Fundamentals Of Electronic Circuits

Chapter 1:

Course outline and Introduction

to

Electronics
Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Department
solimanm@sharjah ac ae
solimanm@sharjah.ac.ae
1

Course Team
Instructor : Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Office

: W9-228
W9 228

Office Hours: 10:00 AM- 11:00AM on every day

from Sundayy to Thursday.
y

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

2

Course Components
p
Three lectures per week

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

3

Assessment System
y
Method

distribution

assignments

10%

2 x 5%

major quizzes

15%

3 x 5%

midterm exam-1
exam 1

15%

midterm exam-2

15%

final exam

45%

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Attendance Policy
While lecture notes will be provided on
the Blackboard, they are not a substitute
for attending lecture.
The attendance policy for the Lecture
follows the university rules and policies.

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Course Description
The course serves as a basic course
for
electronics
and
computer
students
in
Electronic
devices,
A l i off electronic
Analysis
l t
i circuits,
i
it and
d in
i
Analog and Digital integrated circuits
Design. This course is divided into
two basic parts:

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Course Description
The first part of this course introduces
semiconductor materials, PN jjunction, Diodes,
BJT and MOS Transistors. Also, includes the DC
and AC analysis of the basic MOS and BJT
amplifiers
amplifiers.
The second part includes the BJT and MOS logic
g
g g
gates. The BJT logic
gates include the saturated
and nonsaturated logic gates . The MOS logic
gates include different types of MOS Inverters
(Resistive Enhancement
(Resistive,
Enhancement, Depletion load inverters
and CMOS inverters) and the combinational logic
gates..

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Course Contents
Introduction to Electronics
Semiconductors, PN Junction and Diodes
MOS transistors, DC and AC analysis
BJT
J transistors,
t a s sto s, DC
C and
a d AC
Ca
analysis
a ys s
Digital Logic gates, BJT Logic gates
MOS
OS Inverters
e es
MOS Combinational logic gates

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Course Material
Textbook
1. A.P. Malvino, Electronics Principles, 6/e McGraw- Hill Books
References
1.Neil Storey, Electronics : A System Approach . 3/e, University of
W
Warwick,
i k Coventry.
C
t
2. Gray/Meyer, Analysis and design of analog integrated circuits, 4/e,
ISBN 0-47L-32L68-0, John and Wiley & sons, Inc.
3. Sedra/Smith (2004). Microelectronic Circuits 5/e, Oxford University
Press,
Inc.
ISBN 0195172671.
4. Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Borivoje Nikolic ,
Digital Integrated Circuit
Second Edition.
5. T. F. Bogart (1997).Electronic devices and circuits, Prentice Hall,
ISBN~0133937607.
Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Course Material
Course Lectures on the Blackboard

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

10

Prerequisites
q
Electrical Circuits (DC and AC analysis)
Electromagnetic and Physics

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Chapter(1)
I t d ti to
Introduction
t Electronics
El t
i
Objectives and outlines:
1. The field of Electronics and Electronic systems
p
2. Electronic components
3. Types of Electronic circuits
4 Semiconductor Devices
4.
5. Integrated Circuit (IC)

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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1. Electronics field and Electronic

Systems
The field of Electronics comprises the study
and use of systems that operate by controlling
the flow of electrons.
electrons
Electronic systems are used to perform a wide
variety of tasks.
tasks The main uses of electronic
circuits are:
1 The
1.
Th controlling
t lli and
d processing
i off information.
i f
ti
2. The conversion to/from and distribution of
electric power .
Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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1. Electronic Systems
y
((contd.))
One way of looking at an electronic
system is to divide it into 3 parts:
(i) Inputs:
I
t Electronic or mechanical sensors
(or transducers).
These devices take signals/information from external
sources in the physical world (such as antennas) and
convert those signals/information into current/voltage
or digital (high/low) signals within the system.

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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1. Electronic Systems
y
((contd.))
(ii) Signal processors:
(ii).
These circuits serve to manipulate, interpret and
transform inputted signals in order to make them useful
for a desired application.
Recently, complex signal processing has been
accomplished with the use of Digital Signal Processors.

(iii) Outputs:
(iii).

Actuators or other devices (such as

transducers) that transform current/voltage signals back
into useful p
physical
y
form ((e.g.,
g , byy accomplishing
p
g a
physical task such as rotating an electric motor).
Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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1. Electronic Systems
y
((contd.))
For example, a television set contains these 3 parts. The
telvision's input transforms a broadcast signal (received
by an antenna or fed in through a cable) into a
current/voltage signal that can be used by the device.
device
Signal processing circuits inside the television extract
information from this signal that dictates brightness,
colour and sound level.
Output devices then convert this information back into
form A cathode ray tube transforms electronic
physical form.
signals into a visible image on the screen. Speakers
convert signals into audible sound.

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

Spring 2010
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2. Electronic component
p
An electronic component is a basic electronic element
usually
with
or more
ll packaged
k
d in
i a discrete
di
t form
f
ith two
t
connecting leads or metallic pads. Components are
intended to be connected together,
g
, usuallyy byy soldering
g
to a printed circuit board, to create an electronic circuit
with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio
receiver,
receiver or oscillator).
oscillator)
Components may be packaged singly (resistor,
capacitor,
p
, transistor,, diode etc)) or in more or less
complex groups as integrated circuits (operational
amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc).

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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2. Electronic component
p

Hitachi j100 Adjustable frequency derive

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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3. Types of circuits
1. Analog circuits (or analogue circuits) refers to
electronics circuits with analog signals with any
g
continuouslyy variable signal.
Examples of Analog Circuits:
Multipliers, Amplifiers, Filters, and Modulators

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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3. Types of circuits (contd.)

2 Digital
Di it l circuits
i it refers
f
t electronics
l t i circuits
i it with
ith Discrete
Di
t
2.
to
signals with a number of different discrete levels.
ost cases tthe
e number
u be o
e e t levels
e es o
g a iss
- In most
of d
different
of ssignal
two (Binary Signal).
- Logic gates, Filp-flops, Counters, Registers, Electronic
clocks and programmable logic controllers (used to control
clocks,
industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits.
Digital Signal Processors are another example.

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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3. Types of circuits (contd.)

3. Mixed-signal circuits refers to integrated
circuits (ICs) which have both analog
g
circuits combined on a
circuits and digital
single semiconductor die or on the same
circuit board.
board
- Analog to digital converters and digital to
l converters
t
th primary
i
l
analog
are the
examples.

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Example Application of Mixed-Signal

Integrated Circuits
ADSL transceiver

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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4. Semiconductor Devices
- Semiconductor devices are electronic
components
t that
th t exploit
l it the
th electronic
l t i properties
ti
of semiconductor materials, principally silicon,
germanium and gallium arsenide.
germanium,
arsenide
- Semiconductor devices have replaced
thermionic devices in most applications.
pp
Theyy
use electronic conduction in the solid state as
opposed to the vacuum state.
- Semiconductor
S i
d t
d i
devices
are available
il bl
as
discrete units or can be integrated along with a
large number devices onto a single chip,
chip called
an integrated circuit (IC).
Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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5. What is the Integrated

g
Circuit (IC)?
( )
Integrated
g
circuit: Another name for a
chip, an integrated circuit (IC) is a small
electronic device made out of a
semiconductor material.
Integrated circuits are used for a variety of
devices,, including
g microprocessors,
p
, audio
and video equipment, and automobiles.

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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5. What is the Integrated Circuit

(IC)? (contd.)
(contd )
Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of
transistors/chip :
Technology

No. of Transistors/ chip

SSI (small-scale integration):

Up to 100

MSI (medium-scale integration)

LSI (large-scale
(l
l integration)
i
i )

From 100 to 3,000

F
From
3 000 to 100,000
3,000
100 000

VLSI (very large-scale integration)

From 100,000 to 1,000,000

ULSI (ultra large-scale integration)

More than 1 million

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Integrated Circuit History

First transistor
1947
Picture shows a point-contact
transistor structure comprising
the plate of n
n-type
type germanium
and two line-contacts of gold
supported on a plastic wedge.
Source:
W. Shockley,
The path to the conception of the
The
junction transistor,
IEEE Tr. on Electron Devices
ED-23,, 597 ((1976).
)

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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First monolithic integrated circuit

1961
Picture shows a flipp
flop circuit containing
6 devices, produced in
planar
l
ttechnology.
h l
Source:
R N
R.
N. Neyce
Neyce, Semiconductor
Semiconductor
device-and-lead structure,
U.S.Patent 2,981,877

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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First microprocessor
p
1971
Picture shows a
four-bit microprocessor
Intel 4004.
10 m technology
t h l
3 mm 4 mm
MOS FET
2300 MOS-FETs
108 kHz clock frequency
Source:
Intel Corporation

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Pentium IV processor
p
2001
Picture shows a ULSI
chip with 32-bit processor
Intel Pentium 4.
0.18m CMOS technology
17.5 mm 19 mm
42 000 000 components
1.6 GHz clock freuqncy
Source:
Intel Corporation
Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud
Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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Introduction to Electronics

END of Chapter 1

Associate Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud

Electrica and l Electronics Engineering Department

Fund. Of Electronic Circuits

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