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ABSTRACT
Purpose: Optimize the efficiency of power dissipation during the hydraulic
jump.
Method: Using a statistical technique, known as a Response Surface
Methodology (RSM), in order to optimize the response variable.
Results: Efficient power dissipation is influenced by flow rate and flume
slope. The maximum efficiency reached was 35%.
Conclusions: The maximum efficiency of power dissipation was reach
when the open channel was horizontal. The flow rate was 62 lpm, the
width channel was 7,6 cm and flow depth 1,3 cm. In this condition, the
Froude number was 3
1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose of paper
The condition of flow in an open channel can go
from a supercritical to subcritical flow due to
changes in the channel characteristics, boundary
conditions, or the presence of hydraulic
structures. This change occurs abruptly through a
hydraulic jump. A hydraulic jump is highly
turbulent, with complex internal flow patterns,
and is accompanied by a considerable loss of
energy. [1]
The amount of energy loss depends on several
variables involving flow conditions, geometric
conditions of the channel, presence of external
forces, among others.
*E-mail: vpugliese@uninorte.edu.co
**E-mail: figueroao@uninorte.edu.co
2
2
) = ( + +
2
2
) +
(Eq. 2)
+ )
+ 0
+
2
=(
2. Methodology
2.1. Material and equipment
Flume
The practical work was development in the
installations of the Hydraulic Laboratory in
Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla. It was used a
flume to produce a controllable hydraulic jump.
(Eq. 1)
Weir
The undershot weirs are adjustable allowing a
constant head of the upstream reservoir under
uniform flow conditions. During the experiments,
there were used two types of undershot weirs.
Figure 4 shows an undershot straight and curve
weir.
Flowmeter
Provides a direct reading of the volume flowrate of
the water passing through the working section.
Overshot weir
The level in the working section of the flume may
be controlled by an overshot weir arrangement at
the exit consisting of stop logs in a slot. Stop logs
are simply added or taken away to provide the
required depth of water in the working section to
reach a subcritical flow and generate the hydraulic
jump. [3]
Pedestals and Jack
The flume is supported on a
pair of pedestals which are
bolted to the floor for
additional safety. The pedestal
at the inlet end of the working
section is fitted with a handoperated jack. This jacking
arrangement permits the slope
of the channel bed to be
manually adjusted. The jack is
operated by a handwheel and
the mechanism incorporates a
slope indicator calibrated
directly in units of % slope. [3]
Design Factor
Low Limit
High Limit
0
0
0
Straight
96
10
3
Curve
Design Factor
Low Limit
High Limit
40
3.5
1
Straight
50
6
2
Curve
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Design Factors
Flow
rate
(A)
Overshot
weir
high (B)
Flume
slope
(C)
Undershot
weir
(D)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=1
(Eq. 3)
(Eq. 4)
3. Results
3.1. Measurement results
Table 4 reports the efficiency of power dissipation,
Reynold number and Froude number for each run
are displayed in Table 4. The Reynold number
confirms that flow conditions were turbulent in all
runs. The Froude number corresponds at flow
conditions before the hydraulic jump occurs, and
is necessary a supercritical flow ( > 1).
Table 4 Results for screening stage.
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Measured Variables
Efficient
Power
Dissipation
Reynolds
Number
Froude
Number
0,17
28611
2,9
0,31
35461
4,1
0,21
27101
3,7
0,31
34894
4,0
0,01
25000
1,6
0,03
30494
1,7
0,06
26933
2,2
0,15
32867
2,6
0,06
26154
1,7
0,16
32075
1,9
0,19
28652
3,3
0,30
34722
3,5
0,17
27000
2,2
0,20
32244
2,1
0,09
27067
2,2
0,16
33467
2,7
Eq. (5)
Where,
1 =
[] 45
5
3 =
1,5%
0,5%
SoV
SS
DoF
A
0,0267
1
B
0,0085
1
C
0,0440
1
D
0,0006
1
Error
0,0555
11
Total
0,1879
15
SoV: Source of variation.
SS: Sum of squares.
DoF: Degree of freedom.
MS: Mean square.
F: Statistic of Fisher
: Reference value.
0,0267
0,0085
0,0440
0,0006
0,0050
5,3
1,7
8,7
0,1
4,8
4,8
4,8
4,8
Independence
0,2
Residuals
0,1
0
-0,1 0
-0,2
10
15
20
Time
Flow rate
0,15
Run
Flow
rate
[lpm]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
Residuals
0,1
-2
0,05
0
-1 -0,05 0
-0,1
-0,15
Overshot
weir
high
[cm]
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
Flume
slope
[%]
Undershot
weir
Effic.
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
0,08
0,25
0,27
0,34
0,35
0,34
0,32
Ascent
Flume slope
Efficient
0,15
Residuals
0,1
-2
0,05
0
-1 -0,05 0
-0,1
-0,15
0,40
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
0
Condition
[%] = 3 + 0,1106[]
0,0009([])2
Eq. (6)
4. Conclusions
The independent variables that have a significant
effect in the response variable are flow rate and
flume slope.
The maximum efficiency of power dissipation was
reach when the open channel was horizontal. The
flow rate was 62 lpm, the width channel was 7,6
cm and flow depth 1,3 cm. In this condition, the
Froude number was 3. We can use the equation
for Froude Number, for a fixed flow rate, to design
a channel to dissipate energy.
References
[1] A. Osman Akan, Open Channels Hydraulics,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.
[2] D. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of
Experiments. 5th Edition, Arizona: John Wiley
& Sons, 2004.
[3] ARMFIELD, "Instruction Manual Multipropose
Teaching Flume," 2012.