
end
def destroy
.
.
.
end
end
index
create
update
show
new
edit
2.2.1
destroy
2.2
2.2
REST
Representational State Transfer

/users/1
Rails
Roy Fielding
show
HTTP
HTTP
URL
GET
/users
index
GET
/users/1
show
GET
/users/new
new
POST
/users
create
GET
/users/1/edit
edit
PATCH
/users/1
update
ID
DELETE
/users/1
destroy
ID
2000
update
3.3
2.2
6.
chitectures
2.2
2.2
REST
HTTP
REST
Roy Thomas Fielding
ID
ID
Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Ar-
2.2.
- 47
2.2
REST
Ruby on Rails Web

REpresentational State Transfer
WWW Web
read
update
POST
GET
PATCH
Rails
REST
REST
REST
resource
Rails
DELETE
3.3
REST
create
CRUD
delete
3.2
HTTP
HTTP
REST

REST
12
index
2.5
index
2.5

.
.
.
def index
@users = User.all
end
.
.
.
end
index
@users = User.all
4
2.6
Active Record
2.11
3
at-users
2.3.4
@users
5
4.4
Rails
User.all
2.6
app/models/user.rb
end
@users
2.7
@users
7. Rails
48 -
2.7
index.html.erb
instance variable
HTML
PUT
HTTP
PATCH
2.7
<h1>Listing users</h1>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
<th colspan="3"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<% @users.each do |user| %>
<tr>
<td><%= user.name %></td>
<td><%= user.email %></td>
<td><%= link_to 'Show', user %></td>
<td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_user_path(user) %></td>
<td><%= link_to 'Destroy', user, method: :delete,
data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
</tr>
<% end %>
</table>
<br>
<%= link_to 'New User', new_user_path %>
HTML
2.2.3.
Rails
2.3.
2.2
Rails
REST
2.3.
- 49
2.3.1.
rails generate scaffold
2.3
$ rails generate scaffold Micropost content:text user_id:integer

create
db/migrate/20140821012832_create_microposts.rb
create
app/models/micropost.rb
invoke
test_unit
create
test/models/micropost_test.rb
create
test/fixtures/microposts.yml
invoke resource_route
route
resources :microposts
invoke scaffold_controller
create
app/controllers/microposts_controller.rb
invoke
erb
create
app/views/microposts
create
app/views/microposts/index.html.erb
create
app/views/microposts/edit.html.erb
create
app/views/microposts/show.html.erb
create
app/views/microposts/new.html.erb
create
app/views/microposts/_form.html.erb
invoke
test_unit
create
test/controllers/microposts_controller_test.rb
invoke
helper
create
app/helpers/microposts_helper.rb
invoke
test_unit
create
test/helpers/microposts_helper_test.rb
invoke
jbuilder
create
app/views/microposts/index.json.jbuilder
create
app/views/microposts/show.json.jbuilder
invoke assets
invoke
coffee
create
app/assets/javascripts/microposts.js.coffee
invoke
scss
create
app/assets/stylesheets/microposts.css.scss
invoke scss
identical
app/assets/stylesheets/scaffolds.css.scss
Spring
2.2
== CreateMicroposts: migrating ===============================================
-- create_table(:microposts)
-> 0.0023s
== CreateMicroposts: migrated (0.0026s) ======================================
generate Micropost
8.
50 -
2.2.1
Rails
2.8
2.3
MicropostsController
URL
2.8
resources :micropsts
Rails
config/routes.rb
resources :microposts
resources :users
.
.
.
end
2.3
2.8
REST
HTTP
URL
GET
/microposts
index
GET
/microposts/1
show
GET
/microposts/new
new
POST
/microposts
create
GET
/microposts/1/edit
edit
PATCH
/microposts/1
update
ID
DELETE
/microposts/1
destroy
ID
ID
ID
2.9
ostsController
UsersController
2.4
Microp-
REST
2.9
class MicropostsController < ApplicationController

.
.
.
def index
.
.
.
end
def show
.
9.
2.8
Ruby
2.3.
- 51
.
.
end
def new
.
.
.
end
def edit
.
.
.
end
def create
.
.
.
end
def update
.
.
.
end
def destroy
.
.
.
end
end
/microposts/new
2.12
user_id
2.2.1
52 -
2.13
2.12
2.13
/microposts
2.3.
- 53
2.3.2.
Rails
tion
140
IDE
2.10
validaTwitter
2.10
140
class Micropost < ActiveRecord::Base
validates :content, length: { maximum: 140 }
end
6.2
140
2.14
Rails
7.3.3
2.14
2.3.3.
Rails
association
2.11
2.12
2.11
app/models/user.rb
54 -

has_many :microposts
end
2.12
belongs_to :user
validates :content, length: { maximum: 140 }
end
microposts
2.15
user_id
Rails
Active Record
2.15
11
12
Twitter
Rails
console
rails console
User.first
first_user
10
$ rails console
>> first_user = User.first
=> #<User id: 1, name: "Michael Hartl", email: "michael@example.org",
created_at: "2014-07-21 02:01:31", updated_at: "2014-07-21 02:01:31">
>> first_user.microposts
=> [#<Micropost id: 1, content: "First micropost!", user_id: 1, created_at:
"2014-07-21 02:37:37", updated_at: "2014-07-21 02:37:37">, #<Micropost id: 2,
content: "Second micropost", user_id: 1, created_at: "2014-07-21 02:38:54",
updated_at: "2014-07-21 02:38:54">]
>> micropost = first_user.microposts.first
# Micropost.first would also work.
=> #<Micropost id: 1, content: "First micropost!", user_id: 1, created_at:
"2014-07-21 02:37:37", updated_at: "2014-07-21 02:37:37">
>> micropost.user
=> #<User id: 1, name: "Michael Hartl", email: "michael@example.org",
>> exit
exit
Ctrl-D
first_user.microposts
ID
Ctrl-C
Ctrl-d
user_id
first_user
12
2.1.1 :001 >
10.
11.
Active Record
11
11
>>
Ruby
Ctrl-D
2.3.
- 55
2.3.4.
Rails
Object-oriented Programming
OOP
OOP
4.4
<
ActiveRecord::Base
2.13
Active Record
2.14
User
Micropost
2.16
ActiveRecord::Base
Ruby
2.13 User
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
end
2.14 Mcropost
.
.
.
end
2.16
2.15
croposts Controller
ActionController::Base
2.17
UsersController
2.15
56 -
Rails
2.16
2.17
Action Pack
UsersController
Mi-

.
.
.
end
2.16 MicropostsController
.
.
.
end
2.17 ApplicationController
.
.
.
end
2.17
UsersController
UsersController
HTTP
HTML Rails
8.4
2.3.5.
Bitbucket
$ git status
$ git add -A
2.3.
- 57
$ git commit -m "Finish toy app"

$ git push
1.5
Heroku
$ git push heroku
2.1
ate
Heroku
git push heroku master
$ heroku run rake db:migrate
Heroku
PostgreSQL
2.18
2.18
2.4.
Rails
58 -
Rails
hreoku cre-
MVC
REST
Web
2.4.1.
Web
Rails
MVC
Rails
Web
REST
URL
Rails
Rails
Rails
Rails
2.5.
1.
2.18
2.19
2.
2.19
FILL_IN
name
email
2.20
2.18
2.5.
- 59

belongs_to :user
validates :content, length: { maximum: 140 },
presence: true
end
2.19
app/models/user.rb
validates FILL_IN, presence: true
validates FILL_IN, presence: true
end
2.19
60 -
2.20
2.5.
- 61
Rails
HTML
Rails
automated testing
3.1.
2
sample_app
Rails
3.1
3.1
$ cd ~/workspace
$ rails _4.2.0_ new sample_app
$ cd sample_app/
2.1
IDE
Gemfile
2.1
1.5
test
2.1
gem
gem
gem
3.2
3.7
11.66
Gemfile
3.2
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
'rails',
'sass-rails',
'uglifier',
'coffee-rails',
'jquery-rails',
'turbolinks',
'jbuilder',
1.
IDE
'4.2.0'
'5.0.0.beta1'
'2.5.3'
'4.1.0'
'4.0.0.beta2'
'2.3.0'
'2.2.3'
Goto Anything
Gemfile
workspace
Gemfile Gemfile.lock
rm -rf hello_app/ toy_app/
1.1
Bitbucket
63
gem 'sdoc',
group
gem
gem
gem
gem
end
'sqlite3',
'1.3.9'
'byebug',
'3.4.0'
'spring',
'1.1.3'
group
gem
gem
gem
end
:test do
'minitest-reporters', '1.0.5'
'mini_backtrace',
'0.1.3'
'guard-minitest',
'2.3.1'
gem 'pg',
'0.17.1'
end
bundle install
production
Gemfile
--without
gem
gem
PostgreSQL
pg gem
SQLite Heroku
SQLite
PostgreSQL
Gemfile
Rails
bundle update
gem
gem
$ bundle update
Git
$ git init
$ git add -A
README
RDoc
Markdown
$ git mv README.rdoc README.md
3.3
2.
Bundler
3.
configure postgresql <your system>
64 -
bundle install
rails postgresql setup
IDE
PostgreSQL
<your system>
install
Ubuntu
README
3.3
# Ruby on Rails Tutorial: sample application

This is the sample application for the
[*Ruby on Rails Tutorial:
Learn Web Development with Rails*](http://www.railstutorial.org/)
by [Michael Hartl](http://www.michaelhartl.com/).
$ git commit -am "Improve the README"

git commit -a -m "Message"
1.4.4
-m
-a
git commit -am "Message"
Bitbucket
$ git remote add origin git@bitbucket.org:<username>/sample_app.git
1.8
Heroku
hello, world!
1.9
Heroku
$ git commit -am "Add hello"
$ heroku create
1.5
7.5
Heroku
1.18
Heroku
$ heroku logs
Heroku
7.5
Unicorn
3.2.
Rails
HTML Rails
2
1.3
app/controllers
1.4.4
Git
Rails
MVC
C
REST
1.4
1.3.3
app/views
Git

$ git checkout -b static-pages
3.2.
- 65
master
static-pages
3.2.1.
generate
2
StaticPages
home
help
about
3.3
3.4
3.4
$ rails generate controller StaticPages home help
create app/controllers/static_pages_controller.rb
route get 'static_pages/help'
route get 'static_pages/home'
invoke erb
create
app/views/static_pages
create
app/views/static_pages/home.html.erb
create
app/views/static_pages/help.html.erb
invoke test_unit
create
test/controllers/static_pages_controller_test.rb
invoke helper
create
app/helpers/static_pages_helper.rb
invoke
test_unit
create
test/helpers/static_pages_helper_test.rb
invoke assets
invoke
coffee
create
app/assets/javascripts/static_pages.js.coffee
invoke
scss
create
app/assets/stylesheets/static_pages.css.scss
rails generate
rails g
Rails
3.1
Rails
3.1
Rails
$ rails server
$ rails s
$ rails console
$ rails c
$ rails generate
$ rails g
$ bundle install
$ bundle
$ rake test
$ rake
Git
66 -
generate
$
$
$
$
git
git
git
git
status
add -A
commit -m "Add a Static Pages controller"
push -u origin static-pages
static-pages
Bitbucket
$ git push
3.4
StaticPages
static_pages_controller.rb
$ rails generate controller static_pages ...

Rails
Ruby
Ruby
4.4
underscore
3.1
Rails
3.1
Rails
Rails
Rails
3.4
2.2
rails generate
2.3
routes.rb
rails destroy
Rails
$ rails generate controller StaticPages home help

$ rails destroy controller StaticPages home help
6
$ rails generate model User name:string email:string
$ rails destroy model User
3.2.
- 67
$ bundle exec rake db:rollback
$ bundle exec rake db:migrate VERSION=0
config/routes.rb
3.4
URL
Rails
home
3.5
config
help
home
config/routes.rb
get 'static_pages/home'
get 'static_pages/help'
.
config
3.1
3.1
68 -
2.11
1.3.4
help
3.5
.
.
end
home
/static_pages/home
GET HTTP
get
home
3.2
/static_pages/home
1.3.2
/static_pages/home
GET
Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Rails
`rails server`
3.2
3.2
/static_pages/home
3.2 GET
HTTP
GET
Chrome Firefox
Apache
POST
PATCH
DELETE
Safari
Nginx
REST
Web
Rails
Web
3.2.
- 69
Rails
HTTP
REST
GET
HTTP
http://www.google.com
POST
POST
POST
Rails
POST
HTTP
POST
PATCH
GET
GET
http://www.wikipedia.org
DELETE
POST
Web
Rails
Rails
3.6
REST
2
REST
3.6
3.4
app/controllers/static_pages_controller.rb
class StaticPagesController < ApplicationController
def home
end
def help
end
end
class
troller
StaticPagesCon-
home
<
2.3.4
StaticPagesController
Rails
help
def
4.4
def home
end
def help
end
Ruby
Ruby
/static_pages/home
MVC
V
home
/static_pages/home
home
HTML
70 -
.erb
3.4
3.7
Rails
home
Rails
1.3.3
3.4
home.html.erb
Rails
.html
3.7
<h1>StaticPages#home</h1>
<p>Find me in app/views/static_pages/home.html.erb</p>
help
3.8
3.8
<h1>StaticPages#help</h1>
<p>Find me in app/views/static_pages/help.html.erb</p>
h1
p
3.2.2.
3.4
Rails
HTML
3.9
Rails
3.10
3.9
HTML
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>
This is the home page for the
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/">Ruby on Rails Tutorial</a>
sample application.
</p>
3.10
HTML
<h1>Help</h1>
<p>
Get help on the Ruby on Rails Tutorial at the
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/#help">Rails Tutorial help section</a>.
To get help on this sample app, see the
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/book"><em>Ruby on Rails Tutorial</em>
book</a>.
</p>
3.3
3.4
3.2.
- 71
3.3
3.4
72 -
3.3.
Rails
Driven Development
TDD
TDD
TDD
Test-
TDD
3.3
3.3
1.
regression
2.
3.
TDD
HTML
4.
Rails
TDD is dead. Long live testing
3.3.
- 73
3.3.1.
3.3
Rails
Ruby
rails generate controller
Rails
3.4
$ ls test/controllers/
static_pages_controller_test.rb
3.11
3.11
GREEN
require 'test_helper'
class StaticPagesControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
test "should get home" do
get :home
assert_response :success
end
test "should get help" do
get :help
end
end
3.4
GET
get
:success
3.2
HTTP
200 OK
get :home
end
home
GET
rake
bundle exec
5. 2.2
bundle exec
74 -
IDE
2.1
3.12
GREEN
$ bundle exec rake test

2 tests, 2 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
GREEN
3.7.1
1
MiniTest
Spring
Rails
Ruby
3.7.3
Guard
3.3.2.
3.3
TDD
3.3.3
3.4.3
3.11
3.13
3.13
RED
get :home
end
get :help
end
test "should get about" do
get :about
end
end
help
6.
home
about
rake test
3.7.1
3.3.
- 75
3.14
RED

3.3.3.
RED
GREEN
3.15
RED

ActionController::UrlGenerationError:
No route matches {:action=>"about", :controller=>"static_pages"}
3.5
3.16
about
3.16
RED
config/routes.rb
get 'static_pages/about'
.
.
.
end
Rails
GET
/static_pages/about
about
3.17
RED

AbstractController::ActionNotFound:
The action 'about' could not be found for StaticPagesController
about
3.6
3.18
about
3.18
7.
76 -
RED
3.7.2

def home
end
def help
end
def about
end
end

ActionView::MissingTemplate: Missing template static_pages/about
Rails
3.2.1
home
home.html.erb
app/views/static_pages
about.html.erb
Unix touch
$ touch app/views/static_pages/about.html.erb
touch
IDE
1.3.1
about.html.erb
3.19
3.19
GREEN
app/views/static_pages/about.html.erb
<h1>About</h1>
<p>
The <a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/"><em>Ruby on Rails
Tutorial</em></a> is a
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/book">book</a> and
<a href="http://screencasts.railstutorial.org/">screencast series</a>
to teach web development with
<a href="http://rubyonrails.org/">Ruby on Rails</a>.
This is the sample application for the tutorial.
</p>
rake test
3.20
GREEN

3.5
3.3.
- 77
3.5
/static_pages/about
3.3.4.
3.4.3
3.4.
<title>
Search-Engine Optimization
SEO
<
ple App
rails new
78 -
> | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sam-
3.2
$ mv app/views/layouts/application.html.erb layout_file
3.2
URL
/static_pages/home
"Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
"Home"
/static_pages/help
"Help"
/static_pages/about
"About"
3.4.1.
3.21
3.21
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Greeting</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, world!</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
document type declaration

HTML5
body
head
doctype
title
Greeting
HTML
Hello, world!
assert_select
3.2
assert_select
3.13
HTML
assert_select "title", "Home | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"

<title>
Home | Ruby on Rails Tutorial

3.22
Sample App
3.22
RED
8. HTML
9. Rails
<!DOCTYPE html>
doctype
HTML
HTML5
MiniTest
3.4.
- 79

get :home
assert_select "title", "Home | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
end
get :help
assert_select "title", "Help | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
end
get :about
assert_select "title", "About | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
end
end
Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App
3.6
RED
3.23
RED

3.4.2.
3.21
3.9
3.24
3.24
HTML
RED
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Home | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>
sample application.
</p>
</body>
</html>
3.6
80 -
10
HTML
3.6
3.25
HTML
3.25
3.26
RED
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Help | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Help</h1>
<p>
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/#help">Rails Tutorial help
section</a>.
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/book"><em>Ruby on Rails
Tutorial</em> book</a>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
10.
Google Chrome
Safari
Chrome
3.4.
- 81
3.26
HTML
GREEN
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>About | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>About</h1>
<p>
</p>
</body>
</html>
GREEN
3.27
GREEN

3.4.3.
Ruby
Rails
Rails
HTML
HTML
Dont Repeat Yourself
Ruby Embedded Ruby
Rails
provide
Home
3.28
home.html.erb
3.28
Ruby
82 -
DRY
GREEN
DRY
<% provide(:title, "Home") %>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title><%= yield(:title) %> | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>
sample application.
</p>
</body>
</html>
Ruby
.html.erb
ERb
HTML
11
ERb
<% provide(:title, 'Home') %>

<% %>
provide
Rails
<%= %>
"Home"
:title
13
yield
Ruby
12

<% %>
Ruby
<%= %>
ERb
3.29
GREEN
GREEN

3.30
3.30
Ruby
3.31
GREEN
<% provide(:title, "Help") %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
11.
Haml
12.
Rails
13.
Ruby
content_for
Rails
provide
Asset Pipeline
Rails
3.4.
- 83
<body>
<h1>Help</h1>
<p>
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/#help">Rails Tutorial help
section</a>.
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/book"><em>Ruby on Rails
Tutorial</em> book</a>.
</p>
</body>
</html>
3.31
Ruby
GREEN
<% provide(:title, "About") %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<h1>About</h1>
<p>
</p>
</body>
</html>
ERb
<% provide(:title, "The Title") %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
Contents
</body>
</html>
title
Rails
84 -
body
application.html.erb
3.4
$ mv layout_file app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
Ruby
3.32
3.32
GREEN
app/views/layouts/application.html.erb
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<%= stylesheet_link_tag
'application', media: 'all',
'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
<%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
<%= csrf_meta_tags %>
</head>
<body>
<%= yield %>
</body>
</html>
<%= yield %>
/static_pages/home
home.html.erb
<%=
HTML
yield %>
Rails
<%= stylesheet_link_tag ... %>
<%= javascript_include_tag "application", ... %>
Rails
JavaScript
csrf_meta_tags
3.28
3.30
3.31
3.33
3.33
Asset Pipeline
5.2.1
Cross-Site Request Forgery
HTML
3.34
CSRF
HTML
3.35
GREEN
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>
3.4.
- 85
sample application.
</p>
3.34
HTML
GREEN
<% provide(:title, "Help") %>
<h1>Help</h1>
<p>
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/#help">Rails Tutorial help section</a>.
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/book"><em>Ruby on Rails Tutorial</em>
book</a>.
</p>
3.35
HTML
GREEN
<% provide(:title, "About") %>
<h1>About</h1>
<p>
</p>
3.36
GREEN

3.4.4.
1.3.4
routes.rb
2.2.2
hello
3.1
get
root 'static_pages#home'
86 -
3.5
3.37
static_pages/home
static_pages#home
home
3.7
GET
/static_pages/home
3.37
config/routes.rb
end
3.7
3.5.
Rails
3.2
Git
$ git add -A
$ git commit -m "Finish static pages"
3.5.
- 87
1.4.4
$ git merge static-pages
1.4.3
Bitbuck-
et
$ git push
Heroku
$ git push heroku
3.5.1.
Rails
gem
rails generate controller ControllerName <optional action names>
config/routes.rb
Rails
HTML
Ruby
ERb
Rails
3.6.
$ git checkout static-pages

$ git checkout -b static-pages-exercises
#
$
#
$
$
$
$
88 -
git commit -am "Eliminate repetition (solves exercise 3.1)"

git
git
git
git
add -A
commit -m "Add a Contact page (solves exercise 3.2)"
push -u origin static-pages-exercises
checkout master
1.
3.22
setup
Rails Tutorial Sample App

3.38
4.4.5
2.
Ruby on
3.38
2.2.2
4.2.2
14
Contact | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App

3.39
3.39
3.38
3.38
3.13
/static_pages/contact
GREEN
def setup
@base_title = "Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
end
get :home
assert_select "title", "Home | #{@base_title}"
end
get :help
assert_select "title", "Help | #{@base_title}"
end
get :about
assert_select "title", "About | #{@base_title}"
end
end
3.39
app/views/static_pages/contact.html.erb
<% provide(:title, "Contact") %>
<h1>Contact</h1>
<p>
Contact the Ruby on Rails Tutorial about the sample app at the
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/#contact">contact page</a>.
</p>
14.
5.3.1
3.6.
- 89
3.7.
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.1. MiniTest
Rails
3.40
3.2
minitest-reporters gem
3.40
test/test_helper.rb
ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'test'
require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
require 'rails/test_help'
require "minitest/reporters"
Minitest::Reporters.use!
class ActiveSupport::TestCase
# Setup all fixtures in test/fixtures/*.yml for all tests in alphabetical
# order.
fixtures :all
# Add more helper methods to be used by all tests here...
end
IDE
3.8
3.8
rails new
15.
MiniTest
90 -
IDE
Ruby
4.2.2
15
3.7.2.
IDE
gem
Rails
3.2
rvm
IDE
er
mini_backtrace gem
Ruby Version Manag-
3.41
3.41
RVM
config/initializers/backtrace_silencers.rb
# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
# You can add backtrace silencers for libraries that you're using but don't
# wish to see in your backtraces.
Rails.backtrace_cleaner.add_silencer { |line| line =~ /rvm/ }
# You can also remove all the silencers if you're trying to debug a problem
# that might stem from framework code.
# Rails.backtrace_cleaner.remove_silencers!
3.7.3.
Guard
rake test
Guard
stat-
Guard
ic_pages_controller_test.rb
Guard
home.html.erb
3.2
Guard
static_pages_controller_test.rb
guard gem
$ bundle exec guard init

Writing new Guardfile to /home/ubuntu/workspace/sample_app/Guardfile
00:51:32 - INFO - minitest guard added to Guardfile, feel free to edit it
Guardfile
Guard
3.42
3.42
Guardfile
# Defines the matching rules for Guard.

guard :minitest, spring: true, all_on_start: false do
watch(%r{^test/(.*)/?(.*)_test\.rb$})
watch('test/test_helper.rb') { 'test' }
watch('config/routes.rb')
{ integration_tests }
watch(%r{âpp/models/(.*?)\.rb$}) do |matches|
"test/models/#{matches[1]}_test.rb"
end
watch(%r{âpp/controllers/(.*?)_controller\.rb$}) do |matches|
3.7.
- 91
resource_tests(matches[1])
end
watch(%r{âpp/views/([^/]*?)/.*\.html\.erb$}) do |matches|
["test/controllers/#{matches[1]}_controller_test.rb"] +
integration_tests(matches[1])
end
watch(%r{âpp/helpers/(.*?)_helper\.rb$}) do |matches|
integration_tests(matches[1])
end
watch('app/views/layouts/application.html.erb') do
'test/integration/site_layout_test.rb'
end
watch('app/helpers/sessions_helper.rb') do
integration_tests << 'test/helpers/sessions_helper_test.rb'
end
watch('app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb') do
['test/controllers/sessions_controller_test.rb',
'test/integration/users_login_test.rb']
end
watch('app/models/micropost.rb') do
['test/models/micropost_test.rb', 'test/models/user_test.rb']
end
watch(%r{app/views/users/*}) do
resource_tests('users') +
['test/integration/microposts_interface_test.rb']
end
end
# Returns the integration tests corresponding to the given resource.
def integration_tests(resource = :all)
if resource == :all
Dir["test/integration/*"]
else
Dir["test/integration/#{resource}_*.rb"]
end
end
# Returns the controller tests corresponding to the given resource.
def controller_test(resource)
"test/controllers/#{resource}_controller_test.rb"
end
# Returns all tests for the given resource.
def resource_tests(resource)
integration_tests(resource) << controller_test(resource)
end
guard :minitest, spring: true, all_on_start: false do
Guard
92 -
Rails
Spring
Guard
Spring
IDE
spring/
Git
.gitignore
Git
3.9
.gitignore
Show hidden files

.gitignore
3.11
3.10
3.43
3.9
3.7.
- 93
3.10
3.11
94 -
.gitignore
3.43
#
#
#
#
#
#
.gitignore
Spring
See https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files for more about ignoring

files.
If you find yourself ignoring temporary files generated by your text editor
or operating system, you probably want to add a global ignore instead:
git config --global core.excludesfile '~/.gitignore_global'
# Ignore bundler config.

/.bundle
# Ignore the default SQLite database.
/db/*.sqlite3
/db/*.sqlite3-journal
# Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
/log/*.log
/tmp
# Ignore Spring files.
/spring/*.pid
Spring
Spring
3.4
Spring
3.4
Unix
process
Linux
Unix
OS X
ps
aux
$ ps aux
|
Unix
ps
grep
$ ps aux | grep spring

ubuntu 12241 0.3 0.5 589960 178416 ? Ssl Sep20 1:46
spring app | sample_app | started 7 hours ago
ID
kill
pid
kill
pid
$ kill -9 12241
ps aux | grep server
Rails
spring
pid
spring
Spring
$ spring stop
pkill
spring
3.7.
- 95
$ pkill -9 -f spring
ps aux
kill -9 <pid>
pkill -9 -f <name>
Guard
1.3.2
Rails
$ bundle exec guard
3.42
guard>
Guard
96 -
Spring
Ctrl-D
Guard
3.42
Guard
3
Rails
Ruby
Rails
Rails
Rails
Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
4.1.
Ruby
Rails
Ruby
Rails
4.1
3.32
4.1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<%= yield %>
</body>
</html>
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all",

"data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
Rails
application.css
stylesheet_link_tag
Rails API
Rails
Rails
Rails
helper
Ruby
4.1
<%= yield(:title) %> | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App
97
provide
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>
sample application.
</p>
provide
| Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App
full_title
full_title

4.2
full_title
app/helpers/application_helper.rb
4.2
module ApplicationHelper
#
def full_title(page_title = '')
base_title = "Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
if page_title.empty?
base_title
else
"#{page_title} | #{base_title}"
end
end
end
<title><%= full_title(yield(:title)) %></title>
4.3
4.3
full_title
GREEN
1.
app/helper/static_pages_helper.rb
app/helper/application_helper.rb
98 -
Rails
Ruby
full_title
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<%= yield %>
</body>
</html>
Home
"Home"
4.4
@base_title
3.38
4.4
setup
RED
get :home
assert_select "title", "Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
end
get :help
end
get :about
end
end
4.5
RED

provide
4.6
4.6
GREEN
4.1.
- 99
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>
sample application.
</p>
4.7
GREEN

rake test
4.2
Rails
Ruby
4.2.
Ruby
Rails
Rails
Ruby
irb
Ruby
Rails
IDE
2.3.3
4.4.4
nano
irb
4.8
.irbrc
$ nano ~/.irbrc
4.8
4.8
irb
irb
~/.irbrc
IRB.conf[:PROMPT_MODE] = :SIMPLE
IRB.conf[:AUTO_INDENT_MODE] = false
$ rails console
Loading development environment
>>
Rails
7.1.1
Ctrl-C
2.
100 -
Ctrl-D
Ctrl-W
Rails
Ruby
Ctrl-E
nano
Ruby API
API
String
Ruby
4.2.1.
#
Ruby
Ruby
#
.
.
.
end
$ rails console
>> 17 + 42
#
=> 59
4.2.2.
Web
$ rails console
>> ""
#
=> ""
>> "foo"
#
=> "foo"
"
+
>> "foo" + "bar"
=> "foobar"
"foo"
"bar"
"foobar"
#{}
3.
foo bar
4.
Perl
PHP
foobar FUBAR
Jargon File
foo
"foo $bar"
4.2.
- 101
>>
=>
>>
=>
first_name = "Michael"
"Michael"
"#{first_name} Hartl"
"Michael Hartl"
"Michael"
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
#
#
first_name
first_name = "Michael"
"Michael"
last_name = "Hartl"
"Hartl"
first_name + " " + last_name
"Michael Hartl"
"#{first_name} #{last_name}"
"Michael Hartl"
"#{first_name} Hartl"
#
#
" "
puts
Ruby
>> puts "foo"
foo
=> nil
put ess
puts
puts "foo"
nil
nil
puts
>> print "foo"

foo=> nil
>> print "foo\n"
foo
=> nil
\n
puts
puts "foo"
Ruby
>>
=>
>>
=>
'foo'
"foo"
'foo' + 'bar'
"foobar"
Ruby
>> '#{foo} bar'
=> "\#{foo} bar"
102 -
Rails
Ruby
print
Ruby
\n
>> '\n'
=> "\\n"
Ruby
>> 'Newlines (\n) and tabs (\t) both use the backslash character \.'
=> "Newlines (\\n) and tabs (\\t) both use the backslash character \\."
Ruby
4.2.3.
nil
Ruby
4.4.2
length
>> "foobar".length
=> 6
>>
=>
>>
=>
length
true
Ruby
false
s = "foobar"
if s.empty?
"The string is empty"
else
"The string is nonempty"
end
"The string is nonempty"
elsif
5.
empty?
"foobar".empty?
false
"".empty?
true
empty?
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
=>
else + if
Ruby
4.2.
- 103
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
=>
if s.nil?
"The variable is nil"
elsif s.empty?
"The string is empty"
elsif s.include?("foo")
"The string includes 'foo'"
end
"The string includes 'foo'"
&&
||
>> x = "foo"
=> "foo"
>> y = ""
=> ""
>> puts "Both strings are empty" if x.empty? && y.empty?
=> nil
>> puts "One of the strings is empty" if x.empty? || y.empty?
"One of the strings is empty"
=> nil
>> puts "x is not empty" if !x.empty?
"x is not empty"
=> nil
nil
Ruby
to_s
>> nil.to_s
=> ""
chain
>> nil.empty?
NoMethodError: undefined method èmpty?' for nil:NilClass
>> nil.to_s.empty?
#
=> true
nil
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
empty?
nil.to_s
"foo".nil?
false
"".nil?
false
nil.nil?
true
puts "x is not empty" if !x.empty?

if
if
unless
104 -
Rails
Ruby
>> string = "foobar"

>> puts "The string '#{string}' is nonempty." unless string.empty?
The string 'foobar' is nonempty.
=> nil
nil
!!
false
Ruby
bang bang
>> !!nil
=> false
Ruby
>> !!0
=> true
4.2.4.
home
3.6
full_title
4.2
string_message
>> def string_message(str = '')
>>
if str.empty?
>>
"It's an empty string!"
>>
else
>>
"The string is nonempty."
>>
end
>> end
=> :string_message
>> puts string_message("foobar")
The string is nonempty.
>> puts string_message("")
It's an empty string!
>> puts string_message
def string_message(str =
'')
str
Ruby
str
Ruby
>> def string_message(str = '')

>>
return "It's an empty string!" if str.empty?
>>
return "The string is nonempty."
>> end
return
return
return
4.2.
- 105
str
the_function_argument
>> def string_message(the_function_argument = '')
>>
if the_function_argument.empty?
>>
"It's an empty string!"
>>
else
>>
>>
end
>> end
=> nil
>> puts string_message("")
>> puts string_message("foobar")
The string is nonempty.
4.2.5.
6
full_title
4.2
4.9
full_title
app/helpers/application_helper.rb
4.9
#
base_title = "Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
if page_title.empty?
base_title
else
"#{page_title} | #{base_title}"
end
end
end
#
#
#
#
#
#
include
Ruby
full_title
Rails
4.3.
Web
Rails
Ruby
6.
Rails
full_title
URL
Rails
Rails
106 -
Rails
Ruby
Obie Fernandez
The Rails 4 Way
Rails
4.3.1.
4.3.3
Rails
has_many
2.3.3
11.1.3
split
>> "foo bar

baz".split
=> ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
split
>> "fooxbarxbazx".split('x')
=> ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
Ruby
1
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
a = [42, 8, 17]
[42, 8, 17]
a[0]
42
a[1]
8
a[2]
17
a[-1]
17
# Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
a
[42, 8, 17]
a.first
42
a.second
8
a.last
17
a.last == a[-1]
true
==
==
>>
=>
>>
=>
x = a.length
3
x == 3
true
second
7.
Rails
!=
Ruby
length
Ruby
Rails
Rails
Ruby
4.3.
- 107
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
x == 1
false
x != 1
true
x >= 1
true
x < 1
false
length
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
a
[42, 8, 17]
a.empty?
false
a.include?(42)
true
a.sort
[8, 17, 42]
a.reverse
[17, 8, 42]
a.shuffle
[17, 42, 8]
a
[42, 8, 17]
a
bang
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
a
[42, 8, 17]
a.sort!
[8, 17, 42]
a
[8, 17, 42]
push
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
<<
a.push(6)
#
6
[42, 8, 17, 6]
a << 7
#
7
[42, 8, 17, 6, 7]
a << "foo" << "bar"
#
[42, 8, 17, 6, 7, "foo", "bar"]
Ruby
split
>>
=>
>>
=>
108 -
join
a
[42, 8, 17, 7, "foo", "bar"]
a.join
#
"428177foobar"
Rails
Ruby
bang
>> a.join(', ')

=> "42, 8, 17, 7, foo, bar"
to_a
range
>> 0..9
=> 0..9
>> 0..9.to_a
#
to_a
9
NoMethodError: undefined method `to_a' for 9:Fixnum
>> (0..9).to_a
#
to_a
=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
0..9
>>
=>
>>
=>
a = %w[foo bar baz quux]

["foo", "bar", "baz", "quux"]
a[0..2]
["foo", "bar", "baz"]
# %w
-1
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
a = (0..9).to_a
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
a[2..(a.length-1)]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
a[2..-1]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
#
#
-1
>> ('a'..'e').to_a
=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
4.3.2.
block
Ruby
>> (1..5).each { |i| puts 2 * i }

2
4
6
8
10
=> 1..5
(1..5)
each
{ |i| puts 2 * i }
each
|i|
each
Ruby
i
each
4.3.
- 109
>> (1..5).each do |i|

?>
puts 2 * i
>> end
2
4
6
8
10
=> 1..5
do..end
>> (1..5).each do |number|
?>
puts 2 * number
>>
puts '-'
>> end
2
4
6
8
10
=> 1..5
number
map
>> 3.times { puts "Betelgeuse!" }

# 3.times
"Betelgeuse!"
"Betelgeuse!"
"Betelgeuse!"
=> 3
>> (1..5).map { |i| i**2 }
# **
=> [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>> %w[a b c]
#
=> ["a", "b", "c"]
>> %w[a b c].map { |char| char.upcase }
=> ["A", "B", "C"]
>> %w[A B C].map { |char| char.downcase }
=> ["a", "b", "c"]
map
map
8.
110 -
closure
Rails
Ruby
%w
>>
=>
>>
=>
%w[A B C].map { |char| char.downcase }

["a", "b", "c"]
%w[A B C].map(&:downcase)
["a", "b", "c"]
4.3.3
Ruby
Rails
4.4
get :home
end
do
1.5.4
test
Ruby
('a'..'z').to_a.shuffle[0..7].join
>> ('a'..'z').to_a
#
=> ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o",
"p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"]
>> ('a'..'z').to_a.shuffle
#
=> ["c", "g", "l", "k", "h", "z", "s", "i", "n", "d", "y", "u", "t", "j", "q",
"b", "r", "o", "f", "e", "w", "v", "m", "a", "x", "p"]
>> ('a'..'z').to_a.shuffle[0..7]
#
8
=> ["f", "w", "i", "a", "h", "p", "c", "x"]
>> ('a'..'z').to_a.shuffle[0..7].join #
=> "mznpybuj"
4.3.3.
Hash
Perl
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
user = {}
# {}
{}
user["first_name"] = "Michael"
#
"first_name"
"Michael"
user["last_name"] = "Hartl"
#
"last_name"
"Hartl"
user["first_name"]
#
"Michael"
user
#
{"last_name"=>"Hartl", "first_name"=>"Michael"}
"Michael"
"Hartl"
4.3.
- 111
{}
9
>> user = { "first_name" => "Michael", "last_name" => "Hartl" }

=> {"last_name"=>"Hartl", "first_name"=>"Michael"}
Ruby
Ruby
Rails
Symbol
:name
10
>> "name".split('')
=> ["n", "a", "m", "e"]
>> :name.split('')
NoMethodError: undefined method `split' for :name:Symbol
>> "foobar".reverse
=> "raboof"
>> :foobar.reverse
NoMethodError: undefined method `reverse' for :foobar:Symbol
Ruby
Rails
>> :foo-bar
NameError: undefined local variable or method `bar' for main:Object
>> :2foo
SyntaxError
user
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
user = { :name => "Michael Hartl", :email => "michael@example.com" }

{:name=>"Michael Hartl", :email=>"michael@example.com"}
user[:name]
#
:name
"Michael Hartl"
user[:password]
#
nil
nil
9.
Ruby 1.9
10.
112 -
Rails
Ruby
Ruby 1.9
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
h1 = { :name => "Michael Hartl", :email => "michael@example.com" }

h2 = { name: "Michael Hartl", email: "michael@example.com" }
h1 == h2
true
{ name: "Michael Hartl", email: "michael@example.com" }
JavaScript
Rails
:name
name:
"Michael Hartl" }
:name
name:
{ name: "Michael Hartl" }
{ :name
:name
4.10
4.10
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
params = {}
#
params parameters
{}
params[:user] = { name: "Michael Hartl", email: "mhartl@example.com" }
{:name=>"Michael Hartl", :email=>"mhartl@example.com"}
params
{:user=>{:name=>"Michael Hartl", :email=>"mhartl@example.com"}}
params[:user][:email]
"mhartl@example.com"
Rails
each
:success
7.3
flash
:danger
>> flash = { success: "It worked!", danger: "It failed." }

=> {:success=>"It worked!", :danger=>"It failed."}
>> flash.each do |key, value|
?>
puts "Key #{key.inspect} has value #{value.inspect}"
>> end
Key :success has value "It worked!"
Key :danger has value "It failed."
each
each
each
inspect
>> puts (1..5).to_a

1
2
3
4
4.3.
- 113
5
>> puts (1..5).to_a.inspect
#
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>> puts :name, :name.inspect
name
:name
>> puts "It worked!", "It worked!".inspect
It worked!
"It worked!"
inspect
>> p :name
:name
4.3.4.
'puts :name.inspect'
CSS
4.1
<%= stylesheet_link_tag 'application', media: 'all',

4.1
Rails
stylesheet_link_tag 'application', media: 'all',

'data-turbolinks-track' => true
Ruby
#
stylesheet_link_tag('application', media: 'all',
'data-turbolinks-track' => true)
media
#
stylesheet_link_tag 'application', { media: 'all',
'data-turbolinks-track' => true }
data-turbolinks-track
data-turbolinks-track: true
4.3.3
11.
114 -
Rails
Ruby
puts
nil
Katarzyna Siwek
11
Ruby
12
Ruby
80
13

stylesheet_link_tag
Rails 4.0
%>
<%=
Turbolink
ERb
HTML
4.11
?body=1
CSS
Rails
CSS
4.11
CSS
HTML
<link data-turbolinks-track="true" href="/assets/application.css" media="all"

rel="stylesheet" />
http://localhost:3000/assets/application.css
CSS
4.4. Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
ming
Object-Oriented Program-
OOP
4.4.1.
>>
=>
>>
=>
s = "foobar"
"foobar"
s.class
String
class
\n
12.
13.
80
View > Wrap Column > 78
IDE
Sublime Text
View > Ruler > 78
1.5
TextMate
View > Ruler > 80
4.4. Ruby
- 115
named constructor
14
new
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
s = String.new("foobar")
"foobar"
s.class
String
s == "foobar"
true
>> a = Array.new([1, 3, 2])

=> [1, 3, 2]
Array.new
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
h = Hash.new
{}
h[:foo]
nil
h = Hash.new(0)
{}
h[:foo]
0
Hash.new
:foo
new
nil
new
class method
instance
length
instance method
4.4.2.
superclass
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
s = String.new("foobar")
"foobar"
s.class
#
s
String
s.class.superclass
#
String
Object
s.class.superclass.superclass # Ruby 1.9
BasicObject
s.class.superclass.superclass.superclass
nil
String
4.1
cObject
Ruby
Object
Object
Ruby
14.
116 -
BasicObject
Rails
Ruby
Ruby 1.9.3
BasicObject
Basi-
BasicObject
Ruby
4.1
Ruby
String
Word
palindrome?
true
>> class Word

>>
def palindrome?(string)
>>
string == string.reverse
>>
end
>> end
=> :palindrome?
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
w = Word.new
#<Word:0x22d0b20>
w.palindrome?("foobar")
false
w.palindrome?("level")
true
Word
Word
String
4.12
Word
4.12
Word
>> class Word < String

>>
#
>>
def palindrome?
>>
self == self.reverse
>>
end
>> end
=> nil
# Word
true
String
# self
4.4. Ruby
- 117
Word < String
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
Ruby
s = Word.new("level")
"level"
s.palindrome?
true
s.length
5
Word
palindrome?
3.2
Word
# Word
Word
"level"
palindrome?
# Word
String
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
s.class
Word
s.class.superclass
String
s.class.superclass.superclass
Object
4.2
4.2
4.12
Word
4.12
15
self
Word
Word
Ruby
self
self.
self == reverse
15.
118 -
Ruby
Rails
self
Ruby
RailsTips
Class and Instance Variables in Ruby
4.4.3.
palindrome?
String
palindrome?
>> "level".palindrome?
NoMethodError: undefined method `palindrome?' for "level":String
Ruby
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
=>
>>
=>
Ruby
class String
#
def palindrome?
end
end
nil
"deified".palindrome?
true
true
"deified"
Ruby
Rails
Web
blank
Rails
Rails
irb
Rails
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
blank?
Ruby
"".blank?
true
"
".empty?
false
"
".blank?
true
nil.blank?
true
empty
Rails
nil
Rails
nil
blank
blank?
String
Object
8.4
Ruby
4.4.4.
3.18
def home
end
def help
end
4.4. Ruby
- 119
def about
end
end
tionController
home
help
about
Applica-
Rails
Rails
16
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
controller = StaticPagesController.new
#<StaticPagesController:0x22855d0>
controller.class
controller.class.superclass
controller.class.superclass.superclass
controller.class.superclass.superclass.superclass
ActionController::Metal
controller.class.superclass.superclass.superclass.superclass
AbstractController::Base
controller.class.superclass.superclass.superclass.superclass.superclass
Object
4.3
>> controller.home
=> nil
home
nil
home
StaticPagesController.new
Rails
Rails
Ruby
16.
120 -
Rails
Rails
Ruby
Rails
Ruby
Ruby
2005
Rails
Ruby
Ruby on Rails
Rails
4.3
4.4.5.
User
Ruby
example_user.rb
4.13
4.13
User
example_user.rb
class User
attr_accessor :name, :email
def initialize(attributes = {})
@name = attributes[:name]
@email = attributes[:email]
end
def formatted_email
4.4. Ruby
- 121
"#{@name} <#{@email}>"
end
end
getter
Rails
attribute accessors
@name
setter
@email
2.2.2
3.6
Ruby
@
nil
initialize
User.new
Ruby
initialize
attributes
def initialize(attributes = {})
@name = attributes[:name]
@email = attributes[:email]
end
attributes
nil
4.3.3
nil
:name
attributes[:name]
attributes[:email]
formatted_email
@name
@email
def formatted_email
"#{@name} <#{@email}>"
end
@name
@email
formatted_email
require
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
require './example_user'
#
example_user
true
example = User.new
#<User:0x224ceec @email=nil, @name=nil>
example.name
#
nil
attributes[:name]
nil
example.name = "Example User"
#
nil
"Example User"
example.email = "user@example.com"
#
nil
"user@example.com"
example.formatted_email
"Example User <user@example.com>"
.
Unix
attr_accessor
"Example User"
122 -
Rails
'./example_user'
Ruby
example.name = "Example User"

email
Ruby
formatted_email
nil
Ruby
@name
ini-
4.3.4
tialize
>>
=>
>>
=>
user = User.new(name: "Michael Hartl", email: "mhartl@example.com")

#<User:0x225167c @email="mhartl@example.com", @name="Michael Hartl">
user.formatted_email
"Michael Hartl <mhartl@example.com>"
mass assignment
Rails
4.5.
Ruby
5
example_user.rb
4.4.5
$ rm example_user.rb
Bitbucket
$
$
$
$
$
Heroku
git status
git commit -am "Add a full_title helper"
git push
bundle exec rake test
git push heroku
4.5.1.
Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
def
Ruby
class
Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
Ruby
deified
4.6.
1.
2.
split
4.14
4.15
shuffle
shuffle
join
String
4.5.
- 123
person1
3.
params
params[:child]
4.
person2
person3
params[:father]
person3
merge
Ruby API
4.14
def string_shuffle(s)
s.?('').?.?
end
string_shuffle("foobar")
"oobfra"
4.15
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
=>
124 -
String
class String
def shuffle
self.?('').?.?
end
end
"foobar".shuffle
"borafo"
Rails
Ruby
params[:mother]
params[:father][:first]
{ "a" => 100, "b" => 200 }.merge({ "b" => 300 })
>>
>>
>>
>>
=>
person1
:first
shuffle
:last
person2
Ruby
4.1
1
CSS
Sass 5.2
Pipeline
5.4
5.1
TDD
Rails
Asset
5.3.1
5.3.4
5.1.
Web
Twitter
Web
CSS
Bootstrap
Web
CSS
Web
mockup
3.2
Web
LOGO
5.1
5.7
Rails LOGO
1.
2.
Colm Tuite
Bootstrap
Mockingbird
125
5.1
Git
$ git checkout -b filling-in-layout
5.1.1.
application.html.erb
4.3
HTML
5.1
CSS
5.2
5.1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
126 -


</head>
<body>
<header class="navbar navbar-fixed-top navbar-inverse">
<div class="container">
<%= link_to "sample app", '#', id: "logo" %>
<nav>
<ul class="nav navbar-nav pull-right">
<li><%= link_to "Home",
'#' %></li>
<li><%= link_to "Help",
'#' %></li>
<li><%= link_to "Log in", '#' %></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
<%= yield %>
</div>
</body>
</html>
3.4.1
html>
HTML5
JavaScript
Rails
IE
HTML5
<!DOCTYPE
HTML5 shim


render
5.10
5.10
app/views/layouts/_header.html.erb
<nav>
'#' %></li>
'#' %></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
9.
Rails
shared
`layouts`
shared
shared
shared
5.1.
- 137
_footer.html.erb
10
5.11
5.11
app/views/layouts/_footer.html.erb
<footer class="footer">
<small>
The <a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/">Ruby on Rails Tutorial</a>
by <a href="http://www.michaelhartl.com/">Michael Hartl</a>
</small>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><%= link_to "About",
'#' %></li>
<li><%= link_to "Contact", '#' %></li>
<li><a href="http://news.railstutorial.org/">News</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</footer>
link_to
header
footer
HTML5
HTML shim
5.12
5.12
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all",
"data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
<%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
</head>
<body>
<%= yield %>
<%= render 'layouts/footer' %>
</div>
</body>
</html>
5.13
10.
div
138 -
footer
footer
.footer
5.7
Bootstrap
5.7
5.13
CSS
.
.
.
/* footer */
footer {
margin-top: 45px;
padding-top: 5px;
border-top: 1px solid #eaeaea;
color: #777;
}
footer a {
color: #555;
}
footer a:hover {
color: #222;
}
footer small {
float: left;
}
5.1.
- 139
footer ul {
float: right;
list-style: none;
}
footer ul li {
float: left;
margin-left: 15px;
}
5.2. Sass
Asset Pipeline
Rails
Asset Pipeline
CSS
CSS JavaScript
Asset Pipeline
Sass
5.2.1. Asset Pipeline

Asset Pipeline
Rails
Rails
11
public/
Rails 3.0
public/stylesheets
public/javascripts
public/images
http://example.com/stylesheets
Rails 3.0
Rails
app/assets
lib/assets
vendor/assets
$ ls app/assets/
images/ javascripts/ stylesheets/
5.1.2
custom.css.scss
custom.css.scss
app/assets/stylesheets
11.
140 -
Michael Erasmus
Asset Pipeline
The Rails 3 Asset Pipeline in (about) 5 Minutes
Rails
Rails
ets gem
Sprock-
CSS
JavaScript
5.14
5.14
app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
/*
* This is a manifest file that'll be compiled into application.css, which
* will include all the files listed below.
*
* Any CSS and SCSS file within this directory, lib/assets/stylesheets,
* vendor/assets/stylesheets, or vendor/assets/stylesheets of plugins, if any,
* can be referenced here using a relative path.
*
* You're free to add application-wide styles to this file and they'll appear
* at the bottom of the compiled file so the styles you add here take
* precedence over styles defined in any styles defined in the other CSS/SCSS
* files in this directory. It is generally better to create a new file per
* style scope.
*
*= require_tree .
*= require_self
*/
CSS
Sprockets
/*
.
.
.
*= require_tree .
*= require_self
*/
*= require_tree .
app/assets/stylesheets
CSS
CSS
*= require_self
application.css
Rails
Asset Pipeline
CSS
Rails
5.2. Sass
Asset Pipeline - 141
Rails
Rails
.coffee
.erb
ERb
Script
3.4.3
JavaScript
ERb 5.2.2
RailsCast
Sass
.scss
Sass
CoffeeScript
CoffeeScript
Coffee-
foobar.js.coffee
CoffeeScript
foobar.js.erb.coffee
CoffeeScript
ERb
CoffeeScript
Asset Pipeline
CSS
JavaScript
Asset Pipeline
JavaScript
cation.css
appli-
CSS
JavaScript
application.js
5.2.2.
Sass
CSS
CSS
5.1.2
Sass
7.1.1
.scss
SCSS
12
CSS
SCSS
Rails
tom.css.scss
Asset Pipeline
Sass
CSS
SCSS
CSS
Bootstrap
.scss
Sass
5.5
.center
SCSS
cus-
.center h1
.center {
text-align: center;
}
.center h1 {
12. Sass
142 -
.sass
CSS
}
Sass
.center {
text-align: center;
h1 {
}
}
h1
.center
5.7
#logo {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
font-size: 1.7em;
color: #fff;
padding-top: 9px;
font-weight: bold;
}
#logo:hover {
color: #fff;
}
LOGO
ID #logo
hover
#logo
SCSS
&
#logo {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
font-size: 1.7em;
color: #fff;
padding-top: 9px;
font-weight: bold;
&:hover {
color: #fff;
}
}
SCSS
CSS
Sass
&:hover
#logo:hover
5.13
5.2. Sass
footer {
margin-top: 45px;
padding-top: 5px;
border-top: 1px solid #eaeaea;
color: #777;
a {
color: #555;
&:hover {
color: #222;
}
}
small {
float: left;
}
ul {
float: right;
list-style: none;
li {
float: left;
margin-left: 15px;
}
}
}
5.13
Sass
5.13
CSS
5.6
h2 {
.
.
.
color: #777;
}
.
.
.
footer {
.
.
.
color: #777;
}
#777
$light-gray: #777;
SCSS
144 -
$light-gray: #777;
.
.
.
h2 {
.
.
.
color: $light-gray;
}
.
.
.
footer {
.
.
.
color: $light-gray;
}
$light-gray
#999
Bootstrap
Less
Less
Bootstrap
Sass
Less
Sass
bootstrap-sass gem
Sass
Bootstrap
@gray-light: #777;
bootstrap-sass gem
SCSS
$gray-light
$light-gray
h2 {
.
.
.
color: $gray-light;
}
.
.
.
footer {
.
.
.
color: $gray-light;
}
Sass
Sass
5.15
white
Bootstrap Less
#fff
footer
5.15
SCSS
5.2. Sass
/* mixins, variables, etc. */
$gray-medium-light: #eaeaea;
/* universal */
html {
overflow-y: scroll;
}
body {
padding-top: 60px;
}
section {
overflow: auto;
}
textarea {
resize: vertical;
}
.center {
text-align: center;
h1 {
}
}
/* typography */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
line-height: 1;
}
h1 {
font-size: 3em;
text-align: center;
}
h2 {
font-size: 1.2em;
text-align: center;
color: $gray-light;
146 -
}
p {
font-size: 1.1em;
line-height: 1.7em;
}
/* header */
#logo {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
font-size: 1.7em;
color: white;
padding-top: 9px;
font-weight: bold;
&:hover {
color: white;
}
}
/* footer */
footer {
margin-top: 45px;
padding-top: 5px;
border-top: 1px solid $gray-medium-light;
color: $gray-light;
a {
color: $gray;
&:hover {
color: $gray-darker;
}
}
small {
float: left;
}
ul {
float: right;
list-style: none;
li {
float: left;
margin-left: 15px;
}
}
}
5.2. Sass
Sass
Sass
5.15
5.3.
#
<a href="/static_pages/about">About</a>
Rails
/about
/static_pages/about
Rails
<%= link_to "About", about_path %>
about_path
about_path
URL
URL
5.1
URL
3.4.4
8
5.1
URL
URL
root_path
/about
about_path
/help
help_path
/contact
contact_path
/signup
signup_path
/login
login_path
5.3.1.
3.22
5.16
5.16
@base_title
RED
get :home
148 -
5.16
end
get :help
end
get :about
end
test "should get contact" do
get :contact
assert_select "title", "Contact | Ruby on Rails Tutorial Sample App"
end
end
5.16
5.17
RED
3.3
5.19
contact
5.18
5.18
5.20
RED
config/routes.rb
get 'static_pages/contact'
end
5.19
RED
.
.
.
def contact
end
end
5.20
GREEN
app/views/static_pages/contact.html.erb
5.3.
- 149
<% provide(:title, 'Contact') %>

<h1>Contact</h1>
<p>
Contact the Ruby on Rails Tutorial about the sample app at the
<a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/#contact">contact page</a>.
</p>
5.21
GREEN
5.3.2. Rails
Rails
routes.rb
config/
URL
3.4.4
hello_app
1.10
toy_app
2.3
root 'users#index'
sample_app
3.37
root_path
URL
root_url
URL
root_path -> '/'

root_url -> 'http://www.example.com/'
_url
_path
HTTP
URL
5.18
get
get 'help' => 'static_pages#help'
/help
help
GET
help
/static_pages/
help_path
/help
help_path -> '/help'
help_url -> 'http://www.example.com/help'
5.18
150 -
5.22
help_url
5.22
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get 'help'
=> 'static_pages#help'
get 'about'
=> 'static_pages#about'
get 'contact' => 'static_pages#contact'
end
5.3.3.
link_to
5.22
<%= link_to "About", '#' %>
<%= link_to "About", about_path %>
_header.html.erb
LOGO
5.23
5.23
<%= link_to "sample app", root_path, id: "logo" %>
<nav>
root_path %></li>
help_path %></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
_footer.html.erb
5.24
5.24
app/views/layouts/_footer.html.erb
<footer class="footer">
<small>
The <a href="http://www.railstutorial.org/">Ruby on Rails Tutorial</a>
by <a href="http://www.michaelhartl.com/">Michael Hartl</a>
5.3.
- 151
</small>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><%= link_to "About",
about_path %></li>
<li><%= link_to "Contact", contact_path %></li>
<li><a href="http://news.railstutorial.org/">News</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</footer>
3
5.8
5.8
/about
5.3.4.
site_layout
$ rails generate integration_test site_layout
invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/site_layout_test.rb
Rails
_test
HTML
152 -
/about
1.
2.
3.
Rails
assert_template
5.25
13
5.25
GREEN
class SiteLayoutTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
test "layout links" do
get root_path
assert_template 'static_pages/home'
assert_select "a[href=?]", root_path, count: 2
assert_select "a[href=?]", help_path
assert_select "a[href=?]", about_path
assert_select "a[href=?]", contact_path
end
end
5.25
assert_select
href

about_path
Rails
HTML
<a href="/about">...</a>
LOGO
5.23
assert_select
5.2
assert_select
HTML
5.2
assert_select
HTML
assert_select "div"
<div>foobar</div>
13.
Ruby
MiniTest
5.3.
- 153
HTML
assert_select "div", "foobar"
<div>foobar</div>
assert_select "div.nav"
<div class="nav">foobar</div>
assert_select "div#profile"
<div id="profile">foobar</div>
assert_select "div[name=yo]"
<div name="yo">hey</div>
assert_select "a[href=?]", /, count: 1
<a href="/">foo</a>
assert_select "a[href=?]", /, text: "foo"
<a href="/">foo</a>
Rake
5.26
5.25
GREEN
$ bundle exec rake test:integration
5.27
GREEN
5.4.
5.4.1.
3.2
generate
Rails
new
new
generate
5.28
5.28
new
$ rails generate controller Users new

create app/controllers/users_controller.rb
route get 'users/new'
invoke erb
create
app/views/users
create
invoke test_unit
create
invoke helper
create
invoke
test_unit
create
test/helpers/users_helper_test.rb
154 -
REST
invoke
invoke
create
invoke
create
assets
coffee
app/assets/javascripts/users.js.coffee
scss
app/assets/stylesheets/users.css.scss
new
5.29
5.30
5.32
5.31
GREEN

new
5.30

def new
end
end
5.31
new
<h1>Users#new</h1>
<p>Find me in app/views/users/new.html.erb</p>
5.32
GREEN
class UsersControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
test "should get new" do
get :new
end
end
5.4.2.
URL
URL
/users/new
5.22
/signup
5.1
get '/signup'
5.33
5.33
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get 'help'
5.4.
- 155
get 'about'
get 'signup' => 'users#new'
end
get 'signup'
signup_path
5.34
5.34
<h2>
sample application.
</h2>
<%= link_to "Sign up now!", signup_path, class: "btn btn-lg btn-primary" %>
</div>
5.35
5.35
<% provide(:title, 'Sign up') %>
<h1>Sign up</h1>
<p>This will be a signup page for new users.</p>
156 -
5.9
5.9
/signup
5.5.
Git
$
$
$
$
$

git add -A
git commit -m "Finish layout and routes"
git checkout master
git merge filling-in-layout
Bitbucket
$ git push
Heroku
$ git push heroku
5.10
5.5.
- 157
5.10
5.5.1.
HTML5
LOGO
Rails
CSS
ID
Bootstrap
Sass
Asset Pipeline
CSS
Rails
5.6.
3
1.
5.2.2
5.13
CSS
5.15
SS
2.
5.25
3.
5.36
get
full_title
5.37
158 -
SC-
Ruby on Rails Tutoial

full_title
5.38
FILL_IN
5.38
assert_equal
==
5.36
test/test_helper.rb
.
.
.
fixtures :all
include ApplicationHelper
.
.
.
end
5.37
full_title
GREEN
class SiteLayoutTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
test "layout links" do
get root_path
assert_template 'static_pages/home'
assert_select "a[href=?]", help_path
assert_select "a[href=?]", contact_path
get signup_path
assert_select "title", full_title("Sign up")
end
end
5.38
full_title
test/helpers/application_helper_test.rb
class ApplicationHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
test "full title helper" do
assert_equal full_title,
FILL_IN
assert_equal full_title("Help"), FILL_IN
end
end
5.6.
- 159
5.4
7
8
6
9.2.1
10
Rails
10
Rails
6.1
6.1
Web
Rails
Web
Clearance Authlogic
OpenID
OAuth
Rails
Rails
Devise
CanCan
Rails
6.3
6.1.
6.1
161
6.1
Rails
model MVC
1.3.3
Rails
Active
Record
Active Record
Language
SQL
Rails
Ruby
DDL
SQL
Active Record
PostgreSQL
Heroku
SQLite
1.5
Rails
Git
$ git checkout -b modeling-users
1. Active Record
2. SQL
162 -
ess-cue-ell
Active Record
Structured Query
migration
Data Definition Language
sequel
Martin Fowler
6.1.1.
User
4.4.5
name
email
Rails
User
4.4.5
name
3
6.3
email
4.13
email
Ruby
at-
tr_accessor
class User
.
.
.
end
Rails
Rails
users
6.3
name
email
6.2
6.3
name
6.4
6.2
email
Active Record
users
6.3
new
5.28
$ rails generate controller Users new
3.
10
6.1.
- 163
generate model
name
email
6.1
6.1
$ rails generate model User name:string email:string
create
db/migrate/20140724010738_create_users.rb
create
app/models/user.rb
invoke
test_unit
create
create
Users
name:string
email:string
Rails
3.4
User
5.28
generate
generate
name
email
users
6.2
6.2.5
users
6.2
db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_users.rb
class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration

def change
create_table :users do |t|
t.string :name
t.string :email
t.timestamps null: false
end
end
end
change
t
create_table
create_table
table
string
change
6.2
create_table
Rails
users
name
User
email
Rails

created_at
updated_at
6.1.3
6.4
6.3
4.
164 -
6.4
rake
6.2
2.1

db:migrate
2.2
SQLite 5
ment.sqlite3
velopment.sqlite3
6.5
velopment.sqlite3
id
db/developdb/de-
SQLite
Download
2.2
6.5
db/de-
IDE
6.4
Rails
users
SQLite
Rake
db:rollback
$ bundle exec rake db:rollback
5. SQLite
ess-cue-ell-ite
sequel-ite
6.1.
- 165
drop_table
3.1
change
create_table
users
drop_table
drop_table
up
change
down
Rails
6.1.2.
6.1
6.2
db/development.sqlite3
6.5
updated_at
users
id
name
email
6.1
app/models/
user.rb
6.3
6.3
app/models/user.rb
end
4.4.2
User
ActiveRecord::Base
ActiveRecord::Base
ActiveRecord::Base
6.1.3.
4
Rails
$ rails console --sandbox

Loading development environment in sandbox
Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
>>
Any modifications you make will be rolled back on exit
4.4.5
4.4.4
User.new
4.13
Rails
Rails
>> User.new
=> #<User id: nil, name: nil, email: nil, created_at: nil, updated_at: nil>
User.new
nil
Active Record
166 -
User
4.4.5
Active Record
created_at
>> user = User.new(name: "Michael Hartl", email: "mhartl@example.com")

=> #<User id: nil, name: "Michael Hartl", email: "mhartl@example.com", created_at: nil,
updated_at: nil>
name
email
Active Record
user
6.2
valid?
>> user.valid?
true
User.new
user.valid?
user
save
>> user.save
(0.2ms) begin transaction
User Exists (0.2ms) SELECT 1 AS one FROM "users" WHERE LOWER("users".
"email") = LOWER('mhartl@example.com') LIMIT 1
SQL (0.5ms) INSERT INTO "users" ("created_at", "email", "name", "updated_at)
VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) [["created_at", "2014-09-11 14:32:14.199519"],
["email", "mhartl@example.com"], ["name", "Michael Hartl"], ["updated_at",
"2014-09-11 14:32:14.199519"]]
(0.9ms) commit transaction
=> true
save
true
false
6.2
user.save
Rails
"users"
SQL
INSERT INTO
SQL
SQL
Active Record
SQL
id
created_at
updated_at
nil
>> user
=> #<User id: 1, name: "Michael Hartl", email: "mhartl@example.com",
id
6.1.5
User
4.4.5
>>
=>
>>
=>
user.name
"Michael Hartl"
user.email
"mhartl@example.com"
6. 12.3.3
7.
"2014-07-24 00:57:46"
Coordinated Universal Time
UTC
Greenwich Mean Time
GMT
UTC
1970
ITU
ITU
CUT
ITU
CUT
TUC
UTC
6.1.
- 167
>> user.updated_at
=> Thu, 24 Jul 2014 00:57:46 UTC +00:00
Active Record
User.create
>> User.create(name: "A Nother", email: "another@example.org")
#<User id: 2, name: "A Nother", email: "another@example.org", created_at:
"2014-07-24 01:05:24", updated_at: "2014-07-24 01:05:24">
>> foo = User.create(name: "Foo", email: "foo@bar.com")
#<User id: 3, name: "Foo", email: "foo@bar.com", created_at: "2014-07-24
01:05:42", updated_at: "2014-07-24 01:05:42">
User.create
true
foo
false
create
destroy
>> foo.destroy
=> #<User id: 3, name: "Foo", email: "foo@bar.com", created_at: "2014-07-24
01:05:42", updated_at: "2014-07-24 01:05:42">
destroy
create
destroy
>> foo
=> #<User id: 3, name: "Foo", email: "foo@bar.com", created_at: "2014-07-24
01:05:42", updated_at: "2014-07-24 01:05:42">
Active Record
6.1.4.
Active Record
foo
>> User.find(1)
User.find
ID
ID
Active Record
ID
>> User.find(3)
ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find User with ID=3
6.1.3
Active Record
ID
Active Record
168 -
find
ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
>> User.find_by(email: "mhartl@example.com")

find
find_by
6.2.5
first
>> User.first
first
all
>> User.all
=> #<ActiveRecord::Relation [#<User id: 1, name: "Michael Hartl",
email: "mhartl@example.com", created_at: "2014-07-24 00:57:46",
updated_at: "2014-07-24 00:57:46">, #<User id: 2, name: "A Nother",
email: "another@example.org", created_at: "2014-07-24 01:05:24",
updated_at: "2014-07-24 01:05:24">]>
User.all
ActiveRecord::Relation
4.3.1
6.1.5.
4.4.5
>> user
#
user
>> user.email = "mhartl@example.net"
=> "mhartl@example.net"
>> user.save
=> true
reload
reload
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
user.email
"mhartl@example.net"
user.email = "foo@bar.com"
"foo@bar.com"
user.reload.email
"mhartl@example.net"
6.1.3
8.
12.4.1
Ruby
Ruby
6.1.
- 169
>>
=>
>>
=>
user.created_at
"2014-07-24 00:57:46"
user.updated_at
"2014-07-24 01:37:32"
9
update_attributes
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
user.update_attributes(name: "The Dude", email: "dude@abides.org")

true
user.name
"The Dude"
user.email
"dude@abides.org"
update_attributes
true
6.3
update_attributes
>>
=>
>>
=>
update_attribute
user.update_attribute(:name, "The Dude")

true
user.name
"The Dude"
6.2.
name
6.1
email
name
name
email
email
Active Record
2.3.2
6.3.2
7.3
6.2.1.
3.3
TDD
TDD
6.1
6.4
6.4
9. update_attributes
170 -
update
update_attribute
class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
# test "the truth" do
#
assert true
# end
end
setup
@user
setup
@user
valid?
6.5
6.5
GREEN
def setup
@user = User.new(name: "Example User", email: "user@example.com")
end
test "should be valid" do
assert @user.valid?
end
end
assert
6.5
6.6
@user.valid?
true
false
GREEN
$ bundle exec rake test:models

rake test:models
5.3.4
rake test:integration
6.2.2.
name
email
7.3.3
name
6.5
@user
name
6.7
name
6.7
assert_not
RED
6.2.
- 171
def setup
end
assert @user.valid?
end
test "name should be present" do
@user.name = "
"
assert_not @user.valid?
end
end
6.8
RED

name
validates
presence: true
6.9
5.1.1
name
6.9
presence: true
4.3.4
Rails
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
end
validates
6.9
validates(:name, presence: true)
end
10

>> user = User.new(name: "", email: "mhartl@example.com")
>> user.valid?
=> false
valid?
user
false
true
er-
rors
>> user.errors.full_messages
=> ["Name can't be blank"]
User.new
10.
172 -
Rails
balnk?
4.4.3
>> user.save
=> false
6.7
6.10
GREEN

email
6.7
6.11
6.12
email
6.11
RED
def setup
end
assert @user.valid?
end
test "name should be present" do
@user.name = ""
end
test "email should be present" do
@user.email = "
"
end
end
email
6.12
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
validates :email, presence: true
end
6.13
GREEN
6.2.
- 173
6.2.3.
50
51
255
6.14
6.14
name
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "name should not be too long" do
@user.name = "a" * 51
end
test "email should not be too long" do
@user.email = "a" * 256
end
end
51
>>
=>
>>
=>
"a" * 51
"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
("a" * 51).length
51
6.14
6.15
RED

length
6.16
6.16
name
app/models/user.rb
174 -
GREEN
maximum

validates :name, presence: true, length: { maximum: 50 }
validates :email, presence: true, length: { maximum: 255 }
end
6.17
GREEN
6.2.4.
name
email
51
user@example.com
%w[]
>> %w[foo bar baz]

=> ["foo", "bar", "baz"]
>> addresses = %w[USER@foo.COM THE_US-ER@foo.bar.org first.last@foo.jp]
=> ["USER@foo.COM", "THE_US-ER@foo.bar.org", "first.last@foo.jp"]
>> addresses.each do |address|
?>
puts address
>> end
USER@foo.COM
THE_US-ER@foo.bar.org
first.last@foo.jp
each
4.3.2
user@example,com
addresses
user@example.com
6.18
6.18
GREEN
def setup
end
.
6.2.
- 175
.
.
test "email validation should accept valid addresses" do
valid_addresses = %w[user@example.com USER@foo.COM A_US-ER@foo.bar.org
first.last@foo.jp alice+bob@baz.cn]
valid_addresses.each do |valid_address|
@user.email = valid_address
assert @user.valid?, "#{valid_address.inspect} should be valid"
end
end
end
assert
assert @user.valid?, "#{valid_address.inspect} should be valid"
inspect
4.3.3
user_at_foo.org
6.19
each
6.18
user@example,com
6.19
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "email validation should reject invalid addresses" do
invalid_addresses = %w[user@example,com user_at_foo.org user.name@example.
foo@bar_baz.com foo@bar+baz.com]
invalid_addresses.each do |invalid_address|
@user.email = invalid_address
assert_not @user.valid?, "#{invalid_address.inspect} should be invalid"
end
end
end
6.20
RED

format
176 -
validates :email, format: { with: /<regular expression>/ }
11
VALID_EMAIL_REGEX = /\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-.]+\.[a-z]+\z/i
VALID_EMAIL_REGEX
6.1
6.1
/\A[\w+\-.]@[a-z\d\-.]\.[a-z]+\z/i
/
\A
[\w+\-.]+
@
[a-z\d\-.]+
\.
[a-z]+
\z
/
i
6.1
lar
11.
12.
6.6
Rubu12
Rubular
Rubular
Rubular
6.1
6.1
\A
Rubular
Rubular
\z
"Michael Hartl"@example.com
Rubular
Michael Lovitt
6.2.
- 177
6.6
Rubular
email
6.21
6.21
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
validates :email, presence: true, length: { maximum: 255 },
format: { with: VALID_EMAIL_REGEX }
end
VALID_EMAIL_REGEX
Ruby
format: { with: VALID_EMAIL_REGEX }
foo@bar..com
6.5
6.22
GREEN
178 -
6.2.5.
validates
:unique
User.new
13
Ruby
6.23
6.23
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "email addresses should be unique" do
duplicate_user = @user.dup
@user.save
assert_not duplicate_user.valid?
end
end
@user.dup
@user
@user
@user
duplicate_user
email
uniqueness: true
6.24
6.23
6.24
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
format: { with: VALID_EMAIL_REGEX },
uniqueness: true
end
foo@bar.com
14
FOO@BAR.COM
FoO@BAr.coM
6.25
db/test.sqlite3
13.
foo@bar.com
14.
about.com
Foo@bar.com
ISP
Riley Moses
6.2.
- 179
6.25
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
duplicate_user.email = @user.email.upcase
@user.save
end
end
upcase
4.3.2

>> user = User.create(name: "Example User", email: "user@example.com")
>> user.email.upcase
=> "USER@EXAMPLE.COM"
>> duplicate_user = user.dup
>> duplicate_user.email = user.email.upcase
>> duplicate_user.valid?
=> true
duplicate_user.valid?
false
:uniqueness
true
:case_sensitive
6.26
6.26
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false }
end
true
180 -
case_sensitive: false
Rails
:uniqueness
true
6.27
GREEN
Active Record
1. Alice
alice@wonderland.com
2. Alice
3.
2
4.
Rails
email
6.2
6.2
email
6.2
7
email
email
"foobar"
"foobar"
"foobar"
email
Rails
6.1.1
migration
6.2
$ rails generate migration add_index_to_users_email
6.28
15
6.28
db/migrate/[timestamp]_add_index_to_users_email.rb
class AddIndexToUsersEmail < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_index :users, :email, unique: true
end
end
15.
users
6.2
Rails
6.2.
- 181
add_index
Rails
users
email
unique: true
6.1
6.29
fixture
6.29
RED
# Read about fixtures at http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/
# FixtureSet.html
one:
name: MyString
email: MyString
two:
name: MyString
email: MyString
6.30
6.30
GREEN
# empty
Foo@ExAMPle.CoM foo@example.com
foo@example.com
16
callback
Foo@ExAMPle.CoM
Active Record
before_save
6.31
8.4
6.31
email
app/models/user.rb
before_save { self.email = email.downcase }
16. Rails
182 -
Rails API
GREEN

end
before_save
6.31
downcase
6.31
self.email = self.email.downcase
self
self
reverse
palindrome
4.4.2
self.email = email.downcase
self
email = email.downcase
8.4
Alice
email
Rails
6.2
6.1.4
email
6.3.
name
email
4.3.3
Ruby
8
6.3.1.
Rails
has_secure_password

.
.
.
has_secure_password
end
6.3.
- 183
password_digest
17
password
password_confirmation
authenticate
false
has_secure_password
password_digest
gest
di-
18
6.7
password_digest
6.7
password_digest
6.7
to_users
users
Rails
add_password_digest_to_users
$ rails generate migration add_password_digest_to_users password_digest:string
password_digest:string
users
password_digest:string
6.1
name:string
email:string
Rails
6.32
users
password_digest
db/migrate/[timestamp]_add_password_digest_to_users.rb
6.32
class AddPasswordDigestToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration

def change
add_column :users, :password_digest, :string
end
end
add_column
password_digest
users
17.
18.
Rails
Andy Philips
184 -
has_secure_password
bcrypt
bcrypt
bcrypt
file
bcrypt gem
Gem-
6.3.
- 185
6.33
bcrypt gem
6.33
Gemfile
gem 'rails',
gem 'bcrypt',
.
.
.
'4.2.0'
'3.1.7'
bundle install
$ bundle install
6.3.2.
password_digest
has_secure_password
bcrypt
6.34
has_secure_password
6.34
RED
app/models/user.rb
has_secure_password
end
6.34
6.35
RED
RED
6.3.1
has_secure_password
6.25
password
@user
def setup
end
6.36
6.36
GREEN
def setup
@user = User.new(name: "Example User", email: "user@example.com",
password: "foobar", password_confirmation: "foobar")
end
.
.
.
end
6.37
GREEN

has_secure_password
6.3.4
6.3.3.
Rails
6
6.38
6.38
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "password should have a minimum length" do
@user.password = @user.password_confirmation = "a" * 5
end
end

password
name
186 -
maximum
6.16
validates :password, length: { minimum: 6 }
6.39
6.39
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
has_secure_password
end
6.40
GREEN
6.3.4.
7.1
has_secure_password
authenticate
7
create
6.1.3
rails console
$ rails console
>> User.create(name: "Michael Hartl", email: "mhartl@example.com",
?>
created_at: "2014-09-11 14:26:42", updated_at: "2014-09-11 14:26:42",
password_digest: "$2a$10$sLcMI2f8VglgirzjSJOln.Fv9NdLMbqmR4rdTWIXY1G...">
SQLite
6.8
19
19.
6.7
1
7
users
2
$ rm -f development.sqlite3
6.3.
- 187
6.8
SQLite
password_digest
6.39
has_secure_password
>> user = User.find_by(email: "mhartl@example.com")

>> user.password_digest
=> "$2a$10$YmQTuuDNOszvu5yi7auOC.F4G//FGhyQSWCpghqRWQWITUYlG3XVy"
"foobar"
bcrypt
20
has_secure_password
6.3.1
authenticate
password_digest
>> user.authenticate("not_the_right_password")
false
>> user.authenticate("foobaz")
false
user.authenticate
false
>> user.authenticate("foobar")
password_digest: "$2a$10$YmQTuuDNOszvu5yi7auOC.F4G//FGhyQSWCpghqRWQW...">
20. bcrypt
188 -
authenticate
authenticate
authenticate
nil
21
false
>> !!user.authenticate("foobar")
=> true
6.4.
name
email
password
6.3
Git
$ git add -A
$ git commit -m "Make a basic User model (including secure passwords)"

$ git merge modeling-users
$ git push
Heroku
heroku run

$ git push heroku
$ heroku run console --sandbox

>> User.create(name: "Michael Hartl", email: "michael@example.com",
?>
=> #<User id: 1, name: "Michael Hartl", email: "michael@example.com",
password_digest: "$2a$10$IViF0Q5j3hsEVgHgrrKH3uDou86Ka2lEPz8zkwQopwj...">
6.4.1.
Active Record
Active Record
21. 4.2.3
!!
6.4.
- 189
has_secure_password
6.5.
3
1.
6.31
6.41
reload
before_save
6.41
before_save
2.
3.
email.downcase!
6.2.4
foo@bar..com
6.43
6.41
assert_equal
email
6.21
6.19
6.31
def setup
end
.
.
.
duplicate_user.email = @user.email.upcase
@user.save
end
test "email addresses should be saved as lower-case" do
mixed_case_email = "Foo@ExAMPle.CoM"
@user.email = mixed_case_email
@user.save
assert_equal mixed_case_email.downcase, @user.reload.email
end
test "password should have a minimum length" do
190 -
6.42
end
end
6.42 before_save
app/models/user.rb
GREEN

before_save { email.downcase! }
has_secure_password
end
6.43
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
before_save { email.downcase! }
VALID_EMAIL_REGEX = /\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-]+(\.[a-z\d\-]+)*\.[a-z]+\z/i
validates :email, presence:
true,
format:
{ with: VALID_EMAIL_REGEX },
has_secure_password
end
6.5.
- 191
7.2
7.4
REST
2.2.2
5.3.4
6
10
7.1.
7.1
193
7.1
7.2
7.2
lorem ipsum
12

$ git checkout -b sign-up
7.2
7.1.1.
Rails
7.1
Rails
7.1.2
1. Mockingbird
2.
194 -
7.1
GIMP
http://www.flickr.com/photos/43803060@N00/24308857/
debug
params
7.1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
.
.
.
<body>
<%= yield %>
<%= debug(params) if Rails.env.development? %>
</div>
</body>
</html>
if Rails.env.development?
Rails
7.1
true
Rails.env.development?
Ruby
7.1
Rails
Rails
Rails
$ rails console
Loading development environment
>> Rails.env
=> "development"
>> Rails.env.development?
=> true
>> Rails.env.test?
=> false
Rails
env
Rails.env.test?
true
false
console
$ rails console test

Loading test environment
3.
RailsCast
7.1.
- 195
>>
=>
>>
=>
Rails.env
"test"
Rails.env.test?
true
Rails
$ rails server --environment production
rake db:migrate
$ bundle exec rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production
heroku run console
Heroku
$ heroku run console

>> Rails.env
=> "production"
>> Rails.env.production?
=> true
Heroku
5
7.2
7.2
/* mixins, variables, etc. */
$gray-medium-light: #eaeaea;
@mixin box_sizing {
-moz-box-sizing:
border-box;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing:
border-box;
}
.
.
.
/* miscellaneous */
196 -
Sass
.debug_dump {
clear: both;
float: left;
width: 100%;
margin-top: 45px;
@include box_sizing;
}
Sass
box-sizing
mixin
.debug_dump {
.
.
.
}
.debug_dump {
.
.
.
-moz-box-sizing:
border-box;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing:
border-box;
}
7.2.1
7.3
7.3
--controller: static_pages
action: home
params
4. Rails
YAML 4
YAML
7.1.2
YAML Aint Markup Language
7.1.
- 197
7.3
7.1.2.
6.3.4
Rails
$ rails console
>> User.count
=> 1
>> User.first
password_digest: "$2a$10$YmQTuuDNOszvu5yi7auOC.F4G//FGhyQSWCpghqRWQW...">
6.3.4
ID
Rails
HTTP
REST
2.2
POST
GET
PATCH
DELETE
3.2
REST
ID
/users/1
GET
2.2.1
7.4
198 -
Rails
REST
show
ID
GET
URL
/users/1
URL
7.4
/users/1
config/routes.rb
/users/1
resources :users
7.3
7.3
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get 'help'
get 'about'
get 'signup' => 'users#new'
resources :users
end
resources :users
URL
/users/1
REST
7.1
URL
5.3.3
2.2
7.1
REST
7.1
7.3
HTTP
URL
GET
/users
index
users_path
GET
/users/1
show
user_path(user)
GET
/users/new
new
new_user_path
POST
/users
create
users_path
GET
/users/1/edit
edit
edit_user_path(user)
PATCH
/users/1
update
user_path(user)
5.
REST
ID
edit
/users/1/edit
edit
7.1.
- 199
HTTP
URL
DELETE
/users/1
destroy
user_path(user)
7.3
7.1.4
7.5
7.5
/users/1
new.html.erb
5.28
7.4
7.4
<%= @user.name %>, <%= @user.email %>
@user
show
find
ERb
@user
6.1.4
show
7.5

def show
200 -
7.5
@user = User.find(params[:id])
end
def new
end
end
ID
1
"1"
params
ID
6.1.4
User.find(1)
params[:id]
params[:id]
find
/users/1
7.6
bcrypt
Rails
params[:id]
--action: show
controller: users
id: '1'
7.5
User.find(params[:id])
7.6
ID
show
7.1.3.
7.1.2
3.2
byebug gem
Rails 4.2
debugger
gem
7.6
7.1.
- 201
7.6
def show
debugger
end
def new
end
end
/users/1
byebug
Rails
(byebug)
Rails
(byebug) @user.name
"Example User"
(byebug) @user.email
"example@railstutorial.org"
(byebug) params[:id]
"1"
byebug
Ctrl-D
show
debugger
7.7
7.7
def show
end
def new
end
end
debugger
Rails
byebug
7.1.4. Gravatar
6.
202 -
Avatar
Gravatar
Avatar
Gravatar
URL
11.4
gravatar_for
7.8
Gravatar
7.8
Gravatar
<% provide(:title, @user.name) %>
<h1>
<%= gravatar_for @user %>
<%= @user.name %>
</h1>
gravatar_for
Gravatar
MD5
Ruby
URL
Digest
MD5
hexdigest
>> email = "MHARTL@example.COM".

>> Digest::MD5::hexdigest(email.downcase)
=> "1fda4469bcbec3badf5418269ffc5968"
downcase
MD5
hexdigest
6.31
gravatar_for
7.9
7.9
gravatar_for
module UsersHelper
#
Gravatar
def gravatar_for(user)
gravatar_id = Digest::MD5::hexdigest(user.email.downcase)
gravatar_url = "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/#{gravatar_id}"
image_tag(gravatar_url, alt: user.name, class: "gravatar")
end
end
gravatar_for
img
7.7
example.com
Gravatar
Gravatar
img
gravatar
CSS
alt
user@example.com
7.1.
- 203
7.7
Gravatar
7.8
204 -
update_attributes
6.1.5
$ rails console
>> user = User.first
>> user.update_attributes(name: "Example User",
?>
email: "example@railstutorial.org",
?>
password: "foobar",
?>
password_confirmation: "foobar")
=> true
example@railstutorial.org
LOGO
7.8
aside
7.1
aside
aside
md-4
row col-
Bootstrap
7.10
7.10
show
<div class="row">
<aside class="col-md-4">
<section class="user_info">
<h1>
<%= @user.name %>
</h1>
</section>
</aside>
</div>
HTML
CSS
Asset Pipeline
SCSS
7.11
Sass
7.9
7.11
.
.
.
/* sidebar */
aside {
section.user_info {
margin-top: 20px;
}
section {
padding: 10px 0;
7.
.gravatar_edit
7.1.
- 205
margin-top: 20px;
&:first-child {
border: 0;
padding-top: 0;
}
span {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 3px;
line-height: 1;
}
h1 {
font-size: 1.4em;
text-align: left;
margin-bottom: 3px;
margin-top: 0px;
}
}
}
.gravatar {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
}
.gravatar_edit {
margin-top: 15px;
}
7.2.
5.9
206 -
7.11
7.10
7.9
CSS
7.10
7.2.
- 207
6.3.4
db:migrate:reset
$ bundle exec rake db:migrate:reset
Web
7.11
7.2.1.
form_for
Rails
form_for
Active Record
new
/signup
form_for
@user
7.12
new
@user
def show
208 -
5.33
7.12
end
def new
@user = User.new
end
end
7.13
7.2.2
7.2
SCSS
7.12
7.14
7.13
<h1>Sign up</h1>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3">
<%= form_for(@user) do |f| %>
<%= f.label :name %>
<%= f.text_field :name %>
<%= f.label :email %>
<%= f.text_field :email %>
<%= f.label :password %>
<%= f.password_field :password %>
<%= f.label :password_confirmation, "Confirmation" %>
<%= f.password_field :password_confirmation %>
<%= f.submit "Create my account", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
7.14
.
.
.
/* forms */
input, textarea, select, .uneditable-input {
border: 1px solid #bbb;
width: 100%;
}
input {
7.2.
- 209
height: auto !important;

}
7.12
7.2.2.
HTML
7.13
form_for
end

.
.
.
<% end %>
do
form_for
f
form_for
Rails
@user
HTML
210 -
label
name
ERb
7.15
7.15
7.12
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/users" class="new_user"

id="new_user" method="post">
<input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" />
<input name="authenticity_token" type="hidden"
value="NNb6+J/j46LcrgYUC60wQ2titMuJQ5lLqyAbnbAUkdo=" />
<label for="user_name">Name</label>
<input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="text" />
<label for="user_email">Email</label>
<input id="user_email" name="user[email]" type="text" />
<label for="user_password">Password</label>
<input id="user_password" name="user[password]"
type="password" />
<label for="user_password_confirmation">Confirmation</label>
<input id="user_password_confirmation"
name="user[password_confirmation]" type="password" />
<input class="btn btn-primary" name="commit" type="submit"
value="Create my account" />
</form>
7.13
7.15
ERb

HTML
<label for="user_name">Name</label>
<input id="user_name" name="user[name]" type="text" />
ERb
HTML
<label for="user_password">Password</label>
<input id="user_password" name="user[password]" type="password" />
7.13
type="text"
type="password"
7.2.
- 211
7.13
input
7.4
name
<input id="user_name" name="user[name]" - - - />

.
.
.
<input id="user_password" name="user[password]" - - - />
7.3
name
Rails
form
4.4.1
Rails
params
@user
Rails
@user
HTTP
form
User
@user
Ruby
Rails
post
3.2
<form action="/users" class="new_user" id="new_user" method="post">

class
/users
id
action="/users"
POST
form
<div style="display:none">
212 -
method="post"
Rails
</div>
Unicode
authenticity token
✓
Rails
Rails
Cross-Site Request Forgery
CSRF
7.3.
7.12
HTML
7.15
7.14
7.14
7.3.1.
7.1.2
7.1
8.
routes.rb
REST
resources :users
URL
/users
7.3
POST
Rails
create
Stack Overflow
7.3.
- 213
create
User.new
form
<form action="/users" class="new_user" id="new_user" method="post">
7.2.2
POST
/users
render
7.16
render
5.1.3
if-else
@user.save
true
6.1.3
false
create
7.16

def show
end
def new
@user = User.new
end
def create
@user = User.new(params[:user])
if @user.save
#
else
render 'new'
end
end
end
7.3.2
7.16
7.15
7.16
7.15
Web
Rails
params
Web
214 -
7.15
7.16
user
7.16
Rails
"user" => { "name" => "Foo Bar",

"email" => "foo@invalid",
7.3.
- 215
"password" => "[FILTERED]",

"password_confirmation" => "[FILTERED]"
}
params
params[:id]
/users/1
params
7.1.2
ID
POST
params
params
4.3.3
user
input
Rails
name
7.13
<input id="user_email" name="user[email]" type="text" />

name
user[email]
user
email
params[:user]
User.new
User.new
4.4.5
7.16
@user = User.new(name: "Foo Bar", email: "foo@invalid",

password: "foo", password_confirmation: "bar")
Rails
Rails 4.0
7.15
7.16
7.3.2.
4.4.5
Ruby
#
params
7.16
User.new
admin
true
9.4.1
params[:user]
params
admin='1'
curl
HTTP
User.new
admin='1'
attr_accessible
Rails
Rails 4.0
Rails
strong parameter
params
Rails
params
:user
name
email
password
word_confirmation
params.require(:user).permit(:name, :email, :password, :password_confirmation)
216 -
pass-
params
:user
user_params
params[:user]
@user = User.new(user_params)
user_params
Ruby
vate
7.17
pripri-
8.4
vate
create
app/controller/users_controller.rb
7.17

.
.
.
def create
if @user.save
#
else
render 'new'
end
end
private
def user_params
params.require(:user).permit(:name, :email, :password,
:password_confirmation)
end
end
private
user_params
7.17
7.3.3
9.
private
7.4
The Ruby Programming Language
7.3.
- 217
7.17
7.3.3.
Rails
$ rails console
>> user = User.new(name: "Foo Bar", email: "foo@invalid",
?>
password: "dude", password_confirmation: "dude")
>> user.save
=> false
>> user.errors.full_messages
=> ["Email is invalid", "Password is too short (minimum is 6 characters)"]
errors.full_message
6.2.2
@user
7.16
new
form-control
CSS
Bootstrap
11.3.2
7.18
<h1>Sign up</h1>
218 -
7.18
<div class="row">
<%= render 'shared/error_messages' %>
<%= f.text_field :name, class: 'form-control' %>
<%= f.text_field :email, class: 'form-control' %>
<%= f.password_field :password, class: 'form-control' %>
<%= f.password_field :password_confirmation, class: 'form-control' %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
shared/error_messages
mkdir
1.1
Rails
shared/
9.1.1
app/views/shared
$ mkdir app/views/shared
_error_messages.html.erb
7.19
7.19
app/views/shared/_error_messages.html.erb
<% if @user.errors.any? %>
<div id="error_explanation">
<div class="alert alert-danger">
The form contains <%= pluralize(@user.errors.count, "error") %>.
</div>
<ul>
<% @user.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
<li><%= msg %></li>
<% end %>
</ul>
</div>
<% end %>
Rails/Ruby
Rails
count
>> user.errors.count
=> 2
7.3.
- 219
any?
>>
=>
>>
=>
empty?
user.errors.empty?
false
user.errors.any?
true
empty?
empty?
4.2.3
true
true
false
any?
false
count
empty?
empty?
any?
pluralize
Ruby
11.2
Action10
View::Helpers::TextHelper
>>
>>
=>
>>
=>
Rails
include ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper
pluralize(1, "error")
"1 error"
pluralize(5, "error")
"5 errors"
pluralize
pluralize
>>
=>
>>
=>
inflector
pluralize(2, "woman")
"2 women"
pluralize(3, "erratum")
"3 errata"
pluralize
<%= pluralize(@user.errors.count, "error") %>

"0 errors"
"1 error"
"2 errors"
"1 errors"
7.19
CSS ID
ID
CSS
field_with_errors
CSS
error_explanation
div
7.20
5.1.2
Rails
ID
Sass
@extend
SCSS
Bootstrap
has-error
7.20
.
.
.
/* forms */
.
.
ActionView::Helpers::TextHelper
10.
220 -
Rails API
pluralize
.
#error_explanation {
color: red;
ul {
color: red;
margin: 0 0 30px 0;
}
}
.field_with_errors {
@extend .has-error;
.form-control {
color: $state-danger-text;
}
}
7.18
7.19
7.20
SCSS
7.18
7.18
7.3.4.
Web
7.3.
- 221
Rails
7.4.4
users_signup
$ rails generate integration_test users_signup

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/users_signup_test.rb
7.4.4
Active Record
User
count
$ rails console
>> User.count
=> 0
User.count
sert_select
7.2
as-
5.3.4
HTML
get
get signup_path
users_path
POST
post
7.1
assert_no_difference 'User.count' do
post users_path, user: { name: "",
email: "user@invalid",
password:
"foo",
password_confirmation: "bar" }
end
create
User.new
sert_no_difference
params[:user]
post
7.24
assert_no_difference
as-
'User.count'
User.count
post
before_count = User.count
post users_path, ...
after_count = User.count
assert_equal before_count, after_count
Ruby
assert_template
7.21
new
7.21
GREEN
222 -
7.7
class UsersSignupTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
test "invalid signup information" do
get signup_path
password:
"foo",
end
assert_template 'users/new'
end
end
7.22
GREEN
7.4.
7.19
7.4.
- 223
7.19
7.4.1.
7.17
7.20
224 -
Rails
create
7.20
redirect_to
7.23
7.23 create
.
.
.
def create
if @user.save
redirect_to @user
else
render 'new'
end
end
private
def user_params
end
end
7.4.
- 225
redirect_to @user
redirect_to user_url(@user)
redirect_to @user
Rails
user_url(@user)
7.4.2.
7.23
Web
Rails
:success
flash message
Rails
7.24
7.24
.
.
.
def create
if @user.save
flash[:success] = "Welcome to the Sample App!"
redirect_to @user
else
render 'new'
end
end
private
def user_params
end
end
flash
flash
4.3.3
flash
$ rails console
>> flash = { success: "It worked!", danger: "It failed." }
=> {:success=>"It worked!", danger: "It failed."}
>> flash.each do |key, value|
?>
puts "#{key}"
226 -
?>
puts "#{value}"
>> end
success
It worked!
danger
It failed.
<% flash.each do |message_type, message| %>

<div class="alert alert-<%= message_type %>"><%= message %></div>
<% end %>
HTML
ERb
alert-<%= message_type %>

:success
CSS
alert-success
:success
"success"
ERb
CSS
alert-danger
8.1.4
11
flash[:danger]
Bootstrap
7.19
success
CSS
info
warning
danger
HTML
<div class="alert alert-success">Welcome to the Sample App!</div>
ERb
7.25
7.25
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
.
.
.
<body>
<div class="alert alert-<%= message_type %>"><%= message %></div>
<% end %>
<%= yield %>
11.
flash.now
7.4.
- 227

</div>
.
.
.
</body>
</html>
7.4.3.
Rails Tutorial
example@railstutorial.org
7.22
5.1.2
7.21
.success
Bootstrap
db:migrate:reset Rake
7.2
7.23
7.21
228 -
7.22
7.23
7.4.
- 229
$ rails console
>> User.find_by(email: "example@railstutorial.org")
=> #<User id: 1, name: "Rails Tutorial", email: "example@railstutorial.org",
password_digest: "$2a$10$zthScEx9x6EkuLa4NolGye6O0Zgrkp1B6LQ12pTHlNB...">
7.4.4.
7.3.4
7.21
post signup_path, ...
end
assert_difference
assert_difference 'User.count', 1 do
post_via_redirect signup_path, ...
end
assert_difference
'User.count'
User.count
assert_difference
1
7.21
post_via_redirect
7.26
7.26
users/show
GREEN
.
.
.
test "valid signup information" do
get signup_path
name
= "Example User"
email
= "user@example.com"
password = "password"
post_via_redirect users_path, user: { name: name,
email: email,
password:
password,
password_confirmation: password }
end
assert_template 'users/show'
end
end
230 -
show
show
7.3
show.html.erb
7.5
7.8
7.5.
3
Web
master
$
$
$
$
git
git
git
git
add -A
commit -m "Finish user signup"
checkout master
merge sign-up
7.5.1.
SSL
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer
12
SSL
SSL
8.4
production.rb
SSL
config
7.27
SSL
7.27
SSL
Rails.application.configure do
.
.
.
# Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security,
# and use secure cookies.
config.force_ssl = true
.
.
.
end
12.
SSL
TLS
Transport Layer Security
SSL
7.5.
- 231
SSL
SSL
Heroku
Heroku
SSL
7.5.2
Heroku
www.example.com
SSL
7.5.2.
SSL
SSL
Unicorn
SSL
Ruby
Web
Heroku
WEBrick
WEBrick
Unicorn
Heroku
Gemfile
Unicorn
Unicorn
Gemfile
7.28
unicorn
unicorn gem
7.28
:production
Unicorn
.
.
.
gem 'pg',
'0.17.1'
gem 'unicorn',
'4.8.3'
end
Bundler
gem
gem
Bundler
3.1
7.28
Gemfile.lock
$ bundle install
config/unicorn.rb
7.29
13
7.29
Unicorn
config/unicorn.rb
worker_processes Integer(ENV["WEB_CONCURRENCY"] || 3)
timeout 15
preload_app true
before_fork do |server, worker|
Signal.trap 'TERM' do
puts 'Unicorn master intercepting TERM and sending myself QUIT instead'
Process.kill 'QUIT', Process.pid
end
defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disconnect!
end
13.
232 -
80
7.29
Heroku
after_fork do |server, worker|

Signal.trap 'TERM' do
msg = 'Unicorn worker intercepting TERM and doing nothing. '
msg += 'Wait for master to send QUIT'
puts msg
end
defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection
end
Procfile
Heroku
7.30
Procfile
Gemfile
7.30
Unicorn
Procfile
Unicorn
./Procfile
web: bundle exec unicorn -p $PORT -c ./config/unicorn.rb
14
Unicorn
$
$
$
$
$
$

git add -A
git commit -m "Use SSL and Unicorn in production"
git push
git push heroku
heroku run rake db:migrate
7.24
https://
14.
SSL
Heroku
7.5.
- 233
7.24
7.5.3. Ruby
Heroku
###### WARNING:
You have not declared a Ruby version in your Gemfile.
To set your Ruby version add this line to your Gemfile:
ruby '2.1.5'
Ruby
Ruby
Heroku
15
Gemfile
7.6.
9
7.1
REST
15.
2.1.5
234 -
Ruby 2.1.4
Ruby 2.1.5
Ruby
7.6.1.
Rails
debug
Sass
CSS
development
Rails
test
production
REST URL
Gravatar
form_for
Active Record
Active Record
Rails
flash
SSL
Unicorn
7.7.
3
1.
7.31
gravatar_for
7.1.4
gravatar_for user, size: 50
2.
size
9.3.1
7.18
7.32
3.
7.4.2
7.33
FILL_IN
nil
4. 7.4.2
7.25
HTML
7.34
content_tag
7.31
gravatar_for
module UsersHelper
#
Gravatar
def gravatar_for(user, options = { size: 80 })
gravatar_id = Digest::MD5::hexdigest(user.email.downcase)
size = options[:size]
gravatar_url = "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/#{gravatar_id}?s=#{size}"
image_tag(gravatar_url, alt: user.name, class: "gravatar")
end
end
7.32
7.7.
- 235
get signup_path
password:
"foo",
end
assert_select 'div#<CSS id for error explanation>'
assert_select 'div.<CSS class for field with error>'
end
.
.
.
end
7.33
.
.
.
get signup_path
name = "Example User"
email = "user@example.com"
post_via_redirect users_path, user: { name: name,
email: email,
password:
password,
password_confirmation: password }
end
assert_not flash.FILL_IN
end
end
content_tag
7.34
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
.
.
.
236 -
<%= content_tag(:div, message, class: "alert alert-#{message_type}") %>

<% end %>
.
.
.
</html>
7.7.
- 237
8.1
8.2
8.4
8.4.5
11
12
8.1.
HTTP
HTTP
Web
Rails
Rails
cookie
cookie cookie
cookie
Rails
session
8.2
2
8.4
Rails
session
ID
cookies
REST
cookie
8.2

$ git checkout -b log-in-log-out
8.1.1.
new
create
REST
POST
destroy
8.2
DELETE
8.3
HTTP
7.1
1.
2.
Rails
239
new
$ rails generate controller Sessions new
new
create
delete
7.2
8.1
8.1
resources
/login
REST
GET
POST
rails generate controller
8.1
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get
'help'
get
'about'
get
'contact' => 'static_pages#contact'
get
'signup' => 'users#new'
get
'login'
=> 'sessions#new'
post
'login'
=> 'sessions#create'
delete 'logout' => 'sessions#destroy'
240 -
7.3
/logout
DELETE
8.1
resources :users
end
8.1
URL
7.1
8.1
8.1
HTTP
URL
GET
/login
login_path
new
POST
/login
login_path
create
DELETE
/logout
logout_path
destroy
8.1
rake routes
$ bundle exec rake routes

Prefix Verb
URI Pattern
Controller#Action
root GET
/
static_pages#home
help GET
/help(.:format)
static_pages#help
about GET
/about(.:format)
static_pages#about
contact GET
/contact(.:format)
static_pages#contact
signup GET
/signup(.:format)
users#new
login GET
/login(.:format)
sessions#new
POST
/login(.:format)
sessions#create
logout DELETE /logout(.:format)
sessions#destroy
users GET
/users(.:format)
users#index
POST
/users(.:format)
users#create
new_user GET
/users/new(.:format)
users#new
edit_user GET
/users/:id/edit(.:format) users#edit
user GET
/users/:id(.:format)
users#show
PATCH /users/:id(.:format)
users#update
PUT
/users/:id(.:format)
users#update
DELETE /users/:id(.:format)
users#destroy
8.1.2.
8.1
8.2
7.11
7.3.3
Active Record
Active Record
8.1.
- 241
8.2
form_for
7.13
@user
form_for
.
.
.
<% end %>
@user
form_for
form_for(@user)
/users
POST
URL
form_for(:session, url: login_path)

form_for
7.13
8.1
8.2
form_for
3.
242 -
form_tag
Rails
form_tag
8.2
app/views/sessions/new.html.erb
<% provide(:title, "Log in") %>
<h1>Log in</h1>
<div class="row">
<%= form_for(:session, url: login_path) do |f| %>
<%= f.submit "Log in", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
<p>New user? <%= link_to "Sign up now!", signup_path %></p>
</div>
</div>
8.2
Log in
/login
8.3
8.2.3
8.3
8.1.
- 243
HTML
8.3
8.3
8.2
HTML
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/login" method="post">

<label for="session_email">Email</label>
<input id="session_email" name="session[email]" type="text" />
<label for="session_password">Password</label>
<input id="session_password" name="session[password]"
type="password" />
<input class="btn btn-primary" name="commit" type="submit"
value="Log in" />
</form>
8.3
params[:session][:email]
params
7.15
params[:session][:password]
8.1.3.
8.2
8.2
create
create
8.4
new
8.4
8.4
create
app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
class SessionsController < ApplicationController
def new
end
def create
render 'new'
end
def destroy
end
end
244 -
new
destroy
/login
8.4
8.4
8.4
create
params
8.1.2
:session
Rails
--session:
email: 'user@example.com'
password: 'foobar'
commit: Log in
action: create
controller: sessions
7.15
4.10
params
{ session: { password: "foobar", email: "user@example.com" } }
params[:session]
{ password: "foobar", email: "user@example.com" }
params[:session][:email]
8.1.
- 245
params[:session][:password]
create
has_secure_password
params
User.find_by
Active Record
6.3.4
6.1.4
authenticate
false
authenticate
8.5
8.5
def new
end
def create
user = User.find_by(email: params[:session][:email].downcase)
if user && user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])
#
else
#
render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
end
end
8.5
6.2.5
downcase
Rails
user && user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])
&&
nil
false
true
8.2
true
8.2
user && user.authenticate()
a && b
(nil && [anything]) == false
(true && false) == false
(true && true) == true
246 -
8.1.4.
7.3.3
Active Record
Active Record
8.6
8.6
def new
end
def create
#
else
flash[:danger] = 'Invalid email/password combination' #
render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
end
end
flash[:danger]
7.25
Bootstrap
CSS
8.5
8.6
render
7.24
8.6
8.1.5
8.1.
- 247
8.5
8.6
248 -
8.1.5.
bug
3.3
$ rails generate integration_test users_login

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/users_login_test.rb
8.5
8.6
1.
2.
params
3.
post
4.
5.
6.
8.7
8.7
RED
class UsersLoginTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
test "login with invalid information" do
get login_path
assert_template 'sessions/new'
post login_path, session: { email: "", password: "" }
assert_template 'sessions/new'
assert_not flash.empty?
get root_path
assert flash.empty?
end
end
8.8
RED
$ bundle exec rake test TEST=test/integration/users_login_test.rb

TEST
flash
8.7
flash
flash.now
flash.now
flash.now
8.7
8.9
8.1.
- 249
8.9
GREEN
def new
end
def create
#
else
flash.now[:danger] = 'Invalid email/password combination'
render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
end
end
8.10
GREEN
$ bundle exec rake test TEST=test/integration/users_login_test.rb

8.2.
8.4
4.2.5
8.1.1
Rails
ApplicationCon-
Rails
troller
8.11
include SessionsHelper
end
250 -
Ruby
8.11
8.2.1. log_in
session
Rails
session
8.1.1
session
session[:user_id] = user.id
cookie
sion[:user_id]
ID
8.4
ID
cookie
cookies
sessession
log_in
8.12
8.12 log_in
app/helpers/sessions_helper.rb
module SessionsHelper
#
def log_in(user)
end
end
session
cookie
8.12
session
cookie
cookie
8.4
session hijacking
log_in
create
8.13
cookies
8.13
def new
end
def create
log_in user
redirect_to user
else
render 'new'
end
4.
8.11
log_in
8.2.
- 251
end
def destroy
end
end
redirect_to user
7.4.1
Rails
user_path(user)
create
8.2
8.2.2
ID
8.2.3
8.2.2.
cur-
ID
rent_user
current_user
ID
<%= current_user.name %>
redirect_to current_user
find
7.5
User.find(session[:user_id])
6.1.4
find
ID
session[:user_id]
create
find_by
nil
id
User.find_by(id: session[:user_id])
ID
find_by
nil
current_user
def current_user
User.find_by(id: session[:user_id])
end
current_user
User.find_by
Ruby
5.
252 -
memoization
memorization
if @current_user.nil?
@current_user = User.find_by(id: session[:user_id])
else
@current_user
end
4.2.3
||
@current_user = @current_user || User.find_by(id: session[:user_id])

User
@current_user
find_by
@current_user
Ruby
@current_user ||= User.find_by(id: session[:user_id])

||=
8.1
8.1
||=
Ruby
||=
||=
Rails
x = x + 1
Ruby
C C++ Perl Python
Java
x += 1
$ rails console
>> x = 1
=> 1
>> x += 1
=> 2
>> x *= 3
=> 6
>> x -= 8
=> -2
>> x /= 2
=> -1
x = x O y
x O=y
O
nil
Ruby
4.2.3
||
>> @foo
=> nil
8.2.
- 253
>>
=>
>>
=>
@foo = @foo || "bar"

"bar"
@foo = @foo || "baz"
"bar"
nil
nil || "bar"
"bar" || "baz"
"bar"
"bar"
nil
false
||
short-circuit evaluation
x
x
x
x
@foo
=
x
+
1
=
x
*
3
=
x
8
=
x
/
2
= @foo || "bar"
->
->
->
->
->
x = x O y
||
x
+=
1
x
*=
3
x
-=
8
x
/=
2
@foo ||= "bar"
@foo ||= "bar"

6
current_user
8.14
8.14
#
def log_in(user)
end
#
def current_user
end
end
current_user
6.
||=
Or Equals) Really Does
254 -
Peter Cooper
Ruby Inside
What Rubys ||= (Double Pipe /
8.2.3.
8.7
Account
Bootstrap
8.16
8.7
3.3
Rails
8.2.4
ERb
if-else
<% if logged_in? %>

#
<% else %>
#
<% end %>
7.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hermanusbackpackers/3343254977/
8.2.
- 255
logged_in?
current_user
4.2.3
bang
nil
logged_in?
8.15
logged_in?
8.15
#
def log_in(user)
end
#
def current_user
end
#
def logged_in?
!current_user.nil?
end
end
true
false
logged_in?
9
<%= link_to "Users",
'#' %>
<%= link_to "Settings", '#' %>
8.1
<%= link_to "Log out", logout_path, method: "delete" %>
HTTP DELETE
<%= link_to "Profile", current_user %>
<%= link_to "Profile", user_path(current_user) %>
Rails
current_user
user_path(current_user)
8.1
<%= link_to "Log in", login_path %>
8.16
8. Web
256 -
DELETE
Rails
JavaScript
8.16
<nav>
<li><%= link_to "Home", root_path %></li>
<li><%= link_to "Help", help_path %></li>
<% if logged_in? %>
<li><%= link_to "Users", '#' %></li>
<li class="dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
Account <b class="caret"></b>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li><%= link_to "Profile", current_user %></li>
<li><%= link_to "Settings", '#' %></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<% else %>
<li><%= link_to "Log in", login_path %></li>
<% end %>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
8.16
dropdown
Bootstrap CSS
Pipeline
dropdown-menu
Bootstrap
8.17
application.js
app/assets/javascripts/application.js
//=
//=
//=
//=
//=
Bootstrap
application.js
JavaScript
Asset
8.17
Bootstrap JavaScript
require jquery
require jquery_ujs
require bootstrap
require turbolinks
require_tree .
10
8.16
8.17
8.8
9.
10.
Bootstrap
IDE
IDE
8.2.
- 257
8.8
8.2.4.
8.7
1.
post
2.
3.
4.
5.
Rails
6.2.5
6.30
create
password_digest
6.3.1
258 -
bcrypt
6.7
digest
has_secure_password
BCrypt::Password.create(string, cost: cost)

string
cost
di-
gest
cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST :
BCrypt::Engine.cost
?-:
8.4.4
digest
user.rb
8.4.1
digest
User
4.4.1
8.18
8.18
digest
app/models/user.rb
has_secure_password
#
def User.digest(string)
BCrypt::Engine.cost
end
end
digest
8.19
8.19
michael:
name: Michael Example
email: michael@example.com
password_digest: <%= User.digest('password') %>
Ruby
<%= User.digest('password') %>
8.2.
- 259
has_secure_password
password_digest
8.19
password
Rails
'password'
user = users(:michael)
users
users.yml
:michael
8.19
8.20
get
post
POST
GET
8.20
GREEN
def setup
@user = users(:michael)
end
.
.
.
test "login with valid information" do
get login_path
post login_path, session: { email: @user.email, password: 'password' }
assert_redirected_to @user
follow_redirect!
assert_select "a[href=?]", login_path, count: 0
assert_select "a[href=?]", logout_path
assert_select "a[href=?]", user_path(@user)
end
end
follow_redirect!

count: 0
assert_select
count: 2
8.21
GREEN
$ bundle exec rake test TEST=test/integration/users_login_test.rb \

>
TESTOPTS="--name test_login_with_valid_information"
260 -
5.25

TESTOPTS="--name test_login_with_valid_information"
test
8.2.5.
create
log_in
8.22
11
8.22
def show
end
def new
@user = User.new
end
def create
if @user.save
log_in @user
redirect_to @user
else
render 'new'
end
end
private
def user_params
end
end
7.26
8.15
is_logged_in?
ID
true
rent_user
logged_in?
11.
false
current_user
logged_in?
8.23
session
12
is_logged_in?
8.11
cur-
8.15
log_in
8.2.
- 261
8.23
test/test_helper.rb
.
.
.
fixtures :all
#
true
def is_logged_in?
!session[:user_id].nil?
end
end
8.24
8.24
GREEN
.
.
.
get signup_path
post_via_redirect users_path, user: { name: "Example User",
email: "user@example.com",
password:
"password",
password_confirmation: "password" }
end
assert is_logged_in?
end
end
8.25
GREEN
log_in
is_logged_in?
12.
log_in_as
262 -
8.50
8.3.
8.1
8.16
new
REST
create
destroy
REST
8.13
destroy
8.22
8.4.6
log_in
8.12
ID
delete
session.delete(:user_id)
nil
13
log_in
log_out
8.26
8.26 log_out
#
def log_in(user)
end
.
.
.
#
def log_out
@current_user = nil
end
end
destroy
log_out
8.27
8.27
def new
end
destroy
13.
@current_user
@current_user
nil
nil
8.3.
- 263
def create
log_in user
redirect_to user
else
render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
log_out
redirect_to root_url
end
end
delete
8.20
8.1
DELETE
8.28
8.28
GREEN
.
.
.
test "login with valid information followed by logout" do
get login_path
follow_redirect!
delete logout_path
assert_not is_logged_in?
assert_redirected_to root_url
follow_redirect!
assert_select "a[href=?]", login_path
assert_select "a[href=?]", logout_path,
count: 0
assert_select "a[href=?]", user_path(@user), count: 0
end
end
is_logged_in?
is_logged_in?
264 -
assert
destroy
8.29
GREEN
8.4.
8.2
Facebook
Bitbucket
8.4.5
GitHub
Twitter
8.4.1.
8.2
Rails
session
ID
cookies
cookie
session
8.2.1
cookies
cookie
cookie
1
3
7.5
Cross-Site Scripting
SSL
XSS
14
cookie
4
6.3
Rails
1.
2.
cookie
3.
4.
5.
cookie
cookie
ID
ID
ID
cookie
authenticate
has_secure_password
8.5
remember_digest
14.
Firesheep
8.9
WIFI
8.4.
- 265
remember_digest
8.9
8.9
$ rails generate migration add_remember_digest_to_users remember_digest:string

_to_users
6.3.1
users
Rails
Rails
8.30
8.30
db/migrate/[timestamp]_add_remember_digest_to_users.rb
class AddRememberDigestToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_column :users, :remember_digest, :string
end
end
remember_digest
SecureRandom
Ruby
15
urlsafe_base64
A-Z a-z 0-9
- _
22
64
base64
base64
$ rails console
>> SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64
=> "q5lt38hQDc_959PVoo6b7A"
16
17
base64
22
15.
RailsCast
16.
17.
266 -
64
bcrypt
ID
cookie
1/6422 = 2-132 10-40
URL
base64
safe_base64
url-
10
digest
new_token
8.18
18
digest
8.31
8.31
app/models/user.rb
has_secure_password
#
BCrypt::Engine.cost
end
#
def User.new_token
SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64
end
end
user.remember
remember_digest
8.30
user.remember_token
password
has_secure_password
4.4.5
remember_token
cookie
6.3
password_digest
password
remember_token
attr_accessor

attr_accessor :remember_token
.
.
.
def remember
self.remember_token = ...
update_attribute(:remember_digest, ...)
18.
10.1.2
8.4.
- 267
end
end
remember
self
Ruby
remember_token
self
remember_token
before_save
remember
6.31
self.email
email
update_attribute
6.1.5
User.new_token
User.digest
remember
remember
8.32
8.32
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
has_secure_password
#
BCrypt::Engine.cost
end
#
def User.new_token
end
#
def remember
self.remember_token = User.new_token
update_attribute(:remember_digest, User.digest(remember_token))
end
end
8.4.2.
user.remember
ID
cookies
cookie
cookie
value
20
268 -
cookie
session
expires
cookies[:remember_token] = { value:
remember_token,
expires: 20.years.from_now.utc }
Rails
ie
8.2
permanent
Rails
Rails
cookie
20
cook-
cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = remember_token
20.years.from_now
Rails
8.2
cookie
4.4.2
String
Object
20.years.from_now
Ruby
palindrome?
blank?
20.years.from_now
"deified"
"".blank?
cookie
" ".blank?
Rails
nil.blank?
cookies.permanent
true
permanent
Rails
Fixnum
$ rails console
>> 1.year.from_now
=> Sun, 09 Aug 2015 16:48:17 UTC +00:00
>> 10.weeks.ago
=> Sat, 31 May 2014 16:48:45 UTC +00:00
Fixnum
Rails
>>
=>
>>
=>
1.kilobyte
1024
5.megabytes
5242880
5.megabytes
Ruby
Rails
Ruby
session
ID
cookie
cookies[:user_id] = user.id
cookie
cookie
cookies.signed[:user_id] = user.id
ID
signed
ID
permanent
cookies.permanent.signed[:user_id] = user.id
cookie
User.find_by(id: cookies.signed[:user_id])
8.4.
- 269
cookies.signed[:user_id]
ies[:remember_token]
cookie
ID
bcrypt
cook-
remember_digest
8.32
ID
ID
ID
bcrypt
19
BCrypt::Password.new(password_digest) == unencrypted_password
BCrypt::Password.new(remember_digest) == remember_token
==
bcrypt
bcrypt
bcrypt
gem
bcrypt
==
BCrypt::Password.new(remember_digest).is_password?(remember_token)
==
is_password?
authenticated?
has_secure_password
authenticate
8.13
authenticated?
8.33
authenticated?
8.33
app/models/user.rb

has_secure_password
#
BCrypt::Engine.cost
end
#
def User.new_token
19. 6.3.1
270 -
unencrypted password
end
#
def remember
end
#
true
def authenticated?(remember_token)
end
end
8.33
authenticated?
10
log_in
remember
8.34
8.34
def new
end
def create
log_in user
remember user
redirect_to user
else
render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
log_out
end
end
8.34
remember
cookies
user.remember
cookie
ID
8.35
8.35
8.4.
- 271
#
def log_in(user)
end
#
def remember(user)
user.remember
cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = user.remember_token
end
#
def current_user
end
#
def logged_in?
!current_user.nil?
end
true
false
#
def log_out
@current_user = nil
end
end
8.14
current_user

session[:user_id]
ies[:user_id]
if session[:user_id]
elsif cookies.signed[:user_id]
user = User.find_by(id: cookies.signed[:user_id])
if user && user.authenticated?(cookies[:remember_token])
log_in user
@current_user = user
end
end
8.5
session
272 -
cookies
user && user.authenticated
cook-
if (user_id = session[:user_id])
@current_user ||= User.find_by(id: user_id)
elsif (user_id = cookies.signed[:user_id])
user = User.find_by(id: user_id)
log_in user
end
end
==
ID
ID
ID
current_user
ID
user_id
20
8.36
8.36
current_user
RED
#
def log_in(user)
end
#
def remember(user)
user.remember
end
#
cookie
def current_user
log_in user
end
end
end
#
true
false
20.
8.4.
- 273
def logged_in?
!current_user.nil?
end
#
def log_out
@current_user = nil
end
end
cookie
21
8.10
cookie
cookie
8.37
20
RED
8.4.3.
user.forget
nil
8.38
user.remember
8.38
forget
app/models/user.rb
21.
274 -
cookie
<
> inspect cookies
8.10

has_secure_password
#
BCrypt::Engine.cost
end
#
def User.new_token
end
#
def remember
end
#
true
end
#
def forget
update_attribute(:remember_digest, nil)
end
end
forget
8.39
forget
log_out
user.forget
cookie
forget
user_id
remember_token
8.39
#
def log_in(user)
end
.
.
.
#
8.4.
- 275
def forget(user)
user.forget
cookies.delete(:user_id)
cookies.delete(:remember_token)
end
#
def log_out
forget(current_user)
@current_user = nil
end
end
8.4.4.
current_user
8.39
22
Chrome
23
nil
8.38
ID
log_out
8.39
user.forget
Firefox
Firefox
Firefox
current_user
user
nil
#
cookie
def current_user
log_in user
end
end
end
user && user.authenticated?(cookies[:remember_token])

false
user
user
8.33
22.
Paulo Clio Jnior
23.
Niels de Ron
276 -
nil
nil
Chrome
authenticated?
ID
end
remember_digest
nil
BCrypt::Password.new(remember_digest)
authenticated?
8.28
false
8.40
8.40
RED
.
.
.
test "login with valid information followed by logout" do
get login_path
follow_redirect!
delete logout_path
#
delete logout_path
follow_redirect!
assert_select "a[href=?]", login_path
assert_select "a[href=?]", logout_path,
count: 0
assert_select "a[href=?]", user_path(@user), count: 0
end
end
delete logout_path
8.41
RED

logged_in?
8.42
true
log_out
8.42
GREEN
.
8.4.
- 277
.
.
def destroy
log_out if logged_in?
end
end
setup
@user
authenticated?
8.43
authenticated?
8.43
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "authenticated? should return false for a user with nil digest" do
assert_not @user.authenticated?('')
end
end
BCrypt::Password.new(nil)
8.44
RED

nil
8.45
authenticated?
authenticated?
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
true
return false if remember_digest.nil?
end
end
278 -
false
8.45
nil
return
if remember_digest.nil?
false
else
end
8.45
8.46
GREEN
8.4.5.
8.11
8.11
8.4.
- 279
8.2
Rails
label
<%= f.label :remember_me, class: "checkbox inline" do %>

<%= f.check_box :remember_me %>
<span>Remember me on this computer</span>
<% end %>
8.47
8.47
<h1>Log in</h1>
<div class="row">
<% end %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
8.47
on this computer
CSS
checkbox
CSS
.
.
.
/* forms */
.
.
.
280 -
Bootstrap
CSS
8.12
8.48
inline
Remember me
8.48
.checkbox {
margin-top: -10px;
span {
margin-left: 20px;
}
}
#session_remember_me {
width: auto;
margin-left: 0;
}
8.12
params
params[:session][:remember_me]
'1'
'0'
params
if params[:session][:remember_me] == '1'
remember(user)
else
forget(user)
end
8.4.
- 281
if-then
8.3
24
params[:session][:remember_me] == '1' ? remember(user) : forget(user)

create
8.49
cost
8.18
8.49
def new
end
def create
log_in user
redirect_to user
else
render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
end
end
8.3
10
2
remember user
24.
282 -
10
10
11
if boolean?
do_one_thing
else
do_something_else
end
Ruby
C/C++ Perl PHP
Java
boolean? ? do_one_thing : do_something_else
if boolean?
var = foo
else
var = bar
end
var = boolean? ? foo : bar
def foo
do_stuff
boolean? ? "bar" : "baz"
end
foo
Ruby
"bar"
boolean?
"baz"
8.4.6.
8.49
params[:session][:remember_me] ? remember(user) : forget(user)

params[:session][:remember_me]
8.20
'0'
'1'
true
post
session
log_in_as
8.4.
- 283
8.20
session
log_in_as
Ruby
defined?
true
defined?
false
post_via_redirect
defined?(post_via_redirect) ...
true
false
integration_test?
if-else
if integration_test?
#
else
#
session
end
log_in_as
8.50
8.50
log_in_as
test/test_helper.rb
.
.
.
fixtures :all
#
true
def is_logged_in?
!session[:user_id].nil?
end
#
def log_in_as(user, options = {})
password
= options[:password]
|| 'password'
remember_me = options[:remember_me] || '1'
if integration_test?
post login_path, session: { email:
user.email,
password:
password,
remember_me: remember_me }
else
end
end
private
#
true
def integration_test?
defined?(post_via_redirect)
284 -
end
end
log_in_as
8.50
'passowrd'
options
'1'
nil
remember_me = options[:remember_me] || '1'
8.1
8.50
log_in_as(@user, remember_me: '1')

remember_me
'1'
cookies
remember_token
user
cookie
@user
remember_token
nil
cookie
cookies
cookies[:remember_token]
nil
cookies
cookies['remember_token']
8.51
8.20
users(:michael)
8.19
8.51
GREEN
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "login with remembering" do
assert_not_nil cookies['remember_token']
end
8.4.
- 285
test "login without remembering" do

assert_nil cookies['remember_token']
end
end
8.52
GREEN
current_user
8.4.2
8.53
8.53
GREEN
.
.
.
#
cookie
def current_user
raise
#
log_in user
end
end
end
.
.
.
end
8.54
GREEN
8.53
current_user
286 -
10
8.50
rent_user
log_in_as
session[:user_id]
cur-
current_user
$ touch test/helpers/sessions_helper_test.rb
user
1.
2.
remember
3.
current_user
remember
session[:user_id]
8.55
8.55
test/helpers/sessions_helper_test.rb
class SessionsHelperTest < ActionView::TestCase
def setup
remember(@user)
end
test "current_user returns right user when session is nil" do
assert_equal @user, current_user
end
test "current_user returns nil when remember digest is wrong" do
@user.update_attribute(:remember_digest, User.digest(User.new_token))
assert_nil current_user
end
end
nil
if
authenticated?
8.55
8.56
RED
$ bundle exec rake test TEST=test/helpers/sessions_helper_test.rb

raise
8.57
current_user
authenticated?
8.57
8.55
8.4.
- 287
8.57
GREEN
.
.
.
#
cookie
def current_user
log_in user
end
end
end
.
.
.
end
8.58
GREEN

current_user
8.5.
master
$
$
$
$
$

git add -A
git commit -m "Finish log in/log out"
git checkout master
git merge log-in-log-out
$
$
$
$

git push
git push heroku
288 -
$
$
$
$
heroku maintenance:on
git push heroku
heroku maintenance:off
Heroku
8.5.1.
Rails
cookie
cookie
flash.now
session
ID
cookies
cookie
ID
ID
cookie
if-else
8.6.
3
1.
User
8.32
User.new_token
8.59
8.59
User.digest
8.60
self
8.60
2. 8.4.5
User
self
remember_token
8.51
assigns
assigns
@user
create
assigns(:user)
ate
creuser
cookies
8.61
8.62
FILL_IN
8.6.
- 289
8.59
self
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
def self.digest(string)
BCrypt::Engine.cost
end
#
def self.new_token
end
.
.
.
end
8.60
class << self
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
class << self
#
def digest(string)
BCrypt::Engine.cost
end
#
def new_token
end
end
.
.
.
create
8.61

def new
290 -
end
def create
?user = User.find_by(email: params[:session][:email].downcase)
if ?user && ?user.authenticate(params[:session][:password])
log_in ?user
params[:session][:remember_me] == '1' ? remember(?user) : forget(?user)
redirect_to ?user
else
render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
end
end
8.62
GREEN
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "login with remembering" do
assert_equal assigns(:user).FILL_IN, FILL_IN
end
test "login without remembering" do
assert_nil cookies['remember_token']
end
.
.
.
end
8.6.
- 291
REST
edit
7.1
update
index
destroy
9.1.
new
7
edit
PATCH
create
3.2
8
POST
update
before filter
updating-users
$ git checkout -b updating-users
9.1.1.
9.1
edit
edit
7.1
ID
params[:id]
/users/1/edit
9.1
edit
ID
9.1
edit
def show
end
def new
@user = User.new
end
def create
1.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sashawolff/4598355045/
293
if @user.save
log_in @user
redirect_to @user
else
render 'new'
end
end
def edit
end
private
def user_params
end
end
9.1
294 -
9.2
7.13
9.6
9.2
<% provide(:title, "Edit user") %>
<h1>Update your profile</h1>
<div class="row">
<%= f.submit "Save changes", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
<div class="gravatar_edit">
<a href="http://gravatar.com/emails" target="_blank">change</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
error_messages
7.3.3
Gravatar
target="_blank"
@user
9.1
Rails
9.2
Name Email
@user
9.1.
- 295
9.2
HTML
9.3
9.3
9.2
HTML
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/users/1" class="edit_user"

id="edit_user_1" method="post">
<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />
.
.
.
</form>
<input name="_method" type="hidden" value="patch" />

PATCH
PATCH
7.1
9.2
Rails
Active Record
2.
296 -
Rails
POST
form_for(@user)
7.13
POST
PATCH
new_record?
Rails
REST
Rails
$ rails console
>> User.new.new_record?
=> true
>> User.first.new_record?
=> false
form_for(@user)
@user.new_record?
true
POST
PATCH
7.1
it_user_path
8.36
ed-
current_user
<%= link_to "Settings", edit_user_path(current_user) %>
9.4
9.4
Settings
<nav>
<% if logged_in? %>
<li><%= link_to "Users", '#' %></li>
</a>
<li><%= link_to "Settings", edit_user_path(current_user) %></li>
<li>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<% else %>
<% end %>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
9.1.2.
update
7.3
params
update_attributes
6.1.5
9.5
9.1.
- 297
false
else
create
7.16
update
9.5

def show
end
def new
@user = User.new
end
def create
if @user.save
log_in @user
redirect_to @user
else
render 'new'
end
end
def edit
end
def update
if @user.update_attributes(user_params)
#
else
render 'edit'
end
end
private
def user_params
end
end
update_attributes
ter
user_params
7.3.2
9.2
9.3
298 -
strong parame-
9.3
9.1.3.
9.1.2
3.3
$ rails generate integration_test users_edit

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/users_edit_test.rb
9.6
patch
PATCH
get
post
delete
9.6
GREEN
class UsersEditTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
def setup
end
test "unsuccessful edit" do
9.1.
- 299
get edit_user_path(@user)
patch user_path(@user), user: { name: '',
email: 'foo@invalid',
password:
'foo',
password_confirmation: 'bar' }
assert_template 'users/edit'
end
end
9.7
GREEN
9.1.4.
TDD
Gravatar
9.2
9.4
300 -
change
Gravatar
acceptance test
9.4
9.6
9.8
9.8
@user.reload
6.1.5
TDD
9.8
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "successful edit" do
name = "Foo Bar"
email = "foo@bar.com"
patch user_path(@user), user: { name: name,
email: email,
password:
"",
password_confirmation: "" }
@user.reload
assert_equal @user.name, name
assert_equal @user.email, email
end
end
create
9.8
8.22
update
9.9
update
9.9
RED

.
.
.
def update
flash[:success] = "Profile updated"
redirect_to @user
else
render 'edit'
9.1.
- 301
end
end
.
.
.
end
9.9
6.39
9.8
allow_blank: true
9.10
validates
9.10
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
validates :email, presence: true, length: { maximum: 255 }
has_secure_password
validates :password, length: { minimum: 6 }, allow_blank: true
.
.
.
end
6.3
has_secure_password
9.5
9.11
GREEN
302 -
9.5
9.2.
Web
edit
9.1
update
9.2.1
9.6
9.2.2
9.2.
- 303
9.6
9.2.1.
9.6
before_action
logged_in_user
before_action :logged_in_user
logged_in_user
9.12
9.12
RED

before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:edit, :update]
.
.
.
private
def user_params
before_filter
3.
304 -
Rails
end
#
#
def logged_in_user
unless logged_in?
flash[:danger] = "Please log in."
redirect_to login_url
end
end
end
:only
edit
update
/users/1/edit
9.7
9.7
9.12
9.13
RED

edit
update
9.2.
- 305
edit
update
8.4.6
8.50
9.14
9.14
GREEN
def setup
end
test "unsuccessful edit" do
log_in_as(@user)
.
.
.
end
test "successful edit" do
log_in_as(@user)
.
.
.
end
end
setup
9.2.3
setup
9.15
GREEN
9.16
9.16
9.16
GREEN
# before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:edit, :update]
.
.
.
end
306 -
log_in_as
edit
GET
update
7.1
PATCH
get
9.17
edit
update
patch
9.17
RED
def setup
end
get :new
end
test "should redirect edit when not logged in" do
get :edit, id: @user
assert_redirected_to login_url
end
test "should redirect update when not logged in" do
patch :update, id: @user, user: { name: @user.name, email: @user.email }
end
end
get
patch
Rails
id: @user
user
Rails
2
@user.id
patch
9.18
9.18
GREEN
.
.
9.2.
- 307
.
end
9.19
GREEN

edit
9.2.2.
9.2.1
9.17
9.20
9.20
michael:
archer:
name: Sterling Archer
email: duchess@example.gov
8.50
log_in_as
9.21
9.21
RED
def setup
@user
= users(:michael)
@other_user = users(:archer)
end
get :new
end
test "should redirect edit when not logged in" do
308 -
edit
update

end
test "should redirect update when not logged in" do
end
test "should redirect edit when logged in as wrong user" do
log_in_as(@other_user)
end
test "should redirect update when logged in as wrong user" do
end
end
correct_user
9.22
update
correct_user
@user
edit
@user
9.22
edit
update
correct_user
GREEN

before_action :correct_user,
only: [:edit, :update]
.
.
.
def edit
end
def update
redirect_to @user
else
render 'edit'
end
end
.
.
.
private
def user_params
9.2.
- 309
end
#
#
def logged_in_user
unless logged_in?
end
end
#
def correct_user
redirect_to(root_url) unless @user == current_user
end
end
9.23
GREEN

current_user?
rect_user
9.24
unless @user == current_user
unless current_user?(@user)
9.24 current_user?
#
def log_in(user)
end
#
def remember(user)
user.remember
end
#
def current_user?(user)
310 -
cor-
true
user == current_user
end
.
.
.
end
9.25
9.25 correct_user
GREEN

.
.
.
def edit
end
def update
redirect_to @user
else
render 'edit'
end
end
.
.
.
private
def user_params
end
#
#
def logged_in_user
unless logged_in?
end
end
#
def correct_user
redirect_to(root_url) unless current_user?(@user)
9.2.
- 311
end
end
9.2.3.
/users/1
/users/1/edit
9.14
9.26
9.26
RED
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "successful edit with friendly forwarding" do
log_in_as(@user)
assert_redirected_to edit_user_path(@user)
name = "Foo Bar"
email = "foo@bar.com"
patch user_path(@user), user: { name: name,
email: email,
password:
"foobar",
password_confirmation: "foobar" }
@user.reload
assert_equal @user.name, name
assert_equal @user.email, email
end
end
4
store_location
rect_back_or
4.
312 -
9.27
thoughtbot
Clearance gem
redi-
9.27
.
.
.
#
def redirect_back_or(default)
redirect_to(session[:forwarding_url] || default)
session.delete(:forwarding_url)
end
#
def store_location
session[:forwarding_url] = request.url if request.get?
end
end
session
8.2.1
request
9.27
request.url
store_location
session[:forwarding_url]
POST
GET
store_location
9.28
store_location
if request.get?
logged_in_user
GET
PATCH
DELETE
9.28
logged_in_user

.
.
.
def edit
end
.
.
.
private
def user_params
end
5.
Yoel Adler
9.2.
- 313
#
#
def logged_in_user
unless logged_in?
store_location
end
end
#
def correct_user
redirect_to(root_url) unless current_user?(@user)
end
end
create
redirect_back_or
9.29
redirect_back_or
||
session[:forwarding_url] || default
nil
9.27
return
9.29
create
.
.
.
def create
log_in user
redirect_back_or user
else
render 'new'
end
end
.
.
.
end
314 -
9.26
9.30
GREEN
9.3.
index
index
Users
9.8
9.4
9.8
9.3.1.
6.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/glasgows/338937124/
9.3.
- 315
index
index
9.31
index
RED
9.31
def setup
@user
= users(:michael)
end
test "should redirect index when not logged in" do
get :index
end
.
.
.
end
index
logged_in_user
index
9.32
9.32
GREEN

before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:index, :edit, :update]
def index
end
def show
end
.
.
.
end
index
2.5
@users
9.33
9.3.3
7. Twitter
316 -
User.all
9.33
index
.
.
.
def index
@users = User.all
end
.
.
.
end
li
each
Gravatar
ul
9.34
index
9.34
<% provide(:title, 'All users') %>

<h1>All users</h1>
<ul class="users">
<li>
<%= gravatar_for user, size: 50 %>
<%= link_to user.name, user %>
</li>
<% end %>
</ul>
9.34
7.7
7.31
Gravatar
7.31
CSS
9.35
SCSS
9.35
CSS
.
.
.
/* Users index */
.users {
list-style: none;
margin: 0;
li {
overflow: auto;
9.3.
- 317
padding: 10px 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid $gray-lighter;
}
}
users_path
7.1
9.36
9.36
<nav>
<% if logged_in? %>
<li><%= link_to "Users", users_path %></li>
</a>
<li><%= link_to "Settings", edit_user_path(current_user) %></li>
<li>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<% else %>
<% end %>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</header>
9.37
GREEN
9.9
318 -
9.9
9.3.2.
Ruby
Gemfile
9.38
Gemfile
faker gem
Rake
9.38
gem
faker
gem 'rails',
gem 'bcrypt',
gem 'faker',
.
.
.
'4.2.0'
'3.1.7'
'1.4.2'
$ bundle install
Rake
9.39
Rails
db/seeds.rb
9.3.
- 319
9.39
Rake
db/seeds.rb
User.create!(name: "Example User",
password:
"foobar",
password_confirmation: "foobar")
99.times do |n|
name = Faker::Name.name
email = "example-#{n+1}@railstutorial.org"
User.create!(name: name,
email: email,
password:
password,
password_confirmation: password)
end
9.39
create!
99
create
false
db:seed
Rake

$ bundle exec rake db:seed
db:seed Rake
100
9.10
Gravatar
rake db:reset
8.
320 -
Rails
9.10
100
9.3.3.
100
30
Rails
will_paginate
will_paginate
will_paginate
9.40
bootstrap-will_paginate
Gemfile
gem
Gemfile
Bootstrap
bootstrap-will_paginate
9.40
will_paginate
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
.
.
.
'rails',
'bcrypt',
'faker',
'will_paginate',
'bootstrap-will_paginate',
'4.2.0'
'3.1.7'
'1.4.2'
'3.0.7'
'0.0.10'
$ bundle install
9.3.
- 321
Web
gem
index
index
Rails
User.all
will_paginate
9.41
9.41
index
<h1>All users</h1>
<%= will_paginate %>
<ul class="users">
<li>
</li>
<% end %>
</ul>
will_paginate
@users
@users
9.41
will_paginate
9.33
User.all
paginate
$ rails console
>> User.paginate(page: 1)
User Load (1.5ms) SELECT "users".* FROM "users" LIMIT 30 OFFSET 0
(1.7ms) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "users"
=> #<ActiveRecord::Relation [#<User id: 1,...
paginate
:page
User.paginate
30
:page
index
nate
:page
nil
all
1-30
paginate
params[:page]
pagi-
9.42
params
index
.
.
.
def index
@users = User.paginate(page: params[:page])
end
.
9
31-60
paginate
9.42
322 -
:page
will_pagenate
.
.
end
9.11
Rails
will_paginate
9.11
2
Next
9.12
9.3.
- 323
9.12
9.3.4.
30
9.20
30
password_digest
30
Ruby
9.43
9.43
30
michael:
archer:
lana:
name: Lana Kane
324 -
9.43
email: hands@example.gov
mallory:
name: Mallory Archer
email: boss@example.gov
<% 30.times do |n| %>
user_<%= n %>:
name: <%= "User #{n}" %>
email: <%= "user-#{n}@example.com" %>
<% end %>
$ rails generate integration_test users_index

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/users_index_test.rb
pagination
9.44
9.44
GREEN
class UsersIndexTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
def setup
end
test "index including pagination" do
log_in_as(@user)
get users_path
assert_template 'users/index'
assert_select 'div.pagination'
User.paginate(page: 1).each do |user|
assert_select 'a[href=?]', user_path(user), text: user.name
end
end
end
9.45
GREEN
9.3.
- 325
9.3.5.
Rails
9.41
li
render
9.46
9.46
<h1>All users</h1>
<ul class="users">
<%= render user %>
<% end %>
</ul>
render
User
user
_user.html.erb
Rails
9.47
9.47
app/views/users/_user.html.erb
<li>
</li>
@users
9.48
render
9.48
GREEN
<h1>All users</h1>
<ul class="users">
<%= render @users %>
</ul>
user
User
9.
326 -
@users.each do |foobar|
render foobar
Rails
@users
User
render
_user.html.erb
9.49
Rails
9.48
GREEN
9.4.
REST
9.13
destroy
destroy
9.13
9.4.
- 327
9.4.1.
admin
admin
admin?
Active Record
admin
9.14
9.14
admin
admin
boolean
$ rails generate migration add_admin_to_users admin:boolean

users
admin
9.50
9.50
default: false
admin
nil
Rails
9.50
admin
db/migrate/[timestamp]_add_admin_to_users.rb
class AddAdminToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_column :users, :admin, :boolean, default: false
end
end
Rails
>> user = User.first
>> user.admin?
=> false
>> user.toggle!(:admin)
=> true
>> user.admin?
=> true
328 -
add_column
default: false
admin
admin?
toggle!
admin
false
true
9.51
9.51
db/seeds.rb
password:
"foobar",
password_confirmation: "foobar",
admin: true)
99.times do |n|
email: email,
password:
password,
password_confirmation: password)
end

admin: true
9.51
10
PATCH
patch /users/17?admin=1
17
7.3.2
params
require
permit
def user_params
end
admin
:admin
10. curl
PATCH
9.4.
- 329
9.4.2. destroy
destroy
9.52
9.52
app/views/users/_user.html.erb
<li>
<% if current_user.admin? && !current_user?(user) %>
| <%= link_to "delete", user, method: :delete,
data: { confirm: "You sure?" } %>
<% end %>
</li>
method: delete
DELETE
if
9.15
9.15
DELETE
DELETE
330 -
Rails
JavaScript
JavaScript
JavaScript
JavaScript
POST
11
destroy
Active Record
7.1
destroy
destroy
9.53
logged_in_user
9.53
:destroy
9.53
destroy
before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:index, :edit, :update, :destroy]
.
.
.
def destroy
User.find(params[:id]).destroy
flash[:success] = "User deleted"
redirect_to users_url
end
.
.
.
end
destroy
find
destroy
User.find(params[:id]).destroy
DELETE
destroy
9.2.1
9.2.2
destroy
admin_user
9.54
destroy
9.54

before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:index, :edit, :update, :destroy]
before_action :admin_user,
only: :destroy
.
.
.
private
.
.
.
#
def admin_user
redirect_to(root_url) unless current_user.admin?
11.
RailsCasts
Destroy Without JavaScript
9.4.
- 331
end
end
9.4.3.
9.55
9.55
michael:
admin: true
archer:
lana:
name: Lana Kane
mallory:
<% 30.times do |n| %>
user_<%= n %>:
name: <%= "User #{n}" %>
<% end %>
9.2.1
8.28
delete
destroy
DELETE
9.56
9.56
GREEN
def setup
@user
= users(:michael)
332 -
end
.
.
.
test "should redirect destroy when not logged in" do
delete :destroy, id: @user
end
end
test "should redirect destroy when logged in as a non-admin" do
delete :destroy, id: @user
end
end
end
9.56
7.21
9.56
9.44
assert_difference 'User.count', -1 do
delete user_path(@other_user)
end
assert_difference
7.26
DELETE
User.count
-1
9.57
9.57
GREEN
class UsersIndexTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
def setup
@admin
= users(:michael)
@non_admin = users(:archer)
end
test "index as admin including pagination and delete links" do
log_in_as(@admin)
get users_path
9.4.
- 333
assert_template 'users/index'
first_page_of_users = User.paginate(page: 1)
first_page_of_users.each do |user|
assert_select 'a[href=?]', user_path(user), text: user.name
unless user == @admin
assert_select 'a[href=?]', user_path(user), text: 'delete',
method: :delete
end
end
assert_difference 'User.count', -1 do
delete user_path(@non_admin)
end
end
test "index as non-admin" do
log_in_as(@non_admin)
get users_path
assert_select 'a', text: 'delete', count: 0
end
end
9.57
9.52
9.58
GREEN
9.5.
5.4
10
master
$
$
$
$
$
git
git
git
git
git
add -A
commit -m "Finish user edit, update, index, and destroy actions"
checkout master
merge updating-users
push
pg:reset

$ git push heroku
$ heroku pg:reset DATABASE
334 -

$ heroku run rake db:seed
$ heroku restart
9.16
9.11
11.1.4
9.16
9.5.1.
update
Web
PATCH
HTTP
Rails
render @users
db/seeds.rb
rake db:seed
_user.html.erb
9.5.
- 335
admin
user.admin?
destroy
Ruby
9.6.
3
1.
9.26
2.
log_in_as
5.25
3.
update
9.59
PATCH
admin
4.
new.html.erb
9.60
f
admin
user_params
edit.html.erb
9.61
9.59
admin
def setup
@user
= users(:michael)
end
.
.
.
test "should redirect update when logged in as wrong user" do
end
test "should not allow the admin attribute to be edited via the web" do
assert_not @other_user.admin?
patch :update, id: @other_user, user: { password:
FILL_IN,
password_confirmation: FILL_IN,
admin: FILL_IN }
assert_not @other_user.FILL_IN.admin?
end
.
336 -
DELETE
.
.
end
9.60 new
edit
app/views/users/_fields.html.erb
9.61
<h1>Sign up</h1>
<div class="row">
<%= render 'fields', f: f %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
9.6.
- 337
10
7.1
REST
Rails
10.1.
7
8.2
1.
8.4
2.
3.
2
4.
5.
User.digest
User.new_token
user.authenticated?
10.1
10.1.3
10.2
authenticated?
10.1
email
password
password_digest
authenticate(password)
id
remember_token
remember_digest
authenticated?(:remember, token)
email
activation_token
activation_digest
authenticated?(:activation, token)
1.
2.
9.1
ID
URL
ID
ID
339
email
reset_token
reset_digest
authenticated?(:reset, token)
10.3
master

$ git checkout -b account-activation-password-resets
10.1.1.
8.1
REST URL
3
edit
$ rails generate controller AccountActivations
URL
edit_account_activation_url(activation_token, ...)
edit
resources
10.1
10.1
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get
'help'
get
'about'
get
get
get
'login'
=> 'sessions#new'
post
'login'
resources :users
resources :account_activations, only: [:edit]
end
10.2
5
3.
update
update
5.
340 -
GET
PATCH
edit
4.
10
8.4
edit
user.activation_token
user.authenticated?(:activation, token)
authenticated?
8.33
activated
9.4.1
if user.activated? ...
10.1
10.1
$ rails generate migration add_activation_to_users \

> activation_digest:string activated:boolean activated_at:datetime
admin
9.50
activated
false
10.2
10.2
db/migrate/[timestamp]_add_activation_to_users.rb
class AddActivationToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
add_column :users, :activation_digest, :string
add_column :users, :activated, :boolean, default: false
add_column :users, :activated_at, :datetime
end
end
10.1.
- 341
be-
6.2.5
fore_save
downcase
before_save
6.31
before_create
before_create :create_activation_digest
create_activation_digest
Rails
before_save
6.31
cre-
ate_activation_digest
7.3.2
Ruby
private
private
def create_activation_digest
#
end
private
$ rails console
>> User.first.create_activation_digest
NoMethodError: private method `create_activation_digest' called for #<User>
before_create
self.activation_token = User.new_token
self.activation_digest = User.digest(activation_token)
8.32
remember
#
def remember
end
remember
update_attribute
before_create
User.new
activation_token
7.17
activation_digest
10.1
at-
10.3
tr_accessor
10.3
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
attr_accessor :remember_token, :activation_token
before_save
:downcase_email
342 -
10
activation_digest
.
.
.
private
#
def downcase_email
end
#
end
end
10.4
Time.zone.now
10.5
Rails
10.4
db/seeds.rb
password:
"foobar",
admin:
true,
activated: true,
activated_at: Time.zone.now)
99.times do |n|
email: email,
password:
password,
password_confirmation: password,
activated: true,
end
10.5
michael:
admin: true
10.1.
- 343
activated: true
activated_at: <%= Time.zone.now %>
archer:
activated: true
lana:
name: Lana Kane
activated: true
mallory:
activated: true
<% 30.times do |n| %>
user_<%= n %>:
name: <%= "User #{n}" %>
activated: true
<% end %>
10.4
10.1.2.
Action Mailer
create
rails generate
$ rails generate mailer UserMailer account_activation password_reset
account_activation
10.2
Rails
HTML
10.6
344 -
10
password_reset
10.7
10.6
app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.text.erb
UserMailer#account_activation
<%= @greeting %>, find me in app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.text.erb
10.7
HTML
app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.html.erb
<h1>UserMailer#account_activation</h1>
<p>
<%= @greeting %>, find me in app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.html.erb
</p>
10.8
form
@greeting
UserMailer
app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
10.8
class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base

default from: "from@example.com"
# Subject can be set in your I18n file at config/locales/en.yml
# with the following lookup:
#
#
en.user_mailer.account_activation.subject
#
def account_activation
@greeting = "Hi"
mail to: "to@example.org"
end
# Subject can be set in your I18n file at config/locales/en.yml
# with the following lookup:
#
#
en.user_mailer.password_reset.subject
#
def password_reset
@greeting = "Hi"
end
end
user.email
10.9
mail
subject
10.9
10.1.
- 345

default from: "noreply@example.com"
def account_activation(user)
@user = user
mail to: user.email, subject: "Account activation"
end
def password_reset
@greeting = "Hi"
end
end
Ruby
10.1
edit_account_activation_url(@user.activation_token, ...)
edit_user_url(user)
http://www.example.com/users/1/edit
http://www.example.com/account_activations/q5lt38hQDc_959PVoo6b7A/edit
q5lt38hQDc_959PVoo6b7A
URL
new_token
/users/1/edit
8.31
base64
AccountActivationsController
ID
params[:id]
query parameter
URL
account_activations/q5lt38hQDc_959PVoo6b7A/edit?email=foo%40example.com
%40
URL
Rails
edit_account_activation_url(@user.activation_token, email: @user.email)
Rails
params[:email]
@user
10.11
6. URL
it?name=Foo%20Bar&email=foo%40example.com
346 -
10
edit
10.9
10.10
10.11
&
/ed-
Ruby
link_to
edit
10.10
app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.text.erb
Hi <%= @user.name %>,
Welcome to the Sample App! Click on the link below to activate your account:
<%= edit_account_activation_url(@user.activation_token, email: @user.email) %>
10.11
HTML
app/views/user_mailer/account_activation.html.erb
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>Hi <%= @user.name %>,</p>
<p>
</p>
<%= link_to "Activate", edit_account_activation_url(@user.activation_token,
email: @user.email) %>
Rails
10.12
URL
10.12
config/environments/development.rb
.
.
.
config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
host = 'example.com'
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: host }
.
.
.
end
10.12
'example.com'
IDE
host = 'rails-tutorial-c9-mhartl.c9.io'
host = 'localhost:3000'
#
#
IDE
10.12
10.13
10.13
test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb
10.1.
- 347
# Preview all emails at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer

class UserMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
# Preview this email at
# http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/account_activation
UserMailer.account_activation
end
# http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers/user_mailer/password_reset
def password_reset
UserMailer.password_reset
end
end
10.9
account_activation
10.13
user
UserMailer.account_activation
user.activation_token
10.10
10.14
acti-
10.11
vation_token
10.14
user = User.first
user.activation_token = User.new_token
UserMailer.account_activation(user)
end
def password_reset
UserMailer.password_reset
end
end
URL
calhost:3000
348 -
10
URL
HTML
IDE
10.2
10.3
lo-
10.2
HTML
10.3
10.1.
- 349
Rails
10.15
UserMailer
test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb
10.15
Rails
class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
test "account_activation" do
mail = UserMailer.account_activation
assert_equal "Account activation", mail.subject
assert_equal ["to@example.org"], mail.to
assert_equal ["from@example.com"], mail.from
assert_match "Hi", mail.body.encoded
end
test "password_reset" do
mail = UserMailer.password_reset
assert_equal "Password reset", mail.subject
assert_equal ["to@example.org"], mail.to
assert_equal ["from@example.com"], mail.from
assert_match "Hi", mail.body.encoded
end
end
assert_match
10.15
assert_match
assert_match
assert_match
assert_match
10.16
'foo',
'baz',
/\w+/,
/\w+/,
'foobar'
'foobar'
'foobar'
'$#!*+@'
#
#
#
#
true
false
true
false
assert_match
CGI::escape(user.email)
10.16
RED
mail = UserMailer.account_activation(user)
assert_equal [user.email], mail.to
7.
ruby rails escape url
CGI.escape(str)
350 -
10
URI::encode(str)
assert_equal
assert_match
assert_match
assert_match
end
end
["noreply@example.com"],
user.name,
user.activation_token,
CGI::escape(user.email),
mail.from
mail.body.encoded
mail.body.encoded
mail.body.encoded
10.16
10.17
10.17
config/environments/test.rb
.
.
.
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
.
.
.
end
10.18
GREEN
$ bundle exec rake test:mailers

create
10.19
10.19
10.19
7.4
RED
.
.
.
def create
if @user.save
UserMailer.account_activation(@user).deliver_now
flash[:info] = "Please check your email to activate your account."
else
render 'new'
end
end
.
.
10.1.
- 351
.
end
10.20
10.1.4
10.20
GREEN
get signup_path
password:
"foo",
end
assert_select 'div#error_explanation'
assert_select 'div.field_with_errors'
end
get signup_path
post_via_redirect users_path, user: { name: "Example User",
password:
"password",
end
# assert_template 'users/show'
# assert is_logged_in?
end
end
10.4
10.21
10.3
10.21
Sent mail to michael@michaelhartl.com (931.6ms)
Date: Wed, 03 Sep 2014 19:47:18 +0000
From: noreply@example.com
To: michael@michaelhartl.com
Message-ID: <540770474e16_61d3fd1914f4cd0300a0@mhartl-rails-tutorial-953753.mail>
Subject: Account activation
Mime-Version: 1.0
352 -
10
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
boundary="--==_mimepart_5407704656b50_61d3fd1914f4cd02996a";
charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
----==_mimepart_5407704656b50_61d3fd1914f4cd02996a
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset=UTF-8
Hi Michael Hartl,
http://rails-tutorial-c9-mhartl.c9.io/account_activations/
fFb_F94mgQtmlSvRFGsITw/edit?email=michael%40michaelhartl.com
----==_mimepart_5407704656b50_61d3fd1914f4cd02996a
Content-Type: text/html;
charset=UTF-8
<h1>Sample App</h1>
<p>Hi Michael Hartl,</p>
<p>
</p>
<a href="http://rails-tutorial-c9-mhartl.c9.io/account_activations/
fFb_F94mgQtmlSvRFGsITw/edit?email=michael%40michaelhartl.com">Activate</a>
----==_mimepart_5407704656b50_61d3fd1914f4cd02996a--
10.1.
- 353
10.4
10.1.3.
AccountActivationsController
10.21
edit
10.1.2
8.5
params[:id]
8.36
user = User.find_by(email: params[:email])

if user && user.authenticated?(:activation, params[:id])
authenticated?
authenticated?
8.33
#
true
return false if remember_digest.nil?
end
remember_digest
self.remember_digest
354 -
10
params[:email]
self.activation_token
authenticated?
Rails
metaprogramming
Ruby
send
Ruby
send
$ rails console
>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>> a.length
=> 3
>> a.send(:length)
=> 3
>> a.send('length')
=> 3
:length
'length'
send
length
activation_digest
>>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
=>
>>
>>
=>
user = User.first
user.activation_digest
"$2a$10$4e6TFzEJAVNyjLv8Q5u22ensMt28qEkx0roaZvtRcp6UZKRM6N9Ae"
user.send(:activation_digest)
user.send('activation_digest')
attribute = :activation
user.send("#{attribute}_digest")
attribute
send
attribute
"#{attribute}_digest"
send
:activation
'activation'
"activation_digest"
7.4.2
authenticated?
digest = self.send('remember_digest')
return false if digest.nil?
BCrypt::Password.new(digest).is_password?(remember_token)
end
def authenticated?(attribute, token)

digest = self.send("#{attribute}_digest")
BCrypt::Password.new(digest).is_password?(token)
end
10.1.
- 355
token
self
digest = send("#{attribute}_digest")
end
authenticated?
user.authenticated?(:remember, remember_token)
authenticated?
10.22
authenticated?
10.22
RED
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
true
digest = send("#{attribute}_digest")
end
.
.
.
end
10.22
10.23
RED

current_user
nil
8.36
8.43
authenticated?
au-
thenticated?
10.24
current_user
authenticated?
10.24
.
.
.
#
def current_user
356 -
10
10.25
GREEN

if user && user.authenticated?(:remember, cookies[:remember_token])
log_in user
end
end
end
.
.
.
end
10.25
UserTest
authenticated?
GREEN
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "authenticated? should return false for a user with nil digest" do
assert_not @user.authenticated?(:remember, '')
end
end
10.26
GREEN
8.4.2
10.22
authenticated?
8.4.6
edit
params
if user && !user.activated? && user.authenticated?(:activation, params[:id])

!user.activated?
activated_at
user.update_attribute(:activated,
true)
user.update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
edit
10.27
10.27
10.1.
- 357
10.27
edit
app/controllers/account_activations_controller.rb
class AccountActivationsController < ApplicationController
def edit
user.update_attribute(:activated,
true)
user.update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
log_in user
flash[:success] = "Account activated!"
redirect_to user
else
flash[:danger] = "Invalid activation link"
end
end
end
10.21
http://rails-tutorial-c9-mhartl.c9.io/account_activations/
fFb_F94mgQtmlSvRFGsITw/edit?email=michael%40michaelhartl.com
10.5
358 -
10
10.5
user.activated?
10.6
true
10.28
10.28
def new
end
def create
if user.activated?
log_in user
redirect_back_or user
else
message = "Account not activated. "
message += "Check your email for the activation link."
flash[:warning] = message
end
else
10.1.
- 359

render 'new'
end
end
def destroy
end
end
10.6
10.1.4
10.1.4.
7.4.4
7.26
10.29
10.29
360 -
10
GREEN
def setup
ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.clear
end
get signup_path
password:
"foo",
end
assert_select 'div.field_with_errors'
end
test "valid signup information with account activation" do
get signup_path
post users_path, user: { name: "Example User",
password:
"password",
end
assert_equal 1, ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.size
user = assigns(:user)
assert_not user.activated?
#
log_in_as(user)
#
get edit_account_activation_path("invalid token")
#
get edit_account_activation_path(user.activation_token, email: 'wrong')
#
get edit_account_activation_path(user.activation_token, email: user.email)
assert user.reload.activated?
follow_redirect!
end
end
deliveries
10.2.5
setup
10.29
10.1.
- 361
assigns
assigns
create
@user
10.29
10.30
assigns(:user)
10.20
GREEN
10.29
activate
send_activation_email
10.32
10.31
10.33
10.31
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
def activate
update_attribute(:activated,
true)
update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
end
#
def send_activation_email
UserMailer.account_activation(self).deliver_now
end
private
.
.
.
end
10.32
.
.
.
def create
if @user.save
@user.send_activation_email
flash[:info] = "Please check your email to activate your account."
else
render 'new'
362 -
10
end
end
.
.
.
end
10.33
app/controllers/account_activations_controller.rb
class AccountActivationsController < ApplicationController
def edit
user.activate
log_in user
flash[:success] = "Account activated!"
redirect_to user
else
flash[:danger] = "Invalid activation link"
end
end
end
user
10.31
-user.update_attribute(:activated,
true)
-user.update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
+update_attribute(:activated,
true)
+update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
user
self
6.2.5
self
UserMailer
@user
self
-UserMailer.account_activation(@user).deliver_now
+UserMailer.account_activation(self).deliver_now
10.34
GREEN
$ git add -A
$ git commit -m "Add account activations"
10.1.
- 363
10.2.
10.1
Forgot Password
10.7
10.7
Forgot Password
Forgot Password
10.8
364 -
10
10.8
Forgot Password
10.9
10.2.
- 365
10.9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10.2.1.
10.1.1
$ rails generate controller PasswordResets new edit --no-test-framework
10.1.4
366 -
10
new
create
edit
10.35
10.8
update
10.9
resources
10.35
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get
'help'
get
'about'
get
get
get
'login'
=> 'sessions#new'
post
'login'
resources :users
resources :password_resets,
only: [:new, :create, :edit, :update]
end
10.2
10.2
REST
REST
HTTP
URL
GET
/password_resets/new
new
new_password_reset_path
POST
/password_resets
create
password_resets_path
GET
/password_resets/<token>/edit
edit
edit_password_reset_path(token)
PATCH
/password_resets/<token>
update
password_reset_path(token)
Forgot Password
new_password_reset_path
10.36
10.10
10.36
<h1>Log in</h1>
<div class="row">
10.2.
- 367
<%= link_to "(forgot password)", new_password_reset_path %>

<% end %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
10.10
Forgot Password
10.1
reset_digest
368 -
10
reset_sent_at
10.11
8.4
10.1
10.11
$ rails generate migration add_reset_to_users reset_digest:string \

> reset_sent_at:datetime
10.2.2.
8.2
10.37
10.37
<h1>Log in</h1>
<div class="row">
10.2.
- 369

<% end %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
form_for
10.37
10.38
10.38
app/views/password_resets/new.html.erb
<% provide(:title, "Forgot password") %>
<h1>Forgot password</h1>
<div class="row">
<%= form_for(:password_reset, url: password_resets_path) do |f| %>
<%= f.submit "Submit", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
370 -
10
10.12
10.12
Forgot Password
reset_token
10.12
reset_sent_at
reset_digest
8.9
flash.now
create
10.39
PasswordResetsController
create
app/controllers/password_resets_controller.rb
10.39
class PasswordResetsController < ApplicationController

def new
end
def create
@user = User.find_by(email: params[:password_reset][:email].downcase)
if @user
@user.create_reset_digest
@user.send_password_reset_email
flash[:info] = "Email sent with password reset instructions"
else
flash.now[:danger] = "Email address not found"
render 'new'
end
end
10.2.
- 371
def edit
end
end
create_reset_digest
10.40
10.40
app/models/user.rb
attr_accessor :remember_token, :activation_token, :reset_token
before_save
:downcase_email
.
.
.
#
def activate
update_attribute(:activated,
true)
update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
end
#
end
#
def create_reset_digest
self.reset_token = User.new_token
update_attribute(:reset_digest, User.digest(reset_token))
update_attribute(:reset_sent_at, Time.zone.now)
end
#
def send_password_reset_email
UserMailer.password_reset(self).deliver_now
end
private
#
def downcase_email
end
#
end
end
372 -
10
10.13
10.2.3
10.13
Forgot Password
10.2.3.
10.40
UserMailer
10.1.2
password_reset
10.41
10.42
HTML
10.43
10.41
default from: "noreply@example.com"
def account_activation(user)
@user = user
mail to: user.email, subject: "Account activation"
end
def password_reset(user)
@user = user
10.2.
- 373
mail to: user.email, subject: "Password reset"

end
end
10.42
app/views/user_mailer/password_reset.text.erb
To reset your password click the link below:
<%= edit_password_reset_url(@user.reset_token, email: @user.email) %>
This link will expire in two hours.
If you did not request your password to be reset, please ignore this email and
your password will stay as it is.
10.43
HTML
app/views/user_mailer/password_reset.html.erb
<h1>Password reset</h1>
<p>To reset your password click the link below:</p>
<%= link_to "Reset password",
edit_password_reset_url(@user.reset_token,
email: @user.email) %>
<p>This link will expire in two hours.</p>
<p>
</p>
10.1.2
10.14
Rails
10.44
10.44
user = User.first
UserMailer.account_activation(user)
end
def password_reset
374 -
10
user = User.first
user.reset_token = User.new_token
UserMailer.password_reset(user)
end
end
HTML
10.14
10.14
10.15
HTML
10.2.
- 375
10.15
10.16
10.45
before_create
10.3
Forgot Password
10.52
10.45
GREEN
mail = UserMailer.account_activation(user)
assert_equal ["noreply@example.com"], mail.from
assert_match user.name,
mail.body.encoded
assert_match user.activation_token,
mail.body.encoded
assert_match CGI::escape(user.email), mail.body.encoded
end
test "password_reset" do
376 -
10
user.reset_token = User.new_token
mail = UserMailer.password_reset(user)
assert_equal "Password reset", mail.subject
assert_equal ["noreply@example.com"], mail.from
assert_match user.reset_token,
mail.body.encoded
assert_match CGI::escape(user.email), mail.body.encoded
end
end
10.46
GREEN
10.41
10.42
10.43
10.47
10.16
10.16
10.47
Sent mail to michael@michaelhartl.com (66.8ms)
Date: Thu, 04 Sep 2014 01:04:59 +0000
From: noreply@example.com
To: michael@michaelhartl.com
Message-ID: <5407babbee139_8722b257d04576a@mhartl-rails-tutorial-953753.mail>
10.2.
- 377
Subject: Password reset

Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/alternative;
boundary="--==_mimepart_5407babbe3505_8722b257d045617";
charset=UTF-8
----==_mimepart_5407babbe3505_8722b257d045617
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset=UTF-8
To reset your password click the link below:
http://rails-tutorial-c9-mhartl.c9.io/password_resets/3BdBrXeQZSWqFIDRN8cxHA/
edit?email=michael%40michaelhartl.com
This link will expire in two hours.
----==_mimepart_5407babbe3505_8722b257d045617
Content-Type: text/html;
charset=UTF-8
<p>To reset your password click the link below:</p>
<a href="http://rails-tutorial-c9-mhartl.c9.io/
password_resets/3BdBrXeQZSWqFIDRN8cxHA/
edit?email=michael%40michaelhartl.com">Reset password</a>
<p>This link will expire in two hours.</p>
<p>
</p>
----==_mimepart_5407babbe3505_8722b257d045617--
10.2.4.
http://example.com/password_resets/3BdBrXeQZSWqFIDRN8cxHA/edit?email=foo%40bar.com
9.2
edit
edit
378 -
10
update

update
10.48
10.48
app/views/password_resets/edit.html.erb
<% provide(:title, 'Reset password') %>
<h1>Reset password</h1>
<div class="row">
<%= form_for(@user, url: password_reset_path(params[:id])) do |f| %>
<%= hidden_field_tag :email, @user.email %>
<%= f.submit "Update password", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
10.48
hidden_field_tag :email, @user.email
f.hidden_field :email, @user.email

params[:email]
params[:user][:email]
PasswordResetsController
edit
@user
params[:email]
10.27
10.22
authenticated?
params[:id]
edit
@user
update
10.49
10.49
edit
before_action :get_user,
before_action :valid_user, only: [:edit, :update]
.
.
.
def edit
10.2.
- 379
end
private
def get_user
@user = User.find_by(email: params[:email])
end
#
def valid_user
unless (@user && @user.activated? &&
@user.authenticated?(:reset, params[:id]))
end
end
end
10.49
authenticated?(:reset, params[:id])
cookies[:remember_token])
10.27
10.24
authenticated?(:remember,
authenticated?(:activation, params[:id])
authenticated?
10.1
10.47
10.17
10.17
edit
update
10.50
if
380 -
Active Record
10
9.10
10.50
update
before_action :get_user,
before_action :valid_user,
before_action :check_expiration, only: [:edit, :update]
def new
end
def create
@user = User.find_by(email: params[:password_reset][:email].downcase)
if @user
@user.create_reset_digest
@user.send_password_reset_email
flash[:info] = "Email sent with password reset instructions"
else
flash.now[:danger] = "Email address not found"
render 'new'
end
end
def edit
end
def update
if both_passwords_blank?
flash.now[:danger] = "Password/confirmation can't be blank"
render 'edit'
elsif @user.update_attributes(user_params)
log_in @user
flash[:success] = "Password has been reset."
redirect_to @user
else
render 'edit'
end
end
private
def user_params
params.require(:user).permit(:password, :password_confirmation)
end
8.
10.2.
- 381
#
true
def both_passwords_blank?
params[:user][:password].blank? &&
params[:user][:password_confirmation].blank?
end
#
def get_user
@user = User.find_by(email: params[:email])
end
#
def valid_user
unless (@user && @user.activated? &&
@user.authenticated?(:reset, params[:id]))
end
end
#
def check_expiration
if @user.password_reset_expired?
flash[:danger] = "Password reset has expired."
redirect_to new_password_reset_url
end
end
end
@user.password_reset_expired?
password_reset_expired?
10.2.3
Ruby
reset_sent_at < 2.hours.ago

<
<
word_reset_expired?
10.51
10.51
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
def password_reset_expired?
end
382 -
10
pass-
true
10.6
private
.
.
.
end
10.50
10.19
update
10.18
10.5
10.18
10.2.
- 383
10.19
10.2.5.
10.50
$ rails generate integration_test password_resets

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/password_resets_test.rb
10.29
word
10.52
10.52
class PasswordResetsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
def setup
end
384 -
10
Forgot Pass-
test "password resets" do

get new_password_reset_path
assert_template 'password_resets/new'
#
post password_resets_path, password_reset: { email: "" }
assert_template 'password_resets/new'
#
post password_resets_path, password_reset: { email: @user.email }
assert_not_equal @user.reset_digest, @user.reload.reset_digest
#
user = assigns(:user)
#
get edit_password_reset_path(user.reset_token, email: "")
#
user.toggle!(:activated)
get edit_password_reset_path(user.reset_token, email: user.email)
user.toggle!(:activated)
#
get edit_password_reset_path('wrong token', email: user.email)
#
get edit_password_reset_path(user.reset_token, email: user.email)
assert_template 'password_resets/edit'
assert_select "input[name=email][type=hidden][value=?]", user.email
#
patch password_reset_path(user.reset_token),
email: user.email,
user: { password:
"foobaz",
password_confirmation: "barquux" }
#
email: user.email,
user: { password:
" ",
password_confirmation: " " }
assert_template 'password_resets/edit'
#
email: user.email,
user: { password:
"foobaz",
password_confirmation: "foobaz" }
assert_redirected_to user
10.2.
- 385
end
end
input
10.52
assert_select "input[name=email][type=hidden][value=?]", user.email

name
input
<input id="email" name="email" type="hidden" value="michael@example.com" />
10.53
GREEN
10.3.
SendGrid
Heroku
Heroku
200
$ heroku addons:add sendgrid:starter
SendGrid
SMTP
10.54
10.54
SendGrid
.
.
.
config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
host = '<your heroku app>.herokuapp.com'
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: host }
ActionMailer::Base.smtp_settings = {
:address
=> 'smtp.sendgrid.net',
:port
=> '587',
:authentication => :plain,
:user_name
=> ENV['SENDGRID_USERNAME'],
:password
=> ENV['SENDGRID_PASSWORD'],
:domain
=> 'heroku.com',
:enable_starttls_auto => true
}
.
.
386 -
10
host
.
end
10.54
SendGrid
user_name
password
ENV
SendGrid
11.4.4
$ heroku config:get SENDGRID_USERNAME

$ heroku config:get SENDGRID_PASSWORD
$
$
$
$
$

git add -A
git commit -m "Add password resets & email configuration"
git checkout master
git merge account-activation-password-reset
Heroku
SendGrid
10.20
10.21
10.2
10.20
10.3.
- 387
10.21
10.4.
Twitter
Rails
11
12
has_many
has_many :through
10.4.1.
Active Record
Rails
Action Mailer
Action Mailer
HTML
Active Record
URL
SendGrid
10.5.
3
388 -
10
1.
10.55
10.50
response.body
10.55
10.55
HTML
expired
2.
/users/:id
where
tive Record
3.
10.40
activate
10.56
11.3.3
/users
create_reset_digest
/users/:id
update_attribute
transaction
update_attribute
Ac-
10.57
update_columns
10.55
GREEN
class PasswordResetsTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "expired token" do
get new_password_reset_path
post password_resets_path, password_reset: { email: @user.email }
@user = assigns(:user)
@user.update_attribute(:reset_sent_at, 3.hours.ago)
patch password_reset_path(@user.reset_token),
email: @user.email,
user: { password:
"foobar",
password_confirmation: "foobar" }
assert_response :redirect
follow_redirect!
assert_match /FILL_IN/i, response.body
end
end
10.56
.
.
9.
10.56
and
&&
&&
root_url
and
10.5.
- 389
.
def index
@users = User.where(activated: FILL_IN).paginate(page: params[:page])
end
def show
redirect_to root_url and return unless FILL_IN
end
.
.
.
end
10.57
update_columns
app/models/user.rb
attr_accessor :remember_token, :activation_token, :reset_token
before_save
:downcase_email
.
.
.
#
def activate
update_columns(activated: FILL_IN, activated_at: FILL_IN)
end
#
end
#
def create_reset_digest
self.reset_token = User.new_token
update_columns(reset_digest: FILL_IN,
reset_sent_at: FILL_IN)
end
#
def send_password_reset_email
end
.
.
.
end
390 -
10
10.6.
10.2.4
tr
te
tr > te
tN
tr
te
tr = tN - tr
te = tN - te
tr > te
tN - tr > tN - te
- tr > - te
-1
tr < te
te = 2.hours.ago
10.51
end
10.2.4
<
10.6.
- 391
11
Active Record
2.3
has_many
belongs_to
11.4
Twitter
12
11.1.
2.3
Git
$ git checkout -b user-microposts
11.1.1.
content
user_id
11.1
11.1
content
140
text
string
string
11.1.2
text
text
255
11.3.2
text
6.1
generate model
393
$ rails generate model Micropost content:text user:references

microposts
users
11.1
references
6.2
references
user_id
t.timestamps
11.1.4
created_at
6.1.1
updated_at
created_at
11.2.1
11.1
db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_microposts.rb
class CreateMicroposts < ActiveRecord::Migration
def change
create_table :microposts do |t|
t.text :content
t.references :user, index: true
end
add_index :microposts, [:user_id, :created_at]
end
end
user_id
created_at
6.2
add_index :microposts, [:user_id, :created_at]
user_id
dex
created_at
Rails
multiple key in-
Active Record
11.1.2.
ID
11.1.3
Record
Active
6.7
setup
user_id
11.2
11.2
RED
class MicropostTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
def setup
394 -
11
#
@micropost = Micropost.new(content: "Lorem ipsum", user_id: @user.id)
end
assert @micropost.valid?
end
test "user id should be present" do
@micropost.user_id = nil
assert_not @micropost.valid?
end
end
setup
11.1.3
ID
11.3
RED
ID
11.1
11.1.3
user_id
11.4
belongs_to
11.4
GREEN
belongs_to :user
validates :user_id, presence: true
end
11.5
GREEN

content
user_id
2.3.2
140
content
6.2
11.6
11.6
RED
def setup
@micropost = @user.microposts.build(content: "Lorem ipsum")
11.1.
- 395
end
end
end
test "content should be present" do
@micropost.content = " "
end
test "content should be at most 140 characters" do
@micropost.content = "a" * 141
end
end
6.2
11.6
$ rails console
>> "a" * 10
=> "aaaaaaaaaa"
>> "a" * 141
=> "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
name
11.7
6.16
11.7
GREEN
belongs_to :user
validates :content, presence: true, length: { maximum: 140 }
end
11.8
GREEN
11.1.3.
Web
2.3.3
11.3
396 -
11
11.2
belongs_to
11.2
has_many
11.3
belongs_to/has_many
Rails
11.1
Micropost.create
Micropost.create!
Micropost.new
user.microposts.create
user.microposts.create!
user.microposts.build
user_id
11.2
#
@micropost = Micropost.new(content: "Lorem ipsum", user_id: @user.id)
11.1.
- 397
new
build
@micropost
user_id
ID
11.1
micropost.user
user.microposts
user.microposts.create(arg)
user
user.microposts.create!(arg)
user
user.microposts.build(arg)
user
user.microposts.find_by(id: 1)
user
ID
@user.microposts.build
belongs_to :user
11.1
11.9
11.10
belongs_to
GREEN
belongs_to :user
end
11.10
has_many
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
end
11.2
setup
11.11
11.11
GREEN
def setup
398 -
11
11.9
end
end
end
.
.
.
end
11.12
GREEN
11.1.4.
user.microposts
Twitter
1
most_recent
11.13
default scope
11.13
RED
.
.
.
test "order should be most recent first" do
assert_equal Micropost.first, microposts(:most_recent)
end
end
1. 9.5
11.1.
- 399
11.14
11.14
orange:
content: "I just ate an orange!"
created_at: <%= 10.minutes.ago %>
tau_manifesto:
content: "Check out the @tauday site by @mhartl: http://tauday.com"
created_at: <%= 3.years.ago %>
cat_video:
content: "Sad cats are sad: http://youtu.be/PKffm2uI4dk"
created_at: <%= 2.hours.ago %>
most_recent:
content: "Writing a short test"
created_at: <%= Time.zone.now %>
Ruby
11.15
created_at
Rails
RED
$ bundle exec rake test TEST=test/models/micropost_test.rb \

>
TESTOPTS="--name test_order_should_be_most_recent_first"
default_scope
Rails
default_scope
order
ated_at
order(:created_at)
SQL
order('created_at DESC')
DESC
SQL
Rails 4.0
Rails
Ruby
order(created_at: :desc)
11.16
11.16
default_scope
400 -
11
GREEN
SQL
cre-

belongs_to :user
default_scope -> { order(created_at: :desc) }
end
11.16
->
Proc procedure
Proc
4.3.2
lambda
Proc
call
Proc
>> -> { puts "foo" }
=> #<Proc:0x007fab938d0108@(irb):1 (lambda)>
>> -> { puts "foo" }.call
foo
=> nil
Proc
Ruby
11.16
11.17
GREEN
destroy
9.4
has_many
11.18
11.18
app/models/user.rb
has_many :microposts, dependent: :destroy
.
.
.
end
dependent: :destroy
11.18
ID
11.19
9.57
11.19
dependent: :destroy GREEN
11.1.
- 401
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "associated microposts should be destroyed" do
@user.save
@user.microposts.create!(content: "Lorem ipsum")
assert_difference 'Micropost.count', -1 do
@user.destroy
end
end
end
11.18
11.20
GREEN
11.2.
11.3.2
Twitter
11.4
show
9.3.2
402 -
11
index
ERb
11.4
11.2.1.
show.html.erb
9.3
11.3
$ rails generate controller Microposts
9.3.5
<ul class="users">
</ul>
_user.html.erb
@users
_micro-
post.html.erb
<ol class="microposts">
<%= render @microposts %>
</ol>
11.2.
- 403
ol
ul
11.21
11.21
app/views/microposts/_micropost.html.erb
<li id="micropost-<%= micropost.id %>">
<%= link_to gravatar_for(micropost.user, size: 50), micropost.user %>
<span class="user"><%= link_to micropost.user.name, micropost.user %></span>
<span class="content"><%= micropost.content %></span>
<span class="timestamp">
Posted <%= time_ago_in_words(micropost.created_at) %> ago.
</span>
</li>
time_ago_in_words
11.21
11.2.2
CSS ID
JavaScript
9.3.3
will_paginate
<%= will_paginate @microposts %>
9.41
will_paginate
AvtiveRecord::Relation
9.3.3
@microposts
show
@microposts
show
11.22
will_paginate
11.22
@microposts

.
.
.
def show
@microposts = @user.microposts.paginate(page: params[:page])
end
.
.
.
end
paginate
microposts
count
404 -
11
@users
user.microposts.count
paginate
count
count
length
count
user_id
11.23
@user.microposts.any?
if
7.19
11.23
<div class="row">
<h1>
<%= @user.name %>
</h1>
</section>
</aside>
<div class="col-md-8">
<% if @user.microposts.any? %>
<h3>Microposts (<%= @user.microposts.count %>)</h3>
</ol>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
11.5
11.2.
- 405
11.5
11.2.2.
11.2.1
9.3.2
take
User.order(:created_at).take(6)
order
50
Lorem.sentence
Faker
30
2
11.24
11.24
db/seeds.rb
.
.
.
users = User.order(:created_at).take(6)
50.times do
content = Faker::Lorem.sentence(5)
2. Faker::Lorem.sentence
406 -
11
lorem ipsum
lorem ipsum
users.each { |user| user.microposts.create!(content: content) }

end

Rails
11.2.1
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.25
11.25
CSS
.
.
.
/* microposts */
3. Faker
4.
lorem ipsum
11.25
CSS
11.2.
- 407
.microposts {
list-style: none;
padding: 0;
li {
padding: 10px 0;
border-top: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
}
.user {
margin-top: 5em;
padding-top: 0;
}
.content {
display: block;
margin-left: 60px;
img {
display: block;
padding: 5px 0;
}
}
.timestamp {
color: $gray-light;
display: block;
margin-left: 60px;
}
.gravatar {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
margin-top: 5px;
}
}
aside {
textarea {
height: 100px;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
}
span.picture {
margin-top: 10px;
input {
border: 0;
}
}
11.7
11.8
Posted 1 minute ago.
408 -
11
11.9
11.21
time_ago_in_words
11.7
11.8
/users/1
/users/5
11.2.
- 409
11.9
/users/1?page=2
11.2.3.
10.29
$ rails generate integration_test users_profile

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/users_profile_test.rb
Rails
orange:
user: michael
user
michael
Rails
michael:
.
.
.
410 -
11
9.43
Ruby
<% 30.times do |n| %>

micropost_<%= n %>:
content: <%= Faker::Lorem.sentence(5) %>
created_at: <%= 42.days.ago %>
user: michael
<% end %>
11.26
11.26
orange:
user: michael
tau_manifesto:
content: "Check out the @tauday site by @mhartl: http://tauday.com"
user: michael
cat_video:
content: "Sad cats are sad: http://youtu.be/PKffm2uI4dk"
user: michael
most_recent:
content: "Writing a short test"
created_at: <%= Time.zone.now %>
user: michael
<% 30.times do |n| %>
micropost_<%= n %>:
content: <%= Faker::Lorem.sentence(5) %>
user: michael
<% end %>
Gravatar
11.27
4.2
11.27
full_title
ApplicationHelper
GREEN
test/integration/users_profile_test.rb
5.
full_title
3.38
test_helper.rb
ApplicationHelper
11.2.
- 411
class UsersProfileTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest

include ApplicationHelper
def setup
end
test "profile display" do
get user_path(@user)
assert_select 'title', full_title(@user.name)
assert_select 'h1', hext: @user.name
assert_select 'h1>img.gravatar'
assert_match @user.microposts.count.to_s, response.body
@user.microposts.paginate(page: 1).each do |micropost|
assert_match micropost.content, response.body
end
end
end
response.body
response.body
10
body
HTML
assert_match @user.microposts.count.to_s, response.body

assert_match
assert_select
HTML
assert_select
11.27
assert_select 'h1>img.gravatar'
h1
11.28
gravatar
img
GREEN
11.3.
12
new
11.29
2.3
2
412 -
11
11.29
edit
create
REST
destroy
11.2
11.29
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get
'help'
get
'about'
get
get
get
'login'
=> 'sessions#new'
post
'login'
resources :users
resources :microposts,
only: [:create, :destroy]
end
11.2
11.29
HTTP
URL
POST
/microposts
create
DELETE
/microposts/1
destroy
ID
11.3.1.
create
9.17
destroy
9.56
11.30
11.30
RED
class MicropostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
def setup
@micropost = microposts(:orange)
end
test "should redirect create when not logged in" do
assert_no_difference 'Micropost.count' do
post :create, micropost: { content: "Lorem ipsum" }
end
end
11.3.
- 413
delete :destroy, id: @micropost
end
end
end
9.2.1
logged_in_user
9.12
11.31
logged_in_user
11.31

include SessionsHelper
private
#
def logged_in_user
unless logged_in?
store_location
end
end
end
logged_in_user
logged_in_user
11.32
11.32
GREEN
before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:create, :destroy]
def create
end
def destroy
end
end
11.33
GREEN
414 -
11
create
destroy
11.3.2.
7
create
HTML
POST
/microposts/new
/
11.10
11.10
5.6
Sign up now!
11.35
create
cropost_params
create
Web
7.23
11.34
mi-
content
create
11.34

def create
@micropost = current_user.microposts.build(micropost_params)
if @micropost.save
11.3.
- 415
flash[:success] = "Micropost created!"

else
render 'static_pages/home'
end
end
def destroy
end
private
def micropost_params
params.require(:micropost).permit(:content)
end
end
11.35
HTML
11.35
<% if logged_in? %>
<div class="row">
<%= render 'shared/user_info' %>
</section>
<section class="micropost_form">
<%= render 'shared/micropost_form' %>
</section>
</aside>
</div>
<% else %>
<h2>
sample application.
</h2>
<%= link_to "Sign up now!", signup_path, class: "btn btn-lg btn-primary" %>
</div>
<% end %>
if-else
416 -
11
11.35
11.36
11.36
app/views/shared/_user_info.html.erb
<%= link_to gravatar_for(current_user, size: 50), current_user %>
<h1><%= current_user.name %></h1>
<span><%= link_to "view my profile", current_user %></span>
<span><%= pluralize(current_user.microposts.count, "micropost") %></span>
11.23
11.36
Microposts
1 microposts
1 micropost 2 microposts
Microposts (1)
pluralize
7.3.3
11.37
label
7.13
11.37
app/views/shared/_micropost_form.html.erb
<%= form_for(@micropost) do |f| %>
<%= render 'shared/error_messages', object: f.object %>
<div class="field">
<%= f.text_area :content, placeholder: "Compose new micropost..." %>
</div>
<%= f.submit "Post", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
@micro-
11.37
post
@micropost = current_user.microposts.build
11.38
home
@micropost
11.38

def home
@micropost = current_user.microposts.build if logged_in?
end
def help
end
def about
end
def contact
11.3.
- 417
end
end
current_user
@micropost
11.37
@user
7.18
@micropost
f.object
form_for(@user) do |f|
form_for(@micropost) do |f|
f.object
f.object
@user
@micropost
11.37
object: f.object
object
error_messages
11.39
11.39
RED
app/views/shared/_error_messages.html.erb
<% if object.errors.any? %>
<div id="error_explanation">
<div class="alert alert-danger">
The form contains <%= pluralize(object.errors.count, "error") %>.
</div>
<ul>
<% object.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
<li><%= msg %></li>
<% end %>
</ul>
</div>
<% end %>
11.40
RED
7.18
11.43
10.48
11.42
9.2
11.41
<h1>Sign up</h1>
<div class="row">
418 -
11
11.41

<% end %>
</div>
</div>
11.42
<% provide(:title, "Edit user") %>
<h1>Update your profile</h1>
<div class="row">
<%= f.submit "Save changes", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
<div class="gravatar_edit">
<a href="http://gravatar.com/emails">change</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
11.43
app/views/password_resets/edit.html.erb
11.3.
- 419
<% provide(:title, 'Reset password') %>

<div class="row">
<%= form_for(@user, url: password_reset_path(params[:id])) do |f| %>
<%= hidden_field_tag :email, @user.email %>
<%= f.submit "Update password", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
HTML
11.11
11.11
420 -
11
11.12
11.12
11.3.3.
11.11
11.13
12
11.3.
- 421
11.13
feed
where
10.5
11.44
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
#
12
def feed
Micropost.where("user_id = ?", id)
end
private
.
.
6. where
422 -
11
Rails Guides
Active Record Query Interface
11.44
.
end
SQL
SQL
id
SQL
id
SQL injection
11.44
def feed
microposts
end
11.44
12
home
11.45
@feed_items
11.47
11.46
home
11.45

def home
if logged_in?
@feed_items = current_user.feed.paginate(page: params[:page])
end
end
def help
end
def about
end
def contact
end
end
11.46
app/views/shared/_feed.html.erb
<% if @feed_items.any? %>
<%= render @feed_items %>
</ol>
<%= will_paginate @feed_items %>
<% end %>
11.21
<%= render @feed_items %>
11.3.
- 423
micropost
Rails
@feed_items
Micropost
11.47
11.14
11.47
<% if logged_in? %>
<div class="row">
</section>
</section>
</aside>
<h3>Micropost Feed</h3>
<%= render 'shared/feed' %>
</div>
</div>
<% else %>
.
.
.
<% end %>
11.15
@feed_items
@feed_items
424 -
11
11.48
Rails
11.14
11.15
11.3.
- 425
11.48
create
@feed_items
def create
@micropost = current_user.microposts.build(micropost_params)
if @micropost.save
flash[:success] = "Micropost created!"
else
@feed_items = []
render 'static_pages/home'
end
end
def destroy
end
private
end
end
11.3.4.
9.4.2
11.16
11.21
11.49
11.49
<li id="<%= micropost.id %>">
<span class="content"><%= micropost.content %></span>
<% if current_user?(micropost.user) %>
<%= link_to "delete", micropost, method: :delete,
<% end %>
</span>
</li>
426 -
11
11.16
UsersController
UsersController
destroy
correct_user
9.54
admin_user
destroy
@user
ID
11.50
destroy
11.50

only: :destroy
.
.
.
def destroy
@micropost.destroy
flash[:success] = "Micropost deleted"
redirect_to request.referrer || root_url
end
private
11.3.
- 427
end
def correct_user
@micropost = current_user.microposts.find_by(id: params[:id])
redirect_to root_url if @micropost.nil?
end
end
destroy
request.referrer || root_url
request.referrer 7
request.url
URL
request.referrer
request.referrer
nil
root_url
8.50
11.17
11.17
7.
HTTP
referrer
8.
428 -
HTTP_REFERER
Rails
11
REFERER
URL
Rails
rails request previous url
Stack Overflow
11.3.5.
11.51
11.51
.
.
.
ants:
content: "Oh, is that what you want? Because that's how you get ants!"
user: archer
zone:
content: "Danger zone!"
user: archer
tone:
content: "I'm sorry. Your words made sense, but your sarcastic tone did not."
user: lana
van:
content: "Dude, this van's, like, rolling probable cause."
user: lana
11.52
11.52
GREEN
class MicropostsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
def setup
@micropost = microposts(:orange)
end
test "should redirect create when not logged in" do
post :create, micropost: { content: "Lorem ipsum" }
end
11.3.
- 429
end
delete :destroy, id: @micropost
end
end
test "should redirect destroy for wrong micropost" do
log_in_as(users(:michael))
micropost = microposts(:ants)
delete :destroy, id: micropost
end
end
end
$ rails generate integration_test microposts_interface

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/microposts_interface_test.rb
11.53
post
follow_redirect!
11.53
post_via_redirect
GREEN
class MicropostInterfaceTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
def setup
end
test "micropost interface" do
log_in_as(@user)
get root_path
#
post microposts_path, micropost: { content: "" }
end
#
content = "This micropost really ties the room together"
assert_difference 'Micropost.count', 1 do
430 -
11
11.68
post microposts_path, micropost: { content: content }

end
follow_redirect!
assert_match content, response.body
#
assert_select 'a', text: 'delete'
first_micropost = @user.microposts.paginate(page: 1).first
delete micropost_path(first_micropost)
end
#
get user_path(users(:archer))
assert_select 'a', text: 'delete', count: 0
end
end
11.54
GREEN
11.4.
11.18
9.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/grungepunk/14026922186
11.4.
- 431
11.18
11.4.1.
CarrierWave
carrierwave gem
mini_magick
11.55
Gemfile
11.55
11.4.3
Gemfile
gem
fog
CarrierWave
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
.
.
.
432 -
'rails',
'bcrypt',
'faker',
'carrierwave',
'mini_magick',
'fog',
'will_paginate',
11
'4.2.0'
'3.1.7'
'1.4.2'
'0.10.0'
'3.8.0'
'1.23.0'
'3.0.7'
'0.0.10'
11.55
11.4.4
$ bundle install
CarrierWave
picture
Rails
$ rails generate uploader Picture
CarrierWave
Active Record
11.19
11.19
10
picture
picture
$ rails generate migration add_picture_to_microposts picture:string
mount_uploader
CarrierWave
mount_uploader :picture, PictureUploader

PictureUploader
picture_uploader.rb
11.4.2
11.56
11.56
belongs_to :user
end
Rails
10.
image
11.4.
- 433
file_field
11.18
11.57
11.57
<%= form_for(@micropost, html: { multipart: true }) do |f| %>
<div class="field">
</div>
<span class="picture">
<%= f.file_field :picture %>
</span>
<% end %>
form_for
html: { multipart: true }

picture
micropost_params
Web
11.58
11.58
picture
only: :destroy
.
.
.
private
params.require(:micropost).permit(:content, :picture)
end
def correct_user
@micropost = current_user.microposts.find_by(id: params[:id])
redirect_to root_url if @micropost.nil?
end
end
image_tag
picture?
img
11.59
CarrierWave
11.20
11.6
11.59
434 -
11
<span class="content">
<%= micropost.content %>
<%= image_tag micropost.picture.url if micropost.picture? %>
</span>
<% if current_user?(micropost.user) %>
<%= link_to "delete", micropost, method: :delete,
<% end %>
</span>
</li>
11.20
11.4.2.
CarrierWave
11.60
PNG
GIF
JPEG
11.60
app/uploaders/picture_uploader.rb
11.4.
- 435
class PictureUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base

storage :file
# Override the directory where uploaded files will be stored.
# This is a sensible default for uploaders that are meant to be mounted:
def store_dir
"uploads/#{model.class.to_s.underscore}/#{mounted_as}/#{model.id}"
end
#
def extension_white_list
%w(jpg jpeg gif png)
end
end
Rails
picture_size
validate
11.61
validates
11.61
belongs_to :user
validate :picture_size
private
#
def picture_size
if picture.size > 5.megabytes
errors.add(:picture, "should be less than 5MB")
end
end
end
:picture_size
errors
8.2
picture_size
5MB
6.2.2
file_field
<%= f.file_field :picture, accept: 'image/jpeg,image/gif,image/png' %>
MIME
11.60
JavaScript
436 -
11
jQuery
accept
$('#micropost_picture').bind('change', function() {
size_in_megabytes = this.files[0].size/1024/1024;
if (size_in_megabytes > 5) {
alert('Maximum file size is 5MB. Please choose a smaller file.');
}
});
jQuery
CSS ID
ID
alert
micropost_picture
11.57
11
11.62
11.62
jQuery
<%= form_for(@micropost, html: { multipart: true }) do |f| %>
<div class="field">
</div>
<span class="picture">
<%= f.file_field :picture, accept: 'image/jpeg,image/gif,image/png' %>
</span>
<% end %>
<script type="text/javascript">
$('#micropost_picture').bind('change', function() {
size_in_megabytes = this.files[0].size/1024/1024;
if (size_in_megabytes > 5) {
alert('Maximum file size is 5MB. Please choose a smaller file.');
}
});
</script>
11.62
Web
Web
POST
JavaScript
curl
11.61
11.4.3.
11.21
12
11.
12.
javascript maximum file size
Stack Overflow
CSS

11.4.
- 437
11.21
ImageMagick
11.4.4
Heroku
13
IDE
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install imagemagick --fix-missing
CarrierWave
MiniMagick
ImageMagick
resize_to_limit: [400, 400]
MiniMagick
400
CarrierWave
11.63
11.22
11.63
include CarrierWave::MiniMagick
process resize_to_limit: [400, 400]
storage :file
13. Ubuntu
m>
OS X
438 -
11
IDE
Homebrew
Linux
brew install imagemagick
imagemagick <your platfor-
def store_dir
end
#
end
end
11.22
11.4.4.
11.63
14
storage :file
15
fog gem
11.64
11.64
14.
Heroku
15.
11.4.
- 439

include CarrierWave::MiniMagick
process resize_to_limit: [400, 400]
if Rails.env.production?
storage :fog
else
storage :file
end
def store_dir
end
#
end
end
11.64
production?
7.1
storage :fog
else
storage :file
end
Amazon
vice
16
S3
1.
Amazon Web Services
2.
AWS Identity and Access Management
3.
AWS Console
IAM
S3 bucket
S3
S3
11.65
CarrierWave
CarrierWave
S3
config/initializers/carrier_wave.rb
CarrierWave.configure do |config|
config.fog_credentials = {
# Amazon S3
:provider
=> 'AWS',
:aws_access_key_id
=> ENV['S3_ACCESS_KEY'],
16. S3
440 -
11
11.65
Simple Storage Ser-
:aws_secret_access_key => ENV['S3_SECRET_KEY']

}
config.fog_directory
= ENV['S3_BUCKET']
end
end
10.54
10.3
11.65
SendGrid
Heroku
ENV
heroku config:set
$ heroku config:set S3_ACCESS_KEY=<access key>
$ heroku config:set S3_SECRET_KEY=<secret key>
$ heroku config:set S3_BUCKET=<bucket name>
master
$
$
$
$
$
$

git add -A
git commit -m "Add user microposts"
git checkout master
git merge user-microposts
git push
$
$
$
$
git push heroku

heroku pg:reset DATABASE
heroku run rake db:seed
Heroku
ImageMagick
11.23
11.4.
- 441
11.23
11.5.
12
master
11.4.4
$
$
$
$
$
$

git add -A
git commit -m "Add user microposts"
git checkout master
git merge user-microposts
git push
$
$
$
$
git push heroku

gem
442 -
11
Gemfile
11.66
Gemfile
11.66
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
gem
'rails',
'bcrypt',
'faker',
'carrierwave',
'mini_magick',
'fog',
'will_paginate',
'bootstrap-sass',
'sass-rails',
'uglifier',
'coffee-rails',
'jquery-rails',
'turbolinks',
'jbuilder',
'sdoc',
'4.2.0'
'3.1.7'
'1.4.2'
'0.10.0'
'3.8.0'
'1.23.0'
'3.0.7'
'0.0.10'
'3.2.0.0'
'5.0.0.beta1'
'2.5.3'
'4.1.0'
'4.0.0.beta2'
'2.3.0'
'2.2.3'
group
gem
gem
gem
gem
end
'sqlite3',
'1.3.9'
'byebug',
'3.4.0'
'spring',
'1.1.3'
group
gem
gem
gem
end
:test do
'minitest-reporters', '1.0.5'
'mini_backtrace',
'0.1.3'
'guard-minitest',
'2.3.1'
group
gem
gem
gem
end
:production do
'pg',
'0.17.1'
'rails_12factor', '0.0.2'
'unicorn',
'4.8.3'
11.5.1.
Active Record
Rails
has_many
belongs_to
has_many/belongs_to
user.microposts.build()
Rails
default_scope
11.5.
- 443

dependent: :destroy
Rails
where
Active Record
CarrierWave
11.6.
3
if-else
1.
2.
11.67
3.
11.68
11.4
cp app/assets/images/rails.png test/fixtures/
.gitignore
Git
Car-
11.69
rierWave
11.70
11.68
picture
fixture_file_upload
17
picture
create
10.1.4
assigns
@micropost
11.67
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "micropost sidebar count" do
log_in_as(@user)
get root_path
assert_match "#{FILL_IN} microposts", response.body
#
other_user = users(:mallory)
log_in_as(other_user)
17.
444 -
Windows
11
:binary
fixture_file_upload(file, type, :binary)
get root_path
assert_match "0 microposts", response.body
other_user.microposts.create!(content: "A micropost")
get root_path
assert_match FILL_IN, response.body
end
end
11.68
def setup
end
test "micropost interface" do
log_in_as(@user)
get root_path
assert_select 'input[type=FILL_IN]'
#
post microposts_path, micropost: { content: "" }
#
content = "This micropost really ties the room together"
picture = fixture_file_upload('test/fixtures/rails.png', 'image/png')
assert_difference 'Micropost.count', 1 do
post microposts_path, micropost: { content: content, picture: FILL_IN }
end
assert FILL_IN.picture?
follow_redirect!
assert_match content, response.body
#
assert_select 'a', 'delete'
first_micropost = @user.microposts.paginate(page: 1).first
delete micropost_path(first_micropost)
end
#
get user_path(users(:archer))
assert_select 'a', { text: 'delete', count: 0 }
end
.
.
.
end
11.6.
- 445
11.69
#
#
#
#
#
#
.gitignore
See https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files for more about ignoring

files.
If you find yourself ignoring temporary files generated by your text editor
or operating system, you probably want to add a global ignore instead:
git config --global core.excludesfile '~/.gitignore_global'
# Ignore bundler config.

/.bundle
# Ignore the default SQLite database.
/db/*.sqlite3
/db/*.sqlite3-journal
# Ignore all logfiles and tempfiles.
/log/*.log
/tmp
# Ignore Spring files.
/spring/*.pid
# Ignore uploaded test images.
/public/uploads
11.70
config/initializers/skip_image_resizing.rb
if Rails.env.test?
CarrierWave.configure do |config|
config.enable_processing = false
end
end
446 -
11
12
12.1
Ajax
12.2
12.3
Ruby
SQL
Rails
12.4
12.1
12.2
Follow
12.3
Hobbes
Follow
Calvin
12.4
Hobbes
1.
9187111340
(John Calvin)
Thomas Hobbes
Unfollow
12.5
http://www.flickr.com/photos/john_lustig/2518452221/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/renemensen/
447
12.1
448 -
12
12.2
12
- 449
12.3
450 -
12
Follow
12.4
Unfollow
12
- 451
12.5
12.1.
has_many
has_many :through
Git
$ git checkout -b following-users
12.1.1.
Calvin
Hobbes
Hobbes
Hobbes
Calvin
followed
Rails
followers
hobbes.followers
Twitter
lowers
452 -
Calvin
12
calvin.following
Calvin
follower
Hobbes
followeds
following
50 following, 75 fol-
12.6
following
user.following
has_many
following
followed_id
follower_id
12.6
12.6
ID
users
followers
following
users
followers
7.1.2
REST
following
A
Calvin
Calvin
Facebook
Calvin
Hobbes
B
B
Hobbes
Hobbes
Calvin
Hobbes
Hobbes
Active Relationship
Hobbes
Calvin
Positive Relationship
followers
Twitter
Calvin
12.1.5
12.6
followed_id
active_relationships
following
followed_id
users
12.7
2.
12.6
3.
Paul Fioravanti
following
id
12.1.
- 453
12.7
Relationship
relationships
12.8
12.1.4
12.8
Relationship
$ rails generate model Relationship follower_id:integer followed_id:integer

follower_id
followed_id
12.1
relationships
db/migrate/[timestamp]_create_relationships.rb
12.1
class CreateRelationships < ActiveRecord::Migration

def change
create_table :relationships do |t|
t.integer :follower_id
t.integer :followed_id
end
454 -
12
add_index :relationships, :follower_id

add_index :relationships, :followed_id
add_index :relationships, [:follower_id, :followed_id], unique: true
end
end
12.1
(follower_id, followed_id)
6.28
12.1.4
curl
relationships
12.1.2.
has_many ,
11.1.3
belongs_to
user.active_relationships.build(followed_id: ...)
11.1.3

.
.
.
end
Rails
:microposts
Micropost
Relationship
has_many :active_relationships
Rails

belongs_to :user
.
.
.
end
4.
Rails
classify
has_many
"foo_bars"
"FooBar"
12.1.
- 455
microposts
user_id
user_id
foreign key
<class>_id
Rails
<class>
follower_id
12.2
Rails
12.2
11.1.1
Rails
12.3
has_many
app/models/user.rb
has_many :active_relationships, class_name: "Relationship",
foreign_key: "follower_id",
dependent:
:destroy
.
.
.
end
12.3
dependent: :destroy
belongs_to
app/models/relationship.rb
class Relationship < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :follower, class_name: "User"
belongs_to :followed, class_name: "User"
end
followed
12.1.5
11.1
12.1
12.1
active_relationship.follower
active_relationship.followed
user.active_relationships.create(followed_id:
user.id)
user.active_relationships.create!(followed_id:
user.id)
user.active_relationships.build(followed_id:
user.id)
5.
Rails
"foo_bar"
456 -
12
underscore
FooBar
id
foo_bar_id
user
user
user
"FooBar".underscore
12.1.3.
6.29
12.1
12.4
6.30
12.5
12.6
12.4
test/models/relationship_test.rb
class RelationshipTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
def setup
@relationship = Relationship.new(follower_id: 1, followed_id: 2)
end
assert @relationship.valid?
end
test "should require a follower_id" do
@relationship.follower_id = nil
assert_not @relationship.valid?
end
test "should require a followed_id" do
@relationship.followed_id = nil
assert_not @relationship.valid?
end
end
12.5
app/models/relationship.rb
class Relationship < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :follower, class_name: "User"
belongs_to :followed, class_name: "User"
validates :follower_id, presence: true
validates :followed_id, presence: true
end
12.6
test/fixtures/relationships.yml
# empty
12.7
GREEN
12.1.
- 457
12.1.4.
following
has_many :through
has_many :through
followers
12.7
Rails
has_many :followeds, through: :active_relationships
Rails
lowed_id
user.following
followeds
12.1.1
Rails
12.8
relationships
followed
fol-
user.followeds
source
following
followed_id
following
12.8
app/models/user.rb

dependent:
:destroy
has_many :following, through: :active_relationships, source: :followed
.
.
.
end
include?
Active Record
4.3.1
user.following.include?(other_user)
user.following.find(other_user)
following
following
Rails
following.include?(other_user)
include?
Rails
user.microposts.count
11.2.1
follow
user.follow(other_user)
unfollow
6
following?
following?
follow
following?
12.9
6.
458 -
12
unfollow
12.9
RED
.
.
.
test "should follow and unfollow a user" do
michael = users(:michael)
archer = users(:archer)
assert_not michael.following?(archer)
michael.follow(archer)
assert michael.following?(archer)
michael.unfollow(archer)
end
end
12.1
following
follow
unfollow
following?
12.10
self
12.10
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
def feed
.
.
.
end
#
def follow(other_user)
active_relationships.create(followed_id: other_user.id)
end
#
def unfollow(other_user)
active_relationships.find_by(followed_id: other_user.id).destroy
end
#
def following?(other_user)
following.include?(other_user)
end
true
private
.
12.1.
- 459
.
.
end
12.11
GREEN
12.1.5.
user.following
user.followers
12.7
relationships
12.2
follower_id
passive_relationships
12.9
12.8
12.12
12.12
12.9
12.9
user.followers
app/models/user.rb
dependent:
:destroy
has_many :passive_relationships, class_name: "Relationship",
foreign_key: "followed_id",
dependent:
:destroy
has_many :following, through: :active_relationships, source: :followed
has_many :followers, through: :passive_relationships, source: :follower
.
.
460 -
12
followed_id
.
end
followers
source
has_many :followers, through: :passive_relationships
Rails
followers
source
follower
follower_id
12.12
has_many :following
followers.include?
following?
12.13
followed_by?
followers
12.13
GREEN
.
.
.
test "should follow and unfollow a user" do
archer
= users(:archer)
michael.follow(archer)
assert michael.following?(archer)
assert archer.followers.include?(michael)
michael.unfollow(archer)
end
end
12.9
12.12
12.2.
12.1
12.3
12.2.
- 461
12.2.1.
Rake
12.14
12.14
3-51
db/seeds.rb
# Users
password:
"foobar",
admin:
true,
activated: true,
99.times do |n|
email: email,
password:
password,
password_confirmation: password,
activated: true,
end
# Microposts
users = User.order(:created_at).take(6)
50.times do
content = Faker::Lorem.sentence(5)
users.each { |user| user.microposts.create!(content: content) }
end
# Following relationships
users = User.all
user = users.first
following = users[2..50]
followers = users[3..40]
following.each { |followed| user.follow(followed) }
followers.each { |follower| follower.follow(user) }
12.14
462 -
12
4-41
12.2.2.
12.1.1
following
Twitter
following
label
12.10
12.1
50
12.10
12.10
#
5
12.2.3
resources
12.15
:member
following
12.15
followers
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get
'help'
get
'about'
get
get
get
'login'
=> 'sessions#new'
post
'login'
resources :users do
member do
get :following, :followers
end
end
end
URL
/users/1/following
/users/1/followers
get
12.15
member
GET
ID
collection
URL
URL
ID
resources :users do
collection do
get :tigers
end
end
12.2.
- 463
URL
/users/tigers
12.15
12.2
12.2
12.15
REST
HTTP
URL
GET
/users/1/following
following
following_user_path(1)
GET
/users/1/followers
followers
followers_user_path(1)
div
12.16
12.16
app/views/shared/_stats.html.erb
<% @user ||= current_user %>
<div class="stats">
<a href="<%= following_user_path(@user) %>">
<strong id="following" class="stat">
<%= @user.following.count %>
</strong>
following
</a>
<a href="<%= followers_user_path(@user) %>">
<strong id="followers" class="stat">
<%= @user.followers.count %>
</strong>
followers
</a>
</div>
12.16
<% @user ||= current_user %>

@user
8.1
nil
nil
@user
@user.following.count
@user.followers.count
@user.microposts.count
11.23
Rails
CSS ID
<strong id="following" class="stat">
...
</strong>
7.
464 -
Rails
12
Rails Routing from the Outside In
ID
12.2.5
Ajax
Ajax
ID
12.17
12.17
<% if logged_in? %>
<div class="row">
</section>
<section class="stats">
<%= render 'shared/stats' %>
</section>
</section>
</aside>
<h3>Micropost Feed</h3>
<%= render 'shared/feed' %>
</div>
</div>
<% else %>
.
.
.
<% end %>
SCSS
12.11
12.18
12.18
SCSS
.
.
.
/* sidebar */
.
.
.
.gravatar {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
}
.gravatar_edit {
margin-top: 15px;
}
12.2.
- 465
.stats {
overflow: auto;
margin-top: 0;
padding: 0;
a {
float: left;
padding: 0 10px;
border-left: 1px solid $gray-lighter;
color: gray;
&:first-child {
padding-left: 0;
border: 0;
}
&:hover {
color: blue;
}
}
strong {
display: block;
}
}
.user_avatars {
overflow: auto;
margin-top: 10px;
.gravatar {
margin: 1px 1px;
}
a {
padding: 0;
}
}
.users.follow {
padding: 0;
}
/* forms */
.
.
.
466 -
12
12.11
12.19
12.19
app/views/users/_follow_form.html.erb
<% unless current_user?(@user) %>
<div id="follow_form">
<% if current_user.following?(@user) %>
<%= render 'unfollow' %>
<% else %>
<%= render 'follow' %>
<% end %>
</div>
<% end %>
follow
12.20
12.20
unfollow
11.29
config/routes.rb
root
'static_pages#home'
get
'help'
get
'about'
12.2.
- 467
get
get
get
'login'
=> 'sessions#new'
post
'login'
resources :users do
member do
get :following, :followers
end
end
resources :relationships,
end
follow
unfollow
12.21
12.22
12.21
app/views/users/_follow.html.erb
<%= form_for(current_user.active_relationships.build) do |f| %>
<div><%= hidden_field_tag :followed_id, @user.id %></div>
<%= f.submit "Follow", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
12.22
app/views/users/_unfollow.html.erb
<%= form_for(current_user.active_relationships.find_by(followed_id: @user.id),
html: { method: :delete }) do |f| %>
<%= f.submit "Unfollow", class: "btn" %>
<% end %>
form_for
12.22
POST
12.21
RelationshipsController
create
DELETE
destroy
12.2.4
followed_id
followed_id
hidden_field_tag
12.21
HTML
<input id="followed_id" name="followed_id" type="hidden" value="3" />

input
10.2.4
12.23
12.12
12.13
12.23
<div class="row">
468 -
12
<section>
<h1>
<%= @user.name %>
</h1>
</section>
</section>
</aside>
<%= render 'follow_form' if logged_in? %>
<% if @user.microposts.any? %>
<h3>Microposts (<%= @user.microposts.count %>)</h3>
</ol>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
12.12
/users/2
12.2.
- 469
12.13
/users/5
12.2.4
Ajax
12.2.5
12.2.3.
12.14
470 -
12.15
12
12.14
12.2.
- 471
12.15
Twitter
12.24
12.24
def setup
end
.
.
.
test "should redirect following when not logged in" do
get :following, id: @user
end
472 -
12
test "should redirect followers when not logged in" do

get :followers, id: @user
end
end
following
12.15
@user.followed_users
followers
@user.followers
12.25
12.25 following
followers
RED

before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:index, :edit, :update, :destroy,
:following, :followers]
.
.
.
def following
@title = "Following"
@users = @user.following.paginate(page: params[:page])
render 'show_follow'
end
def followers
@title = "Followers"
@users = @user.followers.paginate(page: params[:page])
render 'show_follow'
end
private
.
.
.
end
show.html.erb
Rails
12.25
show
render
show_follow
ERb
12.26
12.26
show_follow
app/views/users/show_follow.html.erb
<% provide(:title, @title) %>
<div class="row">
12.2.
- 473
<h1><%= @user.name %></h1>

<span><%= link_to "view my profile", @user %></span>
<span><b>Microposts:</b> <%= @user.microposts.count %></span>
</section>
<% if @users.any? %>
<div class="user_avatars">
<%= link_to gravatar_for(user, size: 30), user %>
<% end %>
</div>
<% end %>
</section>
</aside>
<h3><%= @title %></h3>
<% if @users.any? %>
<ul class="users follow">
</ul>
<% end %>
</div>
</div>
12.25
12.16
12.18
474 -
12
12.26
12.17
12.16
12.17
12.2.
- 475
12.18
5.3.4
HTML
URL
$ rails generate integration_test following

invoke test_unit
create
test/integration/following_test.rb
11.2.3
orange:
user: michael
user_id: 1
12.27
test/fixtures/relationships.yml
one:
follower: michael
476 -
12
user: michael
12.27
followed: lana
two:
follower: michael
followed: mallory
three:
follower: lana
followed: michael
four:
follower: archer
followed: michael
Michael
Lana
Mallory
assert_match
Lana
Archer
11.27
Michael
12.28
12.28
GREEN
class FollowingTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
def setup
log_in_as(@user)
end
test "following page" do
get following_user_path(@user)
assert_not @user.following.empty?
assert_match @user.following.count.to_s, response.body
@user.following.each do |user|
assert_select "a[href=?]", user_path(user)
end
end
test "followers page" do
get followers_user_path(@user)
assert_not @user.followers.empty?
assert_match @user.followers.count.to_s, response.body
@user.followers.each do |user|
end
end
end
assert_not @user.following.empty?
12.2.
- 477
@user.following.each do |user|
end
12.29
GREEN
12.2.4.
$ rails generate controller Relationships
12.31
12.30
test/controllers/relationships_controller_test.rb
12.30
RED
class RelationshipsControllerTest < ActionController::TestCase
test "create should require logged-in user" do
assert_no_difference 'Relationship.count' do
post :create
end
end
test "destroy should require logged-in user" do
assert_no_difference 'Relationship.count' do
delete :destroy, id: relationships(:one)
end
end
end
logged_in_user
12.31 RelationshipsController
app/controllers/relationships_controller.rb
478 -
12
12.31
GREEN
class RelationshipsController < ApplicationController

def create
end
def destroy
end
end
followed_id
follow
12.10
12.21
12.22
unfollow
12.32
12.32 RelationshipsController
def create
user = User.find(params[:followed_id])
current_user.follow(user)
redirect_to user
end
def destroy
user = Relationship.find(params[:id]).followed
current_user.unfollow(user)
redirect_to user
end
end
curl
current_user
nil
12.2.6
12.19
12.20
12.2.
- 479
12.19
12.20
480 -
12
12.2.5.
Ajax
12.2.4
Ajax 8
create
destroy
Ajax
Ajax
Rails
form_for
form_for, remote: true
12.33
12.33
Rails
Ajax
12.34
Ajax
app/views/users/_follow.html.erb
<%= form_for(current_user.active_relationships.
build(followed_id: @user.id),
remote: true) do |f| %>
<div><%= hidden_field_tag :followed_id, @user.id %></div>
<%= f.submit "Follow", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
<% end %>
12.34
Ajax
app/views/users/_unfollow.html.erb
<%= form_for(current_user.active_relationships.find_by(followed_id: @user.id),
html: { method: :delete },
remote: true) do |f| %>
<%= f.submit "Unfollow", class: "btn" %>
<% end %>
ERb
HTML
<form action="/relationships/117" class="edit_relationship" data-remote="true"

id="edit_relationship_117" method="post">
.
.
.
</form>
form
Rails
Rails
data-remote="true"
JavaScript
JavaScript
Rails
JavaScript
JavaScript
unobtrusive JavaScript
HTML
respond_to
Ajax
respond_to do |format|
format.html { redirect_to user }
8.
Ajax
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

Ajax
AJAX
Ajax
12.2.
- 481
format.js
end
respond_to
respond_to
12.32
@user
12.32
if-else
create
Ajax
12.35
user
Ajax
12.33
12.34
12.35
Ajax

def create
@user = User.find(params[:followed_id])
current_user.follow(@user)
format.html { redirect_to @user }
format.js
end
end
def destroy
@user = Relationship.find(params[:id]).followed
current_user.unfollow(@user)
format.html { redirect_to @user }
format.js
end
end
end
12.35
12.36
JavaScript
12.36
config/application.rb
require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
.
.
.
module SampleApp
class Application < Rails::Application
.
.
.
#
Ajax
config.action_view.embed_authenticity_token_in_remote_forms = true
end
end
482 -
12
destroy
JavaScript
Ajax
.js.erb
Ruby
JavaScript
JS-ERb
Model
Rails
create.js.erb
JavaScript
destroy.js.erb
Ruby
Rails
jQuery
jQuery
DOM
DOM
ID
DOM
Document Object
follow_form
$("#follow_form")
div
12.19
CSS
ID
jQuery
CSS
.
CSS
html
CSS
HTML
"foobar"
$("#follow_form").html("foobar")
JavaScript
JS-ERb
escape_javascript
12.37
Ruby
JavaScript
create.js.erb
12.37
HTML
HTML
JS-ERb
app/views/relationships/create.js.erb
$("#follow_form").html("<%= escape_javascript(render('users/unfollow')) %>")
$("#followers").html('<%= @user.followers.count %>')
destroy.js.erb
12.38
12.38
JS-ERb
app/views/relationships/destroy.js.erb
$("#follow_form").html("<%= escape_javascript(render('users/follow')) %>")
$("#followers").html('<%= @user.followers.count %>')
12.2.6.
POST
assert_difference '@user.following.count', 1 do
post relationships_path, followed_id: @other.id
end
Ajax
post
xhr :post
12.2.
- 483
xhr :post, relationships_path, followed_id: @other.id
end
xhr
XmlHttpRequest
Ajax
12.35
post
delete
ID
assert_difference '@user.following.count', -1 do
delete relationship_path(relationship),
relationship: relationship.id
end
Ajax
xhr :delete, relationship_path(relationship),
relationship: relationship.id
end
12.39
12.39
GREEN
def setup
@other = users(:archer)
log_in_as(@user)
end
.
.
.
test "should follow a user the standard way" do
post relationships_path, followed_id: @other.id
end
end
test "should follow a user with Ajax" do
xhr :post, relationships_path, followed_id: @other.id
end
end
test "should unfollow a user the standard way" do
484 -
12
respond_to
JavaScript
@user.follow(@other)
relationship = @user.active_relationships.find_by(followed_id: @other.id)
delete relationship_path(relationship)
end
end
test "should unfollow a user with Ajax" do
@user.follow(@other)
relationship = @user.active_relationships.find_by(followed_id: @other.id)
xhr :delete, relationship_path(relationship)
end
end
end
12.40
GREEN
12.3.
11.3.3
Rails
Ruby
SQL
12.5
12.21
12.3.1.
12.22
microposts
microposts
12.3.
- 485
12.21
12.22
9.43
486 -
12
11.51
ID
ID
Michael
12.41
10
Lana
Archer
11.44
feed
12.41
RED
.
.
.
test "feed should have the right posts" do
archer = users(:archer)
lana
= users(:lana)
#
lana.microposts.each do |post_following|
assert michael.feed.include?(post_following)
end
#
michael.microposts.each do |post_self|
assert michael.feed.include?(post_self)
end
#
archer.microposts.each do |post_unfollowed|
assert_not michael.feed.include?(post_unfollowed)
end
end
end
12.42
RED
12.3.2.
12.41
microposts
SELECT * FROM microposts

WHERE user_id IN (<list of ids>) OR user_id = <user id>
IN
SQL
11.3.3
Active Record
ID
SQL
where
11.44
Micropost.where("user_id in (?) OR user_id = ?", following_ids, id)
12.3.
- 487
ID
Ruby
map
enumerable
4.3.2
$ rails console
>> [1, 2, 3, 4].map { |i| i.to_s }
=> ["1", "2", "3", "4"]
Ruby
4.3.2
&
>> [1, 2, 3, 4].map(&:to_s)

=> ["1", "2", "3", "4"]
join
4.3.1
>> [1, 2, 3, 4].map(&:to_s).join(', ')

=> "1, 2, 3, 4"
user.following
id
ID
>> User.first.following.map(&:id)
=> [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51]
Active Record
>> User.first.following_ids
=> [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51]
following_ids
Active Record
_ids
has_many :following
user.following
ID
>> User.first.following_ids.join(', ')

=> "4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51"
SQL
?
following_ids
each
9.
488 -
12
12.8
ID
feed
12.43
12.43
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
end
true
#
def feed
end
#
def follow(other_user)
active_relationships.create(followed_id: other_user.id)
end
.
.
.
end
12.44
GREEN
5000
12.3.3.
12.3.2
5000
following_ids
12.3.2
ID
12.43
SQL
subselect
ID
12.45
12.45
where
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
12.3.
- 489
.
.
#
def feed
Micropost.where("user_id IN (:following_ids) OR user_id = :user_id",
following_ids: following_ids, user_id: user)
end
.
.
.
end
where("user_id IN (?) OR user_id = ?", following_ids, id)
where("user_id IN (:following_ids) OR user_id = :user_id",

following_ids: following_ids, user_id: id)
user_id
SQL
Ruby
following_ids
SQL
following_ids = "SELECT followed_id FROM relationships
WHERE follower_id = :user_id"
SQL
ID
SELECT * FROM microposts

WHERE user_id IN (SELECT followed_id FROM relationships
WHERE follower_id = 1)
OR user_id = 1
12.46
following_ids
SQL
12.46
GREEN
app/models/user.rb
.
.
.
#
def feed
following_ids = "SELECT followed_id FROM relationships
WHERE follower_id = :user_id"
490 -
12
Micropost.where("user_id IN (#{following_ids}) OR user_id = :user_id", user_id: id)

end
.
.
.
end
Rails
12.47
Ruby
SQL
GREEN
background job
11.3.3
11
12.48
11.14
12.46
12.23
12.48 home
def home
if logged_in?
@feed_items = current_user.feed.paginate(page: params[:page])
end
end
.
.
.
end
master
$
$
$
$
$

git add -A
git commit -m "Add user following"
git checkout master
git merge following-users
$
$
$
$
$
git push
git push heroku
12.24
12.3.
- 491
12.23
12.24
492 -
12
12.4.
Rails
has_many/belongs_to
has_many :through
Rails
12.4.1.
Rails
RailsCasts
RailsCasts
Tealeaf Academy
Academy
Thinkful
Tealeaf
Tealeaf
Tealeaf
RailsApps
Rails
Code School
Ruby
Rails
Ruby
Peter Cooper
Beginning Ruby
David A. Black
The Well-Grounded Rubyist
Russ Olsen
Eloquent Ruby
Hal Fulton
The Ruby Way
Rails
Sam Ruby Dave Thomas David Heinemeier Hansson
Agile Web Development with Rails
Obie Fernandez
The Rails 4 Way
Ryan Bigg
Yehuda Katz
Rails 4 in Action
12.4.2.
has_many :through
has_many
has_many
has_many :through
Rails
where
Rails
SQL
12.5.
3
12.4.
- 493
1.
11.27
2.
12.49
CGI.escapeHTML
12.49
HTML
HTML GREEN
def setup
log_in_as(@user)
end
.
.
.
test "feed on Home page" do
get root_path
@user.feed.paginate(page: 1).each do |micropost|
assert_match CGI.escapeHTML(FILL_IN), FILL_IN
end
end
end
494 -
12

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3

rev 1.0.2, 2015-01-14T20:00:00+08:00

David Heinemeier Hansson

Derek Sivers (sivers.org)

Ruby on Rails Web

The MIT License

David Heinemeier Hansson

Uniform Resource Identifier

One Month Rails

$ echo "hello, world!"

class User < ActiveRecord::Base

class User < ActiveRecord::Base

Create New Workspace

Private to the people I invite

$ gem install rails -v 4.2.0

Graphical User Interface

Could not find railties

# Use ActiveModel has_secure_password

gem 'uglifier', '>= 1.3.0'

group :development, :test do

1.3.2. rails server

1.3.4. Hello, world!

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base

user.name "Your Name"

$ git commit -m "Initialize repository"

Changed but not updated:

SSH keys SSH

$ git remote add origin git@bitbucket.org:<username>/hello_app.git

$ git remote add origin git@bitbucket.org:mhartl/hello_app.git

$ git checkout -b modify-README

# Ruby on Rails Tutorial: "hello, world!"

README.rdoc -> README.md

Changes not staged for commit:

"Improve the README file"

$ git checkout master

$ git branch -d modify-README

git checkout -b topic-branch

$ bundle install --without production

$ git commit -a -m "Update Gemfile.lock for Heroku"

$ git push heroku master

invalid multibyte character

Could not find railties

Refresh File Tree

$ bundle install --without production

$ git remote add origin git@bitbucket.org:<username>/toy_app.git

$ rails generate scaffold User name:string email:string

$ bundle exec rake db:migrate

$ ./configure && make && sudo make install

class UsersController < ApplicationController

Representational State Transfer

Roy Thomas Fielding

Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Ar-

Ruby on Rails Web

class UsersController < ApplicationController

$ rails generate scaffold Micropost content:text user_id:integer

class MicropostsController < ApplicationController

class User < ActiveRecord::Base

2.1.1 :001 >

class UsersController < ApplicationController

$ git commit -m "Finish toy app"

$ git push heroku

git push heroku master

$ heroku run rake db:migrate

class Micropost < ActiveRecord::Base