Vipattu Nirvahana

$|T sVD
|. qsd+VQ\T
m+. n*y\T eT+>
MA, M.Ed
VIVANA PUBLICATIONS
# 1-7-510/E/4, Geminic Colony, Zamistanpur,
Hyderabad - 500047, Cell. 9177091268
email. vivanapublications@gmail.com
` 126
Vipatthu Nirvahana(Disaster Management)

Written by:
P. Narasimhulu, M. Alivelu Manga
Copies:
2000
Price:
Rs 126/-
Copy Right :
Vivana Publications, Hyderabad
Publishers:
Vivana Publications, Hyderabad
DTP & Cover Design:
KALYANI GRAPHICS, Dilshukh Nagar,

Hyderabad Cell: 9493386871
First Edition:
2012
Second Edition:
January 2014
For Copies:
Vivana Publications, Hyderabad(9177091268) and

all leading bookshops in the state of Andhra Pradesh
Printing:
Saitirumala Printers, Chikkadapally, Hyderabad
Information contained this book has been obtained by Vivana Publications, from sources belived to be reliable. However, neither Vivana Publications nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Publishers nor its authors shall be
responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use this information. This book is published with the understanding that Vivana
Publications and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services.
$wjT d
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
III.
$|T sVD |]o\q........................................................................................5 - 44

$|T sVD ueq\T.................................................................................................................. 7 - 16
$|T\T` ||+# |]d ............................................................................................................ 17 - 22
us<X+ $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q ....................................................................... 23 - 36
+<|<X $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q .......................................................................... 37 - 39
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T................................................................................ 40 ` 44
u+b\T .........................................................................................................45 ` 68
u+b\T ` sD\T, |uy\T......................................................................................... 47 ` 55
us<X+ u+b\T.............................................................................................................. 56 ` 58
+<|<X u+b\T ............................................................................................................... 59 ` 61
u+b\T ` |XeTq ePV\T ......................................................................................... 62 ` 66
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T................................................................................ 67 ` 68
#y\T .........................................................................................................69 ` 86
1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T.......................................................................................... 71 ` 77

2. +<|<X #y\ #] .................................................................................................. 78 ` 79
3. #y\T ` |XeTq ePV\T .......................................................................................... 80 ` 85
m.|.|.mdt.d |\ n&q |X\T................................................................................. 86 ` 86
IV.
dTHMT ............................................................................................................ 87 ` 102
1. dTHMT ` sD\T, |uy\T ................................................................................................ 89 ` 97

2. dTHMT ` |Xe
Tq ePV\T................................................................................................98 ` 100
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................101 ` 102
V.
es<\T .......................................................................................................... 103 ` 117
1. es<\T ` sD\T, |uy\T............................................................................................105 ` 110

2. +<|<X es<\T ..................................................................................................................111 ` 112
3. es<\T ` |XeTq ePV\T ......................................................................................... 113 ` 116
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................117 ` 117
VI.
1.
2.
3.
4.
VII.
sTe\T, ub\T eT]jTT s $|T\T .............................................. 119 `134

sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T .........................................................................................121 ` 125
+<|<X sTe................................................................................................................... 126 ` 127
sTe |XeTq ePV\T.................................................................................................. 128 ` 130
ub\T ` s $|T\T ................................................................................................131 ` 133
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................134 ` 134
eqe s $|T\T ` ysD ePV\T ................................................... 135 ` 150
1. eqe s $|T\T ..............................................................................................................137 ` 150

VIII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
$|T |XeTq ePV\T/ #s\T ............................................................... 151 ` 191

$|T sVD eT{ |D[ ....................................................................... 153 ` 158
$|T sVD ` d+k> @sT ...............................................................................159 ` 165
k, sh ksTT d+d\ b ......................................................................................... 166 `170
|\ =s, |\ # |D[ ..................................................................................... 171 ` 174
$|T deTj |ejT eTwH eed\T ........................... 175 ` 177
new H|D\T ........................................................................................................................... 178 `186
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T.........................................................................187 ` 191
n_ywqT ...................................................................................................... 192 ` 193

bdT |X\T................................................................................................ 194 ` 208
. $|T sVD ` |]o\q

1. $|T sVD ` ueq\T
2. $|T\T ` ||+# |]d
3. us<X+ $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q
4. +<|<X $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q
1. $|T sVD ueq\T

(Concepts of Disaster Management)
4. $|T e\q ]wyTq b++ yTT+
qwbT+~.
$|T |uy >TsjT b+\ = eT&
\D\T |ksTT. n$:
d e | k< s D JeH n+ s j T +
\T>TT+~. < |ue+ |< d+K |\|
|&TT+~.
|< mTq
bD, d, JeHb~ qw+ sT>TT+~.
$|T |uy >Tsq eT{ qc\ qT+&
\Te& y \ T| \ qT+& d V j T +
nedseTeT+~.
<X ] eed $|+ \T>TT+~.
1.1 |]#jT+
$|T\T eqe C =MT <T. eqe\
nksyTq|{, n$ #] |Ps| jTT>+ qT+&
eqeC dV Jeq+ #dT H sTT. u>[ ` yesD
|]d T \T, n~ ksTT +& ke, ] <Ts\ +
us<X ||+#+ n+ $|T u]yTq <X
{> #XsTT.
$|T (Disaster) nH |<, ^ uw qT+&
eq Dus nq> <Tw( #&T ) eT]jTT aster nq> q +
nH s+&T |<\ \sTT <s eq eT< jTT>\
H{ |+#Y |<+ desastre, bNq uw #+~q
disastro |<\ qT+& dw+#sT. ^, {H uw
disaster nq> <Tw q+(bad star) n ns+. bNq
\+ |P\T @<H $<+d+ < $|TqT @<
q + eTT&|{, q <Twq +(disaster)>
u$+# ysT.
u+b\T, TbqT, e&> yq\T(haisstrom),
+u e w ( cloud-burst ), u b + ( landslide ),
ueTjT+(soil erosion), VeTb+(snow avalanche), es<\T(flood) yTT<\>T dV < |
$|T\T, n |e<\T, eTVe] y<T\T (epidemics), s&T, $eq, s\T |e<\T, skjTq, nDT
|e<\T yTT<\>T eqe * < eqe s
$|T\T + d+u$dH HsTT.
$| T d V y T q ~ e# T < eqe
|s|yTq~ e#T.
$|T @<H |< mTq
1. eqe qc,
2. JeHb~ qc
3. dT\ qc sDeTeT+~.
$eq |_wH
1.2 s#H\T
de+ q k+ eqsT\ \T
$<+>, n+<T eqe, b<] < |sesD
eqsT\qT $\T|+ #d, de sVD re n+sjT+
*+#~. (<) eqe <q +~q J$ nde d+ #d
n~ bD qw+, d qw+ *+#& y| |TqqT
$|T> |s=+{sT.
United Nations Development Programme/Office
of the United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordinator
(UNDP/UNDRO)
de+ ] \T $<+>, k<sD

keTs $T+ bD qw+ , d qw+ , eT* ks\T,
|sesD+, eds de\T, JeHb~ esZ\qT
$< +dyT Tqs d+|T q < esTd |T q\qT $|T
n+{sT(Disaster is an event or series of events, which
gives rise to casualties and damage or loss of properties, infrastructures, environment, essential services or means of livelihood on such a scale which is
beyond the normal capacity of the affected community to cope with).
$|T sVD
material, economic or environmental losses which

exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources) $|T n+{sT.
+< VA+ eT+ XK

k<sD J$ < |sesD eed
n+sjT+ *q|&T bD\qT < |sesD
b&, d+s+#& nk<sD neds #s\T
nedseTjT |<e |]d(catastrophic situation in
||+# s> d+d(WHO)

|u$ eT{ < b++ \Te&
y\T|* qT+& nk<sDyTq |d+<q nedseTjT
$<+> qc, ] $<+k, eqe bD qc
s>+ eT]jTT s> de\qT |q+ #d @<H
|T q(any occurrence that causes damage, economic
which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has

been disrupted and extra ordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives and
or the environment)H $|T n+{sT.
destruction, loss of human life and deterioration in

health and health services on a scale sufficient to
warrant an extraordinary response from outside the
affected community or area)> ||+# s> d+d
$|T sVD #+, 2005

$|T sVD #+ (Disaster Management Act)
2005 $|TqT.. @<H b++ | d<+> <
eqe * sD\ e\ < |e<eXT <
s+> d+u$+, d++~ b++ q+ qT
\T $<+> |< mTq bD qc, eqe
J$, d $<+d+ < qc, |sesD qc
< $<+k sDeTjT |<e+, |e<+, re
$|T < <Tsq(a catastrophe, mishap, calamity
$|TqT s++~.
n+ +&, e T{ \ T, q> s \T <
>e\qT |u$+ #d <Ts\ |]d *d e#
u+|+, es< < TbqT e+{ y|+ jTT
q+> L& ||+# s> d+d $|TqT |s=+~.
or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man made causes, or by accident or negligence
which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of property, or
damage to, or degradation of environment, and is of
such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area)>
1.3 $|T\ eZsD

$|T\T d+u$+# y>+, y{ $se+, y{
<]rd sD\ <s+> $|T\qT |\T s\T>
eZ]+#e#T.
s++~.
m. y> { $|TqT <qyTq(slow) <

y>e+yTq(Rapid) $|T> |s=+{sT.
sd$T
$|TqT sd$T .... de| <
e T{ k< s D sD eT]j T T k< s D
sb\ n+sjT+ *d nkT> <
re+> d+u$+# |<(the occurrence of sudden of
1. <q+> bs+ueTjT $|T(Slow onset Disaster ): sE\T, H \ \T < s T e >

d+es\ s& =qk> $|TqT <q+>
bs+ujT $|T(A disaster that prevails for
many days, months or even years like drought)
n+{sT. |sesD D, >T <&, <T]+
yTT<\>Tq$ B <VsD\T.
2. y>+ > e# $|T ( Rapid onset disaster): D
$|+ e\ d+u$+# $|T(A disaster that is
triggered by an instantaneous shock)qT y>+
>
e# $|T n+{sT. B |ue+ d\\+
+&e#T < Bs\eT +&e#T. u+|+,
#y+(TbqT), d es<\T, n|s
$kq+ B <VsD\T.
major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and

normal functioning of the society or community)>
s++~.
UNISDR(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction)
eT{ < de+ q k+ eqsT\

\T*> keTs $T+ $ksyTq eqe, b<],
] < |sesD qc\ sDeTe eT{
< de sVD esTd> n+sjT+ *+#
|Tq\qT(A serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society causing widespread human,
$eq |_wH
$|T sVD
$|T \ T {, eqe |s | $|T \ T n L&

n+{sT. 1984 ub >dt <Tsq, 1997
& | V sY d eV ]q n
|e<+, 2002 s< m|dt |{\T
|&+, 2003 +uD+ bsX\ ]q
n |e<+, 2008 C|PsY ]q esTd
u+T |\T, 2013 |e] V<su<
~dTUq>sY ]q + |\T yTT<\>Tq$
eqe |s| $|T\ <VsD\T.
|\ ke, ] deTd\qT |]w]+#&+,
eqe #H ds[ esT rdTse&+,
$|T \ >T]+ ne>Vq \>Cj
T &+, |sesD
|]sD yTT<\>T se\qT #|&+ <s
eqe * $|T\qT y]+#e#T.
H{ <T ke <<+ $|T\qT
eZ]+#&+ eT+ neT+~. $|T\ n~
X+ |\ ke, ] eed\ sb\T <
wjT\ sD+>H d+u$dTHsTT. |\ Jeq
$<H\ |sesD+ D+be&+, |D +B
ke, ] eed\T dTds+ e&+ e\q eqe
s $|T\T n~eTeTHsTT. qB |yV\ <
n~+ > +& b+\T 
+& b+\ ed+# eT{\T, n& ds|&q
|\T, y] ke, ] |]dT\ sD+> n~
<Ts\ (vulnerability) >TsjT |e<+ +~. B
TTTe\ y>, d+es\ y>, nkT> e#
| esT\T & $|T reqT eT]+ |+#TsTT.
$|T\T d+u$+# deTj, y{ e, reqT
n+#H yjT b e&+ e\ L& $|T |u e+ n~+ >
+T+~.
$|T sVD| 1999 +< eekjT XK
eJ s<] C.d. |+Y H+ @sT #jT&q
nTH~s $T{ 31 s\ $|T\qT >T]+, y{
<T |<q du>|\T> $u++~.
_. d + u $ +# s D \qT { $| T \ qT
dV(Natural) < eqe s(Human
Induced) $|T\T> eZ]+#sT.
1. dV $|T\T(Natural Disasters):
| y|+ sD+> d+u$+, |u$
|\T m<Ts $<+ > eqe, b<] eT]jTT
] qc\ <]rd |TqqT dV $|T
n+{sT(A natural disaster is an event that is
caused by a natural hazard and leads to human, material, economic and environmental
losses, which exceed the ability of those affected people).
es<\T, sTe\T, deTT< y s+>\T, u

|+ |q\T sD+> d+u$ +# $|T \ qT (| )
dV $|T\T n+{sT.
2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+ d+u$+q
dTH$T, 2008 #H eq u +|+, 2007
+><X eq d<s Y TbqT, skH +
e# sTe, s, |eT us<X+ >MTD,
|D b+\T s +&+{ |jT{ e# es<\ T
dV $|T\ <VsD\T.
| d++<yTq $|T\qT eTq+ y]+#+.
, eTqq <T Xd, k+, de#s
s+>\qT |j+#T, y{ reqT =+
es Z+#e#T.
2. eqe s $|T\T(Human Induced Disasters):
|u $ |\T m<Ts $<+ > eqe, b<],
] eT]jTT |sesD qc\ <]rd eqe
|s | y| + k<sD J$ \T>C d re
n+sj eqe s $|T n+{sT(A serious disruption of normal life triggered by a
human induced hazard causing human, material, economic and environmental, which
exceed the ability of those affected to cope).
$$< s\ $|T\ C_
n | e <\T, s k j T q < b]X$T

|e<\T, |sesD \Tw+, s&T, s\T e+{
s y D | e <\T, $eq | e <\T, \
|e<\T, sjT nX+ yTT<\>T y{ e\
$|T\qT eqe s $|T\T n+{sT.
$ |+> eqe #s\ e\ d+u$+#
$eq |_wH
1.
m.
_.
d.
&.
sT eT]jTT yesD d++~ $|T\T

es<\T, { eTT+|
TbqT
{s&\T eT]jTT V]qT
e&> yq
$|T sVD
.
m|t.
.
V#Y.
.
C.
.
+uew
e&>\T\T, #* >\T\T
VeTb\T
sTe\T
deTT<|
|&T>TbT
dTH$T
(2004 sTy dTHMT $|T\ C_
#ssT)
2. u>[ $|T\T
m. ub+ eT]jTT |+ |yV\T(landslide and
mudflows)
_.
d.
&.
3.
m.
_.
4.
m.
_.
d.
5.
m.
_.
d.
&.
j $|T\T
j $|T \ T eT]jTT eTVe] y<T \T
\ <&T\T
|Xe\ e# eTVe] y<T\T
Vs+ $w|P]+ e&+
1.4 ueq\T
eqe C ed+# m&] b++ u+|+

d+u$d, n~ deC mTe+{ |, D qw+
*+#<T. n+<Te\ < $|T> |s=qeTT. <
y| +(y| +) n+{+. 2001 >TsY uT C
d+u$+q u+|+ 10y\ |> |\ bD\qT
V]++~. de+| D |ue+ #| $|T>
e]+~.
u+b\T
>eT: 2007 qe+sY 15q +><X
q\T be&+(Dam failuers/Dam bursts) d+u$+q d<sY TbqT $|T> e]q y|
<VsD> #|e#T.
qq <yq\T(Minor fires)
1.4.1 y|+(Hazard) n+f @$T{?
skjTq, b]X$T, nDT $|T\T
HAZARD nH |<+ hasard nH |sq |+
skjTq eT]jTT b]X$T $|T\T
|<+ qT+& e+~. ns_ az-zahr n+f neX+
< n<w+ n ns+.
nDT $|T\T
>j\, bD qc < d, JeHb~ <
|e<\ d++~+q $|T\T
|sesD $<+k sDeTjT | < eqe
]#T
|s| |e<s |TqqT y|+ n+{sT(Hazard
is a dangerous event, natural or human induced that
|D n |e<\T
cause injury, loss of life or damage to property, live>qT es< |yV+
lihood or environment).
y|\qT 1. dV y|\T(Natural Hazards), 2. ke ` dV y|\T(Socio-Natural

Hazards), 3. eqe |] y|\T(Human InesTd u+T |\T
duced Hazards)> $u+#e#T.
u+|+, dTH$T, n|s $kq+ yTT<\>T
y\T, }s+|\ d+<s + > ]> |e<\T
y{ | d< < dV y|\T n+{sT.
$<TY, n |e<\T
b]X$T | e <\T, s \ T, s& T , $eq
$eq, s&T, s\T |e<\T
| e <\T, > y < <& T \T, q \ T
L*be&+, $w|P] es\ J, jTT<+,
|&e |e<\T
n+sZ sT>TuT yTT<\>Tq$ eqe |s|
>e n |e<\T
y|\ <VsD\T.
&. #eTTsT |e<\T

. ue+T\T L*be&+
m|t.
.
V#Y.
.
C.
.
$eq |_wH
10
$|T sVD
es<\T, ub\T, sTe\T e+{ y{ |,
eqe | s | s D \T s +& +{sTT.

n+<Te\q y{ ke ` dV y|\T
n+{sT. <VsD es<\ T dV d<+ > ]d
n~ es\ e\q se#T < eqe s+
sD+> dsq &HJ ks+ be&+ e\q
L& se#T.
eT{ nH s\ y|
\ >T]e#T.
<V s D > T sY u + b\T m e>
d+u$+# b+yTq|{, s#T> TbqT,
es<\T L& edT+{sTT. u+| eT+&\+
+& rs b++ es<\T, Tbq L& >T]
e#T. nTe+{ b+ VQ y|
eT+&\+(multi-hazard zone) n+{sT. eTq
<X $$< $|T \ nqTe> +& <Ts\
{ |\T s\T eT+&\T> $u +#&+ ]+~.
= b+\T VQ y| eT+&\T>
HsTT.
us<X+ u+b\T, sTe, es<\T, TbqT,
u b\T, <yq\T, |< mTq n |e<\T
e+{ y|\qT m<Ts=+T+~.
y|+ m|&T $|T <]rdT+~?

y|
d+ue $|T ( potential disaster)>
|s=+{sT. y|+ nqTq~ $|T <] rd

d+|Tq. <VsD es< y|+.
n~ d+u$ +q|&T, < m<Tse& |\T
d<+ > q|&T es< |\qT, q T, |X e\qT,
$\Tyq edTe\qT T& |fdT+~. n|&T es<
$|T> esTT+~.
de+ esZ+| y| |ue+, <
e\q d+u$+q eTsD\T, >j\T, d qw+
< ] qc\ qT+& |\T \T $<+>
#dq|&T $|T d+u$dT+~.
y|
+ <Ts\+ *q |\| |u e+ #|,
$< +k , bD qc , n+ s j
<]rdq|&T L& $|T d+u$dT+~.
d s q eqs T \T n+< T uT b e& + ,
\VqT\T, e<T\ T, ne>Vq b e&+ yTT<q
\yTq <Ts\\ bT $|TqT s+#
$eq |_wH
es<\T, u+|+ < TbqT e+{ @<H

y|+ d+u$d, n~ $|T <]rdT+~. |<
mTq bD, d qc sDeTeT+~.
<VsD Hyk\T m&] b++ e#
u+|+ n~ m+ re \~ nsTTH $|T>
| ] > D + # & < T . | \qT, y] d T \ qT,
sb\qT |u$+ #dq|& u+|+
$< +ds e TeT+~. {, y| \T, <Ts\+
\>*dq|&T eyT $|T d+u$dT+~.
_q s\ y|\T
y|\T n$ d+u$+# rsTqT { # s\T
HsTT. = s#T> ed, eT]= d+<s {
edT+{sTT.
y| sV\T
y|\T
u>[ y|\T
1. u+|+
2. dTH$T
3. ub+
4. n|s |\T&T
5. q\T be&+
6. >qT n |e<+
{ yesD y|\T
1. w eT+&\ #y+
(TbqT)
2. {s&, V]H
3. es<\T
4. sTe
5. e&>\T\T
6. +uew
7. ub+
8. e&>\T\T, o\ >\T\T
9. VeT d+b\T
10. deTT< sTsD
11
$|T sVD
|sesD y|\T
<Ts\+> sksT. u, ke, ] eT]jTT

|sesD s\T < |jT\# s]+#&
eT{ y| \ |u y >TsjT dT |+#
d <Ts\+ n+{sT(Vulnerability is the condition
1. |sesD \Tw+
2. n&e\ q]y
3. m&sD
4. >T <&T\T
determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increases the
susceptibility of a commnunity to the impact of hazards).
C$ y|\T
1. n+T y<T\T
2. >T <&T\T
3. \Tw Vs+
4. keTV $< +d
jTT<\T
skjTq/b]X$T/nDT |e<\T
1. skjTq $|T\T
2. b]X$T $|T\T
3. #eTTsT m>eT&+/ n
|e<\T
4. nDT |e<\T
|e< y|\T
1. | & e /s& T / s \ T/$eq
|e<\T
2. >MTD/|D b+ ]>
n | e <\T/u+T
|\T
3. ]#T\T
4. ueH\T L*be&+
5. $<TY |e<\T
6. =d\T
7. >qT es<\T
1.4.2 <Ts\+(Vulnerability)
eT{, sD+, de\T [
b++ y{ due+, sD+ eT]jTT n$ $|T u]
b+ < |e<s u u> q kMT|
$<+k < n+sj >Tse& >\ |]~
$eq |_wH
<VsD 2001 >TsY u+|+ d+<s+>

uTC |D+ ysT b+\ eddTq y] +f
sTq s&T, => ]+#&q msTTq, dTs+
ueH\T, n~ qk+< *q uTC b q>s
# + ~q y s m e> >j T | & s T . m e eT+~
eTsD+#sT. ysT b+\ eddTq |\T
$X\yTq s&qT * +&yT +&, qk+<
L& e> +~. {/s+&T n+dT\ ueH\qT
eyT * HsT. n+<Te\ ysT u+|+
eq|&T s> jTs>*>sT. {, uTC
ys eddT q y] +f uT C b q>s+ eddT q
ysT n~ <Ts\+ * qT #|e#T.
ke+>, ]+> n&T>Tq q |\T
$|T\ eT]+ <Ts\Ts +{sT. <VsD ~>Te
b+\(low lying areas) +& ysT es< eTT|
m e> * +{s T . es < \ e\q y]
<+{sTT. y] JeHb~| |ue+ |&TT+~.
eqsT\ $T L& $|T\ d+~+# eT]jTT <
m<Ts=H keTs |]$T+ #dT + ~. q|\\ T, e<T\ T,
$+>T\T $T> y]+f me |u y >TsesT.
d+sY |sY dsY H ~ m|&$Tj\J |t
&CdsY(CRED) 2000 $&T<\ #dq y~
|s+ $|T\ d+<s+> #bjT y] 85% eT+~
eTV\T, |\ +THsT.
<Ts\\qT u ( physical) <Ts\+,
ke - ] ( socio-economic ) < T s \ +>
eZ]+#e#T.
u <Ts\+
u+b\T < es<\T e+{ | $|T\T
sD+> qwbjT, $<+k >TsjT e\T,
eqsT\T B |]~ eksTT. ~ ue H\T, eT*
edT\T e+{ eTT+| *q sD\T eT]jTT
|\T y| q kMT|, |<X+,
due+| <s|& +T+~. $|T ]>
dejT+ ueH\T, sD\T < \qT
m<Tse& * q k+ keTs +| L&
<s|& +T+~.
12
$|T sVD
dTs+ b+\ n<T|+& |]>
dsyk\T |\qT y|\ >T] #ksTT.

u+|+ < ub+(landslide) d+u$+
q|&T b++| +& ue+T\T, sD\T
|L\&+ < C]be&+ ], ~>Teq q
b+\ u +b\qT T H $<+ > ]+q
sD\qT d+ L*yjTe#T.
ke` ] <Ts\+
y|+ |\| #|+# re e\+ \T\T < TbqT
eH eT yk\qT sT. |<]+
sD+> ] qT ]+#TsT.
1.4.3 keTs+(Capacity)
$|T q T m<Tse&+, Te&+, s~+#&+
< < qT+& s> \Te&+ d+ T+u\T
eT]jTT eT{\ e< +&, y{ n+<T d+d<T \ qT
#d eqsT\T, esZ\T eT]jTT \qT keTs+>
s k s T . | \ keTs L & | ] > D q
rdTe#T.
keTs\T s+&T s\T.
1. u keTs+:
Tbq <s <+deTjT qT, es<\
=TbjT |+qT |\T b&Te#T.
=+<sT e\T ysT |<X XX+> >
< *+> > e\d be&+ <s b~
b+<>*> H|D * +{sT. Te+{
y{ u keTs+ n+{sT.
2. ke` ] keTs+:
n~ X+ $|T\ |\T u+>,
b<]+> n~ qc\T b+<TsT. nsTT
d+|qe+T\T eT d+|< sD+> Te+{
qc\ qT+& s> \T+{sT. d+|qe+T\T
$eq |_wH
dTs b+\ edd , y] >V\T <&y T q

keT ]+#&+ e\q ysT nsT<T> eyT
$| T \ > T s e T +{s T . y d s +
$<+dyTH, < qT+& \TH keTs+ *
+{sT.
y|
\T m|& d+u$ dH +{sTT. nsTT,
reyTq <Ts\+, m<Ts=H keTs+ e>
q|& y|\T $|T> essTT.
eTs $<+> #b\+f y| e, eT{
<Ts\+ re+> |u$eTjT eTT|qT
|+#TsTT.
1.4.4 eTT|(Risk)
y| \T eT]jTT <Ts\ |]d T \ eT< |sd s
#s\ sD+> ] s|+ n+sjT+,
|sesD D bT eTsD\T, >j\T, d,
JeHb~ qw+ e+{ VsyTq |sekH\T <
}V+#<qTe+{ qk\T ]> d+ueqT eTT|
n+{sT.
]w \ ee~ ]w b++ y|
d+|Tq d+u$+q sD+> }V+q qc\
n+#HqT eTT| n+{sT.
eTT| ksTT +~ n+X\| <s|& +T+~:
y| due+
y| |uy >TsjT n+X\ <Ts\+
n+X\ ] $\Te
eT{/b++ y|\ >Ts, <
<Twuy |u$yTq|&T eT{/b++
eTT| qT #|&TT+~.
eTq+ $|T sVDqT >T]+, #]dTHeT+f,
n~ $|T eTT| sVD >T]+ #]+#&y T neT+~.
$|T eTT| sVD y| ~+#&+
< eTT| * q n+X+ jTT <Ts\ ~+#&+
<s $|T d++~ bD qc\T, d qc\qT Z+#
n #s\T $T& +{sTT.
$| T eTT| ~+| ( Disaster Risk
Reduction)qT ~>Te $<+> #|&sT.
1. d+d<(Preparedness):
~ d+sD |jT. +<T |uT\T, e\T
$|T |]dT\ dsyT, y>+> d+~+# $<+>
#d #s\T +{sTT.
13
$|T sVD
d+d<
1. #sDjTyTq neds |D[\T,
2. V#] eed\ n_e~,
3. $wsD\ sVD,
4. e\ D
yTT<\>Tq$ +{sTT.
{, d+d< $|T d+u$+q|&T bD
qc , \ de\ n+ s j , $< +k
Z+#& $|T eTT+<T rdTH #s\qT *
+T+~.
2. |XeTq+(Mitigation):
|XeTq+ y| |uy, u$wY $|T
y| Z+#&d+ <Ts\ |]dT\qT ~+#&
rdTe\dq #s\T s+& +{sTT.
{, |XeTq sb\T y|+ bT
$|T eTT|q >TsjT n+X\| L& +B]+#e\d
+T+~.
]w y| |XeTq #s\ <VsD\T:
sTe eTT| q b+\ { jeq+,
y| |& b+\ qT+& |\qT s*+#&+,
y|+ d+u$+q|&T $<+k ~+# sD\
|+ yTT<q$.
|XeTq #s\T Te+{ u #s\ bT
$|T d+u$+#& sDeTjT ], ke
<Ts\\qT ~+# \ L& * +T+~.
2004 d T H$T s T y $ T H & T
k$TjsY|sTT >eT+ s >e\ b\T+f
e eTsD\T d+u$+#sTT. >eT |\T X<q
sD, U #jTT, |<eT D * HsT.
~ ysT $|T\ d+<s+> deTse++> d+~+,
|< d+K $\Tyq bD\qT b&{ <V<|& + ~.
eTT| ke |]dT\qT { L& +T+~.
<VsD q>s +& b~ neX\T >MTD
b+\ |\qT eT y| ]ksTT. ds q ] eqsT\T
be&+, q>s d\ +& n~ sT y]
dTs + , <Ts\ yTq eTT] y& ds | & #ksTT.
eTT+u |qseeTjT es<\ e\ q>s+ s
b+\ y] +f eTT] y& ed+# |< me
$eq |_wH
<Twuy\T m<Ts=+THsT. sEy L* |qT\T

e&+, | |<X\T <q&+, $<T<|+, {
e\ e# y<T\T, s s\ qc\qT m<Ts=+{sT.
y] mTe+{ d +&be&+ e\q mTe+{ ;e
L& e]+#<T. |uT+, s dVjT d+d\T y]
*q qc\ mTe+{ |]Vs+ #*+#e. $<+>
y] ke d es<\T eq|&T n~ $|T
eTT|q sDeTeT+~.
1.5 $|T sVD

(Disastster Management)
$|T sVD nqTq~ $|T / neds |]d T \|
jT+D * +&{, |\qT $|T |u e+ qT+&
|+#&, |uy\qT Z+#&, y] y{ qT+&
\Te& <V<|& $<+> #{ *+#
$<+> s|\q #dq |\T s\ sb\
deVs+(Disaster Management covers the range of
activities designed to maintain control over a disaster/emergency situations and to provide a frame work
for helping people to avoid, reduce the effects of, or
recover from impact of a disaster).
s b\T $| T eTT+< T , $| T
d+<s+> < $|T nq+s+ sV+# d+d<,
| X e Tq+, n ed s d +< q , d V j T eT]j T T
|qsT<sD(|q]sD+ eT]jTT |qsyd+) yTT<\>T
y{ d++~+qy +{sTT.
$|T sVD $_q <X\T +{sTT.
n$:
1. neds d+<q dVjT #s\T
2. |qsyd+ |q]sD+
3. |XeTq+
4. d+d<
k<sD+> <X\qT $|T d+u$+q
nq+s+ esTd> =qkksT.
1. neds d+<q dVjT #s\T
(Emergency Response and relief)
$|T d+<s+ eT]jTT $|T q y+H
< |u y\qT +Z #& #|f D #s \qT neds
d+<q dVjT #s\T> #|e#T.
14
$|T sVD
|uT +, |uT s d+d\ T, CH dT, >TsT <s

$T{ e+{ |\T eT d+d\ T |d+<q eT]jTT dV jT
#s\qT n+~ksTT.
+<T
m. X<q eT]jTT sD #s\T,
_. |<eT ,
d. Vs+, \T, w\sT, eT+<T\T n+<CjT&+
yTT<\>Tq$ +{sTT.
2. |qsyd+ |q]sD+(rehabilitation and reconstruction)
|d+<q eT]jTT dV jT #s \T #|{ q y+H
$|T |u$ eT{ k<sD d #sTH+<T
|uT+, |\T |uTs d+d\T |qsyd+ eT]jTT
|q]sD(rehabilitation and reconstruction) #s\T
#|&sTT. s&T, XX >V\T, $<TY, eTwH
H{esT\T |qsT<]+#&sTT. $|T sVD
d++~+q <X JeHb~ sTTq y] ]
|qsyd+ L& *ksT.
3. |XeTq+(Mitigation)
$|T |]~ < $|T d+u$+#& >\
neX e #d @ #s HH |Xe Tq #s nqe#T.
|XeTq #s $|T eTT+<T, $|T deTjT+ <
$|T nq+s+ L& #|e#T. , |XeTq #s
nH |< $|T >TsjT d+ueqT Z+#&
rdTH #s\ s#T> |j+#&+ sT>TT+~.
|Xe Tq #s u eT]jTT sD #s \T
s+& +{sTT.
$|T \ |u y\qT +Z #& Bs * #s \T>
|\T s\ sD eT]jTT sDs #s\qT
#|&sT. sD #s u>+> $|TqT TH
ue H\ sD+, qB q\ mT |+#&+ #ksT . $|T
s V D D e& + , u $j >
eTB]+#&+, | ne>Vq |+#&+ yTT<\>T
sDs #s\T #|&+ sT>TT+~.
4. d+d<(Preparedness)
y| \ |u y deTse ++> m<Tse&
y| |Tq eTT+< #|f sb\T, #s\qT
d+d< n+{sT. deTse+yTq d+d< #s\qT
|]>Dq rdTq |+ $|T \ |u y |< mTq
$eq |_wH
+Z #&y T +&, $|T \ qT m<Ts=H+<T eT{

nTeT+> dq<+ #jTe#T.
|XeTq+, d+d<\ d++~+ +~ <VsDqT
>eT+#+&:
1977 qe+sY 15q +<|<X >+ 200
MTs y>yTq >\T\ L&q #y TbqT
d+u$++~. B sD+> 10,454 eT+~ eTsD+#>,
55,00,000 eT+~ sXjTT\jsT. 90,37,400
eT+~| |ue+ |&+~. 378 sbjT\ ] qw+
d+u$ ++~. 1990 +< |<X qT eTs= |qT TbqT
+~. nsTT |]q Hu sD+> 1977 +f
me> 1990 63,40,000 eT+~ sXjTT\jsT.
15
$|T sVD e\jT+

(Disaster Management Cycle)
$|T sVD $|TqT |+#&+, <
|u y +Z #&+ < < e\q ]q qc\ qT+&
\TH #jT&+ d+ $|T eTT+<T, $|T
d+<s+>, $|T sTy #|f n sb\T,
se\T, #s\ $T& +{sTT.
$| T eTT| s V D u > + > # | f
sb\ jTT eT&T eTTKyTq <X\T.
1. $|T eTT+<T:
y|+ d+u$d, < e\q *> eq, d
qc\qT Z+#& #|f sb\T. <:
ne>VH |#s\T, \VqyTq sD\qT |+
#jT&+, T++ eT]jTT eT{ ksTT $|T
sVD |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ yTT<\>Tq$.
<X #|f Te+{ eTT| ~+| #s \qT
|XeTq eT]jTT d+d< sb\T n+{sT.
2. $|T deTjT+:
u~T\ neds\qT, u<\qT rs+<T #|f
#s\T. <X #|f #s\qT neds |d+<q
sb\T n+{sT.
3. $|T sTy:
$|T q y+H $|T |uy >Tsq
eT{\T s> \TH $<+> #|f |qsyd
#s \T. M{ |d+<q eT]jTT dd ( response and
recovery) sb\T n+{sT.
$|T sVD
nsTTq|{, deTse+yTq |XeTq, d+d< #s\ |\T, d++~ s |uT XK\T eT+ |+&
sD+> eTT\ d+K >DjT+> Z+~. 969 eT+~ eT~+| #j*q neds+ +~. n+<TuT q
eTsD+#sT.
eqs T \ > T ]+ ne>V q b e& + s D +>
\ueTeTq de#s+ e] es #s&+ <T.
us<X+ $_q $|T\ de#s dsD
<X y|+> d+u$+# |\T s\ $|T\ u< qT >D+\T eT]jTT se\ neT\T eT+
de#s d+d<+ #d jT++>+ + n_e~ XK(Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implemen#+<e\d +~. $|T sVD #+ 2005, +< tation) #|{+~. $|T\T, y{ d++~+q s
&{udqt T n_e~|] #+<T nedsy T q #{
@sT #jT&q Hwq d{ |sY &CdsY n+X\
d+d<+ #d <w +< >D+\ s\jT+(Central
y T H C y T +{ ( National Institute for Disaster Statistics Office) k+ $T{ @sT #d+~.
Management(NIDM) ) | ] X< H s e \T
1. ksTT $|T\ >D+\T
sVk+~. $|T \ bT <X ke, ] Jeq+,
2. ksTT #|{q |XeTq #s\T, |qsyd
&| e~| y{ |u y d++~+q de#s dsD
>D+\T,
jT++> d+d n_e~ #dT+~.
3. $|T >D+\ \ y d+>VD
||+# ksTT $|T\ de#s d]+#
4. |XeTq #s\T, |qsyd >D+\ \ y
eT&T |<q eqsT\T HsTT. n$: 1.EM. DAT, 2.
d+>VD,
Natcat , 3. Sigma . d+sY | s Y dsY H ~
5. sh ksTT qw+, |qsyd de#s
m|&$Tj\J H &CdsY(Centre for Research on
b~#jT&+
the Epidemiology on Disastera(CRED)) nH d+d
| $es\qT d]+#+<T <T bsqT n_e~
1987 qT+& ||+ #y|+ > |\T <X\ qT+& d]dTq #XsT. +< ksTT &{udtqT d<+ #jT&
$|T &{qT EM. DAT> eeV]ksT. eT#Y nedsy T q de#s sh |uT +, ksTT d+d\ T
qsH +| NatcatH{{qT sVdT+&>, ddt n+~+#e\d +T+~.
qsH +| Sigma |] de#s d]k+~.
eT&T d+d\T d]dTq de#s+ eT< b+q
+&+ <T . n$ d]+# n+\T deT>+> +{jTH
$|T q|&T k<sD+> |< | re
us k d + <T . = d+<s\ n$ n+\qT me
|
u
y
>TsesT. ysT eT yd kH m+|
#d #|Tq <VsD 1999 yE d+u$ +q
#dTe& e neX+ +T+~. nH |<
ub+ d+<s+> ]+~.
eT{\T {sq =+& y\T\T < qB es<
>+ d+u$+q $|T\ d++~+q yT<H\T e+{ |e<s H\ eddT+{sTT.
+BjT >D+\ de#s dsD(&{udt) ]sT Te+{ b+ ysT k+ q T T +{sT. y{
be&+ eTT|qT n+#H yjT&+, <X+ + dTs + > m ]+#Ty\H ne>Vq +&<T . y
|Ps+ d+u$+q $|T\ d+>VD |<q n&+> ne>Vq q|{, <&yTq, HDyTq ueq sD
+{+~. bD qw+, $|T\ |uy d++~+ keT =qT>\T #d X +&<T.
$_q eqsT\ <s d]+# &{ _q s\T> +,
$|T sT y |< |\T \Te&+ # w+ .
$|T reqT n+#H yjT& ++> +{+~.
|<q y|\(Hazards) d++~+q XdjT Xs >j\T, $<+d+, JeHb~ e&+ e+{
d e #s + \u eTe T q| { , y{ | u y Bs* |sekH\qT * +{sTT. \ keT,
d++~+q de#s+ deT>+> \_+#&+ <T. <X syD k<H\qT eTqT, eT T+u\qT
bw+#Te& eTsesZ+ +&<T. y] mTe+{
y|+> de#s+ d+ \u+ e&+ <T.
;e +&<T. $|T eTT+<T q ksTT se&+ #
$_q eqsT\ <s \_+# $|T de#s weTeT+~.
1.6 de#s dsD
1.7 |\| $|T |ue+
$eq |_wH
16
$|T sVD
2. $|T\T ` ||+# |]d

(Disasters in the World - An Overview)
2.1 |]#jT+
$|T\T nq$ ||+#y|+> ds k<sD+.
$|T \ eqe C q+ #] +~. y{ re,
d+w, e, ] eed\| y{ |ue+ HH{
|sT>TT+&+ +<q *k+~. | y|\T
|\ re eTT|qT *d n~ Hu k+<
* q n_e~ <X\ \T $<+> qw+
*dTHsTT. $|T\ e\q ||+# ] eed
d+es d>Tq 880 _*jTH nyT]H &\s qw+
y{\T+~.
| $|T\ d++~+q ]sT qy<T
.|P. 430 qT+& bs+uyT+~. d+es+ @<H
q>s+ f| d t eTVe] d+u$ +qT qy<+ ~. .X.
1556 eTT+<T ||+#+ 10 n+ ujT+syTq
| $|T \ T d+u$ +#sTT. 1556 qe] 23q #H
c+^ b$qT d+u$+q u+| & 8,30,000
eT+~ bD\T jsT.
1992`2000 eT< d>Tq d+es <<| 500

$|T\T #=|q ||+#y|+> yTT+ 4,989 $|T\T
d+u$+#sTT.
nsTT 1999 qT+& 2003 eT< d+es
d>Tq 707 $|T\T qy<jsTT. 1994 `1998
eT< \+ b\T+f 1999`2003 eT< $|T\
d+K d>
Tq d+es 60% |]+~. eqy_e~
n\+> q <X 142% |s>&+ >eTHs+.
1992`2001 eT< d + u $ +q $| T \ qT
|]o*d, sTe, <T]+ n+ bD+ $|T\T>
s | e Tj sTT. es < \ T, k+ | e <\T,
u+b\T, TbqT, nk<sD c>\T sTy
kH HsTT.
2.2 ||+# y|+> $|T\ rsT

20e X+ s+&e nsu>+ ||+#+
$_q b+ 200 |> |qT $|T \ T d+u$ +#sTT.
dTesT 14 \\ eT+~ bD\T jsT.
b]X$T <X\ b\T+f $|T\ e\
d+u$+q qw+ (&| X+ |s+>) n_e~
#+<TTq <X\ 20 sT n~+> +~. |
$|T\ sD+> bD qw+ n~+> ]q <X\
C_ dj <X\T n>u>q HsTT.
{e\ \+ dV , eqe s $|T \ d+K
>DjT+> |sT>T+~. 1994 qT+& 1998 eT< ||+ #
y| + > d + e s d > Tq 428 $| T \ T
d + u $ +#sTT. sd $ T > D +\ | s +
$eq |_wH
1995 qT+& 2004 eT< ||+#y|+>

d+u$+q $|T\ rsT
17
es<\T
TbqT
sTe, d++~ $|T\T
eTVe] y<T\T
u+b\T dTHMT\T
ub\T
30%
21%
19%
15%
8%
4%
$|T sVD
n|s $kH\T
VeT d+b\T
\ <&T\T
1%
1%
1%
2.3 s $es\T
2005 s>sY, usY s+q In the Line of Fire:
Trauma in the Emergency Services |d

+ |s+
>& q 10 d+es\ nq> 1995 qT+& 2005

eT< ||+# y|+> 200 T(2 _*jTqT)
< ||+#Hu 1/3 e+T Hu $|T\
& >Tse&+ ]+~.
dV $|T \
sD+> ||+ #y|+ > |jT{
60,000 eT+~ eTsDdTHsT.
+swq |&
s wH |t s &dt n+& s &d+{
kd{dt(IFRC) |#T]+q ||+# $|T y~
(World Disaster Report) 2010 |s+ 2000
qT+& 2009 eT< ||+# y|+> $|T\
|uy >Tsq y] 85% dj, |d|
b+ #+~q ys HsT.
sd$T $|T ~+|q n+srjT
$eq |_wH
18
ePV+(United Nations International Strategy

for Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR)) $&T<\
#dq > nddtyT+{ ]bsY 2011 |s+
||+# y|+> es<\ >TseTq y] 90
X |> <Ddj, sT dj, |d|
<X +THsT.
<Ddj $|T |& <X\ n~ Hu
sD+> us<X+, +><X\T n~+>
$|T\ >TseTHsTT.
u>[ $ds + , q<T\T, d sD+> +><X
rs b+\T es < \ T, T b q m e>
>TseTHsTT.
||+#u+ $&T<\ #dq natural hazards,
unnatural disasters y~ |s+ es<\T,
TbqT ||+#y|+> n~ X+ $d]+
+& > , | s T e\T # s # T >
d + u $ d T H sTT. s T e\T, es < \
|&+ #&TTq <X\T ||+ #+H n+ *
<X\T> |\Te&TTHsTT.
+< VA+ eT+ XK 2011 y~ |s+
$|T \ e\q d+u$ +# qw+ &| X+ |s+ >
$|T sVD
b]X$T <X\ +f n_e~ #+<TTq <X\

20 sT n~+> +{+~.
jTTmHmdt&sY $&T<\ #dq Disaster Risk
Reduction: An Instrument for Achieving the
Millennium Development Goals | s +
u +b\T, TbqT, es<\ T, sT e\ >TseTq

y] 85% eT+~ n_e~ #+<TTq <X\
#+~q ys +THsT.
$| T \ e\ H s T > d + u $ +# qw + $\Te
1960\ d+es 75.5 nyT]H _*jTH
&\sT +&>, > 10 d+es\T> n~
d+es {*jTH nyT]H &\sT(\
&\sT) #sT+~.
sh+ q VAH\T\T.
yud{: http://itic.ioc-unesco.org
|d| b++ dTHMT V#] deTqjT
>|(International Coordination Group for the
Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICGITSU)): B 1968 jTTHk |< q s\jT+
2.4 n+srjT $|T sVD

d+d\T
| d+es+ nsY 13qT n+srjT $|T
~+| ~q+(International Day for Disaster Reduction)> b{ksT . 1990`1999qT n+srjT

$|T ~+| <X+(International Decade for
]+~.
Natural Disaster Reduction)> b{+#&+
|d| dTH$T y]+> d+sY(Pacific Tsunami
Warning Center (PTWC)): BH n+srjT
dTHMT V#]\ +<+ n L& n+{sT.
B |< q s\jT+ nyT] VysTT sh+
y ;#Y +~. B nyT] #+~q Hwq
zc n+& n{djT] n&dwH(National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA))
sVk+~. B 1948 @sT

#XsT. 2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+ eq
dTH$T nq+s+ +<+ de\qT V+<
eTVdeTT<+, s_jTH, #TT|\ b+\
L& $d]+#&+ ]+~.
yud{: http://ptwc.weather.gov
+swq dTHMT qs wH d+sY(International
Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) ): B
jTTHk #+~q +sY>e syT+ zwH>|
$TwH( IOC) < s+ 1965 @sT #jT &+
]+~. B |<q +<+ nyT] VysTT
$eq |_wH
19
bH b]dt +sY>e syT+ zwH>|

$TwH( zd) < s+ @sT #jT &+ ]+~.
djTH &CdsY ]&H d+sY(Asian Disaster
Reduction Cente(ADRC) ): B 1998
CbH u q>s+ @sT #XsT.
yud{: www.adrc.asia
dj &CdsY ||sYHdt d+sY(Asia Disaster
Preparedness Center (ADPC) ): B 1986
qe] <sTT+& s< u+ +<+>
@sT #jT&+ ]+~.
yud{: www.adpc.net
||+# yesD d+d(World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) ): ~ sd $ T
nqT+< d+d. u>yesD |sy+#
d+d |<q +<+ ds+& Cy
+~. |jT{ e] 23q ||+# yesD
~He+> sT|+{sT.
yud{: http://www.wmo.int/
ksY &CdsY yTHCyT+{ d+sY(SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC)): B 2006
nsY q& Hwq d{ |t
&CdsY yTHCyT+{(National Institute of Disaster
Management) esD @sT #jT &+ ]+~.
yud{: saarc-sdmc.nic.in
kY djTH &CdsY H& H{esY(South Asian
Disaster Knowledge Network (SADKN)): ~
ksY &CdsY yTHCyT+{ d+sY <s+
sV+#& yubs.
yud{: www.saarc-sadkn.org
+swq kJ |sY &CdsY ]&H(United
Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)):
~ sd$T <s+
$|T sVD
@sT 1999 &d+sY @sT #jT&+~.

|<q s\jT+ ds+& Cy +~.
yud{: www.unisdr.org
+sY > e s y T + bH H y T {
#+C(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)): B 1988 | | + # yes D
d + d ( & T m+z), sd $ T | s es D
seT+(jTTmH|)\T \d @sT #XsTT.
B |<q s\jT+ ds+& Cy
+~.
yud{: www.ipcc.ch
nysYHdt n+& ||sYHdt |sY meTsdt m{
e(Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level(APELL)): sd $ T
|sesD seT+(jTTmH|) |uT\T,
b]X$T esZ\ *d k+ |e<\T,
|sesD neds |]dT\T d+u$+#+&
Z+#&, y{ e\ ]> Vs |uy\qT
~+#& nysHY d t n+& ||sYH d t |s Y meTs dt
m{ e(m|mm)qT sb+~++~.
yud{: www.uneptie.org/pc/apell
n&MT |sY &CdsY b+> f+>( Acad-
n+srjT $|T ~+|

~He+: nsY 13
(International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR)):
| jT{ nsY 13q n+srjT $|T ~+|
~He+> sT|+{sT. 2013 ~Hy
$|T \ T, n+>y \ + bs&TTqy] n++ #XsT.
2009 es | j T { n sY 2e T< y s
n+ s r j T d V $| T \ ~+|
~He+(International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction)> b{+# ysT. 2009 &d+sY 21q sd$T
k<sD nd+; 2010 qT+& |jT{ nsY 13qT
n+srjT $|T ~+| ~He+> b{+#\
ssTT++~.
CrjT $|T sVD ~He+:

nsY 29
us< X + |jT{ nsY 29q CrjT $|T
sVD ~Hy sT|+{sT.
+&j &CdsY yTHCyT+{ +>dt
CrjT $|T sVD d+d( mH&m+) < s+

u s < X y T T y T T< { & C d s Y y T H C y T +{
emy for Disaster Management Education, Planning
+>dt(&m+d) 2006 qe+sY 29, 30 B\
and Training (ADEPT)):
q& $CH ueH ]+~. B |<qeT+
~ #H q |uTs d+d. $|T sVD eTHVHd+> bs+_+#sT.
s+>+ D sT\T n+~+#&+ bT
s +&e +&j &Cds Y yTHCyT +{ +>dt 2009
|D[\T sb+~dT+~.
qe+sY 4 qT+& 6e B es q& $Cq
yud{: http://www.adeptasia.org/
ueHH ]+~.
$eq |_wH
20
$|T sVD
$eq |_wH
21
$|T sVD
||+#+ d+u$+q ujT+s $|T\T` bD qw+

#] qy<q ujT+s $|T\T
e.d |Tq
1. u+|+
2. u+|+
3. TbqT
4. jT q~ es<\T
5. yTdH u+|+
6. u+|+
7. +{ |qT u+|+
8. #H eTV <T]+
9. u TbqT
10. {+>H u+|+
d+es+
1556
1731
1737
1887
1908
1920
1923
1958-1961
1970
1976
<X+ b++
eTsD\T
#H, c+^
8,30,000
#H
1,00,000
usY, \
3,00,000
#H
9,00,000-20,00,000
1,23,000
#H, >+qT
2,35,000
bH
1,42,000
#H
150,00,000-430,00,000
|eT u+>(usY), +><X
5,00,000
#H
2,42,419
>&q X+ qy<q ujT+s $|T\T

e.d |Tq
1. #H es<\T
2. es<\T
3. TbqT
4. +><X TbqT
5. u+|+
6. dTH$T
d+es+
1931
1954
1970
1991
1999
2004
7. V]H H
8. djH u+|+
9. dH qZdt
10. Vr u+|+
2005
2008
2008
2010
$eq |_wH
<X+ b++
eTsD\T
#H
10,00,000-25,00,000
#H
40,000
>+>, KT(+><X)
3,00,000
+><X
1,39,000
17,000
+&Hwj, l\+, usY, eTwj,
2,30,210
ke*j, +><X, <sTT+&
jTTHf& d{ |t nyT]
1,836
#H
87,476
eTjTHsY
1,38,000
Vr
3,16,000
22
$|T sVD
3. us<X+ $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q

(Disasters in India - an Overview)
3.1 |]#jT+
u ` owd eT+&\+, |\ u, ke,
] <Ts\\ &T n~ X+ us< X u u>+
<Ts\ b+\ +&+ yTT<\>T sD\ e\q
us<X+ ||+#+H n+ $|T |& <X\
{> e]+~.
es<\ T, sT e\T, u +b\T, TbqT, u b\T
yTT<\>Tq$ us<X+ s# d+u$+# $|T\T.
1839 qe+sY 25q d+u$+q TbqT e\ 3
\\ eT+~ |> |\T eTsD+#sT. 2001
>TsY uT C d+u$ +q u +|+, 1999 nsY
29q ]k rs q d|sY dH\T |{
>TsT+&bjT HsTT. 2010 >dT 6q eT
osY Vt, < #TT|\ b+\ ]dq
+uew sD+> eq d es<\T, |+
|yV+(mudflow) dw+q ;u+ n++ <T.
B e\ 196 eT+~ #b>, 65 eT+~ >\+jsT.
3,661 <+d+ >, 27,350 Vs |+ qw+
]+~.
d j K+& + d + u $ +# $| T \
|u$eTjT | 6%, $|T\ e\ d+u$+#
eTsD 24% us<X+H d+u$dTHsTT.
s |t +&jTH k+&sY(_mdt) |s+
us<X+ $ds+ dTesT 85% { < n++f
me $|T \ >TsjT b++> +~. s< &
dV 57% uu>+ re u+| eTT|qT * +~.
$| T \ e\q @{ Crj T d \
<oj(&|) 2% $|T\ e\q qweTe+~.
us<X n_e~ esZ dV $|T\T
|<q nes<+> +THjT 2003 ||+#u+
sV+q n<jTq+ y\&++~. +< |uT+
$|T sVD deTqj +< >V eT+(VA+
$eq |_wH
$Td) XK H& &bsYyT+T> u< eVk+~.

2000 d+es+ qT+& <X+ $|T |d+<q
keTs\qT n_e~ #jT&+ bT d+d<, ysD,
|XeTq keTs\qT n_e~ #jT&+| +B]+#&+
sT>T+~. <X+ n n_e~ se\qT $|T
||T+> sb+~+#bsTTq#, <X n_e~
\\qT, dTds n_e~ k~+#&+ nk<eTeT+~.
n+<Te\q us< X + $|T sVD n+
b<q e&+ sT>T+~. CrjT, sh+,
ksTT $|T sVD eedq T nT |uT s+>+qT,
|uT s+>+q |+ #dTHsT.
3.2 us<X+ $|T\ |]d
23
||+#+ n+ $|T eTT| *q yTT<{
10 <X\ us<X+ L& {.

j T TH f & H w H | d t | s Y & C d s Y ]dt
]&H(UNISDR) y~ |s+ 2010 dV
$|T \ #H sT y us< X + s +&e kq+
+~.
d > Tq | d + e s + y \ d
qwbe&+ bT 50 $T*jTqT(< 5 )
eT+~ |\T { < n++f me $|T\
|uy >TseTHsT.
us<X+ | d+es+ |qseeTjT
es<\ 200 $T*jTq(20 ) eT+~ |\T
|u$eTeTHsT.
us< X + 1970\T, 80\ sT e\T, <T] \T
n|< bD+ $|T \ T> +&$. H&T |]d
|P]> e]bsTT+~. nTeT eqsT\ sVD,
Vsu< #s\ sD+> sTe\T, <T]\
e\q d + u $ +# eTs D \T > D j T +>
ZbjsTT. H&T $|T >jT|&TTq y]
98% es<\T, <TsT >\T\T, u+b\ e\H
$|T sVD
>jT|&T THsT. d+K > 10 d+es\T>

|sT>T +~.
2001 qT+& 2011 eT< \+ dj K+&+
|< d+K u+b\T d+u$+#sTT. |<
d+K |\T eTsD+#sT. {e\ \+
es<\T, sTe\T, #y\T, u+b\T,
u b\T, V eTd + b\T u s < X +
>DjT+> |sT>TTHsTT.
|< mTq $|T eTT|, |uy >TsjT
eT+~ |\T u>[ $|T\T, \` yesD
$|T\T, eqe s eT]jTT k+ $|T\
<Ts\+ *q b+\ eddTHsT.
_* + > y T { ] j T f \J | y w H
( BMTPC) s b+~+q e\s T*{
n{dt(Vulnerability Atlas) us<X u>[
$ds+ 58.6% e~] qT+& n+
reyTq u+b\qT m<Ts=H III, IV eT]jTT
V u+| eT+&\(seismic zones) qT
V#]++~.
<X u>[ $ds+ 12% +& 40 $T*jTH
Vs |> u$T s+s+ e# es<\T, qB
|yV esT, qB jT+ yTT<\>T y{
>Tse+~. +<T dTesT 7.5 $T*jTq Vs
b++ | d+es+ |qseeTjT es<\
>Tse+~.
7516 MTs us< X rss K 5700 (71%)
MTs uu>+ TbqT n\&T\T, TbqT,
dTHMT\ eTT|qT * +~.
| d+es+ d> Tq ns_j deTT<+, +>
U + qT+& < T < s T w e T+& \
TbqT(tropical cyclones) rs <TTHsTT.
us<X uu>+ 8% u$T TbqT\ eTT|
* +~.
yTT+ k>T j>yTq u$T 68% |>
$ds+ sTe <Ts\+ * +~.
nds y T q y\T\T, ms TTq |<X \ u b\T,
VeTd+b\T s#T> d+u$dT+{sTT.
| n+X\qT |]o*d us<X+ <<| 85%
u $ds + dV y| \ |& b++> +<
#|e#T.
$eq |_wH
24
1967 qT+& 2006 eT< us<

X + d+u$ +q
yTT+ dV $|T\ 52% es<\ e\q >,

23% #y\T, 11% u+b\T, 11%
ub\ e\q d+u$+#sTT. nsTT u+b\
e\q n~ eT+~ #b>, es<\ T, #y\T
sTy kH HsTT. n~ X+ |\T
|u$yT+~ e+ sTe e\H.
||+# u+ n<jTq+ |s+ 1996 qT+&
2000 eT< us< X + dV , eqe s $|T \
sD+> |jT{ &| 2.25 X+, s&
12.15 X+ sTT+~.
1982 qT+& 2001 eT< >&q s+&T <Xu\
dV $|T\T 1,07,813 bD\qT V]+#sTT.
d>Tq d+es 5,390 eT+~ bD\T
e&+ ]+~.
||+ # u+ 2001, 2003, 2009 sV+q
n<jTq+ |s+ us<X+ $|T\ sD+>
|jT{ &| 2%, +< |uT y]
s& 12% qwb+~.
21e X+ yTT<{ <X+H us<X+ nH
uj
T +s $|T \ qT m<Ts=+~. n$: 2001 uT C
u+|+, 2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+
dTH$T, 2008 d q~ es<\T, 2009
+<|<X, s es<\T, 2010 Vt
+uew, sK+& es<\T, 2011 d+
u+|+.
d++~ |uT\T n+~+q n+#H\ |s+
2008 d es<\T, 2009 +<|<X, s
es<\ T, 2010 s K+& es<\ y{*q yTT+
qw+ $\Te s. 80,000 T.
12e ] d+|T+ 2005 qT+& 2010 eT<
<X+ yTT+ MT< $|T sVD
{sTT+q yTT+ e\+ s. 21,333 T
eyT.
>&q 35 d+es\ 360 dV $|T\T
d+u$+#sTT.
21e X| yTT<{ 9 d+es\H |\T s\
dV $|T\ sD+> dTesT 400 y\ eT+~
eTsD+#&+, 247,480 y\ eT+~ |u$+
e&+ ]+~. eTsD+q y] n~ X+
eT+~ |< HsT.
$|T sVD
dV $|T \
T us< X ] eed | re |u e+
|yqH yu >D+\ |s+ us<X+

#|THsTT. >&q 35 d+es\ |uT, 1980 qT+& 2010 eT< 30 d+es\ \+
|yT dT\ |+> 30 _*jTH nyT]H us<
X + d+u$ +q dV $|T |T q\T,
&\s qw+ d+u$++~.
y{ |*\ $es\T HsTT.
n+ eTT+<T 15 d+es\ b\T+f (2.9
$|T |Tq\ d+K

431
eTsD+q y] d+K
1,43,039
d>Tq d+es eTsD+q
y] d+K
4,614
|u$Tq |\ d+K 152,17,26,127
d>Tq d+es
$|T\ |uy >Tsq
y] d+K
4,90,87,940
] qw+(y\ &\s)
4,80,63,830
d>Tq d+es qw+
15,50,446
(y\ &\s)
_*j T H &\s T ) 1981`1995 eT< 15

d+es\ dV $|T\ e\q ]> |
qc \ T H\T+ \ T(13.8 _*j T H &\s T )
|]>sTT. 1996`2001 eT< > & q s T
d+es\ ]q qc\T 13.8 _*jTH
&\s $T+#sTT. >TsY u+|+ e\H
491 qT+& 655 $T*j T H &\s qw +
d+u$++~. nq+s+ eT& bT sh ]
eed| 2.2 _*jTH &\s |L\ |ue+
|&+~. u+|+ e\q dT\T, eT* edT\
]q qc 4800 &\sT> n+#H yXsT.
||+# u+ y~ 2002 |s+ es<\T,
TbqT, u+b\T e+{ d+> e#, e

e *q dV $|T\T re |ue+
*dTH sTT. |< q+> +ue w, TTT|eH
e# u es\ e\q edTq es<\T >DjTyTq
qc\ eT\sDeTeTHsTT. 2002 eTT+<T
>&q <X+ Te+{ es<\ e\q 13
_*jTH &\s |> qw+ y{*+~. \yTq
w e T+& \ T b qT ( tropical storms ),
#y\T(cyclones) sD+> 6.6 _*jTH
&\s qw+ s>, u+b\T dw+q $<+d+
e\q 5 _*jTH &\s |> qw+ d+u$ ++~.
1980 qT+& 2010 eT< 30 d+es\

d+u$+q |<q dV $|T\ $es\T
sTe\T
u+b\T
eTVe] y<T\T
nk<sD c>\T
es<\T
\ <&T\T
nHew
new
TbqT
n |s |\T
$|T\T n|{ es k~+q n_e~ yTT+
bT eqe&T @sT #dTq sjT

d]V<T\qT d+ T&|&sTT. <X+
d+u$+q $|T |Tq ||+#+ s
u>[ b+\| re |ue+ #|e#T.
us<X+, <Ddj b++ ~ mHksT
sTEy+~. Hb ]dq u es\ usY
es<\T edT+{sTT. Te+{ | $|T\T
n_e~ |qT dy\T> esTTHsTT.
$eq |_wH
7
6
56
38
184
1
1
34
92
2
3.3 us<X $|T duy\T

us< X + ||+ #+ n+ $|T eTT| *q
yTT<{ 10 <X\ {> +&{ nH |
|syTq eT]jTT eqe * s\T <V<+
#dT H sTT. |L\ u>[, owd |]d T \T, d
duy\T(topographic features), |sesD D (en-
25
$|T sVD
vironmental degradation),
Hu e~, |DsD,
b]X$TsD, nXdjT |<T\ ne\+q yTT<\>T
s\T $|T \ sDeTeTHsTT. s\T HsT >
> $|T reqT, e |+#&+ <s > |<
mTq bD qc <]rjT&yT +& <X+
JeH<s eed n+sjT+ \T>CdTHsTT.
eTq <X+ n~ $|T\ >T]e& <
$wyTq u>[ eT]jTT ueT |]dT sD+.
$|T \ >TsjT duy {, us< X + <T |
b+\T HsTT. n$.
1. Ve\jT b++
2. +&T yT<H\T
3. B|\ b++ =+&\ u>+
4. rs b+ eT+&\+
5. m&] b++
Ve\jT b++ u+b\T, ub\ e+{
$|T\ eTT| * +&>, yT<q b+\T <<|
| d+es+ es<\ >TseTHsTT. <X+ m&]
u>+ sTe \ >TseT+&>, rs b+\T
TbqT, >* yq\qT m<Ts=+THsTT. sT rs+
TbqT, es<\ T e+{ V &yT{j s $|T \ qT,
dTH$T e+{ uu $|T\ eTT|qT * +~.
us<X+ $|T <Ts\+(Vulnerability)
|sT>T<\ < dV d<y T q u>[ sDyT
b<$T eT* sD+. Ve\jT b++, <
|H q +&T yT<H\ u>[, $s|s
\D\T(geo-tectonic features) b+
u +b\T, u b\T, \j
T + yTT<\>T y{
>TsjT #dT H sTT. us< X B| n+
ds y T q u u>+> |]>Dd T q |{, b++
n|&|& d+u$+# u+b\T B|\
n><+ |{ u>[ $s|s #\H\T
sT>TTqT *jTCdTHsTT.
d+<T, >+>, V| q<T\ +&T yT<H\
+< +& \\T Ve\jT |sXDT\ y|
u>+ e&+ e\q +&T yT<H d+
Ve\jT b+ $s|s \D \T, duy\T
+{sTT. $<+> b++ L& d\+>
u +b\ >TseT+T+~. Ve\j\ qT+&
|eV+# |\T |< q qB eed\ T, n$ |< mTq
$eq |_wH
rdT=# neb\ sD+> b++ +&T

eT{ |sTbsTT s#T> es<\ >Tse+~.
eTTK+> s|<X, sK+&, ;VsY\
yT<H\T es< eTT|qT m<Ts=+THsTT.
skH, >TsY sc\T, eTVsh =
b+\ L&q <X+ |eT b+ +
s T e\T | \ ] d T + {sTT. s T T | e H\T
nqTL\+> +f <X+ s b+\
L& sT e |]d T \T $d] ksTT. eTVdeTT<\|
+& |&q |]dT n\&T\ sD+> rs
b+ T b qT ( cyclones) d + u $ k s TT.
eTVdeTT< u\+| ]> u>[ $s|s
#\H\T rs b+\qT dTHMT $|T >T]
#ksTT.
nk<sD yesD |]dT\T, VeT q<\
|< |]eD+ |sTbsTTq eT+#T, s |
s\T L& <X+ |\T $|T\ >T]e&
sDeTeTHsTT.
|q #]+q | s\ bT Hu
|sT>T<\, |sesD D, n&e\ q]y (deforestation ), nXd j T n_ e ~ , eekj T
|<T\T, >& yT|&+(grazing), |D[ sV
|D
s D
, qB \ |yV\| |< |< q\ T
]+#&+ e+{ eqe * s\T L&
<X+ $|T \ |u e+ y>e ++ e&, y{
e |s>& sDeTeTHsTT.
|sT>TTq ke_e~ bT skjT,
C $ , s & j < ] , nDT< ] $| T \ T L &
|sT>TTHsTT. n~ eTT| +& b+\(high - risk
zones) Hu $d]+#&+, |DsD |s>&+,
b]X$TsD n_e~#+<&+, |sesD+ D+#&+,
yesD e]& yTT<\>Tq$ $|T\qT eT]+>
|+#TTHsTT.
+sY > e s y T + bH H y T {
# + C ( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change(IPCC) ) H\T> e eT~+| y ~ | s +
yesD e]& e\q ||+# d>T yjTT, deTT<
c>\T |s>&+, neb+(precipitation), n~
esb+, eT+#T ]be&+, TbqT, es<\T, d>T
deTT< eT{\T |s>& + e+{$ sT>TTHsTT. yesD
e]& e\q |dT nk<sD yesD esT\T +
26
$|T sVD
|], = $|T\ <]rd, de+| $_q s\

rj T ( spatial ), ke , ] | u y\qT
# | q THsTT. nk< s D |s T > T < \ \T
\#+(hydrological cycle), \ eqsT\T, sTe\T,
es<\T, >TsT, n&e\T, |sesD eed\T, deTT<
eT{\T, rsb+ & H\\T, eT& n&e\T, Vs
u<, s>+, d++~ s n+X\| re |ue+
#|qTHsTT. $ |+ us<X+ e+{ n_e~
#+<TTq <X\ b* |qT $|T\T> e], us<X
|D
\T/q>s\ eddT q |< H\T> e+T qT+&
d>+ eT+~ |]d eT]+ <Ts\+ #jTqTHsTT.
|]\ c>\T, esb\T, |]XwD+
(evaporation), s nk<sD |]De\T, yesD
e]& ~s\T |sesD dy> essTT.
ndsyTq owdT\T, nk<sD yesD |]dT\T
uyesD e]& re+> |u$+ #dTHsTT.
|*+> >&q <X+ e&>\T\T, o\ |eH\T,
eT] es<\ T, eT] sT e\T, eT]+ reyTq TbqT,
d es<\T |]q |Tq\T eTq+ #X+. |eT
b+ nk<sD esb+ >DjT+> |]+~.
esTTq owd H|<+ $|T sVD rsT
|P] esT\T rdTse\dq neds+ m+H +~.
3.4 sc\T, $|T <Ts\+
3.3.1 |<]+` $|T <Ts\+
us<X+ sc\ d++~+q deT>
y| $es\qT y\& + # @ |+ e\sT*{

n{dt(Vulnerability Atlas). B +< >V
sD |D |<] s\q eT+ XK
|]~ +& _*+> yT{]jT f\J
|ywH (BMTPC) 1997 sb+~+
+~. < C d e #s + 2006
de]++~.
yTT+ <X+ 35 sc\T/+< b* b+\
>qT 25 $|T eTT| * HsTT.
yTT+ 22 sc\qT y|\ |&(hazards
prone) sc\T> >T]+#sT.
$|T sVD| @sT #dq 12e |+#es
|D[ e]+> >| n+~+q $es\ |s+
$|T\ e\q ]> bD qw+, |Xe\ qw+,
$<+d+, |+\ HXq+ $wjT+ >TsY,
eTVsh, +<|<X, |eT u+>, s,
;VsY sc\T yTT<{ 10 sc\ +< eksTT.
$|T \ e\q +< |<X , skH, |eT u+>
sc\T n~+> |Xe\qT THsTT.
s sc\ b\T+f bD qw+,
qc\ s|<X, ;VsY, s, |eT
u+>\T n~ qw+ b+<TTHsTT.
|q |s=q sc\ n~ <Ts\+
eksTT. M{| | X< |e\dq neds+
+< $|T sVD| @sT #dq 12e |+#es
|D[ e]+> >| n_bjT|&+~.
|<]+, $|T <Ts\+ <={ n$Hue

d++<+ * +&, |sds+ reqT |+#T+{sTT.
$|T d+<s + de+ |< esyZ T n+ re+>
|u $eTeT+~. |<\T nys |]d T eT eTqT>& 2005` 06 qT+& 2009`10 eT< d+u$ +q qc\
d+ |sesD eqsT\qT n~+> <#Te&+ <s yTT<{ 10 kH q sc\T
eTT|qT eT]+ |+, deC eT] $|T\ >T]
#jT&+ sT>TT+~. eTTK+> es<\T, sTe\T, bD qw+
sh+
eTsD+q y] d+K
u b\T yTT<\>T y{ de+ dT\u+ > >TseT+~.
1. s|<X
2,763
<]<+ sD+> |< |\T e\d\T y[, u+>
2.
;V
sY
1684
n~ <Ts\yTq b+, dTs+ |<X,
3. >TsY
1199
dTs+ >V J$+#e\d edT+~. y]
4. s
990
n+<TuT +& <s eTs= |<X + \u + be&+
5. |eT u+>
921
< y] b~ neX\ dMT|+ +&be&+
6. +<|<X
770
e\H |<\T nTe+{ |<X, dTs+ yk
7. s
760
ed+#e\d edT+~. |<\ >V\ sD+ <Ts\
8. eTVsh
749
|]d eT]+ D+|CdT+~. k+ <D
9. sK+&
488
|]>Dq rdT+& e ejT+ L&q 10. Ve#|<X
379
keT ]+#&+ e\q |\T s\ y|\
s sc\T
2,340
Te+{ >V\T dT\Tyq \\T> essTT.
yTT+
13,046
$eq |_wH
27
$|T sVD
|X d+|< qw+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sh+
+<|<X
skH
|eT u+>
eTVsh
nsTD#|<X
s
;VsY
>TsY
Ve#|<X
nk+
s sc\T
yTT+
3.5 us<X owd $es\T

#bsTTq |Xe\ d+K
4,81,960
50,894
47,526
46,586
28,409
23,020
20,474
19,365
13,551
11,659
42,668
7,86,112
>V qw+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sh+
|eT u+>
s
;VsY
+<|<X
eTVsh
s|<X
nk+
]k
skH
>TsY
s sc\T
yTT+
<+dyTq >V\ d+K

20,96,665
11,34,080
10,89,676
8,57,027
7,23,325
5,17,198
4,93,228
4,75,618
2,69,252
2,21,664
9,21,314
87,99,047
|+ qw+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sh+
s
|eT u+>
+<|<X
$TH&T
s|<X
eTVsh
;VsY
skH
>TsY
]k
s sc\T
yTT+
$eq |_wH
|+ $ds+(\\ Vs)
32.46
31.38
29.21
23.24
22.87
21.52
21.37
17.36
12.85
12.36
34.43
259.15
us< X + nk<sD ow d b+\ H\e.

< D q w e T+& \ ow d qT+& s q
Ve\j\ deTow, H sV ow d es
_q s\ yesD |]dT\qT *q b+\T
u s < X + HsTT. u s < X ow d |
Ve\j\T, <sY m&] <&y T q |u e+ #|THsTT.
sTe eTT| q b+\qT >T]+#+<T +<
\ d+|T+(Central Water Commission(CWC))
b|~qT m+#T+~. B |s+.. b++
d>T y] esb+ |]o*+#&q d+es\ 20
X| k<sD esb+ 75% +f e> +&
|]d sTe> |]>DksT.
@<H |+#jTr d$T < < deqyTq
$u>+ 30% < n++f me k>Tu$T
k> T s T n+~q# nTe+{ < X q T s T eqT
m<Tse& nqTyq <X #sTqT> |]>DksT.
1875 qT+& 1998 eT< ]dq esb
d++~+q de#s n< jTq+ <s+> <X+ d\
ksTT qT+& reyTq sT e >Ts q b+\qT >T]+#&+
]+~.
124 d+es\ ee~ eT&T d+<s\
nq>, 1877, 1899 eT]jTT 1918\ <X+ 60
X |> uu>+ sTe & >Ts+~.
n< jTq+ ]|q 124 d+es\ ee~ sT e
d + u $ +# d + u e sk H ( 25%), ksh
#Y(23%)\ >]w+> qT qT>=q&+~. y{
sTy eT osY(21%), >TsY(21%) n~
sTe d+ueqT * HsTT.
1987 <X+ $$< b+ q sTe
+ eTT+<q& msT> nk<sD reqT *
+& , nbs y T q | + qc \ , > T { =s
<]rd+~.
3.5.1 esb+
qe] qT+& p es TTTe\ y |eH\
ee nqTd]+ us< X s +&T es TTTe\T
HsTT. yd$ ek\ re w+ |sekq+> s
us<X uu>+ y&> e], eTVdeTT<\| +&
eT L&q |eH\qT eT y| ]ksTT. Be\q
28
$|T sVD
<X+ n~ X+ u>\ $ksyTq es\

s|+ sTdT+ ~. |s b+ |]yV
b+ $seT |]d T \(break conditions) +< ]#
u esb+ |*+> yT<q b+ es<\T
d+u$ksTT.
TTT |eH\ \+ +>U+ @s&
n\|&q TbqT eed\qT TTT|eq yjTT>T+&\T
(monsoon depressions) n+{sT. $ k<sD+>
d>Tq H\ s+&T qT+& eT&T #=|q s
+>U+ @s&sTT. s + y| q < yjTe
~X #\q+ #+<&+ <s <X+ s eT]jTT
eT< us< X $ksy T q es\qT rdT=ksTT. Hs T
TTT|eH\ |d+VsD k<sD+> d|+sY 1q
skH, d|+sY 15 H{ yjTe b++
bs+uyT, nsY 15 H{ <X+ n b+\
qT+& |d+V]+#&TT+~. B kq+ Xq
HsT TTT|eH\T
TTT|qy\T> |\Te& s| K+&+s yjTT
us<X esb+ re+> |syT(large spa- |yV\T |yksTT. s>eTq TTT|eH\T
tial), * nds(temporal variability) * \+>D, sT rs+ y+& yq \T\T ]|ksTT.
+T+~.
Xq TTT|eH\T
1901 qT+& 2003 es qy<q esb
bdteH dH < Xq TTT|eH\T <
|]o*d, d>T H\ y esb+ p(286.5 $T s>eTq HsT TTT|eq \+( nsY, qe+sY,
MTsT) n~+> +&, yTT+ d>T y] &d+sY) us |K+&+| Xq |yV\qT
esb+(1182.8 $T.MT) 24.2% +T+~. >dT |eV+|Cd d+~\+. \+ +<|<X,
H\ esb+ < +f =+#+ e> +&, y] $TH&T, s eT]jTT <D
s rs b+\T eT+
esb+ 21.2% qy<eT+~. pH, d|+sY esb b+<TsTT. y{ yTT+ d>T y]
ek\ esb\T <<| $<+> HsTT. pH esb+ dTesT 35% esb+ \+H
ed + 13.8%, d| + sY 14.2% es b + qy < e T +~. b+ | \ T u >\T
+>U+ @s& TbqT\ |uy qesTT.
qy<e+~.
u es\T, <TsT >\T\T, TbqT sD+> rs
pH qT+& d|+sY es HsT TTT|eH\ b++ |< mTq d, bD qw+ d+u$dT+~.
<s ]d esb+(877.2 $T.MT) d>T y]
$|T\| yesD |Tq\ |ue+
esb+(1182.8 $T.MT) 74.2% +T+~.
HsT TTT|eH\ s k<sD+> pH 1q
us< X + nk<sD yesD |]d T \ H\e.
us<X| <D n+#Tq q sqT &+ <s 1990\ qT+& $|T d+|Tq\T, y{ re s+&
bs+ue TeT+~. pH =* sE =+DY rs+ y+& |]>sTT. yesD |Tq\qT y{ |ue+, ke,
$d]+, p eT< H{ <X+ yTT+ $d]ksTT. ] qc\T, |sesD D, Bs* qc\T e+{
+>U + Be ys + eTT+< T >H <s+> reyTq$> eZ]ksT.
bs+ueTesTT.
us<X+ 70 X |> Hu eekjT+
TTT|eH\T m H, ss> c>, MT< | + > >, |s+ > > <s|& J$dTH sT.
deTT< |]\ c>, VeTe#+(snow cover) n+<Te\ eqe J$+, s Je{| yesD
yTT<\>T y{# |u$eTesTT. TTT|eq esb+ |u e+ w + > +T+~. ]k sh+ 85 d+es\
b++| +& |eH\T eeT+ #+<& yd$
< HsT(south-west(SW)) TTT|qy\T(monsoon)
n+{sT. us<X| yTT+ y] esb+ dTesT
75% esb+ pH qT+& d|+sY eT< H\T>T H\\
d \ ee~ H s T d T + ~. n+< T e\ H s T
TTT|eH\ m+ beTTK +~. nsTT $_q
b+\T b+< esb+ # n+s\T +{sTT.
|eT skH d>T y] esb+ 13
d+{ M Ts H e> +f y T | \j T
eTdH+ 1141 d+{MTs |> +T+~.
1871 qT+& 2009 eT< us<X+ 27 |<q
sTe d+es\T HsTT. sTe\ m H <D
&\q+(El nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)) L&
|<q sD+. Be\ <X Vs <H\
re+> |u$yT+~.
$eq |_wH
29
$|T sVD
qy~ \+ 49 d+es\T es<\T s>, 30 sDeTeTHsTT. | d+es+ d>Tq <<| 7.5

d + e s\T s T e\T, 11 d + e s\T T b q q T $T*jTH Vs u$T es< eTT+|q >Tse+~.
m<Ts=HsTT. 1960\ sT e\T ds k<sDeTjsTT.
85 d+es\ ee~ eq yTT+ 11 |< q sT e nk<sD yesD |Tq\ <VsD
b<$T yesD |Tq\T
yTT<{ 30 d+es\ \+(1891`1920) 3 sT e\T
> , <T |] 30 d+es\ nq> 1921`1950\
o\ |eH\T, b>eT+#T, eT+#T TbqT,
eT< 3 sTe\T eyT e#sTT. 1951 qT+& 1981
VeTd+b\T
eT< 25 d+es\ ee~ <T |<q sTe\T
e&> yq\T, sTeTT\ L&q TbqT, <[
qy<jsTT. 1972 eT]jTT 1979 d+es\
TbqT
us<X| yT<q b+ eT&+ {qs qT+&
s+&T e+T\ es T esb+ qy<+~. nq>
nk<sD c>\T
k<sD esb+ +f dTesT 25% e esb+
w eT+&\ TbqT eT]jTT ys+>\T
]d+~. us<X+ yTT+ 31 yesD |
$u>\ >qT 1994 10 $u>\ 20% qT+&
TbqT, u es\T
43% es T esb+ qy<+~.
sTe\T
||+# yesD d+d(World Meteorological
~rjT |Tq\T(Secondary Events)
Organization(WMO)) 1963 ` 2002 eT< ||+#
y<T\T
y|+> d+u$+q |<q dV $|T\T/nk<sD
|Tq\ d++~+ d]+q &{ |s+ es<\T,
|D, >MTD { =s
sTe\T >]w qc sDeTeTHsTT.
|+\ k>T, ~>T& y|\+
u s < X + d + u $ +# es < \ T, s T e\T
bwVs |+, < n\ bwVs+, *
|< q+> Hs T TTT|eH\| <s|& +{sTT. Hs T
TTT|eH |< mTq d+u$+# yqT\T (fluc ub\T, |+ |yV\T, \eD\ |yV\T
tuations) ;uyTq es<\T < reyTq sTe\
us<X+ $|T eTT| >D+\T (1967`2006)

$|T s+
u+|+
es<\T
sTe
ub+
TbqT
d>Tq
d+es
$|T\T
0.88
4.05
0.20
0.88
1.83
|+|D X+
11
52
3
11
23
d>Tq
d+es
eTsD\T
2,672
1,308
8
104
1,219
d>Tq d+es
|u$eTjT
|\ d+K($T*jTq)
0
18
24
0
2
Source: Financing disaster management, NIDM 2009
$eq |_wH
30
$|T sVD
$|T sVD| yudT

Natural Disater Management India: es<\
T,
sT e\T, Tbq d++~+q C de#s

n+~dT+~. B bT www. weather.nic.in
yud{ qT+& V+< eTVdeTT<+| c>\ T,
yesD |]dT\qT *jTCdT+~.
yud{: http://www.ndmindia.nic.in
Geological Survey of Indai(GSI):
National Disater Management Authority:
yud{:
http://www.ndma.gov.in
d++~+q V#]\qT n+~dT+~.

yud{: http://www.imd.ernet.in
+< \+|T+(Central Water Commission):
yud{: http://www.cwc.nic.in
yud{: http://www.gsi.gov.in
National Institute of Hydrology(NIH):
National Institute of Disater Management
u>s \ e|+>, es< b+\ e|+>,

u $j>+, \eDjT , ne| s D
, u j
T +,
{ n$q yTT<\>T y{ de#s
n+~dT+~.
yud{:www.nih.ernet.in
yud{: http://www.nidm.gov.in
Delhi Disater Management Authority
yud{ :http://www.ddma.delhigovt.nic.in
Building Materials & Technology
Promotion Council: ~ e\sT*{ n{dt |t
+&jqT sb+~dT+~.
yud{: http://www.bmtpc.org
National Information Centre

Earthquake Engineering, IIT Kanpur.
of
yud{: www.nicee.org
Indian Meteorological Department(IMD):
usrjT yesD XK <X y| yesD

]bsT\T, TTT|eH\ ]bsT\T, yesD
#sT\T, X{{ \T, esb e|\T,
u +| ]bsT\ T, nk<sD yesD |]d T \
Amateur Seismic Centre :
<X+ sc\
y> u+| $es\qT *jTCdT+~. <
bT >+ d+u$+q u+b\T, dTHMT\
deT> $es\qT L& n+~dT+~.
yud{: www.asc-india.org
$|T sVD| >+<\T

Everybody Loves a Good Drought
A book on Introduction to Natural Hazards
- P. Sainath
Rajasthan ki Rajat Boonde

- Anupam Misra
Good Practice Review - Disaster Risk
Reduction Mitigation and Preparedness in
development
and
emergency
programming
- John Twigg
Training Programme on Search and Rescue
for the members of the Village Disaster
Management Teams, by Disaster
Mitigation and Management Centers
- Government of Uttaranchal
$eq |_wH
31
Disaster
- UNDP DHA 1997

Management:
Recent
Approaches
- Arvind Kumar (Anmol Publications )
Natural
Hazards and Disaster

Management - Satyesh C. Chakraborty
Development and vulnerability to

disasters are closely linked
- Edited by Arnold M and Kriemer
Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging
Economies
- World Bank
$|T sVD
1980 qT+& 2010 eT< us<X+ | $|T\ |u$yTq |\T, bD\T

sTTq ysT, ] qw+ $es\T
d+es+
1980
1982
1984
1987
1988
1990
1993
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2009
$|T\T
es<
sTe
es<
n+T y<T\T
sTe
n+T y<T\T
TbqT
es<
u+|+
es<
es<
TbqT
TbqT
nk<sD c>\T
es<
TbqT
sTe
u+|+
sTe
es<
es<
u+|+(dTH$T)
es<
es<
es<
es<
|u$yTq |\ d+K
eTsD+q ysT
] qw+
(y\ &\s)
30,000,023
100,000,000
33,500,000
3290
300,000,000
3000
2,200,000
7,000,000
128,000,000
9,748
2001
32,704,000
1,500,300
2871
2541
1811
9,843
2,500,000
20,005
2,623,000
50,000,000
300,000,000
42,000,000
33,000,000
2,500,000
16,389
3,330,000
2,300,000
3,390,000
2,150,000
Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database * (includes Tsunami)
$eq |_wH
32
$|T sVD
us<X+ |qT $|T\T

us<X #] ujT+s $|T\T
d+es+
1618
1737
1864
1876-1878
|ue+
eTT+u, eTVsh
u+>
, |eT u+>
<D us<X+
5. TbqT
6. us <T]+
1882
1896-1897
u+usTT, eTVsh
<X+ yTT+
7
8
9
10
1934
1970
1972
1987
;VsY
|eT u+>, +><X
<X+ n~ u>+
15 sc\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
$|T
u+|+
u+> u+|+
TbqT
eTV<T]+
(The Great Famine)
u+|+
u TbqT
sTe
sTe
eTsD\T, qw+
2,000
300,000
60,000
58.5 $T*jTq eT+~|
|ue+, 5.5 $T*jTq
*#e\T
100,000
1.25 $T*jTq qT+& 10
$T*jTq es
6,000
500,000
200 $T*jTq eT+~| |u e+
300 $T*jTq eT+~| |u e+
>&q X+ us<X+ |qT $|T\T

1
2
u+|+
TbqT
1905
1977
+>, Ve#|<X
+<|<X
3
4
5
sT u+|+
]k d|sY dH
>TsY u+|+
1993
1999
2001
eTVsh eTss& b++

]k
uTC, #e, n+sY
nV<u<, dsY
$TH&T, s, +<|<X
|<T#], n+&eH usY
Be\T
eTVsh
osY b++
s ;VsY
$TH&T
10 sc 252 \T
eT ` osY
Xq sc\T, d+
dTH$T
2004
7
8
9
10
11.
12.
13.
eTVsh es<\T
osY u+|+
d es<\T
dH c
sTe
V +uew
d+ u+|+
2005 p
2005
2008
2008
2009
2010
2011
$eq |_wH
33
20,000
10y\ eT+~ eTsD+, <X
Vs<H\ 40%
qw+
7,928
10,000
25,000
10,749
1094
86000
527
204
`
196
111
$|T sVD
1980 qT+& 2010 eT< us<X+ d+u$+q |<q $|T\T

u+|+, 2005
nsY
+uew
2010
VeTd+b+,
2005
eT osY
es<\T, 1993,
1996
Vs
H
Ve#
|<X
#+&>&
|+Cu sK+&
uTC u+|+,
2001 qe] 26
s u+|+
1991 nsY 20,
#y* u+|+
1999 @| 23
s|<X es<\T
1998, 2005
&
ns
d+
skH
s|<X
TD#
nk+
;VsY
|<
H>+&
;VsY, nk+ es<\T

2002. 2004, 2007, 2008
yT|\jT
Cs+&
eT<|<X
t>&
>TsY
&X
sY u+|+, &eTH &jT << sh

q>sYVy eTV
1993 d|+sY 30
es<\T
+<|<X
2005 p 26
es<\T,1994
ub >dt <Ts++
1982 &d+sY
d|sY dH 1999
nsY 26
$TH&T
\Be\T
dTH$T, 2004
&d+sY 26
$TCs+
TbqT, 1992, 1996

+<|<X, s
es<\T, 2009
|<T#]dTH$T, 2004
&d+sY 26
>y
|s
#rd
#Y TbqT, 1998
|
u + > eT
eTD|PsY
dTH$T, 2004
&d+sY 26
n+&eH
usY
Be\T
2001`02 qT+& 10 d+es\ es<\T, #y TbqT, ub\T yTT y{ e\ qw+

d+es+
bD qw+
|X d+|< qw+
<+dyTq
2001`02
2002`03
2003`04
2004`05
2005`06
2006`07
2007`08
2008`09
2009`10
2010`11
834
898
1,992
1,995
2,698
2,402
3,764
3,405
1,677
2,310
21,269
3,729
25,393
12,393
1,10,997
4,55,619
1,19,218
53,833
1,28,452
48,778
3,46,878
4,62,700
6,82,209
16,03,300
21,20,012
19,34,680
35,27,041
16,46,905
13,59,726
13,38,619
|+ qw+
(\\Vs)
18.72
21.00
31.98
32.53
35.52
70.87
85.13
35.56
47.13
46.25
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
$eq |_wH
34
$|T sVD
2013 us <X+ d+u$+q |<q $|T\T

$<+k dw++~. 1999 ]k d|sY dH
nq+s+ n+{ |qT TbqT> |*HqT |s=qe#T.
1. b+ dT |e<+:
eTVuq>sY b+ e< 2013 nsY 30q

u+>SsT qT+& V<su< edTq |yT {y 6. VH TbqT:
#+~q y dT |e< >Ts eT+\T
2013 qe+sY 18q +>U+ @s&q
#\s >&+ n+<T |j DdT q 49 eT+~ |j D VH TbqT qe+sY 20 H{ sT us<X+
45 eT+~ dJe <VqeTjsT.
u es\qT rd T =+~. re yj T T> T +& + >
2. u+>TSsT ` H+<& m|dt @d u^ bs+uy T q TbqT qe+sY 21 H{ reyTq TbqT
n\&> e] \+ dw++~. B e\q c
eT+\T:
eT|D + q>s re qw+ y{*+ ~. c,
u+>TSsT qT+& H+<& yTq m|dt sT><e], l+, $XK|D +, >T+sT
@d u^ 2013 &d+sY 28q nq+|s+ u es\T ]XsTT. |eT><e] <+~.
=# s T e s dw H e< eT+\T #\s >&+ n+<T e], =], ns{ |+\ qw+ y{*+ ~. c, sT,
26 eT+~ |jD\T dJe <VqeTjsT.
|eT><e] s. 1,628.73 T qw+ ]+~.
3. sK+& es<\T:
7. eTT|sYq>sY eT |TsD\T:
pH 14 qT+& 17 eT< sK+& ]dq

+uew |qT es<\, ub\ <] rd, 2004
dTHMT sT y n|< $|T > |]D$T++~. +<T
5700 eT+~ |> eTsD+qT n+#H. sK+&
bT |]ds b+\T k<sD TTT|eH\ \+
b+< esb+ +f 375 X+ n~ esb+
qy<sTT+~. es\ &T, 3800 n&T>T\ mT
q #=s] VeTq<+ s>&+, u^s~ q~ es<\T
y\Ty , u b\T d+u$ +, |]d <sTD+> e]+~.
2013 >dT 27q s|<X eTT|sY q>sY

C{\, eTTd+\ eT< ]q |TsD 43
eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. 93 eT+~ >jT|&sT . |T sD\qT
n<T| #jT& >&q 20 d+es\ sTy
yTTyTT<{k]> sh+ dH yV]+|Cj*
e+~. dTesT 50,000 eT+~ s b+\
s*+#* e+~.
8. ;VsY eT<V uq+ $c<+:
;VsY XsDY <sw >+<eH nH

>eT+ 2013 p 16q b<$ T bsX \ eT<V
qesT\ d+<s+> 2013 nsY 13q uq+ |sT>T eT+<T \e&+ < q 23 eT+~
eT<|<X <j #] s>& |\\T #b>, &q d+K nHs>+ b\jsT.
<y\jT+ e< sT q e+q| ]q =d 115
eT+~ eTsD+#sT. +<T 30 eT+~ |\\T L& 9. +u yT =d:
HsT. 2006 L& < <y\jT+ e< =d
+uyT d+<s+> 2013 |e] 10q
] 50 eT+~ eTsD+#sT.
s |<X n\Vu< s dw H ]q =d
36 eT+~ #bjsT.
5. |*H TbqT:
4. eT<|<X <y\jT+ e< =d:
us<X+ |{ es sT rs q 10. T<>jT |\T:

TbqT n|< TbqT> u$dTq |*H TbqT
||+#ysd d+|< C_ q ;VsY
+<|<X, &X sc re $<+d+ dw++~. T<>jT 2013 p 7q esTd> 10 u+T\T
2013 nsY 12q &c >b|PsY e< rs |\&+ <sT u< dHdT\ dV <T>TsT
q |*H TbqT + eTT+<q&T u eTsD+#sT.
$eq |_wH
35
$|T sVD
du dMT|+ ]q esTd u+T |\T sT>TsT

eTsD+#sT.
9. +sZ$T d+<Ts |\T&T:
eTT+u HXjT+ 2013 >dT 14q usrjT

H< #+~q +sZ$T mHmdt d+<Ts 11. $XK V#Y|dm ]|q n |e<+:
|\T&T d+u$ +, eT+\T #\s >sTT. |T q d+
$XK|+ V+<TkH |{*jT+ s=swH
18 eT+~ #bjsT.
*$Tf&(HPCL) 2013 >dT 23q ]q $kq+
25 eT+~ eTsD+#sT. +<T sT eyT d+d
10. b{ u+T |\T&T:
< >, $T*q ys+ +{ |<| | #dTq
;VsY s< b{ 2013 nsY 27q ;C| |yT e\T e&+ >eTHs+.
|<q eT+ nu] qs+< y& sVdTq Vs+>
us<X+` $|T <Ts\+

sTe
es<\T
<X+ 40 $T*jTH Vs u$T(12%) es<
us<
X + s k>Tu $T 68% u u>+
eTT| * +~.
| jT{ 8 $T*jTH Vs u$T es<\
>TseT+~.
V|, >+> qB |]yV |<X\T es<
eTT| n~+> q b+\T.
|e |eV+# qB b+\ yjTe
b+\T, c, y, eTVq~ |]yV
b+\T es< eTT| sT y kq+ HsTT.
sTe u] b++> +~.

+<T 33% dTBs sTe u] b++.
b++ d+es 750 $T.MT. +f e
esb+ b+<TT+~.
sTe u] b++ 35% u$T d+es
750 qT+& 1125 $T.MT. eT< es b +
b+<TT+~.
ub\T
us<X yTT+ u>[ $ds+ dTesT 25%
TbqT
us<X+ 7,516 MTs b&yq rs sKqT
* +~. +<T 5,700 MTsT TbqT

u] b++> +~.
us<X $ds+ 8%, Hu eT& e+T,
84 rs b+ \qT * q 13 sc\T/
+< b* b+\T TbqT u] b+\T>
HsTT.
sT rs+ $TH&T, +<|<X, ]k,
|eT u+>, |<T#], |eT rs+ >TsY
TbqT eTT|qT n~+> * HsTT.
TbqT yT ` pH, nsY ` qe+sY\
d+u$ksTT.
$ds+ ub\ eTT|qT * +~.

Ve\j\ b++ yTT+, Xq b++,
|eT qTeT\ b+\T + u b\ &
>TseT+{sTT.
u+| eT+&\T
u+| eT+&\+
V
IV
III
II
< |]~ +&

u $ds X+
12%
18%
27%
43%
Source: Activiy Book on Disaster Management for School Students, National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
$eq |_wH
36
$|T sVD
4. +<|<X $|T\T ` d\ |]o\q

(Disasters in Andhra Pradesh - an Overview)
4.1 |]#jT+
+<|<X dqT, w eT+&\ TbqT, es<\T,
sTe\ + >Tse +T+~. | s+&T qT+&
eT&T d+es\ e~] qT+& n+ reyTq
TbqT sh+ +> d+u$dT+~. sh+ 44
X+ b++ w eT+&\ TbqT, < d++~
y|\ qe +T+~.
us< X + d qT TTT |eH\ eTT+<T @|
` yT H\ eT]jTT TTT |eH\ nq+s+ nsY
qT+& &d+sY eT< d+u$dT+{sTT. nsTT y{
n~ X+ qe+sY ed+H @s&sTT.
+>U+, n+&eH deTT<+ < <D #H
deTT<+ <$+, sT rs dqT
k<sD+> Te+{ sV y|\ n+
<Ts\+> +& $TH&T, +<|<X, ]k, |eT
u+> rs sKqT #sT+{sTT. >&q X+H
n + | e < s y T q s +& T d q T ]k,
+<|<X\ esTd> 1971 nsY eT]jTT 1977
qe+sY\ d+u$+#sTT. = TbqT d+<s+>
10 y\ eT+~ |> bD\T jsT. 1999
]k d+u$+q d|sY dqT |< mTq bD,
d qw+ y{sTT. +< rs+ y+& C+|+,
eT|+ eT< q b++ + TbqT \
H\e> +T+~. us<X rssK\ y+& TbqT
<Ts\+ @q +&<T. ~>Teq |s=q
us<X rs b+\T TbqT \ me>
>TseT+{sTT. n$:
1. s ]k, |eT u+> rs\T
2. +>\T eT]jTT eT|+ eT< q +< |<X
rs b++
3. $TH&T rs+, <D H>|+.
|eT rsq ns_j deTT<+ d]V<T> *q
$eq |_wH
sc\T s, >TsY > |P]> dTseT <T,

eTVsh > |P] |e< u]eT <T. n$ L&
dq & >TseT+{sTT. d+es d>Tq
H\T>T dqT d+u$d, n+<T { reyTq~
+T+~.
@{ ||+# y|+> d+u$+# w eT+&\
dq 7% +>U+ @s&sTT.
k|+ > #dq|&T e X+ d qT eyT
@s&TTq|{, eqe bD\, dT\ y{ qw+
e+ # n~ ksTT +T+~. dqT k]
|< q u u>+ |y +q sT y n$ u es\
u\T yksTT. y{ e\ e<s\T d+u$ksTT. 1986
>dT ><e] d+u$+q reyTq TbqT
sD+> d+u$+q es<\T +<T <VsD>
|s=qe#T.
sT deTT< rs sc k \ |H
q | \ T s T e b+ \ T # y yj T T
>T+&\(cyclonic depression) sD+> e# |deD
es\( torrential rains) d es<\ d+
>TseT+{sTT. #y\T(cyclones), < d++~
y|\ bT s, eT< +>U+ @s&
TTT |eq yjTT>T+&\T +<|<X bT s,
eT< us<X+ es $d]+, u qT+& n u
es\qT rdT=, pH eT]jTT d|+sY ek\ eT<
T q<T es<\ <]rksTT.
+< k<sD+> es< deTd q q<T\qT
eTT+#& |]$TeTeT+~. , k & b+
&H J deTd {\+ e&+ #y\ |u e+ n~y T ,
es< eTT|qT eT]+> |+#T+~. eTTK+> k>T{
bsT<\ eed sVD q b B sD+>
#|e#T. |\T d+<s\ #sTe\T, \Te\ >+&T
|&+, yT\T yjT&+, H#T yTT\T |s>&+ e\,
s T es < \ T> bs & + e\ H m e eTs D \T
d+u$dTHsTT.
37
$|T sVD
4.2 |qse $|T\ |sekq+

k +<|<X | $|T\T, eqe s
$|T\T + d+u$dT+&+ e\ sh ] eed
bT <X ] eed|q, n_e~ $<H\ MT< re
|ue+ |&T+~. sjT d+T\q+ MT<, \~
eT+~ J$\|q re |ue |&T+~.
+<|<XqT #y\T(TbqT), es<\T,
sTe\T, u+b\T e+{ n s\ | $|T\T
y~dTHsTT. rs b++ s+s+ TbqT, es<\
|&+#&T+~.
1977 eq TbqT, y s+ >+(tidal wave)
nbs qc *+#sTT. 10 y\ eT+~ |> bD\T
jsT. 1979, 1990, 1996\ eq Tbq e\
L& |qT qw+ d+u$++~. ><e], c q<T
e# es<\T sT, |eT ><e], c
$c<\ sDeTeTHsTT.
>+ +<|<X k rs+ y+&, |\,
><e] qB jT b+\ u +b\T d+u$ +#sTT.
2000 d|+sY V<su< q>s+ d\ |+|q\T
e#sTT. 2012 k b++ |\T \ bT
KeT+, qZ+& d\ |+|q\T e#sTT.
s+s+ e# | $|T\ +<|<X |\
ke, ] Jeq+ re+> |u $eTe+~. sh+
s+s+ #y\T, TbqT \T, es<\T,
sTe\ >Tse+~. n+<TuT q $|T |]Cq
n+#H\ |s+ reyTq #y\ <Twuy
m<Ts=+Tq sh+ +<|<X.
sh+ yTT+ u>[ b++ dTesT 44%
w eT+&\ Tbq |ue+, < d++~ y|\
nqTe> +~. +< |<X deTT< rs b++ Te+{
| <s us<X+H n+ nqTyq~>
+&>, \+>D b++ KeT+ L& k
b++ <T \ bT TTT |eH\ \+
e# es<\ >Tse+~. sjT\deT H\T>T \T,
\ +>D < T \ T + s T eqT
m<Ts=+THsTT. rss K y+& C+|+, eT|+
eT< b++ TbqT \ +<+> +{+~.
sh ] eed |T>=eT\T> +Tq
><e], c q<T\ & b+\T es<\T, &HJ
deTd\qT, TbqT nq+s+ m<TsjT s deTd\qT
$eq |_wH
m<Ts=+THsTT.
X + +<|<XqT 60 |>
#y\T(cyclones) sTT. > <Xu\ #y\T
d+u$+#&+ |]+~. | s+&T, eT&T d+es\
\yTq TbqT se&+, sh ] eed, ],
d+k> eqsT\ dy\T $ds&+ dsk<sD+>
e]+~. +<|<X k b++ <<| 90
\\ eT+~ TbqT, y{ |uy\ >TseT+&>,
n+<T 33 \\ eT+~ deTT<| &Tq <T MTs
| +THsT. +<|<X n+ |e<syTq
TbqT 1977 d+u$++~. dTesT 10y\ eT+~
bD\T jsT. nq+s+ 1990 yT H\ |<
TbqT e+~. n+<T ysTT eT+~ eTsD+#>, 10
1.25 _*jTH &\s qw+ y{*+ ~. 1977 qT+&
1992 eT< d+u$ +q TbqT, es<\ sD+> dTesT
13,000 eT+~ eTs D + # > , 3,38,000 | X e\T
=TbjsTT. 33 \\ <HsTT.
yT H\ TbqT d+u$ +#&+ nsT<q |{, 20e
X+ dTesT 13 TbqT H\H e#sTT. 1979
yT H\ eq TbqT & b+ nbs qc
#L ]+~. yTT+ bD\T sTTq y] 80% eT+~
& ys e&+ >eTHs+. & b++ yT H\H
e] k>T yTT<\eT+~.
nH eT+~ |qT\T yT+ & b+\
eksT. y] & TbqT eTT| >T]+, |P]>
ne>Vq +&<T. n+<Te\ k |\ +f e\d
eq ys y|\ e\ n~+> qwbsT. s=jT
#sTe | #jT& T+u\, T+u &
b+ s* e, * >T&s$>T&d)
eddT+{sT. d+es+ n~ \+ >T&dH
+{sT. TbqT V#]\T y] d\+ #s b e#T.
y #]q|{, TbqqT m<Tse&+ q
nqTue$T e\ ysT n~ qc >TsesT.
c, ><e] q<T\T dsyTq |yV esZ\qT
* +{sTT. y{ q dV d<yTq, eqe ]
q\ <s es< { ydT keTs + +{sTT.
nsTT & b+\T $<+> +&e. k<sD+>
+<|<X es< deTd qq q<T\T b+>&+,
=sT dsdT #T +& b+\T eTT+|q >T]
e& eyT |]$TeTeT+~. nsTT k
& b+\ &HJ deTd eT]+ {\+ e&+
Tbq $<+d keTs+ nH sT |] es< eTT|\T
38
$|T sVD
|sT>TTHsTT. 1977 qe+sY, 1990 yT, 1996 qe+sY

dq d+<s+> TbqT \+ d+u$+q|&T,
n|{ |deD es\(torrential rains) q k
b+\ deTT<| sT se&+ qw+ nH sT
|]+~. B &T es< sVD, k>T{ eed\
dsq sVD be&+ &sTT+~.

1979 yT H\ eq TbqT e+{ d+<s\
n~ X+ eTsD\T #sTe\T, \Te\ q\T
>&+, #sTe |P&\T, H#T yTT\T |], sT
b+bs&+ sD+>H d+u$+#sTT.
+<|<X 1977 qT+& 2010 es d+u$+q es<\T, TbqT

d+es+
1
3
6
11
13
14
15
17
19
24
25
26
28
29
32
35
38
39
41
49
50
51
52
54
55
$|T |u$ |u$ eTsD\T |X qw+ <+dyTq |+ qw+

qw+
\T |\T
(Vs) (s. )
($
1977nsY 28` qe+sY 1
TbqT
8
34 10000 250000 1014800 1351000
172.00
1979 yT 13`15
es<\T
10 37.4
706
748000
242.65
1983 >dT
es<\T
8 1.58
58
1726
94218
714000
89.56
1986 >dT
es<\T
13 21.15
309 22000 423000
853200 1686.74
1987 qe+sY 2`3
TbqT
10 32.04
119
110550
961000
126.48
1988 p
es<\T
11 23.43
88
4233
48694
406000
245.40
1989 p
es<\T
22 89.44
232 10905 227000
593000
913.50
1990 yT 5`10
TbqT
14 77.81
817 27625 1439659
563000 2137.27
1991 qe+sY 11`15
TbqT
9 0.18
192
97470
409000
367.32
1995 nsY, qe+sY
es<\T
19
2.3
229
3663 146525
665000
917.00
1996 pH 12`16
TbqT
10 0.22
100
1607
21517
15000
129.10
1996 >dT`d|+sY
es<\T
13 0.21
140
188
12100
134000
159.00
1996 nsY 17`21
es<\T
11 87.37
338 146621 130731 1128000
843.27
1996 qe+sY 6`7
TbqT
4 80.62
1077 19856 616553
511000 6129.25
1998 d|+sY ` nsY
es<\T
22 16.34
260
5126 150196 1405000 2525.20
2000 >dT 22`31
es<\T
17 1.98364
207
6156
99800
178000
966.15
2005 d|+sY 18`19
es<\T
10
350
107 14416 118618
551966 2697.97
2006 >dT 2`5
TbqT/es<\T
10 13.84
165 20530 276567
219897 3455.23
2006 nsY28 ` qe+sY4
z TbqT
5 13.85
41 350000
95218
384550 7173.25
2008 qe+sY 14`16
UeTT TbqT
9
1.0
0
37
1190
59287
36
2008 qe+sY 25 ` 30
c TbqT
5
1.0
9
28
8258
220000
80
2009 d|+sY 29` nsY 4
es<\T
13 20.72
90 49686 259095
226092 12455.75
2010 yT 17`22
TbqT
14 17.80
22
2075
14298 26685.83 1603.22
2010 nsY 29`qe+sY8
TbqT
13 16.98
63
1140
20554
483000 2496.98
2010 &d+sY 5`8
es<\T
15 8.16
21
3026
3169 1208000 2739.33
$eq |_wH
39
$|T sVD
m.|.|.mdt.d |\ n&q |X\T

1. ||+# $|T\ |+|D u+b\T eT]jTT
dTHMT\T m+ X+ es +{sTT?
(3)
1) 6%
2) 7%
3) 8%
4) 9%
2. | $|T <VsD
(4)
1) TbqT
2) u+|+
3) dTHMT
4) |e
3. +~ y | y|+ @~?
(4)
1) u+|+
2) TbH
3) ub+
4) |e
4. +~ y @~ eqe s $|T?
(4)
1) u+|+
2) dTHMT
3) es<
4) |$ @M e
5. +~ y eqe s $|T
(4)
1) es<
2) u+|+
3) sTe
4) u+T |\T&T
6. +~ y | d<yTq y|+ @~? (1)
1) sTe
2) jTT<+
3) rey<+
4) n+sT<+
7. +~ y |d< $|T @~?
(4)
1) TbqT
2) u+|+
3) dTH$T
4) |$ n
8. |e<+ (Hazard) nbsTT] d+|Tq n~
1) u+|+ e#T 2) dTHMT e#T (4)
3) es<\T e#T
4) |$ n
9. $|T d+|Tq < e\q
(4)
1) eqeqw+ \T>TT+~
2) d qw+ \T>TT+~
3) +Te\ qw+ \T>TT+~
4) |e
10. $|T (Disaster) d+|Tq < |*+ (4)
1) $d qqw+ 2) JeHb~ qw+
3) d qw+
4) |$ n
$eq |_wH
40
11. $| T s V D ( Disaster Management)

sb\T m|&T sV+#e#T?
(4)
1) $|T eTT+<T
2) $|T sT>TTq deTjT+
3) $|T s
4) |$ n
12. ||+# $|T es<\T m+ X+> +{sTT?
1) 30%
2) 35%
(1)
3) 40%
4) 45%
13. us u u>+ m+X+ es<\ >TsjT
neX+ e+~ ?
(4)
1) 22%
2) 20%
3) 18%
4) 12%
14. +&j q yTT+ 35 sc\T eT]jTT +<b*
b+\ m $|T\ >T] >\e?
(4)
1) 18
2) 28
3) 22
4) 25
15. ksY $|T sVD d+sT m& q~?
(3)
1)
2) s&
3) q &
4)
16. 1980`2010 eT< \+ +&j | $|T \
e\ m+ eT+~ eTsD+#sT?
(1)
1) 1,43,039
2) 1,23,039
3) 1,13,039
4) 1,03,039
17. $|T (&CdsY) nH e @ uw qT+& <$+
+~?
(3)
1) ns_ uw
2) #dt uw
3) |+ uw
4) swH uw
18. $|T sVD |D[ |<q \D\T
(4)
1) \ X~
2) ds
3) #sD k<+ 4) |e
19. CrjT $|T sVD d+d q #T
(2)
1) s&
2) q &
3) =H
4) $XK|+
$|T sVD
20. +&j rs b++ m+ u>+ >*yq\T,

TbqT\T eT]jTT dTHMT\ >TseT+~? (4)
1) 3700 MTsT 2) 4700 MTsT
3) 6700 MTsT 4) 5700 MTsT
21. $|T sVD n+s>\T
(4)
1) |q]yd+
2) ysD
3) |q]sD+
4) |e
22. $|T sVD $u>\T
(4)
1) d+d<
2) d+<q
3) ysD
4) |e
23. +~ y | d< $|T
(1)
1) sTe
2) jTT<+
3) >y<+
4) n+sT<+
24. 2010 ||+# $|T\ y~ |s+, 2000`09
eT<\+ 85 X+ qw|&q |\T @ b+
#+~qysT?
(1)
1) dj |d| b++
2) s dj b++
3) <D dj b++
4) |eT dj b++
25. $|T \ |u y <<s n~e TT> +Z #e#T?
1) yTsT>q |D[ <s
(4)
2) yTsT>q d+d< ne>Vq <s
3) yTsT>q ysD #s\ <s
4) |n{ <s
26. $|T sVD se\qT m|&T sV+# e#T?
(4)
1) $|T eTT+<T
2) $|T s
3) $|T d+u$+q|&T
4) |e
27. n+srjT dTHMT de#s +<+ q #T
1) >y
2) s
(3)
3) V q\T\T
4) |<T#]
28. 1980`2010 eT< \+ +&j | $|T \
e\ qwbsTTqy] d+K
(1)
1) 1,521,726,127 2) 1,121,726,127
3) 1,321,726,127 4) 1,224,726,127
$eq |_wH
29. ||+# u+ n+#H |s+, d+es+

us< X e TT d\ <ojT m+ X+ |
$|T\e\ qw+ y{\TT+~ (\T>TT+~)? (4)
1) 3 1 %
2) 3%
2
4) 2%
3)
30. $|T re, k<sD+> < { n+#H yksT?
1) bD qw+
2) d qw+
(3)
3) bD d qc\T 4) |y$ e
31. SAARC <s $|T sVD de#s +<+
q#T
(4)
1) =\+u
2) U+&T
3) &
4) q&
32. $|T\ |s\ #]q$
(4)
1) ud++< $|T\T
2) Jed++< $|T\T
3) \d++< $|T\T
4) |e
33. 1996`2000 eT< \eTT | d<, eqe |]
$|T\ e\ +&j m+ X+ .&.|. |
d+es+ qwbsTT+~?
(4)
1
2 %
2
1) 3.12%
2) 2.12%
3) 4.12%
4) 2.25%
34. $|T sVD +&~
(4)
1) |XeTq+
2) |qsyd+
3) dVjT
4) |$ n
35. ||+ # $|T \ sT e\T/e\T eT]jTT d++~
$|T\T m+ X+ +{sTT?
(2)
1) 18%
2) 19%
3) 20%
4) 21%
36. sd$T (jTT.mH.z.) |s+ ||+#+
1992`2000 eT< d+es m $|T\T
]>sTT?
(3)
1) 100
2) 300
3) 500
4) 800
37. +&j |K+&+ +~ y <e\ me> V
\T>T nqTL\eTT> q~?
(4)
1) TbqT\T
2) sTe\T
3) u+b\T
4) |e
41
$|T sVD
39. $|T\ s\T

(4)
1) Je d++< $|T\T
2) ud++< $|T\T
3) { eT]jTT yesD d++< $|T\T
4) |e
40. | d< $|T\ #s&Tq~
(4)
1) u+|+
2) dTHMT
3) es<\T
4) |e
41. $|T sVD nq>
(4)
1) |d+<q eT]jTT |XeTq+ eeTT H
me
2) eT< |<
3) $_q sb\ deTV+
4) |e
42. |d| b++ dTHMT V#] deTqjT >|t
m& +~?
(1)
1) b]dt
2) s
3) {
4) $XK|eTT
43. $|T sVD | n+srjT+> HH sT\T
sVdTq $X$<\jT+
(4)
1) yH $X$<\jTeTT
2) |H $X$<\jTeTT
3) >+& HH $X$<\jTeTT
4) |e
44. $|T sVD d]|{ sTqT +~ y @~
(1)
sVdT+~?
1) +~s>+B CrjT ks $X$<\jT+
2) _.sY. n+u<sY ks $X$<\jT+
3) q\+< ks $X$<\jT+
4) eseq eTVMs ks $X$<\jT+
45. $|T |D[ |<q \D\T
(4)
1) \ dw
2) ds (flexibility)
3) #sD eT
4) |e
46. ||+# u+ |s+ 1996`2000 eT<\+
$|T\ e\ dTesT CrjT T\T m+ X+
qwbjsTT?
(3)
1) 2.85%
2) 2.50%
3) 2.25%
4) 1.95%
$eq |_wH
42
47. eTq Hu MT< kseTT> $|T |uy

Z+#& rdT=qe\dq #s\T
(4)
1) yTsT>q |D[\T 2) dHV ne>Vq
3) ysD #s\T 4) |e
48. ||+# u+ n+#H |s+ | $|T qT+&
|+> *> qc\T d\ CrjT m+
(3)
X+?
1) 4%
2) 3%
3) 2%
4) 1%
49. &CdsY ]dt ]&H e\dq <X
(4)
1) e+&* V#] $<H >{|s#&+
2) ne>Vq j |+#&+
3) eT+ |qsyd+, |q]sD+
4) |e
50. $|T\ |uy <e\ me> Z+#e#T?(4)
1) d\D |D[sD
2) d\D ne>Vq, j
3) d\D ysD #s\T
4) |e
51. $|T sVD| @s&q q n~s d+|T + 1999
>w $|T\qT 5 s\T> eZ]++~. y{
n+s>\T
(4)
1) u>[ d++< $|T\T
2) Jed++< $|T\T
3) sT, yesD d++< $|T\T
4) |e
52. ksY $|T sVD yud{
(4)
2) saarc.sdmc.in
1) sdmc.nic.in
3) saarc.nic.in
4) saarc-sdmc.nic.in
53. y| <VsD
(4)
1) u+|+
2) dTHMT
3) es<
4) |e
54. 1980`2010 eT< \+ ]q u+b\ d+K
1) 92
2) 34
(4)
3) 38
4) 56
55. nkT> |< <Ts<w+> de sD
$q+ #d d+|TqqT $|T n+{+ ` |
y| ~ mesT q s#q+?
(1)
1) sd$T 2) ||+#u+
3) jTTHk
4) dj n_e~ u+
$|T sVD
59. ||+#+ es<\ >TsjT Hu m+ X+

<D dj, sT dj, |d| <X
eddTHsT?
(4)
1) 80%
2) 65%
3) 75%
4) 90%
60. $|T sVD d++~+q~
(4)
1) |q]sD+
2) |qsyd+
3) neds |d+<q 4) |e
61. +~ y @~ dsq~?
(4)
1) $|TqT y]+#e#T
2) $|TqT }V+#e#T
3) $|T jH sT>TT+~
4) $|T <Tw*\qT Z+#e#T
62. Rapid-onset - &CdsY/$|T <VsD
(4)
1) sTe
2) <T]+
3) |sesD uw 4) |$ n
63. $|T sVD n+s>\T
(4)
1) |X$T+|
2) dd, |]Vs+
3) neds #s 4) |$ n
64. $|T sVD n+s>+
(1)
1) |q]sD+ |qsyd+
2) |<\ n|\T
3) $+>T\ n|\T
4) \VqesZ\ s>+ u$T
65. | |e<\ |*+> @s& ub\T ||+#
$|T m+ X+ +{sTT?
(4)
1) 6%
2) 2%
3) 3%
4) 4%
66. $|T n+f @$T{?
(4)
1) | eqe |s| d+|Tq
2) < <s n~+> eqe <+d+ sT>TT+~
3) < <s JeH<s qw+ y{\TT+~
4) |$ n
67. |e<+ (Hazard)
(4)
1) |e<syTq d+|Tq
2) | eqe |u$+
3) bD qc *dT+~
4) |$ n
$eq |_wH
43
68. $|T\ (Disasters) qT ss\T> eZ]+#{

<s+
(1)
1) n$ *+q bDqw+
2) n$ *+q d qw+
3) < y>+
4) < > #]
69. $|T sVD (Disaster management) n+s>+
1) $|T\qT jT++#+
(4)
2) $|T |* Z+#+
3) |uT+ | n~sT\ *jTs+
4) |$ n
70. +~ y $|TqT Z+# ePV+
(3)
1) #> $<TYqT n+~+#+
2) |\\ d jTbs+\T e+
3) TbH H\TeqT ]+#+
4) u+\ qT+& n|\T e+
71. $|T\ re k<sD+> |s+> +#

&sTT
(1)
1. bD qw+
2. d qw+
3. +T qw+
4. >V qw+
72. $|T sVD e#~
(4)
1. jT<d rdTse&+
2. |q]sD+
3. $T{>wH
4. |e
73. +~ y{ @$ eqe e\ @s& $|T \ T?
1. es<\T
2. u+b\T
(4)
3. sTe\T
4. n|e<\T
74. +~ y eqe |s| |e<+ @~?
1. u+|+
2. dTHMT
(4)
3. es<
4. |$ @M e
75. +~ eTTKyTq |e< @~ $|T > ese#T?
1. TbqT\T
2. u+b\T
(4)
3. dTHMT\T
4. |e
76. $|T sVD
(1)
1. |d+<q eT]jTT |XeTq+ eyT <T
2. KyTq |jT
3. _q n+X\ L&q $<q+
4. |e
$|T sVD
77. $|T ujT+syTq |]d, B k<sD

Jeq+ nded+ neT+~. |sesD d $q+
neT+~. bD\qT s+#&, |sesD
b&& neds |yTj\ neds+
s#H +~ mesT?
(4)
1) |<qeT+ s\jT+
2) $|T sVD #+, 2005
3) jTd|t
4) us |uT+ >Vsb\ eT++
78. nkT> |< <Ts<w+> de sD
$q+ #d d+|TqqT $|T n+{+ ` |
y| ~ mesT q s#q+?
(1)
1) sd$T 2) ||+#u+
3) jTTHk
4) dj n_e~ u+
79. nH |#TsD d+d |#T]+q &CdsY yTHC
yT+{ : d+{ nb#dt >+<s mesT?
(1)
1) ns$+< esY 2) _. HsjTD
3) _.d. udt
4) sY d+>
80. us <X+ jTT yTT+ yX\+ m+ X+
u+| d++< <*\ >T]neqT?
(4)
1) 42 X+
2) 67 X+
3) 78 X+
4) 56 X+
81. +& j | d + e s + m+ e T+~ | \T
|qse es<\ >TseTHsT?
(4)
1) 325 $T*jTqT 2) 175 $T*jTqT
3) 150 $T*jTqT 4) 200 $T*jTqT
82. {e\ |#T]yTq Hwq VCsY n+& &CdsY
yTHCyT+{ nH |d s#sTT mesT?
(3)
1) s+H dT
2) DY dssY
3) dwt #e]
4) #+<H dTs_ <dt
83. +&j m+ u u> XeTT es<\ >TseT +~?
1) <<| 22%
2) <<| 20%
(4)
3) <<| 18%
4) <<| 12%
$eq |_wH
44
84. yTH+> &Cds Y ]dt H meT]+> mqMTdt y~

me]~?
(1)
1) ||+# u+ (es u+)
2) @dj n_e~ u+ (@wjTH &e|tyT+{
u+)
3) >V eeVs\ eT+ XK ($Td |t VyT
n|sY), >esyT+{ |t +&j
4) CrjT $|T sVD d+d, +&j (Hwq
Hd{ |t &CdsY yTHCyT+{, +&j)
85. $|T ujT+syTq |]d, B k<sD
Jeq+ nded+ neT+~. |sesD d $q+
neT+~. bD\qT s+#&, |sesD
b&& neds |yTj\ neds+
s#H +~ mesT?
(4)
1) |<qeT+ s\jT+
2) $|T sVD #+, 2005
3) jTd|t
4) us |uT+ >Vsb\ eT++
86. $|T sVD CrjT $<q+ |s+ +&j
u u>+ m+X+ k<sD, re >\ u +b\T
d+u$+#& neX+ +~?
(2)
1) 52.4%
2) 58.6%
3) 59.5%
4) 45.8%
87. @ |uT+ >eT $|T sVD eTTs\qT D,
nHwD, b&+| y~qT jsT #d+~?
1) s+# |uT+
(1)
2) eTD|PsY |uT+
3) +&Hwj |uT+
4) +&jTH s&dt
88. +&j $|T sVD\ d+d d+k> esT\T
d+#T q n~s $T{ @ d+es+
@sT #jT&+ ]+~?
(4)
1) 1996
2) 1997
3) 1998
4) 1999
$|T sVD
II.
u+b\T
1. u+b\T` sD\T, |uy\T

2. us<X+ u+b\T
3. +<|<X u+b\T
4. u+b\T ` |XeTq #s\T
1. u+b\T `sD\T, |uy\T

(Earthquakes - Causes and Effects)
1.1 |]#jT+
n+ $<+ds dV y|\ u+|+
L& {. ||+# y|+> u+b\T |< mTq
d, bD qc\ sDeTeTHsTT. us< X u>[
$ds+ 59% u+| eTT|qT * +&+ e\q
u+b\ e\q us<X L& eTT| b+ +~.
M{ e\ ||+#y|+>|jT{ 50,000 eT+~
eTsDdTHsT. u+b\T ueH\qT, eT* edT\qT
dq <+d+ #d, n+<T +Tq ysT #bjT
< >j T | & # j T > \ e. u + b\T e\+
Hyk\qT <+d+ #jT&yT +&, |uT, <X
] eed, ke sD nds |sTksTT.
1.2 u sD+
u$T eT&T bs\T +{sTT.
1. u|\+(Crust)
2. u bes+(Mantle)
3. u+<+(Core)
u|\+:
~ |Tq d +T+~. B skjTq d+|Tq
Sial. dj nq> d*H(Si), n\$TjT+(Al).
n\$TjT+ *> +T+~. { u |\+ *>
+T+~. u| s+&T $<\T> $uksT.
1. K+& |\+
2. deTT< u|\+.
K+&|\+ |q >H{, +~ u>+ k
+T+~.
deTT< |\+ k \\T, n|s(e)
\\qT * +T+~.
u|\+ k+<: 2.27>/|T.d+.MT
$eq |_wH
u|\+ eT+<+ : 10`65 .MT.

deTT< u|\+ jTT eT+<+ |s
me>qT, deTT< b++ e>qT +T+~.
u|\+ eT+<+ |s\T > |sueTT\T >
yT<H\T> deTT<\T> f+#Y\T eT+ +T+~.
u|\+ n~+> +& VeT\+
n\$TjT+.
u bes+:
u bes+ 2900 .MT. T es +T+~.
ubes+ k+< 5.7 >/|T.d+.MT +T+~.
u bes+ T <ed +&, nT |T qd
+& =sTT& s|+ +T+~.
B skjTq k++ de(Sima) `
de d*(Si), yT^wjT +(Ma) nH eT\\T
+{sTT.
u+b\T ubes+ es eyT |]$TyT
+{sTT.
u|, ubes ysT #jTT bsqT
yTTVA < yTTVs$ddt $q+ n+{sT.
u +<+
~ 6371 .MT. es +T+~.
B skjTq d+|Tq |(Nife).
| nq> (Ni) eT]jTT |sdt(Fe).
u+<+ |<s+ <ed +T+~.
B k+< 12 >/|T.d+.MT.
u+<+ e< c> 6000 &^\ d*jTdt.
u +<, u bes ysT #d bsqT
>TfHsYZ $H#sY $q+ n+{sT.
47
$|T sVD
u|\+ (crust) sbs(rocky layer). B

>jT sH (uyT)u+|+
eT+<+ @> +&<T. deTT<\ +< dTesT 10
]sY d\T 6.6 re L&q Xe+yTq
MTs qT+& K+&\ +< 65 MTs es
u
+
|
+ >jT sHqT 2003 &d+sY 26q +~.
+T+~. u|\+ eTT> +&<T. |\\T
(Plates)> |\Te& nH $u>\qT * +T+~. B re nbsyT q bD qw+ ]+~. u dT\ T
|\\ |]eD+ d + _q+> +T+~. ={ = <<| |P]> <+deTjsTT. 30y\ eT+~ |\T
e+<\ qT+& y\ MTs |]eD+ * +{sTT. eTsD+#sT. eTs 30y\ eT+~ >jT|&sT. s>,
y\ d+es\T> |\\T ds + > <T \T, esT $< edT\T re+> <HsTT. 85 X |>
+{sTT. 65y\ d+es\ + ]q esT <+deTjsTT. u+|+ <{ #] uyT
|D+ |P]> <+dyT+~.
sD+> Ve\jT|s\T @s&sTT.
|\\T <| { C]q|&T |&q+ & =q|&T < ~*q|&T |&q+ @s&TT+~
$&T<\ #jT&, u+X(fault) < ueTT|]\+
|>T se& <]rdT+~. #\H\T X\+> 1.2.1. u+| s+>\T:
q { ssTT $d]q|&T @s& sT s+>\
u+b\ y\Te& X s+>\ s|+
> u$T#T s+> s|+ |+|H\T @s& y\Te&TT+~. u+b\T @s&q|&T eT&T sq
#ksTT. $<+> u+b\T @s&sTT.
s+>\T y\Te&TsTT.
u |\+ (earth's crust) $s|s |\\T (tec1. P - s+>\T < b<$T s+>\T
tonic plates) > |\Te& n|< n+s +~ K+&\
2. S - s+>\T < ~rjT s+>\T
(interlocking blocks of rock)# sb+~+#& +T+~.
K+&\T bys+(mantle)> |\Te& ns<e
3. L - s+>\T < Bs s+>\T
\(semi - liquid rock) bs| <T\T +{sTT.
s+>\ <s\T ysTysT> +{sTT.
<T\T +& ns <e \ (bys+) u|+
K+&\T < { es+> < < y| P - s+>\T(P - Waves)
{ <\& sDeTeT+~. $s|s |\\T
$ X s+>\qT b* +{sTT. M{H |wt
_q s\ |\ #\H\T
1. n| d s D # \ q+: | \ \T
<={ <s+> s>& + e\q
qq |\+ @s&TT+~. eT<
n{ + { ]& n{ + { eTV
deTT< s, <D\T> $&>=
&TT+~. ~ ndssD d]V<T
<VsD. eT< n{+{ ]&
d+es 2.5 d+{MTsT, 25
$T*j T H d + e s\ 25
MTs yTs y| #+<TT+~.
$eq |_wH
2. n_dsD #\q+: |\+ |

eTs= |\+ #=#T se&+ e\q
u|\+ <+deTeT+~. B
n_dsD #\q+ n+{sT.
<VsD: |d| eTVdeTT<+
]+> | t | s Y , V e\j T
|sXDT\T K+&+s |\\
n_ d s D # \ q+ j T T
|s ekH\qT dw+ > |<] ksTT.
48
2. sb+s #\q+: #\q+

| \ \T < = { | >
n&+>, y>+> yT+{sTT. B
e\q u|\+ $<+d+ e&+
>, => @s&+ sT><T.
<V s D :
ny T ]
*b]j XH \sTTdt _k
q> s s T q f + s Y
|s XD XH +&j dt u+ X+
]C yT<H |> y[be&+.
$|T sVD
s>Ty u+|+
1972 &d+sY 23q eT< nyT] <XyTq
s>TyqT esTd u+b\T n\+ #XsTT.
n|< u+| |]eD+ ]sY d\T| 6.2>
qy<+~. s< eTq>Ty e< u+| +<+
@s&+~. u+|+ |\T n~+> +& d+
CH b+ |P]> <+d+ #d+~. dTesT 27
#<s| MTs(10 #<s| yT) b++ yTT+
<+dyT+~. u+|+ e\ eq eT+\T q>s
eT]+ n\+ #XsTT. $|T sD+> yTT+
4,30,000 eTH> T y Hu 8,000 eT+~
eTsD+#sT. 20,000 eT+~ >jT|&sT. 2,60,000
eT+~ q>s M&ysT. <>dT 50% eT+~
b~ jsT. 70% eT+~ qT jsT. 10%
b]X$T keTs +, 50% yD dT\ T, 70% |uT
ks\T d+ _+bjsTT. yTT+ 845 $T*jTH &\s
qw+ y{*+~.
s+>\T n n+{sT. s+>\T yjTT, <e, |Tq
|<s\ >T+& |jDksTT. M{ y>+ \\qT { 5
qT+& 13.8 .MT/dqT es +T+~. s+>\T
u+b\qT qy<T #d +<\qT eTT+<T> #ssTT.
{, s+>\qT b<$T < s+>\T n+{sT.
s+>\T u$T |] #sd] Bs s+>\T>
esT #+<TsTT. $ n~ bq:|q+ * me
#\q y>+ |j D+ #ksTT. $ bs+u kq+ qT+
|jT+# ~X yqT eTT+<T }d&T
|jTksTT. $ |jT+#|&T eTT+<Tq uu>+
MT< & \T>CksTT. n+<T M{ |wt s+>\T
n+{sT.
S - s+>\T ($s|D s+>\T) (S - Waves)
$ <e |<s\ >T+& |jD+#e. +
s+>\qT b* \+eTT> |jT+#&+ e\q u$T|
$|yTq qw+ y{\TT+~. s+>\ y>+ \
dqT 3.2 .MT. qT+ 7.2 .MT es +T+~.
n+ s e T( Ground Water ) \qT $| + >
$j +# T e\q s + >\T # < s +
|jD+, me qc *ksTT. M{ s
s+>\T n L& |\TksT. s+>\T u$T
|]\+ qT+& |d]ksTT. s+>\T u |]
#s d] Bss+>\T> e]bsTT. M{ >D
s+>\T n L& n+{sT. s+>\T P s+>\
$eq |_wH
e Vd s+> <s+ * q|{, P s+>\ H

HeT~> |jDksTT.
L - s+>\T ( ` s+>\T)(L - Waves)
$ | T q, < e , yj T T | < s \ > T +&
|jDksTT. $ u|\+ <s esTs+>
|jDksTT. M{ u\ s+>\T(Surface Waves)
n+{sT.
M{ y>+ dqT 4 qT+ 4.3 .MT. es
+T+~. P, S s+>\ esZ\T + sD\ |sesq
eueq d\ nqT>TD+> +{sTT. s+>\
dVjT+ u n+s> $Xc\qT \TdTe#T. L
s+ >\T e\+ K+& b+\ |\+ >T+& |j Dd
u+b\ sDeTjT $<+d X\ &&T
+{sTT.
P, S, L s+>\T bs+uyTq |<X H_
n+{sT. s+>\T H_ qT+ n y| u
n+s>+ #=#T= bsTT |sesq+ #+~,
e u $ +, ] u | ] # s sTT. u
n+s>+ bs\ <s s+ >\T HsT > s++>
=+ es eyT |jTksTT. $ u+< eT+&\+
<s |jT+#e.
edT s+>\T (body waves), |] s+> edT
s+>\T (Surface wave' Body waves) (M{H P
eT]jTT S s+>\T n L& n+{sT) e\q
e# u\ <* (ground shaking) u$T
#=#TbsTT y>+> +|+|CksTT.
u+| #j eT+&\+(Shadow Zone):
u+| H_ HsT> m<TsT>(es ~X)
q uu>(~ yTT+ uu>+ dTesT d>u>+
+T+~) P, S s+ >\T HsT > #s e . u>H u +|
#j eT+&\+ n+{sT.
u+| H_(Focus):
u+b\T @s&q kH u+|q +<+ <
u+| H_ n n+{sT. < u+|+ <$+#
n+seT _+<Te (Subterranean point)qT H_ (focus)>
|\TksT.
n_ +<+(Epicentre):
u+| H_ }s+> |]\+| >\ +<
n_+<+ < ~ +<+ n+{sT.
49
$|T sVD
u| ~>Teq @s& X\T < \T

n~ X+ u+b\T d\ |+|q\T
eyT. |qT u+b\T k<sD+> q q syTq u+b\ sDeTesTT.
|+ |q\ yTT< { < n++ f me $< +ds 2. n|s d++~ sD\T:
n|\ (violent shocks) s|+ <\TksTT. es
n| s \T |\& + e\q u + b\T
|s| \T(afteshocks)> |\Te& eT+> >T eZ TTK+
d+u$ksTT. n|s |<X u n+s>+
|f +|H\T> e] n+eTesTT.
<e+ <\&+ e\q, n |s\ qT+& <e+
| eq|&T u>s+ XSq |<X\T @s&
XSq |<X\ MT< +& \\ sTe u$T +<
k<sD+> u+|+ n+f, u$T |]\+> + u+b\T @s&sTT.
|\Te& u|\+(Crust) < bys+ d+> 3. d k| s< d<++:
e# +|q+ < |+|q #\q+> #|e#T (a sudV#Y.m|t. & d<+ |b~+#sT.
den trembling or shaking movement of the earth's sur|\\T(Plates) k| #\H\T * q|&T \\T
face, called the crust).
Tq+> $ \+(Strain) e~ #+<TT+~.
u|\+ < bys+ b+~, H_ \+ \\ ||T q X $T+q|&T \\T $#< q +
qT+& +# |+|q s+>\ |s+|s\H u+|+> #+~ n\ $ \+ kH #sT+T+~.
|s=qe#T. \\T d n+s \ e\q d d<+ d k| s< d<++(Elastic Rebound
kqu+ X+ #+~q|&T X y\Te&TT+~. X s+ > Hypothesis) n |sT.
s|+(P, S, L) q\T ~X y|ksTT. $<+>
s+>\T y|+, |+|q\T \T>CksTT. M{H 4. b d++<y T q sD\T(Plutonic Earthquakes):
u+|+ n+{sT.
M{ e\q u+b\T # nsT<T> eksTT.
u+b\qT >T]+ n<jTq+ #jTT Xk u $T n+s>+ *> s &j <] $, skjT
#s\ e\ ]> esT\T B sD\T. $ u
ddty\J(Seismology) n+{sT.
|] 24 .MT. qT+ 640 .MT T es
d+u$ksTT.
5. |\ $s|s\ d<++ (theory of plate tec1. |]\ sD\T:
tonics):
$ u $T |]\+| @s&sTT. |< |< =+&
||+#+ Xe+yTq u+b\T $sT|s
bs\T Cs&+ e\q >, VeT q<\T |eV+#
# VeTb\T d+u$+#&+ e\q >, >qT\Tq \ e\H edTHsTT. $s|s \ q,
|<X\ ks+>\| | L\&+ e\q >, |s d+|&q u\T(Compressive Forces) u|\+|
b+\ ub+(Land Slides) s>&+ e\q #ksTT. u|\+ sbs\ # \+> q
\ ek\ eT\+> = |<X \ u+ X\T @s&
u+b\T @s&sTT.
bs\ X ek\T dsT= |\+ d&*
u n+s\+ |ue+ >V\ | |\T u+|+ edT+~. sTy u$T ds b+<TT+~.
L*be e\q L& u+b\T @s&sTT.
d<++ |s+ |\\T #\q+ +& u bys+|
u>s+ nDd |\T sV+#&+ e\q, <T\T, w d+eVq |yV\T (thermal convection
|< |< eT Xj \ e\, u $T KC\ d+ currents)> u$+#&TTq = ns] jT++>\#
$q ks+>\ | |\T L\&+ e\q u+b\T q&T|&TT+{sTT. |\\T <={ q|&T
@s&e#T. e |]\ sD\ e\ @s&sTT. u|\+ & \T>TT+~.
$ n+ reyTq$ e. $<+> @s&q u+b\T
&T\qT |\\ V<T\ y+& ]>
n e qc *ksTT. Te+{ u+b\T
#\H\qT { +~ $<+> eZ]+#e#T.
@s&{ eqe |yTjT+ me> +T+~.
1.3 s#q+
1.4 u+b\ sD\T:
$eq |_wH
50
$|T sVD
m. <={ <s+> >&+

dyy u+|+
_. < m<TsT> eTs={ HT=q&+
dyy 1917 pH 26q n|< u+|+
d. < n+#T| eTs= < n+#T Cs&+ d+u$++~. u+| +<+ dyy Be\ HsT
1906 nyT] *b]j eq ~X +ByT +~. u+|+ ]sY d\T|
XHbdt u +|+ $s|s \ e\q @s&q<. 8.5> qy<+~. ~ b++ d+u$+q n
#\H\ u+b\ d++<+ * \yTq u+b {> ]ssTT+~.
+{sTT. |\\ V<T\ e< Cs&+ < |>T <s
eTs 2009 d|+sY 29q 8.1 |]eD+
d+X (accumulated energy) $&T<\ #d |\ u +|+ e+~. 2009 ||+ #y|+ > d+u$ +q
b+\ (areas of stress)qT u+X\T (faults) n+{sT. n|< u+|+> qy<+~. u+|+ sD+>
6. dk| d<++(theory of elasticity):
dTH$T s+ >\T <$ +, dy y, nyT]H dy y,
{+>\ |< mTq $<+k, bD qc
B |s+ $s|s |\\ #\q+ s+s+
u|\+| |\+ < & \T>CdH +T+~. <]rXsTT. u+| +<+ e< deTT< eT+ 3
n~ j<+> >]w ne\+q $ (Supportable n+>T\T(76 $T.MT) |]qT |d| dTH$T V#]
strain) _+<Teq #sT T+~.n|&T u+
X+ y+& |>T \T +<+ qy<T #d+~. dyy rs+ e< deTT<|
@s&, $\+ (Strain) qT+& $&T<\jT es \ s+>\T 14 MTsT(46 n&T>T\T) mT m>d|&qT
q k+ dk| u\ +< m>d|&TT+~. u+X q+& Xdy\T s]+#sT.
|>T #d +|H\qT u+| s+>\T (Seismic waves) n+{sT. $ u
+| H_ qT+& n ~X\ #s d] y{ |ue+ ~+#&TT+~. n+<Te\ $
|d]ksTT. (^ uw seisoms nq>, n|+ < # nsT<T> eyT $< +ds y T q $> +{sTT. ><
u+|+ n ns+).
H_ ( Shallow focus ) u + b\T # s # T >
d+u$ksTT. |] dMT|+ +&+ e\q re
$<+d+ dwksTT.
H_ T (focal depth) <s+> u+b\qT 1.5.1 u #\H\T(GROUND MOVEMENTS)
eT&T s\T> $u+#e#T.
u+b\ e\q e# u#\H\T |\T s\
m. >< u+b\T(Shallow Focus):
$<+ds |uy\qT * +{sTT. n+<T
$ |]\ qT+& 0 ` 60 .MT. es y|+
= |<qyTq |uy\T:
+{sTT. u +b\T # s# T > d+u$ ksTT. H_
1. u <*(Ground shaking): H\ >T+& |+|q
u |] dMT|+ +&+ e\q re $<+d+
s+>\T |jD+#&+ e\ H\ yqT,
dwksTT.
eTT+<T #*dT+~.
_. e<$T u+b\T(Intermediate Focus):
2. eT u+>\T(Soil failures): u<* e\q
$ 60 .MT qT+& 300 MTs T es
H\ <M]+#&+ (liquefaction), u b\T (landy|+ +{sTT.
slides) e+{$ @s&sTT.
d. n>< u+b\T(Deep Focus):
3. |]\ u+X |>T(Surface fault ruptures):
$ 300 qT+ 700 MTs T es
|>T, \Te N*\T yTT<\>Tq$.
y|+ +{sTT. <VsD du& H eT+&\T(n><
4. y s+>\T(dTH$T): XjT |]\|
+<\T). 1933`34 eT]jTT 1943\ +&Hwj

e# n|< s+ >\T rs b+ u qc
n>< u+b(720 .MT. T) qy<T #jT&+
sDeTesTT.
]+~.n>< H_ u+| s+>\T u |]
1.5 u+b\T s\T:
$eq |_wH
51
$|T sVD
1.6 u+| \D\T

u+b\T d'd<+> d+u$ksTT. n~ dV
\D
+. u +b\T |>\ T, s nH & +&,
mTe+{ V# ] \ T +& d + >
d+es+ m|&H d+u$ksTT.
es<\ T, #y\T (TbqT), s |< q d
$|T\ <] rd y|\T (hazard) V#]
ee~ ( warning peroid ) * +{sTT.
n+<Te\, y{ m<Tse& eTT+<dT #s\T
rdTe&, y]+#Te&, y{ u] qT+&
|\qT s+#& =+yTs neX+
+T+~.
u +b\T mTe+{ V#]\T +& eksTT.
y{ eTT+<T> }V+#& < y]+#&
neX+ <T. nsTTq|{, <e\ d+u$+#
$<+k eTq+ Z+#e#T. n~ X+
$<+d+ u+b\ e\q +&, eTq+
ed+# ue H\T, , | +, |D < |D
ysT b+\ +& +T sD\ e\
d+u$dT+~. u+b\ e\ d+u$+# eTsD
95% ue H\T L*be&+ e\H sT>TTHsTT.
u+| |+|q\T $_q bq'|H\T, y>\
d+u$ ksTT. u +|+ jTT yde |>T |jT
(rupture) =~ dqT bT eyT +T+~. u
u+b nsTT $Tw+ bT +T+~.
n~ X+ u+b\T d\ +|q\T(minor
tremors) eyT. nsTT, u u+b\T d\
+|q\ yTT<, y>+> { < n+ +f
m e $< +d s n| \ s | + <*,
|s|\T(aftershocks)> |\Te& eT+>
ZbjT |+|q\T(vibrations)> eTT>TksTT.
n+< T e\q u + b\T d + u $ +q| & T
+ | q \T( tremors ), | + | q \T( vibrations )
@s&jT #|e#T.
es<\T e+{ = dV y|\T u>+
yTT+ MT< $ks+> $d]+ q|{, =
y|\T ]w u>[ b+\ eyT
|]$TeTesTT. nTe+{ y{ u+b\T
<VsD> #| e#T. u +b\T k<sD+> u
$eq |_wH
52
| \+ s +& T $u >\T * d u >[

u+X+(geological fault) y+& d+u$ksTT.
||+#+ u+b\ eTT| n~+> q 57
<X\T: | kH, nj, n]j, ns+ {H,
sj, dj, udj, H, Z]j,
s, |t e], , #H, =\+_j, k],
=jTwj, d|dt, u{, sT eTsY,
&sY, |, mk&sY, ~j|j,
C]j, ^dT, >feT, V, VA+&Tsdt,
dt+&, usY, +&Hwj, sH, CjT,
, bH, CsH, kH, <D =]j,
yTd&j, yT, yTTs, q+&,
s>Ty, bkH, b|y q j, |sT,
|*|H, bsT>, s=yTj, sc, d]j
e+fH>, kyj, kH, {+>, ,
nyT], yHT.
K+&s |\\ n+#T\ qT+& <s+> +&
d * j , _H , u e+{ < X \
k<sD+> |e<s u+b\T d+u$+#e.
|qT u+b\T k<sD+> s+&T $s|s
|\\T(tectonic plates) *d L&*(junction) e<
d+u$ksTT.
<: +&jT H |\+, jTsdjT H |\+ +<
y Ve\jT |sXD y+& re u+b\T
@s&TT+{sTT. ||+#+ n+ reyTq
u+b\ = us<X+ d+u$+#&
< sD+.
u+b\T ub\T, es<\T, n |e<\T,
dTHMT\T e+{ s |e<s $|T\
sDeTesTT.
eTVdeTT<\ { n&T>Tq d+u$ +# u +b\T
dTHMT\T> |\e& |< s+>\T @s&{
sDeTesTT. s+>\T >+ 8000
MTs y>+ |jDksTT.
n~ X+ u+b\T n_dsD |\ V<T\T
e</ jo\+> +& u>[ u+X\ MT<
@s&sTT.
$|T sVD
yTs d\T
1.7 u+b\qT =\e&+

u+b\qT y{ |]eD+, reqT { s+&T
$_qyTq =\<\ (Scales) =\TksT. u+|
(Seismograph) nH jT++ u+b\qT y{
re\qT qy<T #dT+~. u+| qy<T #dq
>|tqT u|+q sU +(Seismogram) n+{sT.
]sY d(Richter Scale)

u+| deTjT+ VsZyTq yTT+ X
\TdTe& 1935e d+es+ nyT] #+~q
&sY #sdt bdt ]sY(Dr. Charles Francis Richter)
nH Xdy d\TqT sb+~+#&T. ]sY u+|
s+ > <s + <s+> |{ q T sb+~+, u +|
reqT 0 qT+ 9 es 10 esZ\T> $u+#&T.
fH{ {dt(TNT) nH skjTq |<s+
$&T<\ #d X u+| X T\q+ #d, <
< s + > $u q # X & T . B d + es Z
eT\( Lorarthmic ) s | + * j T C j T +
sT>TT+~. d\T| n+ 10 sT V#T X
d+eTeT+~. k<sD+> u+| reqT ]sY
d\T \T|sT.
u+| |]eD+ < < e\ $&T<q X
y T T d k >| t ( Seismograph)qT | j +
s]ksT.
]sY d| 5.5 +f me |]eD+ *q
u+|+ dT\T, bD\ qw+ *dT+~.
]sY d| 7.5 |]eD+ *q u+|+ 6.5
|]eD+ *q u+|+ +f 30 sT n~
X $&T<\ #dT+~.
3 |]eD+ *q u+|+ eqe\ n
q~> dT+~.
|{ es ]s Y d| qy<q
n|, s +&e~ nyT] n\k sh+
1965 qy<+~).
{e\ \+ ]sY d| 9.0 < n++f
me re d+u$+q u+|+ CbH
2011 e] d+u$+q u+|+ f.
|we d+u$+q u+|+ re ]sY
d\T| 9.0> qy<+~.
$eq |_wH
~ u +| reqT, nq>, u +|+ d+u$ +q

# < |uy =\TdT+~. B 1902
#+~q yTs sb+~+#sT. n+<T d\TqT yTs
d\T n+{sT. nq+s+ <T nqT>TD+>
B <T]+#&+ y&|& yTs d\T (Modified Mercalli Scale) n+THsT. ~ |\ MT<, sD\
MT<, u |]\+ MT< u+| |ue reqT
*jTCdT + ~. u +| reqT I qT+& XII es seTH
n+ n+#H yksT. VI, n++f e re
+f, u$T ~*, >&| ;\T eyT @s&sTT.
u +| re XII +f, & \T |P]> |L*bsTT,
k<sD qJeH |P] $|+ \T>TT+~.
yTs d\T eZsD

I`III:
# =~eT+~ |\T eyT u+b*

>T]ksT.
IV`VI:u
+| eqT | s >T]+# >\T>TsT.
= {\T |*bsTT. ndsyTq edTe\T
+<|&bsTT, \ >&js+ *bT+~.
VII`X:| s qT+ jT |]>&sT.
u+b\qT TH$<+>, <&yTq keT
]+q & \T =~> < +deTesTT. k<sD
keT ]+q & \T d\+>, u +b\qT
Te& nqTe> ]+#, \VqyTq
keT ]+q & \T re+> <+{sTT.
s T q& |ys T L & u + | + eqT
>T]+#>\T>TsT.
XI- XII:|P]> $HXq+ sT>TT+~. u
+| s+ >\qT
u |]\+| L& >eT+#e#T. edTe\T
>* m>d|&sTT.
eTT+<T> n+#H yjT&+(Predictability)

u +b\ sqT eTT+<T>H >T]+#e# =+<sT
Xdy\T #TTq|{, ysT |s=+Tq |<T\T
$y<d<+> +THsTT. d+> d+u$+#
u+b\qT n+ ]w+>, +> }V+,
eTT+<T>H #|&+ |{ k<+ e&+ <T.
u+| b++(Seismic Zone):
|{ es *dq +|q |]$TT\ re
<s+> s]+#&q b+ u+|q b++
53
$|T sVD
n+{sT. us<X+ +|q b+\qT u+|

re\qT ]s Y d\T +|q |]$TT\qT { s]+#&+
]+~.1962 y T T< { + | q b+\ s U
(Seismic Zonig Map) j ds |t
+&j(GSI) jsT #d+~.
e. eT+&\ \+ jTT n~ u>+ #H , n+eT

u>+ |*|qT rs+ HsTT. eT+&\+ jTT
\+ <D dj, dj yTqsY, eT<<s b++
>T+& $d]dT+~. ~ sb @C]dt, s
nyT] H |s \ qT+& dj yTq sY\ MT<T>
Vej\T, {u{, #H\ es $d]dT+~.
kddeT sK\T(Isoseismal):
u+| re >\ b+\qT \T| ^dq
sK\qT kddeT sK\T n+{sT. kddeT sK\T
k<sD+> &>T&T < Bses+(Elliptical)
+{sTT.
||+#+ s+&e u+| b++ (Alps)

| s b+ + qT+& d d t | s \ MT< T >
Ve\j\T, B MT<T> |eT +&j Be\ es
$d] + q b++. ||+ #+ d+u$ +# u +b\
20% b+\H eksTT.
1556 |e] 2e Bq #H c+|T eT]jTT
re(Intensity):
Vqdt b++ d+u$+q u+|+ 8,30,000
u+b\ e\q |]\+ <*\ H d, eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. |{ es *dq #] u +|+
bD qw+ d+u$dT+~. H_ }s+>, |]\+||q sD+> d+u$+q n~ bD qw+ <.
b+~ +& ~+<+ e< u+| |ue+
me> +T+~. ~ +<+ qT+& <s+ y =~
|+|H\ re\T Zb +{sTT.
u +| |u y\T ys T < +> +{sTT. u +b\
d+<s+> eTsD+# ysT < >jT|& y] n~
X+ eT+~ |\T \d J$dT+{sT. ysT ed+#
u+| yTK\\T:
& \T u +b\qT T H $<+ > ]+#& +&e.
||+#+ u+| |e<+ ~ d*j u+|+ d+<s+> eTsD+# y] 95 X+ eT+~
K+&+ eyT. n |s b+\qT, => &\T L*be&+ e\H #bT+{sT. u+b\T
@s & T T q e[| s b+\qT k< s D +> sy ed n+ |e<s+. m+<T+f, =*
u +b\T $]$> d+u$ ksTT. nsTT, {e\ \+ +|q\T (foreshocks) eq|&T |\T ~d +{sT.
d*j L& u+b\T @s&sTT.
n+<Te\ sT, jT |&{ y] q ee~
m. |d| eTVdeTT<+ #T |]ywyT +& +&<T. n++&, \Tq y] MT< +f |&T
q y] MT< edTe\T me |&sTT. u+|
eT+&\+(Ring of Fire)
|uy\T < n~+<(epicentre) #T +&
|d| |]yw u +| yTK\. B ||+ #+ b+\| # me> +{sTT.
d+u$ +# u +b\ 68% d+u$ dTH sTT. s , <D
=+<sT |\T ysT ed+# b+ { me
nyT] |eT rs\ n\wjTH Be\, dj
K+&+ sT rs+, CbH, |*|H Be\T b++ eTT| * +{sT. eT]=+<sT y] ke` ]
|]~ +&, me u+b\ >TseTHsTT.
|]d { me eTT| * +&e#T.
b+ n e\jT+ < Ring of Fire n
u+| |+|q\T e<T\T H\\T(loose soil) <
L& n+{sT. eT+&\+ n |s\ yTK\\T, qB b \T(river deposits) e+{ |{w + |]\T
B| e\T(Island arcs), n>< +<\T HsTT. q # me deTjT+ +&, re |u y *ksTT.
n\k qT+& q+& es $d] + q yTK\
ds\ b+\( bedrock areas)| e
+&Hwj sY|> L& +~.
|ue+ *ksTT. n+<Te\ yT{ H\| {q <&yTq
_. {H dj{, eT<<s eT+&\+:
&\ +f ds\| {q k<sD &\T L&
eT+&\+ u |+|q\ j =~> u+| $<+k deTse++> T>\T>TsTT.
1.7 |\| u+| |ue+
1.8 u+| $dsD eT+&\T
$eq |_wH
54
$|T sVD
u+b\T d+u$+# sH = b+
|>\T u> y&> +&, sT u> #*> +{sTT.
& qT nk<sD c>\qT TH $<+>
eT+<b{ >&\T, u ||\ T+{sT.
Te+{ u+b\qT Te.
u qw+
u+b\ e\ u+> nH $<\T> qw+
sT>TT+~. eqe yk\T, ue H\T, sD\T, eT*
edT\T, |+, _&\T, msTTq s&T, s {\T,
{+\T, ||qT, $<TY ks\T re+>
<+{sTT. n|{ \Vq+> q sD\
u +|+ nq+s+ e# |s| \T (Aftershocks) +
|qT qw+ *ksTT.
|sekq |uy\T d+ +{sTT. n |e<\T

s>&+, q\T be&+, ub\T (land slides),
| ] \ | > T d + u $ +# & + , \esZ \ T
d + _ + be& + , es < \ T se& + e+{ $ L &
sT>TsTT. skjTq $kH\T s>&+ e\q
|e<syTq |<s\T jsT #d |]XeT L&
$<+d+ d+u$+#e#T. eTwH ks\T
<+{sTT. \VqyTq &\ sD+> |< mTq
bD qw+ sT>TT+~. |Cs> eed, syD,
eTwH, { ds|s eed\ d+ u qw+
y{\TT+~.
u+b\ e\ ]> $<+d+ +~ n+X\|

<s|& +T+~.
]sY d| u+| |]eD+
~rjT |uy\T (Secondary effects)
n_+< T
eqe yd+ qT+& n_+< <s+
u+b\ e\q HsT> d+u$+# qc\ bT
2013 $|T\ ||+#y|+> sK+& $|T ]e bC

20,000 eT+~ *
||+#u+ ~
||+#y|+> 2013 dTesT 880 |<q
dV $|T\T d+u$+qT s #+~q ||+#
|d~>+q eTT#Y nH qsH +| 2014
qe] 7q y\&++~. 2012 b\T+f 2013
dV $|T\ sD+> dTesT s+&T s eT+~
n~+> #bsTTqT +| $&T<\ #dq y~
|s=+~. nsTT ~ + <X| d>T (d+es
1,06,000 eT+~) +f # e. 2013 |
$|T\ sD+> 20y\ eT+~ |> eTsD+#>, 125
_*jTH nyT]H &\s qw+ y{*+~. s
d+u$ +q e&> yq, eT< jTs|t eq es<\ T,
nyT]qT ~|yd q {s&\qT n+ qw+ *+q
dV $|T\T> eTT#Y |s=+~. |*|HqT
n\+ #dq f|PH VjHqT n+ \yTq
weT+&\ TbqT n\&> *|+~. +<T 6,000
eT+~ |> eTsD+#sT. 10 _*jTH &\s |>
qw+ y{*+~. ~ |*|H &| 5% +T+~.
sK+& es<\qT s+&e n|< $|T> |s=+~.
$eq |_wH
2013 pH |qT es < \ T, u b\

n\yTq s K+&qT <TH+<T ||+ #u+
eTT+< T =+~. s K+& $| T ] e
bC(Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project) 250
$T*jTH &\s sTD+ n+<Cd+<T ||+# u+
n+^]++~. yTs 2014 qe] 9q +<
|uT+, sK+& |uT+, ||+#u+
|+<+| d++ #XsT. sK+& sh |uT+
$|T nq+s+ #|f ]e |D[\ eT<T
n+~+#&+, $|T eTT| sVD sh keTs
|+ #jT&yT bC eTTK <X+. n+
eTT+<T +< |uT nusq yTs ||+# u+,
dj n_e~ u+\ d+jTT +<+ {
sK+& s|& &yTC n+& & nddtyT+{(Rapid
Damage and Needs Assessment (JRDNA) )qT
s V ++~. B | s + es < \ T, u b\
n\\yTq sK+& |q]sD 661 $T*jTH
nyT]H &\sT neds+ qTHsTT.
55
$|T sVD
2. us<X+ u+b\T
(Earthquakes in India)
2.1 |]#jT+
us<X $|T\T qTueyT, $|T\T
d+u$+#+& s~+#+<T nH k+|syTq
|]cs\ (Techonological Solutions) qT qT>=+T
q|{, n$ mq& |P]> |* \T e<T . n+<Te\
$|T\ d++~+q dsq $<, nTyTq d+d<
y{ ysD |]cs esZ+.
u+b\ |uy |]$T+ #d k<yTq
esZ\ >T]+ #]+#& < y{ m<Tse&
d<+ e& eTT+<T us<X+ @jT b+\T
u+b\ >Tsej \TdT+<+.
us |K+&+ u+b\ n+ nqTe>
+& s+&T K+&+s |\\( continental plates)
d]V<T +~. Ve\jT|sXD +&jTH |\+
jTTsdjTH |\+ +< y b++ e< +~.
Ve\j\T ||+#+H n sTD (youngest) eTT& |s XDT\T (fold mountain ranges). n+<Te\
V e\j \ n+ s e T (Subterranean) b+ +
u>[+> #Ts> +&, u+b\T d+u$+#
d+ue |s>& nqTe> +T+~. qTH
Ve\j\ #T +& b++ n~ u +| eTT|
q CH> >T]+#&+~.
eTq <X s< &, yD s< eTT+u
s+& n+ qk+< *q q>s +&,
n~ u+| eTT| *q H\T>e CH HsTT.
Xq b++ yTT+, >TsY #Y b++ 5e
CH HsTT. nq>, b+\ |\T u+b\
eTT|qT + me * Hsqe. #]|s+>
u | + | H \ s | + e> qT
u$+#&TTq < qT |su $T s +&T u u +b\T
d+u$+#sTT. { 1993 sY e+~. ~
]sY d\T| 6.4 > qy<+~. e+<~ eT+~ bD\T
>, eT* edT\T d+ |Ts+> <HsTT.
n+ eTT+<T 1967 eTVsh j <s
$eq |_wH
us<X+ B|\ u>+ L& u+b\

qeT+< s]yT+~. _*+> yT{]jT f\J
|ywH (BMTPC) sb+~+q e\sT*{
n{dt |s+ us<X+ yTT+ 597 \ >qT
233 \T 3, 4 eT]jTT 5 e u +| eT+&\(seismic
zones) HsTT. +<T 22 sc\T, +< b*
b+\ #+~q 229 \T 4 eT]jTT 5e u+|
eT+& HsTT.
2.2 +&j u+| eT+&\T

us<X+ H`Ve\jT yTK\(Alpine -Himalayan Belt)| +~. yTK\ +&jTH |\+
jTTsdjT H |\ *d s K y+& +T+~. n_ds D
|\+( convergent plate)> +& +&jTH |\+
d+es 5 d+.MT\ y>+ jTTsdjT H |
T +<
#=#Tb+~. s+&T K+&+sZ |\\ (Continen | q us |K+& u +b\
tal Plates) d]V<T\
eTT| # me> +T+~. ||+#+H n+
reyTq u+b\T = us<X+ d+u$+#sTT.
nsTT, n<we X, yM |< q q>s d+u$ +#< T .
s |t +&jTH k+&sY (Bureau of Indian
Standard (BIS) C> sb+~+q u+| eT+&\
e|t (Seismic Zoing map)) |s+ us<X+ 65
X |> uu>+ <T]+#&q yTs re
d\T (Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MSK) | @&T
eT]jTT n+ $T+q re L&q u+b\
eTT|qT * +~.
d\T <s+> us<X H\T>T u+|
eT+&\T (Seismic zones)> $u+#sT.
n+<T Xq us<X+ yTT+, ;VsY
s u>+, s K+&, Ve# |<X , eT osY,
>TsY, n+&eH usY Be\qT n+ reyTq
u+b\T d+u$+# CH 5 b++> >T]+#&+~.
us<X+ n~ Hu *q q>s\ +~.
56
$|T sVD
q> s & \T u + b T H $ e us<X+ d+u$+q |<q u+b\T

eTBsD jT++>+ # \Vq+> +~. ```````````````````````````````````````
n+<Te\, q>s\qT u+|+ |< $|T ~
|<X+
re
neT+~.
````````````````````````````````````````
>&q 15 d+es\ us<X+ |\T 1819 pH 16 #Y (>TsY)
8.0
b+ sT |qT u+b\T d+u$+#sTT.
1869 pH 10 ##sY (nk+)
7.5
kbsY (eT osY)
7.0
Ve\jT b++ yTT ]sY d\T| 8.0 1885 yT 30
1897
pH
12
w
+
>
|
s
$T
8.7
bsTT+ |> re u+b\T d+u$+# re
8.0
u+| |e< b++> |]>DksT. 53 d+es\ 1905 @| 4 +> (Ve#|<X)
leT+> (nk+)
7.6
n e ee~ b++ H\T>T |qT u +b\T 1918 p 8
1930 p 2
<T_ (nk+)
7.1
d+u$+#sTT. n$ :
1934 qe] 15 ;VsY ` Hb d]V<T
8.3
1. w+> |su$T 1897 8.7 re.
1941 pH 26 n+&eH B$
8.1
2. Ve#|<X +> 1905 8.0 re, 1943 nsY 23 nk+
7.2
3. ;VsY ` Hb d]V<T 1934 8.3 re, 1950 >dT 15 nsTD# |<X `#H
d]V<T
8.5
4. nsTD#|<X ` {u{ d]V<T 1950 8.6
1956 p 21 n+CsY (>TsY)
7.0
re.
1967 &d+sY 10 jTq (eTVsh)
6.5
Ve\jT b++ sT y|q nsH je 1975 pH 19 HsY (Ve#|<X)
6.2
eTT& yTK\(Arakan Yoma fold belt), |eT y|q 1988 >dT 6 eTD|PsY `eTjTHsY d]V<T6.6
#eH u+X(Chaman fault)\ # #TTeTT& +~. 1988 >dT 21 ;VsY ` Hb d]V<T
6.4
6.6
n+<Te\ Ve\jT b++ m|&H |qT u +b\T 1991 nsY 20 s (sK+&)
d+u$+#e# Xdy\T V#]dTHsT. M{e\ 1993 d|+sY 30 sY ` kHu<
(eTVsh)
6.4
us<X+ {~ eT+~ |\| |ue+ |&TT+<
1997 yT 22
|PsY (eT<|<X)
6.3
#TTHsT.
1999 e] 29 #y* (sK+&) 6.0
5 \\ |> Hu * +&, 3,4,5 u+| 2001 qe] 26 uTC (>TCsY)
7.7
eT+&\ q 38 q>s us<X |uT+, 2005 nsY 8 osY
7.6
sd$T n_e~ seT+ (jTTmH&|) #|{q 2006 |e] 14 d+
5.7
$|T eTT| sVD seT+ +< nsH msY
>eT : _*+> yT{]jT f\J |y wH
e\sT*{ ]&H bC (UEVRP) qT \|{sT. 38
(_m+{|mdt) 1997 e&q e\sT*{
q>s\ $es\T :
n{dt |t +&jqT dMT+, C e|qT
CH 3 : nV<u<, e&<s, sC{, uyq>s,Y ds,Y sb+~++~. B |s+ u+| eT+&\+ (CH)
eTT+u, >, ;e+&, Hd, qsY, |D, 1qT s +&e CH $q+ #d, CH 2> |sT essT.
uT eHX sY, , nqH, =, , ysDd, CH 3qT eTVsh, +< |<X , $TH&T\ eT]
s, \, +&sY, |P sY, $jTy&, <H &, b+\ $d]+#sT. CH 4, CH 5\qT jT<$~>
# H , j T + s T , eT+> S s T , & , +#sT. m+mdt re d\T 1964 > |\e&TTq
u +| reqT =*# = |eD+ y&|& yTs
sTeq+|s+
(m+m+) d\T b\T+f due eT]+
CH 4: &V&H, q&, eTTHq>sY, b{, MTs{, d$esyTq, >TDyTq d\T> |k$+#&+~.
eT, neTYdsY, \+<sY
n+<Te\ |q |s=q u+| Cq eZsD m+mdt
qT e&+ ]+~.
CH 5: >TyV{, lq>sY
$eq |_wH
57
$|T sVD
us<X+ u+| eT+&\T

us<X uu>, n~ u+| y|\
>TsjT re <c dd CH e|+> CH 2 qT+&
5 es eZ]+#&+ ]+~.
CH 5: ~ n+ reyTq u+| eT+&\+. #
reyTq eTT| q CH> |k$+#&+~.
m+mdt (1964) re d| u+| re 9
*q b+\T eT+&\+ |]~ eksTT.
Xq sc\T yTT+ , >TsY #Y b++,
Ve#|<X, eT osY b+\T,
n+&eH usY Be\T CH |]~
HsTT.
CH 4: m+mdt (1964) re d| u+| re 8
q b+\T CH |]~ +{sTT. ~
u+| re n~+> +& s+&e CH>
|]>D+#&TT+~.
eT osY qT+& Ve#|<X es
q s yTK\ u>\T, & , VsH =
u>\T, eTVsh j b++ eT+&\+ |]~ HsTT.
CH 3: m+mdt (1964) re d| u+| re 7> qy<jT b+\T B |]~ eksTT. B
$TyTq qw eTT| *q CH> |]>DksT.
skH = u>\ *| s us<X+ qT+& <D us<X+ =+DY rs+, sT
us<X+ = b+\T CH |]~ eksTT.
CH 2: B |]~ e# b+\ u+| re m+mdt d\T| 7> +T+~. ~ n\ qw eTT|
q CH> |]>D+#&TT+~.
s, +<|<X, ]k, eT<|<X, sCkH sc b+\T CH |]~ HsTT.
>TsY u+|+
2001 qe] 26q >TsY d+u$+q
u +|+ 13,000 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. d+ 15 \\
eT+~ >jT|&sT . 3.4 \\ ue H\T <HsTT. 7.8
\\ <+deTjsTT. nH _&\T, s&T
<HsTT. uTC +<+> @s&q u+|+
sT`|eT ~X q u+X+ y+& d+u$++~.
+&jTH |\+ s ~X> jTTsdjTH |\+
#=#Tbe&+ *q & e\q u+|+
d+u$++~.
$eq |_wH
u s < X + u + | qy < T
+<\T
us< X + yTTyT T<{ u +| qy<T +<
1898 |eT u+> @sT #XsT.
sT y eTVsh eTT+u, $TH&T & H
@sT #XsT. 1961 V<su< CrjT u
|]X<H +<+(NGRI) @sT #jT&+ ]+~.
s|<X s] u+b\qT T=H $<+>
sD+ #jT& d++~+q |]X<H +<+
+~.
58
$|T sVD
3. +<|<X u+b\T
(Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh)
dd C+> |t +&j |s+ +<|<X
CH 1, CH 2, CH 3\ |]~ +~. eT&T CqT
L& e eTT| eT+&. +<|<X us<X
B|\ e#+(Peninsular Indian Shield) eT+ +T+~. n+<Te\ eTq sc dsyTq~>,
u+b\ ujT+ b++> u$+# ysT. nsTT
1967 eq j u+|+, 1993 sY
u+|+, 1997 H{ |PsY u+b\T ueqqT
|P]> e]yXsTT. b+\ L& us B|\
e#+ |]~H HsTT. B|\ b++ d{
bs\ = b+ q \Vq sD+> =
u+X\ y+& |+|q\T, d\ u+b\T d+u$+#
neX+ +< ssD se&+ ]+~.
sT rs b++, < |q b+\T u+|
sb\T *q \D \qT |<] +#&+ sT>T+~.
+>\T, ne>&, +\|P&, |s|s+, $jTq>s+
e+{ s |e *q b+\T \D\T *q
Xq ` Hs T |e L&q u+ X `<s n+#T\T
sh+ # HsTT. <D+> q b+\T
& |]q|&T ] jo\+ njT neX+
+~. M{ +>\T b+ eT+&\+ n+ j o\+>
+&, >&q 30 d+es\ d\ u+b\qT qy<T
#dT+~. +>\T s |e *q b++ y+&
$s|s |\ s|+ s>& + e\H u +b\T
d+u$+ +&e#T. $jTq>s+ b++ L&
Te+{ u + | d + | T q\T e re
d+u$+#sTT.
s |t +&jTH k+&sY (Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS)) 2000 d + e s + C| ] q
us<X u+| y|\ |+ (Seismic hazard
map of India) |s+ +<|<X 2 eT]jTT 3 Cq
|]~ +T+~. >jT q s T , &| , H\sT
\ T eT& e CH HsTT. + eTT+< T
| + CH 3 q nq+| s+ C e|t
CH 2 |]~ e+~. ><e], c & b++
$eq |_wH
+<|<X u+| eT+&\T

bT s+&T q<T\ jT\ |]~ +& \T CH
3 HsTT. V<su< q>s+ CH 2 +~.
$jTy& CH 3 +~.
+<|<X n|< u+|+ 1969 @| 13q
#q|* ` >=\>&+ b++ d+u$++~. B
u <#\+ u +|+ n L& n+{sT. <D B|\ +
d+u$+q n|< u+b\ ~ L& {>
qy<+ ~. u <#\+ bT < #TT| \ b+\
L& Be\ |qTqw+ d+u$++~. B re yTs
d\T| >]w+> 7> qy<+~. u+|+ e\ Hsk
]sjTsT =~ deTjT+ bT | #jT &+ bsTT+~.
B |ue+ <D us<X+ yTT+ MT< |&+~.
V<su< |\T ujT+ M<T |]>sT.
2000 d|+sY V<su< q>s+ 2.816
|]eD+ *q u +|+ d+u$ ++~. 2000 d|+ sY
17q V<su<, d+<u< + q>s\qT d\
u+|+ +~.
2004 &d+sY 26q dTeT ` n+&eH
u +|+(dTH$T) |u e+ +< |<X MT< L& |&+ ~.
105 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. sh+ d+u$ +q u +b\
#]qT |]o*d ]s Y d| 5.0 +f me |]eD+
*q u+b\T eT&T ksT d+u$+#sTT. {
><e] j T (u <# \ +) 1969 @| 13q
59
$|T sVD
d+u$+#>(B |]eD+ 5.7), s+&e~ $jTq>s+

+< |<X 1800 qT+& d+u$ +q u +b\
b++ 1917 @| 17(B |]eD+ 5.5)q e+~. $es\qT |{ e&+ ]+~.
eTs={ 1967 +>\T b++(5.4) d+u$ ++~.
b++
+>\T` q|]
H\sT ` =ePsT
sT
$XK|D+
V<su<
$XK|D+
l+
>T+sT ` H*
>T+sT ` H*
>T+sT ` H*
$XK|D+
sT|
c
c
q\|P&
$qT=+&
+>\T
H\sT
H&
$XK|D+
ds+#
d+<u|*
$jTq>s+
$jTq>s+
$XK|D+
>+<]
=>&+
+>\T
$jTq>s+
|>T+&sT
+>\T
$jTq>s+
+>\T ` >T+sT
>T+sT
+>\T
$qT=+&
u<#\+
sjT#{
u<#\+
=>&+
u<#\+
+>\T
+>\T Xq+
&|
$eq |_wH
B
1800 nsY 18
1820 &d+sY 31
1822 qe] 01
1927 qe] 6
1843 e] 12
1853 |e] 21
1858 nsY 12
1859 p 21
1859 >dT 2
1859 >dT 9
1859 >dT 24
1860 |e] 2
1861 p 24
1862 qe] 13
1867 qe] 3
1867 qe] 6
1867 e] 11
1869 d|+sY 1
1869 &d+sY 19
1870 &d+sY 19
1872 nsY 22
1876 nsY
1879 @| 28
1881 &d+sY 31
1917 @| 17
1927
1935
1954 qe] 5
1956 nsY 13
1959 >dT 9
1959 >dT 21
1959 nsY 12
1959 &d+sY 23
1960 nsY 8
1963 &d+sY 5
1967 e] 27
1967 >dT 11
1968 p 27
1969 qe] 16
1969 @| 13
1969 d|+sY 15
1970 p 11
1971 p 28
1974 qe+sY 20
1975 |e] 9
|]eD+
4.3
4.3
5.0
4.3
3.7
3.7
5.0
4.3
3.7
3.7
4.3
4.3
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.3
3.7
3.7
5.0
5.0
3.7
4.3
5.5
4.3
3.7
4.3
5.0
3.7
3.7
5.0
4.3
4.3
3.7
4.4
3.5
4.5
4.1
5.7
3.8
4.0
4.3
3.9
3.5
60
re
VI
V
V
V
IV
IV
V
VI
V
V
V
V
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
V
IV
IV
VI
VI
IV
V
VII
V
IV
V
VI
IV
IV
VI
V
V
IV
VII
IV
V
IV
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
$|T sVD
+>\T
<]`+>\T
jT\+<Tb&T
qZ+&
n&r>\
s+|#&es+
seT+&
Ns\
yT&
u\+|*
u\+|*
yC>
e+X<s
VseT+&\+
+>\T b++
+>\T
+>\T
+>\T b++
H\sT
eT+<
s|&
eTDT>sT
eTDT>sT
eTDT>sT
u<#\+
+>s&>&+
Lqes+
+>\T
>T+sT
+>\T
n<+
>T+sT
eT+<
eT+<
+<T
V<su<
V<su<, d+<u<
$eq |_wH
1976 nsY 25
1977 yT 25
1978 qe+sY 24
1979 nsY 10
1980 e] 31
1980 e] 31
1980 nsY 2
1981 qe+sY 2
1983 pH 30
1983 &d+sY 14
1984 @| 24
1984 >dT 23
1985 yT 12
1985 yT 12
1986 >dT 18
1986 >dT 19
1987 &d+sY 3
1987 &d+sY 3
1988 e] 21
1990 qe] 12
1990 yT 3
1990 pH 9
1990 pH 9
1990 pH 9
1990 pH 9
1990 p 24
1990 p 30
1992 qe+sY 14
1995 yT 24
1995 nsY 21
1996 >dT 4
1997 @| 14
1997nsY 29
1998 pH 29
1999 |e] 3
2000 d|+sY 16
2000 d|+sY 17
3.5
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.9
3.8
4.0
3.5
4.0
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.0
3.9
4.1
3.8
3.8
3.8
4.0
2.8
`
61
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
Mb5.3
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
IV
$|T sVD
4. u+b\T ` |XeTq #s\T

(Earthquakes - Mitigation Strategies)
4.1 |]#jT+
$s| \ |yTq X nkT> $&T<
H\qT +|+#&+ < |+|q #+<&+ u+|+
n+{sT (An Earth quake is a sudden release of energy
accumulated in deformed rocks causing the ground to
tremble or shake).
u +b\T ||+ #+ |#{ d+u$ ksTT. =

b+\T s b+\ +f me u+b\qT
m<Ts=+{sTT. u+b\ s sD\ e\ L&
d+u$ ksTT. n|s |\T sD+> u $T +|dT + ~.
|\T, sTT+>, yT+>\ e\ d\ u+b\T
@s&sTT. u >s + ]| nDT $kH\ e\ L&

u+b\T eksTT. $ eqe |s| u+b\T.
bH eT]jTT +&Hwj e+{ s+s+
u + b\qT m< T s=H < X y{ | u y
~+#& |uT\T, |\T |\T |XeTq #s\qT
#|&+ sT>T+~.
>&q 15 d+es\ ee~ us<X+
$$< b+ sT |<q u+b\T d+u$+#sTT.
us<X+ |DsD y>+ HH{ |sT>T+~.
CrjT s< q& dV nH q>s\T, |D\T
n~ u+| eTT| q Cq H\= HsTT. <
&T q>s n~ &\T u+b TH
|]eD+ *q u+b\ deTjT+ d+u$+q bD qw+| bH, nyT] us<X+ eT< b*

<X+/ |<X+
nyT]
<D *b]j
+&sY, *b]j
zs>H
HsY]&, *b]j
y$T+>
d+ *b]j
bH
&
u
+#{
|
q
us<X+
s
sT
|PsY
#y*
uTC
$eq |_wH
re
bD qw+
28.6.1991
28.6.1992
21.9.1993
17.1.1994
3.2.1995
22.12.2003
6.2 M
7.3 M
6.4 M
6.9 M
6.7 M
6.8 M
2
3
2
60
1
2
25. 9. 2003
16. 1. 1995
12.5. 2005
20. 3. 2005
16. 8. 2005
8.3 M
6.9 M
7.3 M
6.5 M
7.2 M
0
5530
0
0
0
20.10.1991
30.9.1993
22.5.1997
29.3.1999
26.1.2001
6.6 M
6.3 M
6.0 M
6.8 M
6.9 M
2000
9475
39
100
13805
62
$|T sVD
$<+> (earthquake resisatant) be&+ +<q u+b\qT TH$<+> #|e\dq neX #s\T
*dT+~. eTBsD jT++>\T \Vq+> yTT<\>T y{ >T]+ |C$< |\ ne>Vq
+THsTT. {, q>s\qT @<H u+|+ , *dT+~.
n~ u $|T> esTT+~. nTe+{ $|T\qT
Commmunity
y]+#& |XeTH = #s\T #|&+
]+~.
Prepared ness
4.3 eT{ d+d< (

):
4.2 u+| |XeTq #s\T
u +| |u y |X$ T+|C d+<T eT{

d + d < m+ \ y T q ~. u + b\ qT+&
4.2.1 sD |XeTq #s\T
s+#Te&+ &|t, esY n+& (Drop, Cover
+]+> sV ueH\qT s|\q #d, Hold) $<q+ m+ |u e+yT q ~. q q u +b\
y{ u+b TH $<+> ]+#*. ueq+ deTjT+ L& |< nqTd]+ >j\T b\T
jTT s|\q eT]jTT sD |<T ]fs +& b&Te#T.
eT]jTT +]+> <\qT d$T[+ #j*.
sD eTT+<T H\ sVqT |d]> $Xw+#*.
eT<Tyq H\| sD\T sT|s<T. yT{ H\|
ue H\qT ]+qsTT, # d\ u +b\ d +
<+{sTT. n< $<+ > +&TH\\T, q~ &T | L&
Te+{ deTd TT+~. H\ yT> +f u
qc\T +{sTT.
u+b\qT TH$<+> dTsyTq ueH\
4.2.2 sDs |XeTq #s\T
sD s |t +&jTH k+&sY ueq sD
ueq sD +<q\qT neT e&+:
&\T, esZ<s\qT |#T]++~. ueH\qT
u+| |uy ~+# dTsyTq sD\ ]+#& eTT+< #{\ |s+ ueH\ sD
d+ s |t +&jTH k+&sY(_mdt) ueq sD |D[\qT eTTb*{ F #j*. dT\T,
+<q\T, esZ<s\qT sb+~dT+~. ueH\qT bsX\\T, ne| +<\T e+{ nH |tH
]+# eTT+<T, ueq sD bqTqT eTTb*{ysT ueH\qT u+b\ u] qT+& b& (earthquake
F #j*. ueq sD+ |uT+ sb+~+q safety) |eD\ nqT>TD+> ]+#&+ <T.
ueq sD esZ<s\ nqT>TD+> +< < n+<Te\ y{ u+| u< neds\qT ]{|{+>
|<T\ <s rs*.
|]o*+#*.
$|T\T q|&T dT\T, eTTKyTq |uT
s\j\T, bsX\\T, ne| +<\T \b
bwksTT. n+<Te\ y{ esZ<s\ nqT>TD+>
s{|{ #j*.
( National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project
| ne>Vq |+#&+:
(NERMP))
]f, _\sT, +{sT, &CqsT, +sT,
u+|+ e\ d+u$+# y| |]dT\qT
|HjTsT, |uT <>T\T, +{ jTeqT\T, |
y T d T \ ne>V q eT]j T T D s e \T y]+#e\dq neds >T]+q us |uT+
sV+#*. n |e<\T, es<\T, ub\T e+{ CrjT u +| eTT| |Xe Tq bC q T bs+_++~.
~rj T | u y\ qT+& qc \ qT ~+# T y*. B <s u+| sD, sDs |XeTq
u+b\ sD\T, y{ \D\T, u+b\| H\ |jT\qT |+ #jT&+ bT u+| |e<
due+ jTT |ue+, VQ n+dT\ sD+ eTT| n~+ > q <Ts\ ~+# #s \qT
#|&sT. eXyTq eTT| |XeTq #s\qT n~
4.4 CrjT u +| eTT| |Xe Tq

bC
$eq |_wH
63
$|T sVD
u+| eTT| q Cq neT\T #ksT. bC

d++~+q d$esyTq bC y~ (Detailed Project
Report (DPR)) CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d
(mH&m +m) d<+ #d+ ~. +<T k+ ` # <y T q
$<H\T, d+k> #s\T, keTs sD+, |
C> H\=\&+ yTT<\>T n+X\T HsTT.
4.5 CrjT ueq sD &

(National Building Code (NBC))
< X y| + > u e q sD s b\
eTBsD esZ<s\qT *+# CrjT k<qyTq
deT>yTq us CrjT ueq sDY & (National
Building Code of India (NBC))qT yTTyTT<{k]>
1970 sb+~+#sT. 1983 dMT+ #sT. 1987
s +&T, 1997 edsD
#XsT. ue q sD s+>+
esTd> eq nH esT\T, uj
T +sy T q u +b\T,
d|sY dqT e+{ nH dV $|T\ H|<+
HsTq >TDbs\ nq+s+ CrjT ueq sD &
$T{ |]~ mH_d deT>+> dMT+# bCqT
#|{sT. n dMT+#&q mH_d |dT+ us
CrjT ueq sD & (National Building Code of
India) 2005> eeV]dTH
sT. +<T | y| \
e\ dyqT m<Tse&+, <ojT sD \T
{|& #jT&+, |dT |]dT\ nqT>TD+>
n+srjT |<T\T yTT<\>T n+X\T HsTT.
&\qT deTse++> neT\T #jT&+ dy\T
e+{+~. &qT #sD #+<T usrjT
beD\ d+d (Bureau of Indian standards), Hwq
&CH n+& dsY bsyT\T d{ |t +s
\d nH deyX\T, esTc|\T sV+#sTT. y{
s+s w 2011 yT H\ Implementation of standards in Infrastructural Development nH n+X+| d<d
T
sV+#sT.
|\ $$< |uT d+d\ ]{|{+>

(retrofitting) k+ |< T \| ne>Vq *+#+<T
_m+{|d bD\qT b& sD\ (lifeline structures)
|q]D (retrofitting) bC\T #|{+~. &
eTT| s=swH |t & bsX\ ueq ]{|{+>
_m+{|d #s\T #|{+~. q& 250 |&\T
*q us V+<Tse d| n<jTq+ ]|+~.
n+ eTT+<T eT osY bs q du
&d d, >TsY 442 sD\T, <H, u
sjT|PsY, &V&q b<$ T bsX \\qT ]{|{ + >
#d+~. |\ |< mTq dVjT+ #jT&+ bT,
\\ d+K q |uT, |yT ueH\ <Ts\
~+# ~X> $<qs\qT +|Cd #jT&+,
<s u$wY d+u$+# u+b\ u] qT+&
n~X+ |\qT s+#&yT \+> s{|f&
ueH\qT #|&+ ]+~.
4.7 |+#sTTr sC eT+XK

#|{q #s\T
w y T q eT* n+s\qT |P&&+, s n_e~
neds\qT nedsyTq <T\qT uysY H >+{
|+ & (Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF)) +< +<
|+#sTTrsC eT+XK $&T<\ #dT+~. |+#sTTr
sC ueH\T, n+>Hy& +<\T, s> ><T\T, s&T,
_&\T, \sT\T yTT<\>T y{ sD _sYm|t
+< |+#sTTrsC eT+XK |\T |D[\
] dVs+ n+~dT+~. sh >MTD_e~ d+d\
(State Institutes for Rural Development (SIRD) ) ue H\T,
u ksY d+sT, |+#sTTr sC D +<\T
yTT<\>T y{ |q]sD L& <T \T n+<Cd T + ~.
nTe+{ sD\T CrjT $|T sVD u$wY
|D[ nqT>TD+> $|T\qT TH $<+>
+&\ 2010 |e] 2q |+#sTTrsC eT+XK
sc\ d++~.
4.6 _*+> yT{]jT f\J

4.8 u +|+:rdTe\dq C>\ T
|ywH (BMTPC)w
|]X<q n_e~(sY &), qq ue q sD
k+ |]CH\ neT\T eT< q n+s |P&&+
d+ +< |D_e~ eT+ XK 1990 p
_* + > y T { ] j T n+& f \J | y w H
(_m+{|d) @sT #d+~.
$eq |_wH
u+|+ d+u$+q|&T, y{ T
u e H\T, >& \ T L *bsTT, | \T ~
be#T. s\T, s&T esZ\T <, dVjT
sD +<\T b+\ #sTe& ee~
|e#T.
64
$|T sVD
nsTT u+b q y] DyT

d&
j
T +, &{]jT+ < ~jT sY qsTT,
dVjT+ n+~+#&+ m+ eTTK+. { n&
| +&by*. jT dT sL&<T.
eddTq | |<eT n+~+#e\d +T+~.
MT d{ LsT, \| #T\T n&T|Ty*.
{ k\ b<$T sD #s\T, |<eT
u |+|q >Z es n& X+> +&*.
$<T D |+#*.
sTy esTd> jT sy*. eTT+<T>
|\\T, e<T\T, $+>T\qT jT |+b*.
\ e +{ < + < # s T y*. { \ T,
n\eTs\T, Tw\T, u n<\T, y&Bdq 4.8.1 |+|q\T >TZeTTK+ |{q sTy
yTT\T, bqT eT]jTT s |< |< edTe\
|+|q\T Zq sTy m& y dq<+
<s+> +&*. |+|q\T > es \\T
y*. \<#TH |<X\qT qT>=q+&.
e+{ y{ +<H +&*.
yTT< MT >j\T nsTT, y{ |<eT
>MTD b+\ qsTT, +{ qT+& <
#dT, sTy sT\ dVjT|&+&.
bsX \ ue q+ qT+& jT |<X \ |sT > *.
X+> +&, +<q q sT \ dV jT
sT\qT dyjTs<T. MTsT 4 < 5 Cq
|&+&.
eddTqsTT |H\ yTT<{ keTys+ B
dsT #j*.
n |e<+ b+ +<y |]o*+#+&. <>sZ

bqT qsTT, ne|XK (101) <
msTTq ueq+ qsTT >&\ <s+>
bdT +{ seTT (100) bH #d,
], MT \qT #T\ ||Ty*. MT <>Zs
dVs+ rdT+&. | MT< bjT&
V{ +f, < <]+#*. *|qT
{ dTqT d<+> +#T+&.
|j+#s<T. { n<\T |*, >j\T
e#T {, y{ <s+> +&*.
Vs+> |<X qsTT, #T, dHusT\T,
ue H\T, $<TY r>\T, d+ u\ <s+> y*.
yVq+ MT< qsTT, yVH s&T |
u+b\ e\ ]> H\ <*\T |\T s\
rd |yj*. | zesT, $<TY qT, yD
$<
+d
s |uy\qT * +{sTT. y{ =
| q\ usT\ <s+> +&*. sT qT+&
|<qyTq |uy\T
jT sy*. sT +&s<T.
4.9 u+b\qT TH ueH\

sD+
$eq |_wH
65
$|T sVD
1. H\ eD&+ (Ground shaking) H\ >T+& +|+#

s+>\T y&+ e\q H\ yqT eTT+<T
#*+#&+
2. u $T +|+#&+ e\q eT <MsD + #+<&+ ,
u b\T @s&+ e+{ eT y| \T (back
- an - forth motion)
3. |>T, \TeH N\&+ e+{ |]\ u+X
&\T (surface fault ruptures)
4. y s + >\T (d T HMT\T): X j \
|]\+| @s& u s+>\T rs b+\
u qc sDeTesTT.
4.9.1 ueH\| |ue+
b&yq >&\ |{wyTq +T d+u\ }+
+&*.
+> ns\T T,L,U eT]jTT X s\ +&
|< | $u+#*.
sD|s+ > <&+ > +&, u +b\qT d +
T>*> ueH\T =ksT |H~ s|\q d]>
be&+ e\q L*bsTT. eT <Mueq+ (Soil
+> sD+ e+be&+, |>T [e&+,
liquefaction) |*
k] sD+ L*be&+ sT>TT+~. |]q |&q +
|s ekq+> |T qd q eT <e d es&
eT <Mueq+ (soil liquefaction) n+{sT. eT
due+ <s+> |H~ jTT T ss TT+#&TT+~.
|+ |q\T, s+ >\T, u $T >T+& y Tq|&T

u |]+\| q ue H\T L& #*ksTT. | ue q+
q sD+| <s|& $_q+> |d+~dT+~.
s+>\T q|&T u$T L& n< sK y+&
eTT+<T, yqT #*dT+ ~. u |]\+| q ue q+
jTT ~>Te u>+ DyT u$T bT <T\TT+~.
| u>+ =\T ds+> +T+~. $<+> uqe+
k>TT+~. eT+> | u>\T L& n&T>T u>+
\d <\& |jTksTT. , n|&T u$T eTs
~X <T\TT+~. =s&=q (whiplash) |ue+
@s&TT+~. |+|q\T ueq+ sD y| >&\ eT< {\T, \T|\T
(structural failures) sDeTesTT. ue q+ bT (Control on openings in walls)
>& _+# \T|\T, {\T q$>q,
$_q |d+<q \D\T q |qTq ueq+| L&
|u e+ #|T+~. b{ ue H\ +f ms TTq ue H\T >& eT<q +&*. # me \T|\T, {\
med| +|+, y{ +f n~ qc >TsesTT. < |<|<$ >&qT <Ts\+> esTksTT. n+<Te\
u+b\T eq|&T >& L |e<+ +T+~.
4.9.2 d+sD #s\T
\T|\T, { \ T >& n+#T eT <>sZ + > +&L &<T .
u+b\ d+<s+> ueH\T L*b+&
s~+, <s ue H\ |\, #TT| \ eTsD\T,
>j\qT Z+#&yT u+| s< s|\q (earthquake resistant design) b<$T \+. ydT |D[
eT]jTT ueq sD s|\q <X ]w \D\qT
|]>Dq rdT+f, u+b\T eq|&T ueH\T
yTsT>Z +&, qc ZksTT.
4.9.3 ueH\ +&e\dq \D\T

(Buliding Configuration)
ueq+ k<sD Bs#Tsks |D[qT *
+&*.
$eq |_wH
66
$|T sVD
| ueH\ |]|wyTq +T |{\T
ksTT| <s|& | |sqT y&sT.
(Relnforced Concrete bands In masonry buildings)

esD >&\+{ >{ |f>
*d +& #|+<T b]wH >&\ bT |*,
y\T|* >&\+{ *| +# |{wyTq +T
|{\qT @sT #j*. ueH ~>Teq |s=q
y{ { < n+ + f m e | { \ T
nedseTesTT. n$ : |H~ |{ (Plinth band),
n&<\+ |{ (lintel band), || |{ (roof band)
sTeT&T |{ (gable band), |{ |j+# ueq+
\Te <\T
eT\T, >&\T *d # y] sTTH
bsYyT+{ (\T| <\T) @sT #j*. n
n+dTq $ n&T<\+ |{\T, H\ kT\T <
H\ eT+ ksTT |{\ >T+& y*. |\qT u +b\T
#+|e. d]> ]+# ueH |\ eTsD
sDeTesTT. u+| y| $|T> es+&
s~+#\+f, ue H\ sD+ u +b\qT T H
&CH \D\qT b+<T|], deT+> ]+#*.
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. u+|+ \+ eyT d+u$+#e#T (4)
1) <jH
2) eT<s
3) eT<V+
4) |e
2. 1917 pH 26q dyy d+u$+q n |<
u+|+ ]sY d\T| m+> qy<sTT+~. (1)
1) 8.3
2) 4.3
3) 11.3
4) 9.3
3. ]yC #dq dd$t T CqT\ |s+ +< |<X me
u +b\ qjT b+eTT> >T]+|&q~ @~?
1) qZ+&
2) >T+sT
(3)
3) +>\T
4) +q>sY
4. +&j q <T ddt$T CqT\ @~ me
yesD esT\ >TseT+~?
(1)
1) 5e CqT
2) 4e CqT
3) 3e CqT
4) 2e CqT
5. ||+#+ qy<T &q bD+yTq u+|+
#H m|&T d+u$++~?
(1)
1) 1556
2) 1557
3) 1558
4) 1559
6. 1556e d+es+ ||+#+ qy<T &q
bD+yTq u+|+ @ <X+ d+u$++~?
1) +&Hwj
2) bH
(3)
3) #H
4) +&j
7. u+b\ e\ |]DeTeTT d$T[yTq~ (4)
1) <* eT]jTT H\ |>T
2) ub\T eT]jTT VeT|yV\T
3) H\ <MsD+
4) |e
$eq |_wH
8. ]+> | t | s Y (eT+\ # +) @ k> s

d++~++~?
(2)
1. n{+{
2. |d|
3. +&jTH
4. n+{]{
9. +~ y @~ |
$u++~?
(1)
1) 5
2) 6
3) 7
4) 8
$esD: _mdt us<X 4 u+| eT+&\T>
$u++~. n+ eTT+<T 5 eT+&\T>
q|{, 1 eT]jTT 2 eT+&\qT $q+ #jT &+,
eT+&\ d+K 4 Z+~.
11. 2012 @| 11q @ <X+ u u+|+ d+u$+
s T rs b+ + 28 < X \ d T HMT
V#]\ <]rd+~?
(3)
1) H
2) eTwj
3) +&Hwj
4) |*|H
12. 2000 d + e s + qT+& qy < q rey T q
u+b\ #]q~.
(4)
1) 26`12`2004 (+&Hwj)
2) 25`3`2005 (+&Hwj)
3) 11`3`2011 (bH)
4) |e
67
$|T sVD
13. +&Hwj dTeT reyTq u+b\T

d+u$++~ m|&T?
(1)
1) 11`4`2012
2) 15`4`2012
3) 18`4`2012
4) 22`4`2012
14. {e\ \+ u u+|+ d+u$+q b++
1) uTC (2001)
2) #y* (1999)
(4)
3) |PsY (1997) 4) |e
15. u+|+ qT+ e<\&$
(3)
1) +|H\T
2) |+|H\T
3) +|H\T eT]jTT |+|H\T
4) |+|H\T eT]jTT eT+\T
16. +~ <X\ @ <Xe TT k<sD+> u +b\T
d+u$+#e?
(4)
1)
2) bkH
3) q+&
4) d*j
17. us sc\ $d y| $esDqT |_+_+|
#jTT <kyE es_*{ n{dT. <
jsT#dq~
(1)
1) u e q sD ke eT]j T T f \J
|+b+~+# (_*+> yT{]jT n+& f\J
|ywH )
2) +&j yesD XK (+&j yT{jT
s &bsYyT+{)
3) $|T sVD d+d (&CdsY yTHCyT+{
Hd{)
4) jTTHk`(jTT.mH..mdt.d.z)
18. u +b\T, n |s \T B dV d++< *
+{sTT.
(1)
1) eTT& eT]jTT u+X+ #+~q b++
2) n>< deTT< yT<q+
3) |su$T b++
4) deTT< rs b++
19. | nqT |<+ B ddT+~
(2)
1) u+b\T
2) u$T n+s>+
3) u|\+
4) eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+
20. @ sEq >jT sH b++ Xe+yTq
u+|+ d+u$+ nbsyTq qqw+, <<|
d+|Ps dqw+ ] dTesT 30,000 eT+~
$eq |_wH
68
21.
22.
23.
24.
#bjsT eT]jTT 30,000 eT+~ >jT|&sT?

1) 26`12`2003 2) 26`12`2004
(1)
3) 26`11`2005 4) 26`10`2004
26`12`2003 @ <X+ Xe+yTq u+|+
e\ $|yT q bDqw+ eT]jTT dq w+ ]+~?
1) sH
2) s
(1)
3) k~ ns_j 4) CsH
u +|+ reqT =*# k<q +
(1)
1) ]s Y d\T
2) V &MTsY
3) usMTsY
4) |$ @M<T
u s < X + @ sw + u + b\ u]q | &
neX\THsTT?
(3)
1) q&
2) +<|<X
3) >TsY
4) s
@ sEq u|+|q\T us<X |\T sT rs
(1)
b+ d+u$+#sTT?
1) 11.4.2012
2) 13.4.2012
3) 9.4.2012
4) 8.4.2012
25. +&j s# u+b\T d+u$+# sh+

1. nk+
2. ;VsY
(1)
3. yT|\jT
4. eTVsh
26. ]sY d MT< =\e&~
(2)
1) <y\ k+< 2) uT+b\ re
3) TbqT\ y>+ 4) |s\ mT
27. +~ y |T\T 4) |e
29. +~ y @~ ds+~?
(1)
1) u+|+ ne+eTT> ]> $|T
2) u+b eTT+< }V+#e#T
3) u+|+ 25 eTTc\ bT +T+~
4) u+|+ s|P d+u$dT+~
30. eT< nyT] <XyTq s>TV @ d+es+
u+b\T d+u$+ ;u+ dw+, u qw+
*Z++~?
(1)
1) 1972 2) 1973 3) 1974 4) 1975
$|T sVD
III
.#y\T
1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T

2. +<|<X #y\ #]
3. #y\T ` |XeTq ePV\T
1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T

(Cyclones - Causes and Effects)
1.1 |]#jT+
#y+ nqTq~ deTow eT]jTT w n+X\
jTT y& |yV\ d+u$+# n\ yesD |&q+
(A cyclone is a region of low atmospheric pressure, Which
occurs in the hot oceans of tempreate and tropical latitudes).
~ es eT]d, eTV deTT<\ |<

mTq s+ >\qT dwd , s s> + n|de ~X,
<Ds >+ de~X M# Xe+yTq >\T\
L&q (= ksT >* y>+ >+ 300 MTs
|>H +T+~. dT&T\T ]> yesD n\& (It is a
swirling atmospheric disturbance, accompanied by Powerful winds (exceeding the 300 km/h sometimes) blowing
in a clockwise direction in the Northern hermispheres and
anti clock wise direction in the southern hemisphere, by
pouring rain, and enormous waves in the ocean).
dH (cyclone) nH |<+ ddt (cyclos) nH

^ |<+ qT+& e+~. ^ uw d dt nq> beTT
yT*\ #T (coils of a snake) n ns+. +>U+,
ns_j deTT<\ @s& w eT+&\ TbqT #T
#TT q beTT\ e +{sTT eq, V |&+>H
nH nqT d qT nH |< yTT<{k ]> |j +#sT.
w eT+&\ #y+ d+u$+#&+ nqTq~
k<sD | \D+.
e T *q eTV deTT< d+ds+ (Ocean
bed), rs b+| sT sD+> us |K+&+
||+ #+H n+ reyTq #y |u $ (Cyclone
- affected) b++> e]+~. V+< eTVdeTT<+
||+#+ sT n+ #y b+\ {>
+~. #y\T | d+es+ y~ eT+~ bD\qT
V]+#&yT +&, re d qc \T>CdTHsTT.
nsTT, y{ >T]+q ne>Vq * +&+, d+d<
(Preparedness) <s $<+d |]eD >DjT+>
Z+#e#T.
$eq |_wH
#y\T y# deTT<| c>, n~ k|

s, yesD nds \sTT e\q d+u$ksTT.
#y+, #y +<+ (eye of the cyclone) n
|\Te& +<+ #T yT| \T >T$T>&sTT. #y
+<+ e< eT+ yesD \D\ L&q |X+
yesD+ +T+~. nsTT, +<+ n+#T (B yks+
20 qT+& 30 MTsT +T+~) e< $< +d |eH\
L&q re |]d T \T +{sTT. #y +<| n+#TqT
#y &+ n L& n+{sT. #y +<+
b+ <f =\~, >* >TZT+T+~. nsTT,
#y+ ~=B, >* y>+ eTs |sT>TT+~.
#y| yd+ (diameter of the cyclone) e+<\
MTsT +T+~. #y +< yd+ 20 qT+&
50 MTs es +&, #y yT|\T | md
{b esD+ yTT $TksTT.
#y\T k<sD+> ueT< sK 5 ` 20
&^\ s, <D n+X\ eT< d+u$dT+{sTT.
71
$u\ eZsD
+>U+, ns_j deTT<\ @s&
n\|&H\ eZsD us yesD XK
b|~qT sb+~++~. < ||+# yesD
d+d n+^]++~. < |s+...
$u+
>*y>+
>*y>+
(.MT/>+)
(H{/>+)
n\|&q+
31
17
yjTT>T+&+
31`49
17`27
n>< yjTT>T+&+
49`61
27`33
#y TbqT
61`88
33`47
reyTq TbqT
88`117
47`63
d|sY dH
221
120
$|T sVD
1.2 #y\T k<sD \D\T
dH d<sY
us<X+ #y\T $T due+ *

+{sTT. #y+ jTT = k<sD \D\T
$<+> +{sTT.
1. \yTq >\T\T
2. nk<sD es+
3. TbqT \+
#y\T |< mTq $< +k <]rd \yTq
>\T\ L& +{sTT. = d+<s\ u +&b
es+ L& ]jT&+ e\ deTT< eT{\T |], T
b+\ es< eTT+| @s&TT+~.
#y+ eT&T <X\ n_e~ #+<TT+~. n$:
d H d<s Y +><X rs 2007 qe+sY 15q

+ ~. qe+sY 11q +>U + @s &
yjTT>T+&+ nq+s+ TbqT> e], re $<+d+
dw++~. s< & bT <X y|+> u
es\T ]XsTT. 74 MTs TbqT qT L&q
TbqT 500 MTs yks * +~. >+
220 qT+& 240 MTs y>+ >\T\T M#sTT.
3000 eT+~ |> eTsD+#>, nbs d qw+
]+~. yTT+ 27 \ >qT 25 \| re
|ue+ |&+~.
| md >* <Mue
q+ d+u$ +q|&T }s
eTT\dt yT|T d+eVH bV+# yesD

nds (c> k<sD ksTT $T+ >T <Z \ )
n\|&q +<\ #T #y |eH\ |dsD
e\ |s|eTjT |uy d]+#+<T
uueTD+ sD+> e# \+ jTT |uy
nqTeT+# ueT<sK d+ 4 qT+& 5 &^\
n+X\ <s+ +& |<X+
m. s|\q, =* n_e~ <X :

#y+ @s&\+f, H\T>T yesD/ deTT<
|]dT\T neds+. n$ @eq>...
uwueq+ <s >* deT<+> { $]
n+~+#&+ d+ 60 MTs T es 26 &^\
d+{>& +f n~yTq y# deTT< c>.
yes D + { $], y T | \qT
d _+<Te\T> es& nqTe> <Mue q+
#+~+#T, wX $&T<\ #jT T, |&H
Z+#T nedsyTq n~ k| s (>*
{ $] d + | + # + < k s TT es ,
yesD+ 7000 MTs mT es)
TbqT ` \T
#y TbqqT >* y> { <T _q
{\T> eZ] ksT . n$ dw+ # $< +d+ <s+>
L& TbqqT <T s\T> $u ksT . y{ $es\T..
>*y>+
$<+d+
(.MT/>+)
1
120`150
w+
2
150`180
d\+
3
180`210
re+
4
210`250
nk<sD+
5
250 |q
|<e+
$eq |_wH
_. d+|Ps | <X :
#y+ d+|Ps | <X #sTq|&T n~
d+ _ <X q sTeTT\ L&q n|< eTT\dt
yT| \T e\js |{\ T> @s&sTT. |{\ T |\
e\js+> +&, n+ #TsT>Z +& k+<+>
+& eT< yT|T +< @ssTksTT. $ s\+> q
b+ *+ #ksTT. eT< yT|T +< #y
+<+ (eye of a cyclone) n+{sT. ~ q\ s+<+
< <yTq yT|\T #TTeTT{q _+<Te (dot)
> |dT+~. <yTq yT|T| y\T|* |]~ +<
&+ (eye wall) n+{sT.
d. \Vq|&+ < D+#&+:

y# eT L&q >* ns+s+> #<q
#+<&+ (cut off) bs+uyTq yqT y+H weT+&\
#y+ \Vq|&+ yTT<\eT+~. ~ #y+
n~ q #] < eTs= n\|&q+ e\ #y+
H\qT q|&T eyT k<eTeT+~.
y# weT+&\ deTT<+| < esZ+ eT]jTT
H\ q kMT|+| <s|& #y+ 24 >+\
+f e ee~ qT+& eT&T ys\ es +&e#T.
72
$|T sVD
d>Tq #y+ J$ #+ (life cycle), nq>

|q |s=q eT&T <X\T |P] e& sT sE\T
|&TT+~.
#] |{ es n+ dTBsy T q #y+>
f|PH CH( John ) qy<+~. ~ 1994 >dT,
d|+sY\ Xq eT]jTT yjTTe |d| |]yV
b++ @s& 31 sE\ bT +~.
d+u$dT+{sTT. TbqT n\& sD+> |]>

deTT<{ eT+ rs b+\ es<\ <]rdT+~.
|+ TbqT n\&T\T k<sDyTq bT (high
tide) &sTTq|&T es<\
T eT]+ re+> +{sTT.
sT rssK #y\ n+ qTK+>
+T+~. us<X+ d+u$+# yTT+ #y\
d T es T 80 X + s T s KqT T +{sTT.
+>U+ <$+# #y\ yTT+ sT
rseT+ nqTe> +T+~. +>U+ y+&
+& |eTu+>, ]k, +<|<X, $TH&T
sc\T #y\ bT \yTq >\T\T, es<\T,
#y+ e\ d+u$+# eTTKyTq nbj\T : TbqT n\&T\T e+{ y|\ >TseT+{sTT.
<D~ sc\ b\T+f |eT rs+ ns_j
1. |qT>\T\T, \yTq >\T\T:
deTT<+ y+& +& >TsY, eTVsh sc\T eT]+
$ e\qT L{y dV |*+ yksTT. nqTe> +{sTT. ||+#+ s #y\
f*bqT qqT, $<TY d+u\qT <+d+ #jT&+ e\, nqTyq b+\ b\T+f +>U+, ns_j
deTT<+ <$+# weT+&\ #y\ e (fre$<TY ds|s, eTwqT *bsTT.
quency) # me> +T+~.
1.3 #y+ @s&q|&T @$T

sT>TT+~?
2. es<\ sDeTjT +ues+

TbqT n\&T\ e\q m&s | +& +&b
es\T ]jT&+ e\q T b+\T es< eTT+|q
>TsesTT.
1.4 # y \T ` | s es D
MTsD+
rs+ y+& +& n&e\T dVd<yTq >*,
3. n~ y s+>\T (High tidal waves) : { q\T> +, #y\T, TbqT n\&T\

M{H TbqT n\&T\T n L& n+{sT. y $<+d| X qT+& rs b+ |\ sD e#+
s+>\T, TbqT n\&T\T sD+> rs b+ | #ksTT. rs b+\ #y TbqT\ |uy
d+u$+# \ |j\ e\H n~ eTsD\T Z+#& n$ dVd<yTq yjTT s<\ (wind `
breakers) qT @ssTksTT. n&e\ q]y, rs b+
sD yTK\ b++ e] k>T<sT\T, s=jT\T sT\#
n e TD\ > T ]e& + s D +> n& e \T
n+srjT ~qsK (dateline) |eq q n+]+bTHsTT.
yjTTe |d| eTVdeTT<+:
f|PqT
s n{+{ eTVdeTT<+, <D |d|
eTVdeTT<+ < n+srjT ~qsK sTq
q Xq |d| eTVdeTT<+ : V]qT
#y\ sqT n+#H yd, V#]\T #d
HsT |d| eTVdeTT<+, >jT V+<
eTVdeTT<+:
weT+&\ #y\T u<qT usrjT yesD XK (The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) s ]d T + ~. H X {
s V+< eTVdeTT<+: #y TbqT |>V+, 10 dH &fH |w\T, ye $u>\
nd*j :
$ $ V#]\T C #ksT. #y n|eT (cyclone
alert) qT 48 >+\, TbqT V#]qT 24 >+\
<D nyT] :
{s& C #ksT. dqT V#]qT HX{ |>V+ <s
#y\ $$< b+ |sT
1.5 # y \qT eTT+< T >

>T]+#&+, V#]+#&+
$eq |_wH
73
$|T sVD
k uw\ |#s+ #d+<T | $|T

V#] eed (Disaster warning system (DWS)) +~.
1.5.1 TbqT V#]

n\ |&H, #y+ n_e~, n~ $<+d+
dw+#& >+\T < sE\ eTT+< |e#T.
eT |>V\T #y\ <*\qT |d>&sTT.
< <s+>, n$ |u$+ #jTujT b+\ qT+&
|\qT eTT+<T> U #sTTksT. nsTT n+
+> n+#H yjT&+ # w+. yTq
V#]\qT =~ >+\T eTT+<T> eyT e&+
k<eTeT+~.
||+#+ nTeT TbqT V#] eed\T
*q <X\ us<X+ L& {.
#y\qT, y{ esZ\qT eTT+<dT> n+#H
y j T & + u s < X yes D XK ( Indian
Meteorologcial Department ) H& @C >
eeV]dT+~. m+& TbqT n\&T\qT >T]+,
|sy+, V#]\T, n& T{qqT $&T<\
#dT+~.
q& +<+> q us yesD XK
n+srjT bs $eqjq d+d(International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO)) neds\ nqT>TD+>
de#s+ n+~+#&+ {| dH n&sY
d+sY(TCAC)> eeV]dT+~.
sh |uT n~sT\ TbqT V#]\qT
H\T>T <X C #jT&+ sT>TT+~.
1. | dH y#Y: 72 >+\ eTT+<T> C #ksT.
2. dH n\sY: d+ 48 >+\ eTT+<T
3. TbqT V#]: d+ 24 >+\ eTT+<T
4. TbqT H\qT q nq+s |]d : d+ rs
& 12 >+\ eTT+<T
us yesD XK dCddt, +f|wH,
e]+>, n+#H\ d++~+ s&e|tqT
jsT #d+~. #y\qT |jT+# esZ HX{
|>V+ <s |&sT.
TbqT V#] |#s+

1. X{{ <] $|T V#] eed\T
2. s&j
$eq |_wH
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
f*$H
f*bH
b
f*>yT
Vs+> |q\T
| |q\T yTT
V#]\qT k<sD |C+, deTT<\
y y[q eTsT\T, z&se\ n~sT\T, ye
esZ\T, |uT jT++> *jTCjT &+ sT>TT+~.
1.6 eTT| q n+X\T

\yTq >\T\T, $ksyTq es\T, y{ e\ e#
es<\ T *d u d bD qc \T>Ck sTT. 1999
]k eq d|sY dH 10 y\ eT+~ |>
bD\qT V]++~. +<T eTV\T, |\ me>
HsT. bD qw+ bT eT{ {q , \VqyTq
>&\ q |sq ueH\T, e+q\T, T
b+ +& nyd b+\T, s eT* edT\T
<+deTesTT.
1.7 TbqT qc\T

=\T, d+> e# |qT>\T\T eT*
edT\T, u qc \T>CksTT. y{ nq+s+
e# u es\T, es<\ T eksTT. rs b+\ TbqT
n\&T\ e# y s+ >\T T b+\qT eTT+
yksTT. rs+ qT+& <<| 15 MTs <s+ es
T b+\T eTT+|q >TsesTT.
Tbq |ue+ rs b+ \ |]$TyT
+T+~. >]w qw+ TbqT +<+ qT+& 100 MTs
|]~| < TbqT esZ sT y| +T+~.
n~ bD qw+ y s+>\ e\q rs
b+\T eTTbe&+, reyTq TbqT n\&T\T,
+&b es\ sD+> sT>TT+~.
m. u qw+:
\yTq >\T\T, es<\T, TbqT n\&
sD\T <q&+ < <+d+ e&+ sT>TT+~.
*b{ | |\T eTTK+> b]X$T ueH\|
q | |\T re+> <+{sTT.
74
$|T sVD
_. bD qw+ eT]jTT |Cs>+ :
us< X + d+u$ +q |< q Tbq $es\T
es<\ sD+> sT \TwyT ysdt y<T\T,

&jT]j, eT]j e+{ eTVeTsT\T y|ksTT.
d+
b++
1737
1885
1971
1977
1990
1998
1999
VQ^ (|.u+>)
3,00,00
bbsTT+{(&c) 5,000
bsB|t (&c)
10,000
Ns\, +<|<X
10,000
+<|<X
990
bsY+<sY TbqT
1,173
bsB|t (&c)
9,885
d. |+\T eT]jTT Vs ds|s\T :

\yTq >\T\T, es\T T b+ q
|+\qT, Vs \\qT <+d+ #ksTT. ns{, =]
e+ |+\T |qT qc >TsesTT. deTT<|
{ | eekjT u eTT\| |sTbsTT \eDjT
(salinity) qT |+#TT+~. |+ qw+ e\ Vs =s
@s&TT+~.
&. eTwH:
>\T\ e\e $<TY, eTwH esT, f*bH
d+u\T, f*bH qT, m+{H\T, X{{ &dT\T
L*bsTT. |ks de\T *bsTT, eTwH
d++<\ re n+sjT+ @s&TT+~ s\T, s&T
syD esZ\ L& ++ @s&TT+~. dsq
eTwH eed be&+ e\ |qsyd keT
|+|D| |ue+ |&TT+~.
eTsD\T TbqT mT
(n&T>T\)
40
22
7`20
16`18
13`17
`
30
1.8 us<X+ #y\T

b|dsY de wH, ~sT\T 2006
s+q Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management | s + > & q X \+

+>U + 1000 | > # y \T
d + u $ +#sTT. +< T 500 | >
yjTT>T+&\T, 400 |> TbqT < re
#y\T @s& <X\T

m. #\ n~q
c>\ e\ eTT
+dt yT| \T @s&
sTT.
_. | >d yw >*
e\q #T q >*
eT< q n\|&q b++ y|q
edT+~.
m. #y yjTT eed qT+& e# >\T\qT
n~ q > \ >\T\T
<s+> rdTsTT.
_. n~q q b&
>* H e T~> T b qT
eT< >&, TbqT
+<+ @s& #dT+~.
d. \yTq >\T\T TbqT
+<+ #T sT>TsTT.
TbqT eed >\T\ # q es+Z H &TT+~.
26 &^\ d*jTdt +f
me> +& yw deTT<
c>\T yw, |>d,
e T L & q >\T\
sDeTesTT.
m. eTT
+dt yT|\T
b&yq
esTs
yT|\ |{\T>
@s&sTT.
_. |* y| q
e# >\T\T
=]*jdt |ue+ sD+> eT< q
n\|&q b++ #T dT&T\T sT>TsTT.
$eq |_wH
75
$|T sVD
usY, +><X\ d+u$+q |<q TbqT

d+es+
1737
1876
1885
1960
1961
1970
1971
1977
1990
1991
1998
1999
<X+ |sT
eTsD\ d+K
VQ^, |eT u+>(usY)

usY>+C(+><X)
b bsTT+{(]k)
+><X
+><X
|eT u+>, +><X
bsB|t, ]k
Ns\, +<|<X
+<|<X
+><X
bsY+<sY TbqT
bsB|t, ]k
3,00,000
2,50,000
5,000
5,490
11,468
5,00,000
10,000
10,000
990
1,38,000
1,173
9,885
TbqT n\&
(mT n&T>T\)
40
10-40
22
19 n+>T\T
16
13-17
7-20
16-18
13-17
7-20
`
30
Source: IMD Disastrous weather Events annual reports
TbqT HsTT. M{ 205 re Tbq

d++~+q de#s+ |P]> \ueTe+~.
M{ 55 $TH&T rs b+ |u$+
#jT>, 59 +<|<X rs b+\qT <{sTT.
58 ]k rs sTT. 33 |eT u+>qT
sTT.
b+ { V&yT{js $|T\
eTT| e~] qT+& re ksTT es +{+~.
uu $|T\ |ue+ d\ ksTT qT+&
e~] ksTT es +{+~. V] >V
yj T Te\ | u e+ |s T > T T +& +
+>U + T b q d + K, | +
TTT|eq nq+s \+ |sT>T+<
n<jTq+ <s y\&sTT+~. yesD e]&
sD+> Tbq L&q >\T\ y>+ L&
|sT>T+< n<jTq+ |s=+~.
yesD e]& sD+> us<X rssK
y+& deTT< eT+ 2050 H{ 39 qT+& 57
d+{ MTsT, 2100 H{ 78 qT+& 114
d+{MTsT |]> neX+ +< b|dsY
$eq |_wH
76
wH q s#q |s=HsT.
#y\ e (frequency) ||+#+ $_q
b+\ _q sV\ +T+~. 7516.6
MTs b&yq us<X rssK ||+#+H
n+ #y & >\ b++> +~.
||+ #y|+ > d+u$ +# yTT+ Tbq dTesT
10 X+ us<X+ d+u$ksTT.
us<X+ yTT+ u yX\+ dTesT 8
X+ #y\ nqTe> +T+~.
us<X rssK d+u$+# yTT+ #y\
eT& + s +& T e+ T \T +>U + H
@s&sTT.
sT rs+ |eTu+>, ]k, +< |<X ,
$TH&T, |eT rs+ >TsY, eTVsh,
>y, s, s sc\T k<sD+> #y\
|uy >TsesTT.
>TsY, +<|<X, eTVsh, >y, s,
s, $TH&T, |<T#], &c, |eTu+>,
$|T sVD
|eq y>+ d+u$d, \yTq #y TbqT

>+ 119 qT+& 164 MTs |eq y>+
nsY ` &d+sY ek\ eT< +<|<X,
$ T H & T rs\qT sTT. & c ,
|eTu+> rs\qT \yTq TbqT n~
d+K sTT.
| | + # + s T | < q # y eTT|
b+\ V+< eTVdeTT<+ L& {.
s V+< eTVdeTT<+ d+es,
d+es TbqT n\&T\T (Cyclonic disturbances) w eT+&\ TbqT\ e #
ed+ +T+~. y{ ]w deTjT+ n+
+&<T . nsTT, \+ bT Tbq d+K L&
> T Z T qT q & T +~. s V +<
eTV d e TT< + 3.1 beD $# \ q+
d+es d>Tq 15.7 TbqT n\&T\T
d+u$ksTT. 1984 @&T TbqT n\&T\T
#\s>>, 1927 23 TbqT\T e#sTT. 1949
e\+ { eyT s>, 1893, 1926,
1930, 1976\ 10 #=|q d+u$+#sTT.
]k d|sY dH
&c rs 1999 nsY 29q >+ 250 MTs
y>+ L&q d|sY #y TbqT +~. <X+ H
n+ reyTq TbqT> u$+#&TTq TbqT
10 y\ bD\qT *>=+~. 12 15 $T*jTq
eT+~| |ue+ #|+~. M] 3.5 $T*jTq eT+~
|\\T HsT. \~ eT+~ sXjTT\qT #d+~.
nbs d qc, |sesD |qT qc *++~.
yTT+ 10 sc\ dTesT 71 X+ u u>+

TbqT u] b++> +~.
n+&eH, usY Be\T, \Be\T +
Tbq >TseH +{sTT.
us< X + |eT rs+ +f sT rs+ me
TbqT eTT| * +~. yTT+ Tbq dTesT
80% sT rs sTT.
| d + e s + +>U + , n s _j
d+es\ @s& Tbq dTesT <T qT+&
sT we T+&\ #y\T rs T+{sTT.
+<T s +&T < eT&T # re+> +{sTT.
TbqT rs+ <f deTjT+ <TsT >\T\T,
u esb+, TbqT \T (Storm surges)
es<\T eksTT. M{ sD+> reyTq qw+
TT+~. +>U+ s u>| e+{
y&q, T e rs\ TbqT \|
|ue+ eT]+ me> +T+~.
+>U+, ns_j deTT< TbqT
4:1 w +{sTT.
#y TbqT >+ 65 qT+& 117 MTs
$eq |_wH
w eT+&\ #y\ |sT |&+

*> >T]+#&+ bT @<H b++
deTjT+ |\T s\ #y\T q|&T, y{
e\ >+<s>+ @s&+& +&+<T w eT+&\
#y\ |sT |&sT. n++& @ #y+
e\ n~ |e<+ +< |\T yqTy+H >T]+#&
nqTe> #ksT. # d+<s\ weT+&\
#y\ n$ |PsjT es |sT +T+~.
|sT b+ { esTT+{sTT.
77
$|T sVD
2. +<|<X #y\T
(Cyclones in Andhra Pradesh)
+>U+, n+&eH deTT<+, <D #H
deTT<\ <$+# TbqT k<sD+> $TH&T,
+<|<X, ]k, |eT u+> rs\qT #ssTT.
rs b+\T Te+{ y|\ eT]+ nqTe>
+{sTT. >& q X+ 10y\ eT+~ |> bD\qT
V]+q n+ bD+ TbqT 1971 nsY
]k, 1977 qe+sY 19q +< | < X
d+u$+#sTT.
1977 qe+sY 19q $ T H & T rs
T+< u$+q #y+ +<|<X k
b++ c, ><e] &qT +~. n& |\
eTT+<dT V#] # \d+> #s&+ < nd\T
n+<be&+ e\q >T+sT, < #TT|\
<<| 10y\ eT+~ #bjsT. n<$<+> 1990
eq TbqT e\ <<| ysTT eT+~ #bjsT. 10
1.25 _*jTH &\s qw+ y{*+ ~. 1977 qT+&
1992 eT< TbqT, es<\ e\q 13,000 eT+~
eTsD+#>, 3,38,000 |Xe\T #bjsTT. dTesT
3.3 $T*jTq <+deTjsTT.
+<|<X rs+ y+& C+|+ eT]jTT
eT|+ eT< q u>+ TbqT n\&T\ n+
nqTe> +T+~.
sT rs+ msTTq TbqT n\&T\
nqTe> q $u> +>\T eT]jTT eT|+
eT< q b+ {> >T]+#&+ ]+~.
||+#+ s b+\ b\T+f sT
rs+ y+& TbqT s| X+ y nsTTq|{,
TbqT *+# bD, d qc\T e+ # n~+>
+THsTT.
#y+ H\qT q|&T n~ y>+ L&q
>\T\T, u es\ sDeTeT+~. es\T
es<\ <]rdTHsTT. 1986 >dT eq TbqT
e\ eq es<\T ><e] & reyTq qc
sDeTjsTT.
+<|<X rsb++ yTT+ Tbq eTT|qT
$eq |_wH
* q|{, =$T~ \qT n+ TbqT eTT|

q y{> >T]+#&+ ]+~. 1891 qT+& 2009
eT< +<|<X rs 103 |> TbqT sTT.
yTT+ 9 rs b+ H\sT 11 re TbqT, 21
k<sD TbqqT m<Ts=+~. c 8, sT ><e]
4, l+ 4 re TbqqT #$ #XsTT. $jTq>s+
rs b++ # e> +T+~. n+<Te\q
mTe+{ TbqT & >T] <T. B |eT
><e] L& \+ mTe+{ TbqT
>T]be&+ >eTHs+.
>&q <Xu\ TbqT d+u$+#&+ |]+~.
| s+&T, eT&T d+es\ |qT TbqT se&+,
sh ] eedqT |u$+ #d, ], d+k>
eqsT\qT n\+ #jT&+ L& k<sD+>
e]+~. 2001 Hu \ |s+ +<|<X
rs b+ yTT+ 31.57 $T*jTq eT+~
eddT+&>, 2.9 $T*jTq eT+~ TbqT eTT|qT *
HsT. <<| 3.3 $T*jTq eT+~ rs sK qT+& 5
MTs | <s+ eddTHsT.
+<|<X Tbq >T] e&

sD\T :
78
1. +>U+ d+u$+# d>+ TbqT s#T>

TbqT n\&T\ L&q re #y\T>
es&+.
$|T sVD
2. rs+ y+& T +& b+\T nk<sD

es<\ , T deTT<| { eTT+|q >Te&+.
3. rs+ y+& Hu, eT* edT\T, ]
sb\T n~+> +B+ e&+.
4. es< d+sD , k>T{ bsT<\ eed\ T, eTTsT>T
{ \Te\T, q\ sVD deT+>
be&+
5. deT> rs b+ eT+&\, & sVD b e&+.
#y\ |uy\T
1891`2009 eT< eq TbqT

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
re TbqT
H\sT
11
c
8
sT ><e]
4
l+
4
$XK|+
3
|X+
2
>T+sT
1
|eT ><e]
0
$jTq>s+
0
k<sD TbqT
21
15
11
10
7
4
2
0
0
1977 qe+sY d+u$+q TbqT n+

u j T + s y T q T b qT> +< | < X # ]
*bsTT+~. 9941 eT+~ eTsD+#>, 900 eT+~
| > > \ + j s T . 34 \ \ eT+~ | >
sXjTT\jsT. 2.5 \\ |Xe\T #bjsTT.
#y d+<s+> d+u$+# bD qw+
33,36,000 ms |+ qw+ ]+~. 10,14,800 n~+> Tbq bT s#T> e# es<\T,
<HsTT. |uT, |\ #+~q ueH\ $< +ds y T q TbqT n\&T\ sD+>H sT>TT+~.
s.172 qw+ y{*+~.
reyTq #y Tbq 90 X |> eTsD\T
#y\ eTTKyTq |uy\qT ~>Te $<+> eTTbe&+ e\H d+u$ksTT. TbqT n\&T\T
+& #y| Tbq eTsD\T # e>
eZ]+#e#T.
+{sTT.
bD qw+, >j\T, n+Ty<T\T, &
y H { eTT+| bT ueH\T L*
d++~+q s s> deTd\T
be&+ e+{ y{ s+&+{ e\ eTsD\T d+u$ksTT.
yk\qT e&+
eTsD bT {e\ e# &jT]j, nks+,
|X d+|<qT e&+, |+\, eekjT f b sTT& , y s V| f { d t e+{ n+Ty< T \T,
\ qw+.
qyj, ]+<>TZ e+{ XdXy<T\T, T,
>k m+{{dt, \s, yTsT, s+ yTT<\>T y<T\T
|C ks\ qw+
eksTT.
|sesD eed n+sjT+, qw+.
$eq |_wH
79
$|T sVD
3. #y\T ` |XeTq ePV\T

(Cyclones Mitigation Strategies)
3.1 |]#jT+
3.3 |XeTq #s\T
#y\T, $ksy T q |]~, |qT>\T\ L&, 3.3.1. sD |XeTq #s\T:

n\|&q +<+ #T e\js+ ]> $<+ds m. VQs k< TbqT w\sT:
TbqT\T (Cyclones are Violent storms , often of vast
rs b+\ = |<X\ dsq
extent Characterized by high winds rotating about a calm
Vs k< TbqT w\sqT ]+#*. w\sqT
centre of low atmospheric pressure). n\|&q +<+
TbqT q|&T |qsyd +<\T>, k<sD
s#T> >+ 50 MTs y>+ <T\TT+~.
deTj bsX\\T < eT{ +<\T>
us<X+ rs b+ eTseTs e# |j+#Te#T. TbqT deTjT+ >+&T bsTqT
#y\ (TbqT) e\ |< mTq bD qw sT>TT+~. |Xe\, yTT<{ n+dTqT eTqTw\ w\sT>
JeHb~ neX\T <+{sTT. |uT, |yT y&e#T.
dT\ qw+ y{\TT+~. eT* edT\T re+> _. rs b++ yTT\T H&+:
<+{sTT. $<+ > $|T d+u$ +q|&T k~+q
rssK y+& XdjT |< |# e\qT
n_e~ s>eTq esZ+ |&TT+~.
H&+ e\q TbqT |uy Z+#e#T. |#
e\ @s&q V] yTK\ (green belt) qc
ZdT+~. n&e\T \yTq >\T\T, d es<\qT
# y + @s & { =+ d e Tj T + n&T H $ksy T q |s Y CH (buffer zone) > | #ksTT.
rdTq|{, n$ rs b+\qT kT> sTT. n&e\T # #y+ T b++ *>
|jDdT+~. sD> *# n&e\T # sT |<
#y <*, n~ @s& rsT, n~ |jT+# esZ mTq uu>+| |eV+, $<+k sDeT
X{{ |d>>\<T. eTT+<T> }V+q #y eT+~. n&e\T q+#&+ e\ esTd> e# #y\T
|jT+# esZ+ V#]\T C #d, b+\qT T b++ eT]+> #=#TbsTT.
U #sTT+#e#T.
d. +sY sD\T(( Engineered Structures):
nsTT #y\T u$T m|&T jTq~
sD\T \yTq >\T\qT TH $<+>
=~ >+\ eTT+<T eyT }V+#>\T>TsT. +&*. eT+ d m+| #dTe&+ L& #
#y\T u $T m|&T, m& jTq~ +> eTTK+. rs b+\ n~ X+ ue H\qT k+>
#|&+ # w+.
\_+# keTH ]ksT. n+<T +]+>
us< X + w eT+&\ #y\T, u es\T, <\T @MT +&e.
VeTb\T, o\ eT]jTT e&>\T\ d++~+q | y{ bT ~>Te |s=q eT+ sD |<T\qT
V#]\qT us yesDXK C #dT+~. TbqT b{+#*.
V#]\qT X{{ <] $|T V#]\ eed,
#y >* TbqT rs b+\qT eTT+#
s&j, f*$H, f*bH, b, V |j]{
TsTT. {, ueH\qT msTTq ~H\T <
f*>eTT\T, Vs+> | q\T, | | q\ <s
eT{ ~\| ]+#*.
#ksT.
3.2 TbqT V#]
$eq |_wH
80
$|T sVD
qT >*, es< $<+d+ qT+& TH $<+>
|j D+q esZ\T ]wy T q yjTT y>\T d+u$ +q

rsTqT *jTCksTT. y| e| s# #y\
>TsjT b+\qT dw+> *jTCksTT. ~ #y
reqT, b++ |\T s\ qw re\qT n+#H
yjT & |j >|& T T+~. y| e|qT >+
yesD ]sT\T, yjTT y> #], es<\ e
yTT<\>T y{ <s+> jsT #ksT.
_. u $j>+| jT+D:
<Ts\ b+\ wyTq sb\T
w+> +& $<+> u $j> jT+DqT
sb+~+#&+ ]+~. es<\T d+u$+# yT<q
b+ +& ds y T q yk\T <<| |P]> eTT|qT
* +{sTT. {, u $j>+ \ edT\
\ q | d ] > +&*. u $j >
eTB]+#& $<H\qT sb+~+#&+ bT
ueq sD &\qT neT\T #j*.
d. TbqqT >T]+#&+, V#]+#&+:
#y\qT deT+> n+#H yd, |\
s>, d\+ V#]+#&+ e\ ysT $|TqT
m<Ts=e& dq<eTesT. <s bD, d,
JeHb~, eT* edT\| |ue+ ~+#&TT+~.
u$wY d+u$+# | y|\ bD,
d qc\qT ~+#+<T +< + eT+XK rs
b+ sc\T, +< b* b+\ CrjT #y
eTT| |XeTq bC (National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) ) qT eT&T <X bs+_++~.
<&+> ]+#*. sD\qT |{ +# n

eT\\T edTe \T | >jT +& < m>s +&
n&TH $<+> +&*. <VsD | |\T
u> eTT+<T e+ +&+& C> |&*.
esTd> +& e\T e#+ > | #d, es<\
T
& ZksTT.
ueH\T >*, { n&TH $<+> +&*.
Vs ds|s\qT \ #d ueH\T >\T\T, {
qT+& s+|& $<+> +&*.
qB q\qT d+s+#*. eTwH qqT
u>s+ yj*.
$|T <Ts\ b+\ eT{ w\sT>
|j>|&+<T <&yTq qT ]+#*.
&. es< sVD (Flood management) :
#y |u$ b+\ +&b es\T,
\yTq >\T\T, TbqT re yTT<\>Tq$ es<\
<]rksTT. ub\T (landslides) d+u$+# neX+
L& +~. n+<Te\ es< |Xe Tq #s \qT rdTy*.
. e deTV yTTsT>T|s#&+ :
yTT\, e\ ysT H\qT # #<s+& #d,
eTj y]ksTT. { |yV n&T,
es<\qT y]+#&+ < Z+#&+ #ksTT. #qT
esTd> H&+ e\ n$ >* n&TH wind break>
|j>|&sTT. reyTq y>+ M# >\T\qT
n&Te& rs b+ XjT sD (Coastal
Shelterbelt) y T T \qT n_ e ~ # j *. ~ re
$HXqsyTq |uy\qT ZdT+~. ]k y|+
National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
#y eTT| q rs b+\ y+& rs b+
sD yTT\T He\dq neds m #|+~.
\+: #y\qT n+#H yd, y{ esZ
+<Td+ m+#T=q& yTT\ CT\T e\+ \yTq |d> f , V#] eed\ qT yTsT>T|s# & + , VQ $|T
TbqT >\T\qT TH $<+> +&yT +&
eTT| sD+ keTs sD+, VQ |jq
eTj n&TH $<+> L& +&*.
TbqT w\sT, q\ sD+ yTT<\>T \\
3.3.2 sDs |XeTq #s\T :
bCqT #|&+ ]+~. bC <s ]k
m. y|\ e|\T jsT #jT&+(Hazard map- 5.60 +<|<X 5.50 \\ eT+~ |jq+
ping)
\T>TT+< u$dTHsT. bCqT CrjT $|T
>* y>, ~X\ d++~+q yesD sVD b~s d+d (The National Disaster Managment
]sT\ T b++ >\T\ d+ueqT *jTCksTT. Authority (NDMA) <s neT\T #ksT. bCqT
< <s #y\qT bs+u re+>q, s#T> mH&m+m, +< + eeVs\ XK s+s+
# $<+ds+>q +T+~. > ]sT\T, n$ |syksTT.
3.4 CrjT #y eTT| |Xe Tq

)
bC (
$eq |_wH
81
$|T sVD
bC eTTU+X\T:
eT{ dMTsD, D
TbqT w\sT , s&T sD+, q\
]|sT e+{
TbqT eTT| |XeTq eT* edT\ sD+

$|T eTT| sVD| keTs sD
k+ dVs+ n+~+#&+
bC sVD, neT\T dVs+ bT
keTs sD+, $Cq de#s dw+#&+.
neT\T #jT& sc\T :
yTT<{ <X bCqT ]k, +<|<X

sc\ neT\T #ksT.
dV sh ksTT @C\T, d+d\ keTs sD+

dVs+ n+<CjT&+.
3. ]k d&m+ <<\qT neT\T #jT&+ :
+<T u>+> bsB|t ` <s>b|PsY `
* n><\ bT rs b+ ne| $u>
d&m+ |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ dV sh ksTT
@C\T, d+d\ keTs sD+ dVs+
n+<CjT&+.
4. |eT u+> d&m+ <<\qT neT\T
#jT&+:
bC ejT+ s.1425 T. B 2015
&d+sY 31 H{ |P] #j\ ssTT+#sT.
bC ejT+ :
3.6 #y\T ueH\| |ue+
bC yTT+ ejT+ s.1496.71 T.

||+# u+ s.1198.44 deqyTq ]
#y\T ||+ #+ nH b+ bD\,
dVs n+~dT+&>, ]k |uT+ s.132.98 dT\ u eTT| y{\CdTHsTT. | d+es+
T, +<|<X s.165.29 T u]dTHsTT.
d+u$dTq $<+dsyTq #y\T eT esZ+
+& rs b+\T, Be\ |qT $<+d+ dwdTHsTT.
>* L&q TbqT e\ n~ y>+ L&q >\T\T,
es\ e# es<\T, y{ bT TbqT n\&T\T
(Integrated Caostal Zone Management Project \>\d re $<+d+ dwksTT. 1977 qe+sY 19q
$TH&T rs T+< u$+q #y+
(ICZMP))
us |uT+ +< |sesD eT]jTT nM +<|<X k b++ c, ><e] &qT
eT+XK n<s+ dMT rs b+ eT+&\ +~. n& |\ eTT+<dT V#] # \d+>
sVD bC ( ICZMP) qT bs+_++~. <X+ deT> #s& + < nd\T n+TsY, 65 >e\T, T&|Tb>, dTesT 21 >e\T
]k, |eT u+> sc\ dMT rs b+ qy +&bjsTT. TbqT n\& 5.7 MTs
eT+&\ sVD << |+b+~+#&+ CrjT (19 n&T>T\) mT, 80 MTs (50 yT) b&e, 16
keTs sD+ u s | u T d V s + MTsT (10 yT ) y&\ T qT s]+#&+ ]+~.
n+~+#&yT bC |<H<X+.
~ >+ 190 MTs (120 yT) y>+ rs
bC H\T>T n+X\T HsTT. n$
+~. TbqT & >Tsq u~T n~\T
e\q L\T e&+ >eTHs+. Be\ eTT\qT
1. keTs sD+:
+<T $|T sK\ (hazard lines) e|+>, |&+ w+> e]+~.
>T]+#&+, V<T\T ssTT+#&+, us<X rs b++ 3.6.1 n+ <Ts\yTq >V\T
y+& rs b+ ne| $u>\qT (Coastal sediment)
#y+ e\ eqe yd <Ts\+ n~
>T]+#&+.
H\= q |<X + , #y+ d+u$ +# d+ue (Prob2. >TsY dMT rs b+ eT+&\ sVD ability), <e\ qwbjT ueH\ ksTT| <s|&
<<\qT neT\T #jT&+:
+T+~. n~ y>+ L&q >\T\T, TbqT n\&T\
+<T u>+> > |t #Y dV rs b+ ueH\T T jT&\ y{ <Ts\yTq y{>
ne| $u> d&m+ |D[qT d<+ #jT&+ |]>DksT. k<sD+>, \| #{\ L&q *
3.5 dMT rs b+ eT+&\

sVD bC
$eq |_wH
82
$|T sVD
b{ sD\T, |+, [bsTTq \|, \VqyTq

>&\T * qTe+{ b ueH\T #y\
n+ <Ts\+ * +{sTT. +T u\
|\e+> ]+q L& <Ts\ +> +{sTT. ~>Te
b+ Be +& |D, >MTD eT{\T, T
rs b+ |\T < qB es< yT<H ed+#
y] #y\ <Ts\yTq y]> |]>D+#&sT.
+, b++, ueH\T, TbqT & >TsjT rsT
b<$ T ksTT TbqT >* y>+ | <s|& +T+~.
3.6.2 ueH\| |uy\T

TbqT n\&, n~ y>+ L&q >\T\
|sekq+> k<sD+> ~>Te |s=q&q qc\T
\T>TsTT.
e\T L*bsTT syD, dVjT #s\
++ *+#&+
dH b
dT\ T, $<TY d+ u\T, {H$TwH H es
qc\T y{\&+
deT+> {\T, { #{\ qw+
y{\&+
| |\ qw+ s>&+
deT+> |>&\T L*be&+
|\T s\ |V >&\T L*be&+
n~ e& sD+> >&\ bT | |\T
L*be&+
* b{ | |\T *, b&yq >&\T q
u b]X$T ue H\T |*, y\T|* >*
sD+> L*be&+
dtukdt s\T |dTus&+
qT| d+u\| | |> ydq qT| s\T
m]be&+
3.6.3 ue H\ qw+ y{\ +& rdTe\dq

sD #s\T
mTe+{ >&\T < _>TdTbjT &\T +&

msTTq d+u\T (stilt) MT< < eT{ ~H\|
]+#Ty*.
2. H\T eT]jTT d\eTT(Platforms and orientation)
m. $&> +& ueH\ Bs #Tsks+ <
#Tsks |D[ +f e\js <
VQeTTK |D[ s m+#Ty*.
_. > _ | D [ ]+# & q nkw e
(assymmetrical) yTq ueq+ +f <yTq H
(compact platform) ]+#&q kwe ueq+
(symmetrical building) eT]+ ds+> +T+~.
nkw e sD+ >\T\T/ # y \
d++~+q qc\ eT]+ nqTe> +T+~.
3. |H<T\T
|H~ s|\ q #d deTjT+ ~>Te e&q
bs$TT\qT |+& |]>Dq rdTe\dq
neds+ +T+~.
m. TbqT n\& < es< |ue+: u es+,
y s+>\ n\& L&q #y TbqT
T b+\qT es< eTT+#TT+~. y
s+>\ n\& rs 10 qT+& 15 MTs
es |jDdT+~. ~ rs |jD+# =~
<+ #\&TT+~.
_. msTTq d+u\ (stilts)| ueH\T:msTTq
d+u\| ueH\qT ]+#|&T d+u\T
s T y | _> T T > Hj ? < ? n
|]o*+#&+ neds+.
4. y z|+>
m. ><+ { +&q|&T n$ jT y&
m<Ts <TsT> ws T +& s +&T H\T +#*.
n+ $T+ | | +< mTe+{ z|+>
({\T e+{$) +&s<T
_. \T|\T, {\ \+> \T yd @sT
+&*. >dT / \| bH >{> _+ +&*.
1. d\ m+|
5. >dT bH*+> (Glass Panelling)
#y >* TbqT\T (cyclonic windstorms)
m. Tbq d+<s + n~ y>+ L&q >* |&q +
k<sD+> dw+# TbqT s+>\T rs b+
< >* ms edTe\ e\ >E {\T,
eTT+yksTT. #y |u$ b+\, rs b+
>y\T |*bT+{sTT. >E >y\T (panes)
dMT|+ eTT+| ksTT m>Teq +& $<+> d
# dq> +&+ e\ >* |&H\ *>
m+#Ty*. dV d<yTq msTTq |<X+ \u+
|*bsTT.
q|&T TbqT n\&T\T >]w ksTT #s mT es
_. n+<Te\ >E |\ |]eD Z+#*.
$eq |_wH
83
$|T sVD
y{| bd | < ||sY d|t n+#*.

d. >E |\ y\T|\ yT{* b_/yTwtqT
neTs*.
&. ws dsq \T @sT #j*. >&\
#{\qT >{> neTs*.
6. || sD+ (Roof Architecture)
m. y\T *q || (Pitched roof) L&q
ue H\T, w y T q |<X \| >* |u y <w
|T s|t bCqT 500 $TMTs +f
e> +& $<+> #&*.
_. | | MT< >* &T\qT Z+#&+ d+
@y\T sV | | (gable type roof) +f
|s$T& < V|t sV | | eT+~.
#y\ e\ *> qc |q |s=q f\J\T,
|<T\ <s Z+#Te#T. >* y> Z+, qc
~+#& rs b+\T, n |< |< eek|q\
>* M# ~X y+& w\sYu yTT\qT H{*.
#dT , Vs+>+> |+# $<+ > |Ty*.

8. TbqT V#] C nsTT+<qT u$+,
me] ysT e & sV+#Ty*.
TbqT V#] C nsTTq|&T #jT e\dq~

1. eT]+ de#s+ d+ k s&j, {M <
eT{ V#] eed n+~+# de#s
$H*.
2. {\T, \T|\+{ eTdyj*. \T|\qT
b&T, +{| +&by*.
3. V s | < s \ qT ysY | P | t d + # T \
u<|s#Ty*.
4. MT +{ d++~+q $\Tyq dT\ C_qT
jsT #dT+&. MT |\T, +<Te\
d++~+q de#s y\+{s , n~sT\
y*.
5. meTs {qT d<+ > +#T, reyTq TbqT
V#] C nsTTq |+ MT T+u
|{wyTq | ueq+ < TbqT w\sT
rdT*.
6. deTT<+ y kVd+ #jTs<T.
7. y#<H # <TdT\qT <]+, sD b+<*.
3.7 dH dqT rdTe\dq

C>\T
1. s&j < {M\ yesD $es\qT $H*.
TbqT V#] C nsTTq d+<s+ |
] n|eT+ #j*. k<sD+> & ds
<s < +{+{ ] #| &+ <s n|eT+
#jTe#T.
2. MT b++ q dTs+> \<#TH
b+\ ( T b qT w\ s T , | u e H\T
yTT<\>Tq$)qT, y{ #sTe& n <>Z],
dTs esZ\qT >T]+#Ty*.
3. +{ e< meTs {qT d<+> +#Ty*.
4. MT , #TT|\ b+\T dTs+> +&
#dTy*. \T|\T, { \ T, | | &T, >&\qT
TbqT dqT eTT+< s{|{+>, ]|sT
#sTT+#&+ <s |{w|sT#Ty*.
5. d]|& Vs <H\T, { dTs |<X\
\ #dTy*.
6. MT d++~+q eTTKyTq |\qT meTs
{ +#Ty*.
7. k bdT dw H , \ |d T e+{ eTTKyTq
n&dT\T, y{ bqT q+s C_qT jsT
$eq |_wH
<s+> y* ed #jTe\dq$
1. s&j ys\qT m|{|&T $+ +&*.
2. >\T\T nkT> qZ |{, jT y <s +
#jT s<T. n~ TbqT eTT+<T |X+ e#T.
n~s+> jTsY |q e# es y
#&*.
3. MTsT yVq+ +f, deTT<, #, $<TY
q, { |yV\ <s+> \b*.
TbqT sTy #jTe\dq$
84
1. n+ dTs + > qT n~] | q y\Te&

es jT yL&<T. y +{ U
#d, <s+> +f, ] se# d+# es
y +&*. n~sT\T d+q es+Z H ]
sy*. =+<s |&L&<T.
2. kqT y*+# eTT+<T J\qT F #j*.
3. $<TY |]s\qT u> su{q sTy
|j+#*.
4. beTT\ u] qT+& C>> +&*.
5. L*q $<TY d+u\T, <q _&\T, ueH\T,
# | C>> +&*.
6. es< { |y+#s<T.
$|T sVD
1970 qT+& 2005 eT< d+u$+q TbqT eTsD+q y] d+K

e
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
d+es+
1971
1972
1977
1979
1981
1982
1984
1985
1990
1990
1999
b++
sT rs+
+<|<X ]k
#H, s, +<|<X
+<|<X
>TsY
>TsY eTVsh
$TH&T +<|<X
+<|<X
+<|<X
]k
]k
eTsD+q y] d+K
9658
100
14,204
594
470
500
512
5000
957
250
8913
source: World Bank
2013 esTd TbqT

2013 esTd> H\T>T re TbqT yqTy+H d+u$+#&+ k<sD |\ +& |sesD y\,
|uT\ L& +<q *k+~. 2013 yT qT+& &d+sY eT< |{ es sT rs+ <T TbqT
d+u$+#sTT. n$: eTVdH(2013 yT), |*H (2013 nsY), VH(2013 qe+sY), VsY(2013 qe+sY),
e~(2013 &d+sY). +<T eTVdH { eyT k<sD TbqT >, $T>e |qT TbqT. 2013
nsY 12q &c >b|PsY e< rs q |*H TbqT + eTT+<q&T u $<+k
dw++~. 1999 ]k d|sY dH nq+s+ n+{ |qT TbqT> |*HqT |s=qe#T. |*H &c
sh+H 18 1.33 eT+~| |ue+ #|+~. |*H TbqT, < e\ eq es<\ sD+>
&c 2.1 \\ |P]> <+deTjsTT. &c sc s. 4,200 qw+ y{*+~. >&q 23
d+es\ mq& $<+> &c, +<|<X sc\ |uT+ 5,50,000 eT+~ dTs b+\
s*++~. s+&T sc\ bT n+&eH usY Be\T, Cs+&, |eT u+>, #rdt>&, ;VsY,
s|<X = b+\qT L& |*H eD++~. |*H & Hb d, >+& q<T\ es<\T
e#sTT. n& @{ |Tq+> sT|H <XH |+&> TbqT sD+> |P]> T&|TbsTT+~. us
yesD XK |*HqT n+ reyTq #y TbqT n\&(Very severe cyclonic storm)> eZ]++~.
TbqT rs+ <f deTjT+ >+ 260 MTs |> y>+ >\T\T MXsTT. |*H, < nq+s+ eq
VH, VsY ~s Tbq +<|<X k b++ sT\T 12 \\ ms\ |+qT |P]> jsT.
~ yTT+ K|t $ds+ 7e e+T +T+~. e n~] >D+\T eyT. nq~] n+#H\ |s+
qw+ + me> +&e#T. esTd> edTq Tbq e\q $|yTq |+, d, |X qw+ bT bD qw+
L& >DjT+> +{+~. nsTT >+ b\T+f |&T |uT\T #|&TTq $|T sVD se\
e\q bD qc u> Z+#>*q|{, |+ qc\qT, |sesD $<+k, $|T\ e\ e# s qc\qT
~+#&+ k<+ e&+ <T.
$eq |_wH
85
$|T sVD
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. d&sY (SIDR) nqT TbqT +><XqT qw+
*++~ @ d+es+?
(1)
1) 15`11`2007 2) 15`11`2008
3) 12`10`2006 4) 12`10`2008
2. +< |<X |qTTbqT d+u$ + ud+K |\
bD\qT b>={q TbqT d+u$+q sE (1)
1) 15`11`1977 2) 15`11`1978
3) 15`11`1976 4) 15`11`1975
3. @ sEq +<|<X |qTTbqT e 10,000
eT+~ |> #bjsT?
(1)
1) 15 qe+sY 1977 2) 15 qe+sY 1978
3) 15 qe+sY 1976 4) 15 qe+sY 1975
4. @ d+es+ +<|<X d+u$+q reyTq
TbqT e\ 63,40,000 eT+~ sXjTT\T njsT
eT]jTT 26,00,000 eT+~ |\ qw+ y{*+~?
1) 1997
2) 1998
(3)
3) 1996
4) 1995
5. TbqT\ ny+#jT |ue+
(4)
1) nek|q qw+ 2) <s|ks\ qw+
3) $<TY ++ 4) |e
6. j ed+# 4 _*jTq Hu m+ X+
rs b+\ <>Zs edksT?
(1)
1) 7%
2) 6%
3) 5%
4) 4%
7. 1970 @ <XeTT TbqTe\ 50,000 eT+~
eTsD+#sT?
(1)
1) +><X
2) +&Hwj
3) |*|H
4) ee\T
8. TbqT nq> H$T?
(3)
1) ss >+ de (|<D) >\T\ L&q
n\ |&q eed
2) s s >+ n|de (n|< D ) >\T\ L&q
n~ |&q eed
3) s s >+ n|de >\T\ L&q n\|&q
eed
4) ss >+ de >\T\ L&q n~ |&q
eed
9. TbqT\ ny+#jT |ue+
(4)
1) n+]sDeTTq V
2) ub\T
3) $<TY +eTT
4) |$ n
10. us<XeTT TbqT s+>\T, TbqT\T eT]jTT
$eq |_wH
86
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
dTHMT\ e\ V \T> >\ rsb+eTT

(1)
1) 5700 MTsT 2) 4700 MTsT
3) 3700 MTsT 4) 2700 MTsT
@ sEq reyTq TbqT ]k rs <<|
10,000 eT+~ |\qT #+|+~, ]k 12
15 $T*jTq eT+~ qweTT *+q~?
(4)
1) 29`8`1996
2) 29`8`1997
3) 29`8`1998
4) 29`8`1999
ddt nH e @ uc|<+ qT+& e+~? (4)
1) #dt e
2) {H e
3) |+ e
4) ^ e
1970 @ <X+ TbqT e\ 50,000 eT+~
#bjsT?
(3)
1) |*| H
2) +&Hwj
3) +><X
4) ee\T
+><X 50,000 eT+~ #+|q TbH @
d+es+ d+u$++~?
(1)
1) 1970
2) 1971
3) 1972
4) 1969
Cyclone nH e Cyclos nqT ^ e qT+&
(2)
@s&+~. Cyclos e ns+
1) TbH
2) beTT #T
3) |q
4) +~ u>+
>*yq (V]H)
(1)
1) | $|T
2) eqe |] $|T
3) dTHMT
4) u$T $]|&+
d&s Y (SIDR) nH TbH +><X qT m|&T +~?
1) 15 qe+sY 2005
(4)
2) 15 qe+sY 2006
3) 15 &d+sY 2007
4) 15 qe+sY 2007
d&sY (SIDR) nqT TbH +><XqT qw+
*++~ @ d+es+?
(1)
1) 2007
2) 2008
3) 2009
4) 2006
@ d+es+ rs +< b+ c`><e] &\
|qT TbH d+u$ + ;u + dw+ +~?
(2)
1) 1976
2) 1977
3) 1978
4) 1979
1977 qe+sY 19q $TH&TqT e\dq TbqT
@ b+ | >e\qT <+d+ #d+~?
1) +<|<X
2) s
(1)
3) s
4) ]k
$|T sVD
IV
. dTHMT
1. dTHMT` sD\T, |uy\T

2. dTHMT` |XeTq ePV\T
1. dTH$T ` sD\T, |uy\T

(Tsunami - Causes and Effects)
1.1 |]#jT+
dTH$T nH |<+ dT (Tsu) eT]jTT H$T (nami)
nH s+&T |dt |<\ \sTT @s&+~. |dt
dT nq> z&se, eT]jTT H$T nq> s+>\T n
ns+. dTH$T n+f, eTVdeTT<+ e+{ XjT+
u |]eD+ sT kq u+X+ #+<&+ e\q
d+u$+# { s+>\ esTd n ns+. (A tsunami (in
Japanese 'tsu' means harbor and 'nami' means wave) is a
series of water waves caused by the displacement of a
large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean).
(tides)
e\ mTe+{ qw+ d+u$+#<T.

dTH$T d+u$ +q|&T { s+ >\T 15 MTsT
< n++f me mT m>d, rs b+ |\
re qw+ \T>CksTT. #]qT |]o*d, ||+#
y|+ > dTHMT\T e+<\, y\ d+K |\ bD\qT
V]+#sTT. dMT|+ @s&q u+b\ e\ e#
dTHMT\T rs b+ $Tc #sT +{sTT. s+ >\T
>< \ (shallow water) |y+#>H nH
n&T>T\ mTq md|&sTT. = d+<s |<T\
n&T>T\ mT m>d, rs b++ yTT T&|&sTT.
|+\ bT =qk>TT+~.
dTHMT nH |< ks+> $j+#+<T

1963 nyT] VysTT ]q n+srjT
Xdy\ d<dT n+^]+#&+ ]+~.
$T uw dTH$T ]a |s (Aazhi
peralai) n+{sT.
u+|+ e\ e# dTHMT\ e\q deTT<| H\
nqV+> $rsD #+~, <| +& sT |< mTq
kq#\q+ #+<TT+~. deTT< eT{ ~>Teq d+u$ +#
u+b\ e\q, <| deTT\q d +& sT
kqu+X+ #+<TT+~. Be\ $&T<\jT X e
s+>&\q |]$T (amplitude) *, # dTBsyTq
s+> <s+ (wavelength) *q (k] e+<\
MTs b&yq) dTH$T s+>\qT #dT+~.
d T HMT\T | < q+> H\T> T s D \ e\
#] qy<q yTTyTT<{ dTH$T .|P.
479 @jTH deTT<+(Aegean Sea) d+u$++~. T sTT. n+< T eT& T s D \T u >[
dTHMT\ #+~q yTTyTT<{ C_qT nyT] #\H\(geological movement) e\ qeTesTT. n$:
1. u+|+ bT e# u+X #\H\T(fault
#+~q V 1934 sb+~+#&T. sT y 1947
. |P. 479 qT+& .X. 1946 es d+u$+q 270 movements)
dTHMT\ $es\qT &]+#&T.
2. ub+(landslide)
<<| 80% dTHMT\T |d| eTVdeTT<+
3. n |s $kq+
n |s $kH\T, u+b\T dsk<sD+>
4. b+
+& ]+> |t |sY(Ring of Fire)H d+u$dT+{sTT.
1. u+|+ bT e# u+X #\H\T:
dTHMT\qT k<sD+> y s+>\T (tidal
dTHMT\ $ n+ ds k<sDyTq sD+>
waves) n L& n+{sT, , ydy bTbT\T
1.2 dTHMT sD\T
$eq |_wH
89
$|T sVD
#|e#T. $ |< mTq X $&T<\ #d, eTV

deTT<\qT d+ <f keTs+ * +{sTT. M{
#\H\ re u +|+ m+ y>+ > d+u$ ++~, m+
sT kq u+ X+ #+~q~ nq<| <s|& +T+~.
eTV deTT<+ s dT<s b+\
d+u$+# n|< u+b\ e\q L& dTHMT\T
se#T. u+b\ sD+> e# s+>\T >+
e+<~ MTs y>+ |j D+, u +b\T eq
# >+\T sTy rs sTT. b{> +
deTT<| eT| ksTT +&, s#T> e# k<sD
bTbT\ _q+> +& dTHMT s+>\qT q
deTT<+ |\ s|< <XH >eT+#e#T.
<X dTH$T s+ >\T 100 MTs es
s+ ><s + (wavelength) * q|{, T e>
+&, >+ e+<\ MTs y>+ |jDksTT.
<VsD u+|+ dt @+CqT ,
s D +> e# d T HMT {qT C { y > + + f
n~y>+ #sTT+~.
dTHMT\T <<| deTT< u\+ +< <
eTVdeTT<+ dMT|+ d+u$+# u+b\ sD+>
deTT< u\ #\q+ e\q dw+#&sTT.
2. ub+:
dTHMT <]rd n+ s +&e k<sD sD+..
{ +< @s& < deTT< y\T|\ @s&, nq+s+
{ #=s& ub+ (landslide).
ub++ sD+> n|< dTH$T 1958
n\k *Tju d+u$++~. Be\ @s&q
s+>+ rs sK qT+& 50 qT+& 150 MTs mT es
m>d|&+~.
3. n |s $kq+:
n | s + $k q+ # + < & + . rs
2. dTH$T s+> fH @s&+
dMT|+ < { |\ q n|s+

bs+ u+X #s (fault) < n |s |\T&T
d+<s + > d+u$ +qf | m>jT &+ < +be&+
s>e#T. 1883 +&Hwj |eTTK {y
n|s + $kq+ #+~, 40 MTs ms TTq dTHMT
<]rXsTT. eTVdeTT<\qT d + <f keTs + *q
LsyTq s+>\ e\ Cy, dTeT Be 36 y\
eT+~ |> bD\T jsT.
4. b\T:
dTesT 3.5 _*jTq d+es\ + d+u$ +q
b+ sD+> deTT<+ eq dTHMT <{
n|{ u$T |]\+| q JesX # es
T&|TbsTTqT Xdy\T u$dTHsT.
u+| sb\ e\, ub\T, n|s
$kH\T < |< |
deTT<\T < dsdT y>+> d+u$+# {
kqu+ X+ <$ +# s+ >\T s# T > dT<s+>
q rs\qT , \+ dwk sTT. sD+ @<q |{,
$<+d #\H\T, b+>&+ e\q deTT< sT, kq
u+X+ #+~, es >DjTyTq $<+d X
u $T| $sT#T|&T T+~. dTHMT |u y\T y\T|*
|+# $<+> (unnoticeable) +&, $<+ds+>
+{sTT.
d T HMT d + u $ +# s \qT Xd j T +>
|]X~+q sT y XdE
\ T dTHMT\T d+u$ +#&
~>Te s\T <V<|&jTH n+#H e#sT.
deTT< >s+ u+|+ e\q 75%
n |s\T <\e&+ e\q 5%
deTT<+ u$T +be&+ e\q 5%
yesD+ |L\ esT\ e\q 2%
*jT sD\ e\q 10%
3. s+ >\T rs+ y| y =B, 4. rs + e< _

HeT~+, s+ ><s \T ,Z
mT |sT>TsTT.
@s&TT+~.
1 . + s Z u + X # \ q+,
ub+, < n|s
$kq+
$eq |_wH
90
$|T sVD
dTHMT\T eTV deTT<\ <]rd q<T\T,
qeT+
#+<T&T deTT< q y| >T+Ee&+ e\H
dTHMT\T ekjT | qeT+ +~.
1.3 dTHMT k<sD \D\T

dTH$T {| >* M#&+ e\ e# k<sD
eTV deTT< s+>\ _q+> +T+~. dTHMT\T
k< s D s + >\ + f mH s T n~ y > +
|jDksTT. >+ 100 MTsT +& k<sD
s+ > y>+ b\T+f, eTVdeTT< n>< \+ (deep
water) dTHMT C{ $eq+ deq+> >+ 800
MTs y>+ |j DdT + ~. n>< \+ n$ m+
y>+ |jD+q|{, dTHMT\T { mTqT 30
qT+& 45 d+{MTs mT eyT |+#>\T>TsTT.
n+<Te\ deTT<+ H\| mTe+{ |u e+ +&<T .
n+<s k<sD+> u$dTqT dTHMT
n|< s+>+ (giant wave) <T. dTH$T 10 <
n++f me s+>\qT * +T+~. n+<Te\
s+>\ XD dTH$T s+> s\T (tsunami wave
train) n n+{sT. = s+
>+ 5 qT+& 90 $Tc\
ee~ eTs= < nqTd]ksTT. eTV \&+ (wall
of water) |<q uu>+ |y+#&+ <s dTHMT
es<\ sDeTeT+~.
d T HMT\T | > \ T, s nH & +&
@ deTjT+HH d+u$+#e#T.
eTV deTT<| n><+ d+u$
+# dTH$T e+<\
MTs b&yq s+>\ >+ dTesT
800 MTs y>+ |jDdT+~. nsTT
e\+ MTsT s+> &\q |]$T
eyT * +T+&.
deTT<| n><+ d+u$+# dTHMT\qT z&\T
> T ] + # e . nsTTq| { , d e TT< rs
q|&T s+> <s+ +#TbsTT, s+>
&\q |]$T $ks+> |sT>TT+~. n d\
ee~H >]w mT |sT>TT+~.
+|PsY qeTH\T dTH$T d+u$
+# deTj
=~ $Tc\ eTT+<T *jTCjT>\T>TsTT.
dTHMT\T $< +d due+ * +{sTT. dT
rs\qT K+&K+&\T> #ksTT. rs b++
e CT\qT $q+ #ksTT. q X y<*
q T, rs b+ & \qT
$<+dyTTqsTksTT.
$eq |_wH
|yV\ y| L& |jD+#>\e.

= dTHMT\T # |<$> +{sTT. rs
b+\ y{ mT 10 MTsT < n++f
me> +T+~. nk<sD d+<s\ 30
MTs mT es L& +&e#T. T
b+\ e+<\ MTs <s+ |jDksTT.
T rs b+\ dTHMT\ <{ >TsesTT.
dTHMT s+>\ XD (series of waves) *
+T+~. # d+<s\ yTT<{ s+>+
|<~> +&<T. esTd> e# dTHMT s+>\
|e<+ yTT<{ s+>+ eq # >+\bT
+T+~.
rs b+ yT<H dTHMT\T e |sT>
y>+ +f y>+> >+ 50 MTs y>+
|jDksTT.
=ksT dTHMT\ sD+> rs+ e< sT yq
Z eTVdeTT<| u \+ (ocean floor) jT
q|&TT+~. B dV d<yTq dTHMT
V#]> u$+, >T C>\T rdTy*.
= dTHMT\ \+ $ks+> +T+~. |&e\T,
s es\ bT qT\ sTe +& s
d + dTHMT s+ >\ bT T b+
=T eksTT. , s sD\T <+d+
#jT &sTT. {| *j& n edTe \T, sT
# \+> #*d, |\qT >jT|s#&+
bT k] bD\T L& rksTT.
1.4 <Twuy\T
k dTH$T |Tq\T < eT\+ (Source)
30 $Tc\ +f e ee~ *q dTHMT\T u
qc \T>CksTT. { \+ q esZ+ n&Te#
| < L*ydT+~. dTHMT e\ e# es< |ue+
eqe yk\T, s&T, eT* edT\ bs qc
*+, de| k<sD q&e& $|+ #dT+~.
dTH$T |d+VsD (withdrawal of the tsunami)
eT]+ qc sDeTeT+~. s+>\T eTVdeTT<+
y| s>$Td, & \ |H<T\qT d + }& |&sTT.
qT d e TT< + & T sTT. z& s e\ ,
$eHXj\ qw+ s>&+ e\ nedsyTq Vs
|<s\T, Ww<\ ds|s n+sjT+ @s&TT+~.
91
$|T sVD
u qw+ s>&+ bT |Cs> eed| re

|ue+ |&TT+~. sT #=s&+ e\q |\T
{ eTTbsTT eTsD\T d+u$ksTT. ujT+s
s+ >\ <{ nH eT+~ deTT<+ =T bsT.
eT]=+<sT s+>\ bT =Te# es\T, |<
|< edTe\ +< |& eTsDksT. nsTT dTH$T e\
e# es<\ sD+> |< mTq s> deTd\T q
|Tq\T # e eyT HsTT.
$| T d+u$ +q b+ >T{ \u nq~
m|& |<q deTd>H +{+~. eTTsT>T{ ||\T
< q& + e\ eTTs T > T { bs T < \ eed
ndedeTeT+~.
ue\T, s u>s \ eqsT\T, |sT,
eTTsT>TsT, es\T #] \TweTesTT. es<\ e\
|+ qw+ sT>TT+~. |&e\T, e\\T =T bsTT
JeHb~ bT+~. |sesD+ DdT+~.
1.5 dTHMT\qT |d>&+
dTHMT <]rd u+|+

k<sD d
u+X+
n\&
es< n\
|>jT&+
u+| n_+<+
n\&
bT n\
+>&+
u+| n_+<+
$dsD
||+#+ s+&T s\ dTHMT V#]\ (tsueed\T HsTT.

1. n+srjT dTHMT V#]\T
2. b+rjT V#] eed\T
dTHMT\T n eTVdeTT<\T eT]jTT eT< <s
deTT<+ d+u$ +#sTT. nsTT, n~ X+ dTHMT\T
|d| eTVdeTT<+H e#sTT. Xdy \ T u +b\qT
@ $<+> eTT+<T> +> n+#H yjTs, n<
$<+> dTHMT\qT L& m|&T @s&j ]w+>
n+#H yjTsT.
nami warning)
1. n+srjT dTHMT V#] eed\T

|d| dTH$T y]+> d+sY(Pacific Tsunami
Warning Center (PTWC)):
BH n+srjT
dTHMT V#]\ +<+ n L& n+{sT.
1946 eq V d T H$T nq+ s +
VysTT y;#Y e< 1948 @sT #XsT.
dTH$T se& nH >+\ eTT+< |d|
d T H$T y]+> d+sY (PTWC) < X \qT
n|eT+ #dT+~. dTH$T =~ >+ #sT>\
rs b+ |\qT V#] <s n|eT+
#ksT. s b+ |\ dTH$T m|&T
edT+< *jTCd d#q (tsunami watch) C
#ksT. +< nyT] #+~q Hwq
$eq |_wH
92
rs b+ es<
b<$ T s+ >\qT
n~>$T+#&+
y>+ >Z&+
zc n+& n{djT] n&dwH(National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) ) s V k + ~. 2004 V +<
eTVdeTT<+ eq dTH$T nq+s+

+<+ de\qT V+< eTVdeTT<+, s_jTH,
#TT| \ b+\ L& $d] +#&+ ]+~.
yud{: http://ptwc.weather.gov
+swq dTHMT qs wH d+sY(International
Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) ): B
jTTHk #+~q +sY>e syT+ zwH>|
$TwH( IOC) < s+ 1965 @sT #jT &+
]+~. B |<q +<+ nyT] VysTT
sh+ q VAH\T\T.
yud{: http://itic.ioc-unesco.org
$|T sVD
|d| b++ dTHMT V#] deTqjT
>|(International Coordination Group for the

Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ICGITSU)): B 1968 jTTHk |< q s\jT+
bH b]dt +sY>e syT+ zwH>|

$TwH( zd) < s+ @sT #jT &+ ]+~.
|d| dTHMT\ eTjT+ yud{: http://
www.tsunami.org/. ~ |d|
eTVdeTT<+
d+u$+# dTHMT\ $es\qT, yud $es\qT
*jTCdT+~.
2. b+rjT V#] eed\T

k+> dTH$T eTT| +< < \TdT
e& k<sD+> dMT|+ eq u+b\
d++~+q &{qT $j+#T+{sT. k<sD
| \ 15 $Tc\ + f eTT+< T V# ] \ T
C#jT& Te+{ eed\T d]bsTT.
us<X+ ds |t +&j (Survey of
India) rs+ y+& f& >C H{esY (tide gauge network)
qT sVdT+~. z&se\T d+~ dVs+ sEy
>CqT sVksT.
f& > C bT s&s dV s+ dTHMT L&
|d>e#T. 2004 V+< eTVdeTT<+ @s&q
dTH$T d+<s + > H\T>T s&s qT+& &{qT, u +|+
eq sTy s+&T >+\ dTH$T s+>\ mTqT
qy<T #jT>*>sT. V+< eTVdeTT<| dTH$T|
eT |>V\ (satellites) |]o\q\T V#]\T C
#jT& @ e+ |j>|&<q $wj
>TsT+#Ty*. m+<T+f eT |>V\T n+~+q
& { qT bddt # j T & < T > + \T | { + ~.
nsTTq|{, u$wT dTH$T V#]\T C
#jT&+ n+] |]o\q\T | b bw+#
neX\T b<T.
eT | > V \ k+ | ] C H
|j +#T, dTH$T s u +b\ d++~+q
D V#]\qT C #jT &+ k< eTeT+~. V#]
ee~ u+| n~+<+ rssK qT+& m+ <s+
q~ nq <| <s|& +T+~. rs b+
nTbT e|\T (tidal gauges) dTHMT\qT rs
dMT|+ |yjT>\e. , eTVdeTT<| T
y{e\ |j >+ +&<T . duyT s H T <s H\|
nqTd+<+#&q dTH$T &fsT (Tsunami detectors)
$eq |_wH
deTT< y\T|\ 50 MTs <s+ @sT

#jT& +{sTT. dTHMTsT (Tsunameters) deTT<
|]\+| |e<\ d++~+q V#]\qT
|dsD #ksTT. < X{ n+~ksTT.
ny T ] # + ~q H w q zd j n+&
n{d] n&dw H (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)) 1995 &|t zwH nddtyT+{
n+& ]b]+> |t dTH$T (Deep Ocean Assessment
and Reporting of Tsunami (DART)) eedqT n_e~
#jT&+ bs+_++~.
2001 H{ |d| eTVdeTT<+ sT dwqT
@sT #jT&+ ]+~. | dwqT dTesT 6000
MTs +< deTT< d+ds u\ |&q ]ssT (Sea
bed bottom pressure) * +T+~. ~ dTH$T
<*\qT |d>{, |]\+| q V#]\ +<
de#s |d]+|CdT+~. |]\+| q V#]
+<+ de#s s &j <s |d| dTH$T d+sY
(PTWC) #sydT+~.
1.6 us<X+ dTHMT\T

us<X+ s#T> dTHMT\qT m<Ts=q
bsTTq|{, k<sD+> dTHMT |uy >TsjT
b+\qT >T]+#e\dq neds+ +~. us< X rss K
b++ yTT+ dTH$T eTT|qT * +~.
1.6.1 dTH$T <Ts\+ : keTs+

INCOIS |s+ us<
X rs dTHMT \+f
]sY d 7.0 +f n~ re *q u+|+
d+u$+#*. n+&eH ` dTeT < bkH
eTH b+ eyT n+{ re *q u +b\T
deTT<+ d+u$ +#& neX+ +~. nsTT, n+{
re *q u+b\ dTHMT\ <]rj*q
neds+ <T.
1.6.2 us<X+ dTHMT eT\T
93
1. us<X rs dTHMT \+f 7 <

n++f me re *q u+b\T
d+u$+#*.
2. dTH$T d+u$ +#\+f, u +b\T eTVdeTT<+
n><+ 100 MTsT < n++f e
T sy*
3. deTT< H\ }s #\q+ +&*.
$|T sVD
4. eT+< < y>\T (Slow Rupture Velocities)

n+ |e<syTq dTHMT\qT dwksTT.
dTHMT s+> fqT @s&+

deTT< u\+
e# |>T { |
H&+ s+>\T
yTT<\esTT.
1.6.3 us<X+ #] dTHMT\T

~
b++
1762 @| 12
1881 &d+usY 31
1883 >dT 27
1941 pH 26
1945 qe+sY 27
2004 &d+sY 26
+>U+
sY usY
{y
n+&eH
eTH
dTeT
s+>| mT
1.8 MT
``
2.0 MT
``
12.0 MT
10.0 MT
eTVdeTT<| n><+
s+>\T >+ 500
MTs y > +
<T\TsTT.
1.6.4 dTH$T eTT| n+#H

us< X + rs b+ d++~+q dTHMT
b<$T eTT| n+#HqT |\T n+X\ <s+>
s]ksT. eTTK+> us |K+& |\\ sD+,
u +b\ #] >+ d+u$ +q dTHMT\T <s+>
eTT|qT n+#H yksT. us<X sT, |eT rs
b+\T, Be\ b+\T |<q+> uK+& |\\T
<={ #=#TbjT b+\ e# u +b\
|u $eTesTT. eTTK+> n+&eH usY, dTeT
B$ e+| (Arc), s ns_j deTT<+ eTH
d H (subduction) b++ nH s +&T dTHMT d+u$ +#
b+\ |uy qesTT.
dTHMT eq|&T n~ rs b+\ |\qT
|d+<q deTjT+ u +|+ d+u$ +q |<X + |
<s|& 10 $Tc\ qT+& = >+\ deTjT+
|&TT+~. dTHMT sD+> e# u+b\ &
n~+> +& dH b+\| q n+&eH
usY Be\qT & us<X+ n e
deTjT+ |&TT+< dTHMT| ]|q n<jTH\T
*jTCdTHsTT.
<VsD usY dMT|+ 7.5 <
n+ + f m e re * q u + | +
d+u$++<qT+f, n~ usY n+ dMT|
rs+ e< |jD+#& +> 20 qT+& 30
$Tc\ deTjT+ |&TT+~. n< us<X |<q
uu> & 2 qT+& 3 >+\ ee~ |&TT+~.
+&Hwj
dMT|+ d+u$ +q u +b\T n+&eH
usY Be\qT #s& 1 qT+& 2 >+\ deTjT+
|&, us<X |<q uu> #s& 3 qT+& 5
>+\ ee~ |&TT+~. eTH e< e# u+b\T
$eq |_wH
H\ #sTejT =~
y > + > + 45
. MT. > T Z T +~.
nsTTH, s+>\T |
> & m T |s T
>TT+~.
s + > + T
b++| $sT#T
|&, < esZ+
n&T e# |<
<+d+ #dT+~.
dMT|+ us<X (>TsY) rs #s& 2 qT+&
3 >+\ deTjT+ |&TT+~.
1.6.5 V+< eTVdeTT<+ dTH$T

2004 &d+usY 26q d+u$+q dTH$T
$TH&T, s, +<|<X sc\ bT |<T#],
n+&eH usY Be $ksy T q bD, d qc
<]rd+~. dTH$T $|T eTsT\ eT{ n+
re+> |u$+ #d+~. eTsT\T |\ bT
JeHb~ d+ jsT. $TH&T, s,
+<|<X, |<T#], n+&eH usY Be
1396 >e, 26.63 \\ eT+~ |\T dTH$T
$|T >TsjsT. <<| 9395 eT+~ bD\T
>, 396 eT+~ >\+jsT.
1.7 rs b+ <Ts\ dN
(Coastal Vulnerability Index)
us<X rs b+ <Ts\ dN(Coastal Vulnerability Index' (CVI) ) n{ d T qT 2012 y T 17q
V <su< us CrjT eTVdeTT< de#s de\
+<+(Indian National Centre for Ocean Information
Services (INCOIS)) $&T<\ #d+
~. B |s+ deTT<+
94
$|T sVD
qc\qT Z+#+<T ds V#] eed (Early

Warning system) V+< eTVdeTT< b++ m+
neds+. V#]\ eed TbqT \
d++~+q neds\ d+ L& @sT #jT&+~.
eed q T bs + _ + q < > Z ] qT+& s + s +
deTse+yTq de\T n+~+# \+ (end - to - end principle) <s+> sb+~+#&+ ]+~. yseT+
sE 24 >+\ bT dTH$T V#] +<+
d\+ de#s #sydT+~. V+< eTVdeTT<
b++ q s+&T dTH$Tq (Tsurnamigenic)
eT+&\ u +| bs$TT\qT d\+ s]dT+ ~.
s +&T dTH$Tq eT+&\ #T uyT |sY ]ss T ,
s+> e|H\T (Tide Gauges), s&sY <] d
eq]+> dwqT yTT<\>T y{ * q * q
deT>yTq zdH nswq H{esYqT k|+#&+
]+~. ~ dTH$T bT TbqT \ L&
eTT+|q >TsjT b+\T, <Ts\+ >\ b+\
d++~+q e|\qT sb+~dT+~. n++&
INCOIS
dTHMT\T, TbqT \ d++<+ q ys+<]
+Vq n+<CdT+~.
&d+sY 26 dTH$T nq+s+ V<su< +&jTH
Hwq d+{sY |sY zwH qswH dddt (Indian Na+<|<X 974 MTs b&yq rssK
tion Centre for Ocean Information services (INCOIS))
>
T
sY
sTy <X+ s+&e n|< rssKqT *
ds dTHMT V#] +<(Tsunami Early warning
centre) 2007 n sY 17q @sT # d + ~. q sh+>, us<X sT rs+ n+ b&yq
HsTTH(INCOIS) us<X+ eTVdeTT<\T/ rss K q sh+> |d~ > $++~. yTT+ rs b++
yesD Xk\ s+>+ &{ dMTsD eT>yT 9 92,906 #<s | MTs y&\ Tq q rss K
q $$< d + d \ qT+& d e #s d ] +, y+& 2,482 >e\T HsTT. y{ 500 >e\T
eTVdeTT< d++~+q &{ ysYVdtqT * rs 5 MTs <s+ |H HsTT. >e\
+T+~. HsTTdt q e< de#s eTsT\T, | |b, eTTK+> #y TbqT, y
sh eTXK n~sT\T, |D[ d+|T+, z&se\T, s+>\ n+ <Ts\+> +{sTT. 1557
P]> $< +d+ >, 40,000 re+> <HsTT.
HXj \T, H sD |]XeT, H$<+ , rs b+ |481
qT {sY| +<, 40,000 >V\qT sh &{
>d<+, mHV#Y z +< \Tw jT+D eT+&*, dVjT+ eT+psT #jT&+ ]+~. sJy>+B
eqe eqsT\ eT+ XK yTT<\>T y{ nedsyTq |qsyd bJ +< dTH$T |u$ T+u\
de#s+ s|+ nqTe~+, y+{ n+<Cd T + ~. 481 >V\qT ]+ #+<T s.230 T $&T<\
dTH$T, TbqT \ e\ ]> bD, d #jT&+ ]+~.
eT+ |] eTT| b+ q b+ $TH&T rs+
y+& +|s+ n~ u>+, #H =
u>\qT # n~yTq eTT|(very high risk) q
b++> eZ] +#&+ ]+~. $TH&T rss K y+&
d+ 6.38% b++ # n~yTq eTT| q
b++>, 7% b+ n~ eTT|(high risk) q
b++>, $T*q rss K b+ eT< sV (medium),
e eTT|(low risk) q b++> eZ]+#&+
]+~.
+< |<X sT ><e] eT]jTT $XK|+
\ eT< q 37 MTs b+(yTT+ rs
b++ 7.51%) # n~ eTT| q b++>
eZ ] +#s T . B d + +~ + 156 e| \qT
sb+~+#sT. CrjT ksTT Te+{ n{dTqT
sb+~+#&+ < =*k].
1.8 us CrjT eTVdeTT<

de#s de\ +<+(
)
1.9 +<|<X dTHMT
$eq |_wH
95
$|T sVD
$|T |sekq |ue+: u+|+, dTH$T, n |e<+,

nDT$|T: bqT nqTue+
=ks T s V $| T | s ekq
|uy(cascading) <]rd, s $|T\T d+
d+u$ ksTT. n esTd> >=\TdT T e# |\T s\
$|T\qT eTT+<T> n+#H yd, y{ m<Ts=e&
d+d<+> +&+ <<| nk<+. bH 2011
e] d+u$+q esTd $|T\T BH s|+#sTT.
yTT, 12,782 eT+~ >\+ j sT. $|T

sD+> 1,26,000 ueH\ bT _&\T, syD
eed, $<TY ds|s, >dt ds|s, eTwH de\T
e+{ s eT* edT \T d + re+> < +deTjsTT.
d{>|t n+#H |s+ $|T sD+> >V
sD+ eT* edT\ s+> 5 qT+& 10 {*jTH
jTH\ qw+ y{*+~. nsTT yTT+ qw+ 15 {*jTH
jTqT (183.7 _*jTH &\sT) < bH &| 3
X+ +T+< usYdt | nH d+d *+~.
1. u+|+
3. n |e<\T
2011 e] 11 eT<V+ 2 >+\ 46

$Tc\ deTjT+ Xq CbH b++ 9 re
L&q |qT u +|+ d+u$ ++~(BH >{ dt bH
msY n+& dTH$T(Great East Japan (Tohoku Kanto)
Earthquake and Tsunami) n+{sT). u
+| +<+ (epicenter) |d|
rs+ b+ 130 MTs
<s+, 24 MTs Tq +~. bH yesD
d+d n+#H\ |s+ $Tj^ sh+ ]Vs
q>s+ ]sY d 7 re L&q u+|+
d+u$+#>, 28 q>s 1 qT+& 7 bsTT+T eyT
*q CbH u+|| 6 |> re L&q
u |+|q\T qy<jsTT.
2011 e] 11q bH n|< B|yTq

qT sT rs+ e< d+u$ +q Xe +yT q u +|+
sD+> |\T# n |e<\T #\s>sTT. Vs
q>s+ k sTT +| ]|q eT+\T
@s&sTT. eT+\T 14e B es =qk>sTT.
u+|+ eq yTT<{ sE sTy n |e<\
d+|Tq\T |s>&+ yTT<+~. sE e\+ 44
|Tq\T eyT s>>, e] 19 H{ 325
|]+~.
2. dTH$T
u+|+ sTy u dTHMT d+u$++~.
nMT rs+ e< n\\T >]w+> 11.87 MTs mTq
m>d|&sTT. bH s b++ n~ # 3
MTs msTTq dTHMT d+u$++~. ]sY d| 9.0
bsTT+ re d+u$+q u+|+ jTT u+X
eT+&\+ (full zone) 500 MTs b&e, 200
MTs y & \ T yf qT+& s es
$d]+qT, bH yesD d+d s]++~. re
u+|+ bT |< mTq m>d|&q \ s+>\
< { u e H\T s bT u He\T d +
=T bj sTT. # q> s n | e <\T
d+u$+#sTT. nDT$<TY +<\T, X~ s>s\T,
$eHXj\T, s syD esZ\T eT|&sTT.
2011 e] 23 H{ >D+\ |s+ dTesT 9,079
$eq |_wH
4. nDT$|T
u+|+ eq e] 11 sEH |wj
<N yTT<{ nDT $<TY b+T nDT neds
|]d (nuclear emergency) |{ + #sT. u +| re
sD+> yTT<{ sT nDT ]js eT&T ]jsT
y+ ny eT|&sTT. ]js |+ +&
+<qs&qT #\|s#& { ds|s #d u|t
& qssT dTHMT sD+> <+deTjsTT.
n+<TuT q sT $] e&+ yTT<\T e&+
e] 12 eT<V+ 3.30 >+\ yTT<{ nDT ]js Y
e< V&H $kq+ ]+~. B |wj &N
# T 20 MTs | ] ~ q | \qT U
#sTT+#sT. e] 14q eT&e q+sT ]jsY eTs
|\T&T #T #dT+~. e] 15q s+&e q+sY
]jsY eTs $kq+ ]|+~. +<q s&qT
u<|]# H\T>e q+sT ]jsY e< n |e<+
d+u$++~. esTd d+|Tq\ nDT<]
96
$|T sVD
>T]L&<T . B bH |uT + |wj <N #T

30 MTs |]~ H | CH> |{++~.
|]~ y\T|\ q b+ d+ nDT <]
|]qT >T]+#sT.
eTTK+> b\Ls, b\T, sTT sT yTT<\>T
y{ nDT<] >DjT+> |]qT qT>=HsT.
n+<Te\ sT\T mTe+{ Vs |<s\qT es{
$&T<\ #jTs< bH |uT+ w<+ $~++~.
5. >TDbs\T
VQ y| << (multi - hazard) nqV
$|T\qT m<Tse& nedsyTq |D[qT d<+
#dTe\dq neds eTs=esT >TsT #d+~.
$|T\qT m<Ts=H d+d<\qT *q q nTeT
<X\ fq bH L& |sekq |uy (Cascading impact) #$ #&e\d e+~. usY e+{ <X\T
+ eTT+<T#| eeV]+#e\d +T+~.
us<X+ dTHMT\ #]
B
.|P. 326
1008 @| 1 qT+&
yT 27 eT<
1524
1762 @| 2
1819 pH 16
1847 nsY 31
1881 &d+sY 31
|<X+
us<X+ qy<q yTTyTT<{ dTH$T
us<X rs b++ @s&q u+|+
e\ eq dTH$T
eTVsh TsY
>{ usY B$
sY usY B$ e< ]sY d\T| 7.9
re u+|+
|ue+
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
n+&eH usY Be\
bT us<X rs+ y+& #H
e< 1 MTsT msTTq dTHMT
qy<T
us<X sT rs+| |ue+, #H
e< 2 MTs ms TTq dTHMT\T qy<T.
us<X sTrs+| |ue+
1883 >dT 26
+&Hwj {y n|s $kq+
1941 pH 26
n+&eH B$ e< ]sY d\T| 8.1 re

u+|+
us<X sT rs+| |ue+
sN 100 .MT.\ <s+ 8.5 re u+|+ us<X |eT rs+| |ue+, +&
e< 12 MTs msTTq dTHMT qy<T
us<X sT rs+| |ue+, 10
MTs msTTq dTHMT, 10 y\ eT+~
|> eTsD+.
+&Hwj +& n#, us<X+
$TH&T, +<|<X, n+&eH usY
Be\T, l\+, <sTT+&, eTdj, H,
{+Cj <X dTH$T.
1945 qe+sY 27
2004 &d+sY 26
$eq |_wH
97
$|T sVD
2. dTHMT ` |XeTq ePV\T

(Tsunami - Mitigation Strategies)
2.1 |]#jT+
2004 & d+sY 26q d + u $ +q d T H$T
$TH&T, s, +<|<X, |<T#], n+&eH
usY Be\ nbsyT q bD, d qc \T>Cd + ~.
eTsT\ JeHb~ <rjT&yT +& y]
re+> qw+ *++~. , z&se\T, C{\T, s&T,
e+q\T, $<TY, f*+, dT\T, bsX\\T, s
ke s+> ueH\ u qc $T*+~.
nsTT, dTH$T |uy |X$T+|Cd+<T
dV d<y T q = esZ\T HsTT. rss K y+ #q T
H&+ n+<T eTTKyTq~. eT n&T>&\
b\T+f #qT H&+ e ejT+ L&q<
+& dTH$T |Xe Tq+| Bs \ |u e+ #|T+~.
V+< eTVdeTT<+ y+& q = b+\ rs+
y+& =] \T, eT& e\T (mangroves) dTHMT
X Xw+#Te&+ b+\| dTH$T |ue+
|<> |& < T . $TH&T q\Ty&T | nH >eT+
2020 rss K y+& 80,244 #q T H{sT. n+<Te\
dTH$T |ue+ >eT+| # d\+> |&+~.
2.2 bH #|{q #s\T
n&T>T\) dTHMT s+>\qT dw++~. zHsTT nH

z&se |D+ dTHMT qT+& b&{ ]+q
>& |P]> T&|TbsTT+~. b++ \|
]+q &\ |P]> <+deTjsTT. >&
dTH$T y> HeT~+|CjT&, mTqT Z+#&
<V<|& +&e#T >, $<+k >, bD qc
> \Te]+#bsTT+~.
2.3 eTT| ~+| #s\T

dTHMT y]+#&+ k< + <T. nsTT, dTHMT
eTT| q <X\ <e\ rs b+\ ]> qc
~+#+<T |\T #s\T #|&+ ]+~.
bH < X + CHu m e> +& rs
b+\ dTHMT >&\T |< mTq ]+#sT. s
b+\ dTHMT e\ e# { yq eT[+#+<T
es<>T, \Te\T @sT #XsT. nsTT, >&\T,
dTHMT mTqT Z+ >\T>Tj >, <e\ ]>
u $< +k, bD qc y]+#e . {, rss K
b+\qT dTHMT qT+& b&{ s =
eek> #s\qT #|&+ ]+~. n$ :
2.3.1 d\ |D[ eT]jTT u$T sVD

(Site planning and Land Managment)
1896 d+u$+q |qT $|T nq+s+

||+#+H yTTyTT<{k]> bH dTH$TXd+,
|d+<q #s\qT nqTd]+#&+ bs+_+#sT. rs
b+\ |\qT b&{ bH\ 4.5 MTsT (15
n&T>T\T) mT +& nH dTHMT >&\qT ]+#sT.
dTHMT\ e\ e# { yq eT[+#+<T |\T
b+ es<>T, \Te\T @sT #XsT.
nsTTq| { , d T HMT\T s # T > M{ d +
n~ > $ Td T + & +, y{ d e Ts | d + < V +
ee Te+~. <VsD, 1993 p 12q d+u$ +q
u+|+ nq+s+ s+&T qT+& <T $Tc\ ee~
& w] B$ q zw] & dTH$T
<<| 10 n+dT\ ueH\qT 30 MTs (100
$eq |_wH
deT> |D[ jTT $d #+ d\ |D[

|<X, < , ]w d\ n_e~ k+<qT
s]dT+~. <s dTHMT eTT|qT ~+#&+
eTTKyTq k<q+> | #dT+~.
eekjT+, bsT\T, $H< se\ e+{
Vs+> se\ (open- Space Uses) |j+#
Vs+> d\ dTHMT y| b+\qT >T]+,
y{ C+> #jT& yTTyTT<{ u $j>
|D[ ePV+> dbsdT #jT&+ ]+~. y|
b+\ (hazard areas) n_e~ d ksTT +&
$<+> ePV sb+~+#&+ ]+~.
eekjT+, bsT\T, $H< se\ e+{
98
$|T sVD
Vs+> se\ (open- Space Uses)

u $T $j+#&+ | +\ T $~+#&+ k< +
b+\ s u $j> |D[
#s\qT |j+#*. y| b+\ ]>
n_e~ sV |j>\qT ePV+>
jT++#&+, k<yTq+ yTs n~ $\Te
*q, n~ kBq |jH\T *q y{
|+#*.
+]+> sD\T : n~ X+ eTTsT\
yk\T rs b+\H +{sTT. qT
mTe+{ +]+> < \qT
$j+# +& *b{ sTe +& keT
]ksT. n+<Te\ eT+ sD |<T\qT
nqTd]+#&+ | y] ne>Vq *+#*. eT+
sD\ +&e\dq \D\T:
d\ m+| : deTT<rs sK qT+& = e+<\
n&T>T\ <s+ |* b+\T dTHMT e\ n~
qw + b+< neX + +~. n+< T e\
b+\ qT ]+#Te&+ < yk\T
@sT #dTe&+ #jTs<T.
ueH\qT d>T deTT< eT{ (mean sea level)
+f me mT ]+#Ty*.
msTTq rs b+ >V\T (Elevate Coastal
homes) n~ X+ dTHMT s+>\T 3 MTs
+f e mT +{sTT. n+<Te\ qT
mT> ]+#T+f n~ X+ dTHMT\ qT+&
d qw+ s>+& b&Te#T.
s+>\ y> Z+#& ysY us (water)
qT ]+#*.
ueH\ sD { Hb, T||
keT $j+#*.
eT{ VqT $|T deTjT+ w\sT>
|=# $<+> msTTq |<X\ ]+#*.
es< sVD: dTHMT e\ es<\ T eksTT. dTHMT
s+ >\T rs b+\qT es<\ eTT+#T sTT.
n+<Te\ es< |XeTq #s\qT L&
#s*.
2.3.3 dTHMT\ eTT|q <>Zs> q|&T
2.3.2 dTHMT eTT+<T @$T #j*?

\T, bsX\, | |<X+ < MTsT s#T>
d+<]+# |<X \T dTH$T eTT| q b+\
$eq |_wH
Hj? y? nq $wj qT>=H*.

MT M~ deTT< eT{ m+ mT +~? rs
b++ qT+& < n~ eTT| q C\ qT+&
m+ <s+ +~? \TdTy*.
dTH$T eq|&T MT \T, bsX\, | |<X+
< s |<X\ qT+& |+#TH <
s*bjT esZ\qT sb+~+#Ty*.
s*bjT esZ\qT bdT #j*.
&CdsY d|sTT\qT <>Zs +#Ty*.
dTH$T >T]+ T++ #]+#*.
neds eTwH |D[qT sb+~+
#Ty*.
dTHMT e\ T+ duT\T ] qT+& sT
ys q |+ eT ] \TdTe& nedsy T q
|D[qT eTT+<T>H d<+ > +#Ty*. dT<s
b++ +& +<Te < dVT& q+sTqT
T+ +{ q+sT> y*. $|T
nq+s+ m+>H <V<|&TT+~.
99
rs s K qT+& e+<\ MTs <s+ | ue

H\qT
]+#&+ < y{ ed+#&+ > #jT s<T.

dTHMT eq|&T nedsyTq edTe\ C_qT
d<+ #dTy*.
rs b++ q qT mT ]+#Ty*.
n~ X+ dTHMT n\\T 10 n&T>T\ (3
MTs)| mT +{sTT. \T mT +&+
e\q n~ X+ dTHMT\ qT+& d qw+
s>+& b&Te#T.
es<\T s+& eTT+<T C>\T rdTy*.
qT +sT # F #sTT+#Ty*. qT
d T HMT n\\T +& eT]+ < & + >
]+#TH+<T d\V\T rdTy*.
n ed s d e #s m| { | & T
\TdTH+<T k s &j < {.$. dw H q T
|j+#Ty*.
k n~sT\T # d#q\qT b{+#*.
+{ e< q|&T dTHMT V#] ed, <
T+ duT \+<] *jTCj *. dTHMT eTT|
q b++ eddT q sTT, T++ yTT+
$|T sVD
s+>\T rs b+ ydT\ |{ eTT|>H

|]D$TdTHsTT. dTHMT V#]\T C #dq
deTjT+ T k b+\ qT+& <s+>
+&+ eT+~.
s&j, f*$q <s m||&T de#s+
\TdT+ +&*.
+{ qT+& jT y*. dTsyTq msTTq,

dTsyTq b+ y*.
2.4 dTHMT\qT |d>&+

| > V k+ | ] C H (satellite
techonology) |j+#T dTHMT q (tsunamigenic) u+b\ >T]+ D V#]\qT C
#jTe#T. V#] deTjT+ u+| n~+<+
(epicenter) rssK qT+& q <s+| <s|&
+T+~. =~>+ dTHMT |jD+# b+\
rs b+ |\ V#]\T C #ksT.
rs b+ ys+> e|\T (Coastal tidal)
deTT<| &T dMT|+ q dTHMT\ |>\e.
, eTVdeTT< n><\ @s&y{ \Te]+#e .
duyTsH T <s u$T nqTd+<q+
#jT&q dTH$T &fsT deTT< y\T|\ 50
MTs <s+ @sT #j*.
d T HMTs T (Tsunameters) d e TT< |
|]\+| @s& esT\qT |>V\ #syksTT.
2.5.1 |&e < z& qsTT

dTHMT s+>\T eTVdeTT<+ n>#s+>
2.5 dTHMT |uy |]cs

s|\q
$|T ds|s\ TqT <>Zs +#Ty*. \T
U #d deTjT+ nedsyTq edTe\T <>Zs>

+&+ e\q eT]+ kse++> +T+~.
+{ U #d y|&T MT +Te\qT L&
y+ rdT*.
MTsT ;#Y < eTVdeTT<+ e< q|&T u$T
+|+qT n|d, DyT msTTq |<X
y+&. dTHMT V#] e# es >+&.
eTVdeTT<\ y q<T\T, |yV\ <s+>
+&+&.
rs b+\ +& e+{ +T
]+q ms TTq VQ n+dT \ ue H\T T
b+\ +{sTT. nTe+{ d+<s\
ueH\ m>Teq +& u>\T dTs+> +
{sTT.
n|rs b+ ~\T (offshore reefs), T
e> +& b+\T (shallow areas) dTHMT
s + >\ \qT $ q # j T & +
dVjT|&sTT. nsTT, u, |e<syTq
$eq |_wH
+{sTT. n+<Te\ dTHMT edTqT V#]

C #dq|&T deTT<+ qsTT, z&se
] s L & < T . d T HMT e\ { eT +
X s y > y T q es T \T ek s TT. z& s e\T,
HXj\ nqVyTq |e<u]yTq {
|yV\T #=#T eksTT.
dTHMT V#] C nsTTq sTy MT |&e
< z& deTT<+|* y& ee~ q
sTT, +~ n+X\qT >eTq+ +#Ty*.
n~ X+ |< z&s e\T, HXj \T VssY/
bsT <]{ jT+D +{sTT. <]{\T
dTHMT V#]\ deTjT+ esZ<s\qT
sksTT. n+<Te\ bsT n~sT\ d++<+
* +&+ eT+~. ysT q sX q + |s+
|&e < z&qT eT[+#e#T.
q z&se\T bsT <]{ jT+D +
&be#T. n+<Te\ dTHMT V#] eq
$wjT+ MT *d, MT |&e < z&qT n><
s* +# ee~ qsTT, eT|<
|s+ n #jTe#T. q |&e\ jTeqT
y{ se e< e~d, msTTq b+\
s*be&+ eT+.
rs + | =* d T HMT | u e+ s D +>
$<+dsyTq s+>\T, nqVyTq {
|yV\T =+ ee~ es VssqT |u$+
#ksTT. n+<Te\ VssT ] se& eTT+<T
VssY n~sT\qT d+|~+#*.
2.5.2 dTHMT sTy @$T #j*?
100
n ed s
d e #s m| { | & T
\TdTH+<T s &j < f*$HqT s+s+
|j+#*. dTH$T s&qT, e+q\T, s
|<X\qT <+d+ #jTe#T. n+<Te\ y{ y|
y&+ dTs+ <T.
$|T sVD
>jT|&q
y], bsTTq e\ dV jT+
n+~+#& eTT+<T MT MTsT >j\jj

< #dT, |<eT #sTT+#Ty*.
b&e\dq ysT mesH
+f, d]jT q keT
q b|w q bH #d, s| +#*. #eT+~
es<\ q sT\qT b&{ y[,
ysT eTsD+ q d+|T q\T mH sT>TTHsTT?
| dVs+ nedsyTq Xe\T, e<T\
syD ks+ y], neds |]d
n<q| dVjT+ nedsyTq |< T+u\,
$+>T\, y] dVjT+> eq y]
dVjT|&+&.
$|T b+\ <s+> +&+&. MTsT n&
+&+ e\q dV jT, neds #s \ ++
*+#&+ bT \Tw sT, |*q s&T,
ub\T, Ts<, s y|\T e+{ es<\

ne| |uy\ e\ MTsT L& eTT|qT
m<Ts=e#T.
neds bq e\+ f*bqTqT eyT
|j+#+&. $|T |]dT\ f*bqT qT
s#T> sB> +{sTT. n+<Te\ neds
bqqT n+<Te& M\T> y{ jTsY
#j*.
#T sT * +f, ueH\ y\T|
+&by*. es< {> dTHMT sT L&
| H< T \qT \V q| s T k s TT. u e H\qT
eTT+y k s TT. H \ | > T [ d T + ~. >& \ T
L*bsTT. n+<Te\ ue H\ y\T| +&*.
ueH\qT |]o*+#|&T u | #d
+sT, bwtqT eyT |j+#*.
=y=T\qT y&s<T.
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. dTHMT nH e @ uw qT+& e+~? (1)
1) |dt uw
2) swH uw
3) ns_ uw
4) |+ uw
2. dTHMT\T sT#T> @ k |<X\ eksTT?
1) sT k b++
(1)
2) eT\usT se
3) > |t K+u{
4) sH |t #Y
3. deTT<+|\ u+b\ e\ e#~
(3)
1) n|s
2) +& d&\T (ub\T)
3) dTHMT\T
4) es<\T
4. @ ]bsT\ qT+ +&jTH dTHMT >T]+ u>
b ]sT\T \_+q$?
(4)
1) 1941 u+|+
2) 286 _.d. u+|+
3) 316 _.d. u+|+ 4) 326 _.d. u+|+
5. dTHMT\T me> d+u$+#~
(3)
1) V+< eTVdeTT<eTT
2) n{+{ eTVdeTT<eTT
3) |d| eTVdeTT<eTT
4) eT<<s deTT<eTT
$eq |_wH
101
6. @ sEq deTT<+|\ re u+|+ dTHMT

<]rd bH Xq b+ 19,000 eT+~
eTsD sDyT+~ ?
(1)
1) 11`3`2011
2) 14`2`2011
3) 11`1`2011
4) 14`3`2010
7. { TqT{ dTHMT >+ m MTsT
|jDdT+~?
(1)
1) 600`800 MTsT
2) 900`1100 MTsT
3) 800`900 MTsT
4) 950`1150 MTsT
8. dTHMT n\\T <e\ <$ksTT?
(4)
1) deTT<>s u +b\T 2) n d+u+~ |>T
3) ub\T
4) |e
9. 11`3`2012 H{ @ <X| u+|+, dTHMT e\
y~ eT+~ #bsTT d+es+ nsTT+~?
1) yT
2) |*| H
(4)
3) +&Hwj
4) bH
10. dTHMT n\\T Be\ <$ksTT
(4)
1) deTT<+|* u+|+ e\
2) n |s d++< |>T e\
3) deTT<+ ub\ e\
4) |e
$|T sVD
11. deTT< >s+ u+b @eT+{sT?

(4)
1) TbH
2) sTeTT
3) yTsT|
4) dTHMT
12. dTH$T s+>\T/n\\T d+u$+# sD\T (4)
1) deTT<eTT u+b\T
2) n|s <<H\T
3) ub\T (+&d&\T)
4) |$ n
13. dTHMT m|&T d+u$dT+~?
(4)
1) <jTeTT
2) kjT+eTT
3) nss
4) |>\T s @ yHH
14. dTHMT @ deTjT+ d+u$dT+~?
(4)
1) <jT+
2) eT<V+
3) kjT++
4) | n+{
15. +&j CrjT dTHMT V#] eed (NTWS) @
d+es+ neT e+~?
(4)
1) 2004
2) 2005
3) 2006
4) 2007
16. CbH #] 23 n&T>T\ dTHMT *+q
u+|+ m|&T ]+~?
(2)
1) 11`3`2010
2) 11`3`2011
3) 11`2`2010
4) 11`2`2011
17. dTHMT\T n~ u>+ d+u$+# b++
(4)
1) u+b\ b++
2) +&Hwj b++
3) +&jTH deTT<+
4) |d| deTT<+
18. @ sEq >jT dj rs b+ re+>
qw|]q dTHMT d+u$++~?
(1)
1) 26.12.2004
2) 26.12.2003
3) 26.12.2005
4) 26.12.2002
19. @j T H d e TT< | s b+ + m| & T
yTT<{k]> dT |Ps+ dTHMT\T d+u$+qT
=* de#s+ \ueTeT+~?
(3)
1) .|P. 450 2) .|P. 412
3) .|P. 379 4) .|P. 479
$eq |_wH
20. eTw *dq ujT+syTq s y|+(2)

1) TbqT\T
2) dTHMT\T
3) ub\T
4) >*yq\T
21. |d| dTHMT V#] eed @ d+es+ @sT
#XsT?
(3)
1) 1948
3) 1952
3) 1949
4) 1947
22. |\yTq dTHMT\T me> y{e\ \T>TsTT?
1) u+b\T
2) z\H\T
(1)
3) ub\T
4) TbqT\T
23. @ sEq dj 11 >jT dj <X
dTHMT d+u$+ 1 \\ eT+~ eTsD
sDyT+~?
(1)
1) 26`12`2004 2) 26`11`2004
3) 26`10`2004 4) 26`10`2003
24. y{ <s <$+# s+> dTHMT\T?
(4)
1) u+b\T
2) n |s |>T
3) {|* ub\T 4) |e
1
, {y b++
2 25. @ d+es+ +&Hwj
|s d+u+< re $k+ e\ 40 n&T>T\ dTHMT\T
d+u$+#sTT?
(3)
1) 1881
2) 1882
3) 1883
4) 1884
26. @ sEq \y T q \> s u + | + | eT
+&Hwj
d+u$ +, V+< eTVdeTT<| |
q <X\ dTHMT V#]> e]+~? (4)
1) 9`3`2012
2) 12`5`2012
3) 10`3`2012
4) 11`4`2012
102
27. {e\ dTHMT\ MT< |]X<q kdTq \T>T

eqT >T]+ | ys\T y\Te&sTT.
e |sT
(1)
1. dTq+<
2. dTsK
3. dTeT+
4. dTd
28. n+srjT dTHMT de#s +<+ q#T
1. s
2. >y
(4)
3. {
4. VAq\\T
$|T sVD
. es<\T
1. es<\T ` sD\T, |uy\T

2. +<|<X es<\T
3. es<\T ` |XeTq ePV\T
1. es<\T ` sD\T, |uy\T

(Floods - Causes and Effects)
6. TbqT eTT+| >\ b+ TbqT \
L&q u es\T, \yTq >\T\T
7. qB |yV+ +#Tbe&+
8. qB |yV+ q esZ esTe&+
9. q \ T, &eTT\T, \Te\ sD+
+]+> b\T.
1.1 |]#jT+
k<sD+> eTT+|q >T] H\ eTT+|q
>T]e& <]rd $<+> qB \Te y+& <
rs+ e< n~ {ksTT +& d es< n+{sT (Flood
is a state of high water level along a river channel or on
the coast that leads to inundation of land, which is not
usually submerged). es<\T >+\ deTjT+ rdT
es<\ s sD\T
eT+> @s&e#T < q\ T be&+, u es\T

deTT<\ \yTq bTbT se&+, TbqT\T,
yTT<\>T y{ e\ mTe+{ V#] +&H #y\T, dTHMT\ e\ L& es<\T eksTT.
kT>q se#T.
neb\ |D+ < qB u\| |P&
sT q k<sD d < |yV $T+q @s&&+ deTT<| bTb qB es<\T @+ e&+
ksTT |eVdTq|&T es< d+u$dT+~. (A flood e\ rs yT<H es<\ deTd eT]+ d+w+>
occurs when water flows or rises above and beyond its esTT+~.
normal place or course) . Be\ |\, ue
H\ *>
H\ |] ~>Teq ]q bs q b+
|e< es< y|+ (flood hazard) n+{sT.
sT |* bs +be&+ s><T. n+<Te\
Te+{ b+\T es< eTT|qT me * +{sTT.
1.2 es<\ sD\T
1.3 es<\T` s\T
<X+ es<\ TTT|eH\ \+ ]d

es\T, +&T |P&T bjT qB eed\ T, @y\T>,
es< $_q s\T HsTT n$:
dTbjT $<+ > +& |s \T, | + Ve\jT
1. d es< (flash flood)
|sXDT\qT |<q sD+> #|e#T. es<\
2. qB es< (riverine flood)
<]rd sD\T b+ { esTT+{sTT. >MTD,
|D b+\ eT< L& sD ed+ +T+~.
3. |D es< (urban flood)
es < \ <]rd | < q s D qT $< + > 1.3. 1. d es<\T:
|s=qe#T.
+uew < Tbq L&q u es\T
1. u es\T
yTT<q sT >+\ | d+u$+# es<\qT yTsT|
2. qB u\+| u> |P& |sTbsTT, q<T\T < d es<\T> s+#e#T.(Flash floods can
< |yV\ { ydT keTs ~+#&+ . be defined as floods which occur with in six hours of the
3. eTTsT>T{ \Te n&+\T @s&, b++ beginning of heavy rainfall, and are usually associated
es< eTT+|q >T]e& <]rjT&+.
with cloud bursts, storms and cyclones). d es<\T
4. ub\ (Landslides) sD+> { |yV+ { |yV sT n~+> +&+, H\ bs>eT (permeability) e> +&+ e\ L& d+u$ksTT.
*be&+
M{e\ d+u$+# qc ~+#& y>+
5. q\T, ]sjTsT sD+
$eq |_wH
105
$|T sVD
1. eT es< <X(Low Flood stage):
nk+, ;VsY es<\T(2004)

2004 TTT|eH\ \+ nk+, ;VsY
sc\ reyTq es< |]dT\T u $<+k
sDeTjsTT. f*bH m+C\T eTTbe&+ <
T <q&+, s&T, s qT <+d+ e&+
sc nH |<q +<\T sh s<
d++<\T |P]> jsTT. es< |u e+ me>
q |qsyd, d+eT #s\ d++~+q
de#s d+ sh +< *jTCjT&
M +& bsTT+~. |]d >eT+q sh |uT \T
re+> <q \ sh s<qT\ eTwH
d++<\qT @sT #jT& DyT neds
deTqjT keT bT X{{ bqqT |+|e\d+~>
+< |uT CrjT $|T sVD $u> $|
#jT&+ ]+~.
q~ { eT+ V#] ksTT eT]jTT |e<

ksTT eT< |eVdTq|&T +& es< |]d eT
es< <X n+{sT.
2. eT<d es< <X(Medium flood stage):

q~ { eT+ |e< ksTT <{, n~ es<
eT{(highest flood level (HFL)) 0.50 MTs
~>Teq q|&T q~ es< eT<d <X qT
#|&TT+~
3. n~ es< <X(High flood state):

q~ { eT+ n~ es< eT{ 0.50 MTs
| q|&T < n~ es< <X n+{sT.
4. nk<sD es< <X(Unprecedented flood

stage):
L&Tq k V#] |s y+ #& ys Y d t H{esY,

@<H es< eTT+<dT d#q +<+ e< q~ {
f*bH HqqT |jksT. nsTT, d es<\
$wjT+ d\+ U #sTT+#& nedsyTq eT+ < n~ es< eT{ #sT q|&T nk<sD
V#]\qT C #jT &+ n y k< + be#T. es<\T d+u$+qT #|&TT+~.
1.3.5 es< y| e|\T:
1.3.2 qB es<
es< y| e|\(flood hazard maps)qT

j ds |t +&j(GSI) sb+~dT+~.
e|\ w~(prohibitive), +\ L&q (Restricted), V#]\ L&q(Cautionary), es< sV
eT+&\(Flood Free Zones)qT ddT+~.
mdt es<\ d++~+q n+X\| ]|q
n<jTH\qT +< \ d+|T+, \ eqsT\ n_e~
bC n<]{\T, |D, >MTD |D[ n<]{\T,
|sesD nM eT+ XK, eekjT eT+
1.3.3 |D es<
d\ \ ee~ ues\T d+u$+#&+ XK\T $j+#T+{sTT.
|s>&+, { esZ\qT $#DsV+> $T+#&+,
&HJ edT\qT deT+> sV+#be&+ e\
sd $ T n+ s r j T $| T ~+|
q>s\T, |D \ es<\ T se&+ k<sD+> e]+~.
d+es+ d+es deTd eT]+ re+ e&+, ePV+(United Nations International Strategy for
qc\T |sT>TT+&{ <w |T mH&m +m |D Disaster Reduction (UN ISDR)) sb+~+q >
es<\ n+X |+> >T]+ <| | X< mddtyT+{ ]bsY(Global Assessment Report) 2011
eV+#\, < sVD | esZ<s\qT |s+, ||+ # y|+ > es<\ T m<Ts=+Tq Hu
sb+~+#\ ssTT++~.
90% eT+~ <D dj , sT dj , |d| <X\H
es<\ qT |s y+ #+<T +< \ d+|T + es<\ eddT H sT. <D dj $|T eTT|qT m<Ts=+Tq
<X\ usY, +><X\ |\T n~+> es<
reqT H\T>T \T> eZ]++~. n$:
qB |yV+ q\ qT <{ |eV+, sT #TT
|\ b+\qT eTT+ yjT& qB es< n+{sT.
~ n+ k<sD es< s|+. qB es<\ T |< q+>
es| sT < eT+#T ] qB |yV+ y>+>
\e&+ e\ d+u$ksTT. es< bs+u+ e&
eTT+<T q~ +& { |]eD keTs #q bd{
(channel capacity) n+{sT.
1.4 es<\T m& d+u$ksTT?
$eq |_wH
106
$|T sVD
eTT|qT m<Ts=+THsT. es<\ T <<| <X+ n

qB |]yD d+u$ksTT.
||+#+ n~ es< eTT| q <X\
us<X+ L& {. us<X+ es<\ TTT
|eH\T, n~ |P& *q q<T\T, yq, me>
dTbsTTq Ve\j\ |sXDT\T e+{ eTTK
sDeTeTHsTT.
us<X uu>+ dTesT 12 X+ (40
$T*jTH VsT) es< eTT+| * +~. #y\T
(Cyclones) e +& es < \ T n < X \
dsk<sD+. s eT]jTT sT us<X+ u>\T
es<\ n~+> >TseTHsTT. s, Xq
us<X+ d+<T ` >+> ` V| yT<H
V|, >+>, yT|Tq qB |]yV b+\T n+
es< eTT+| *q b+\T> qy<j sTT. us< X +
yTT+ qB |yV 60 X+ & |eVksTT.
V|, >+>, yT|Tq qB |]yV b++ 15
|> sc $d]+ +&yT +&, us<X|
Hu dTesT 47 X+ |]yV b++H
eddTHsT. es< eTT+| *q s b+ |eT
~X |eV+# qs<, | e+{ qB |]yV b+
+& yjTTe b+\T, eTVq~, c, ><e], y
e+{ sT y|q |eV+# |<q q<T\ |]yV
b+ q eT< us< X + , < qT |su $T HsTT.
>+>, V| q<T\T n~ es<\ sD
eTeTHsTT. us< X + pH qT+& d|+ sY ed+
es +& HsT sTT|eH\ \+ es<\ |<q
sTTe> +{+~.
us<X+ d>Tq 1200 $TMTs esb+
b+<TT+~. n+<T <<| 85 X+ esb+
H\T>T H\\ (pH qT+& d|+ sY es ) d\ ee~H
sTdT+~. n+<Te\ H\ q<T |< mTq sT
e, $ksy T q es<\ <]rdT+ ~. |eT rs+, |eT
qTeT\T, Ud =+&\T, V| jT b+\
d+es+ d> Tq 2500 $T.MT\ +f me esb+
qy<eT+~. TTT|eH\ \+ d+u$+# n~
X+ es<\ T k<sD+> we T+&\ TbqT n\&T\T
< yjTT>T+&\T, #TsTq yesD |]dT\T
yTT<\>T y{ d++<+ * +{sTT.
u s < X + <<| n qB | ] yV
b+\ es<\T d+u$ksTT.
$eq |_wH
1.4.1 n~ X+ es< |u$eTjT

b+\T
1. >+>q~ |]yV b++, us, rk, s,
dT+d], d+wt, ~V+>, \TVY yTT<\>T y{
L&q V| |]yV b++.
2. J\+, NHu, s$, dfC, _jdt, |> q<T\
L&q yjTTe qB |]yV b++
3. |, qs<, eTVq~, ysD, ><e], c,
|H, y q<T\ L&q B|\ qB |]yV
b++
<X+ es< eTT+|q >TsjT

b+\T
e
sh+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
+<|<X
nk+
;VsY
>TsY
VsH
Ve#|<X
eT osY
s
s
eT<|<X
eTVsh
eTD|PsY
yT|\jT
]k
|+Cu
skH
$TH&T
|s
s|<X
|eTu+>
&
|<T#]
yTT+
107
es<\ >TsjT b++

($T*jTH Vs)
1.39
3.19
4.26
1.39
2.35
0.23
0.08
0.02
0.87
0.26
0.23
0.08
0.02
1.40
3.70
3.26
0.45
0.33
7.336
2.65
0.05
0.01
33,516
$|T sVD
4. +< |<X , $TH&T, ]k, s rs b+\T.

nk+, s|<X, ;VsY, ]k\T s#T> re
es< eTT+|\ >TseT+{sTT.
5. <X+ nH qB eed\T Ve\j\ qT+&
| e V d T + & +, n$ |< m T q
neb(sediment)\qT rdTse&+, qB \
es+Z (channel) |P& @s&+ yTT<\>T sD\
e\q es<\T s#T> edT+{sTT. eTTK+>
s |<X , ;VsY yT< H sD\ e\q s#
es<\T edT+{sTT.
1.5 es< |uy\T

n s\ dV $|T\ u ],
bD qc\ sDeTe n+ $<+d due+
*q y{ es<\ $|T L& {. 1967 qT+&
2006 eT< \+ us<X+ d+u$+q yTT+
$|T 52% es<\ e\H e#sTT.
<X+ 35 sc\T/+< b* b+\ >qT
23 sc\T/+< b* b+\T es<\
>TseTHsTT.
40 $T*jTH Vs u $T, nq> us<
X u>[
$ds+ dTesT 1/8 e+T u$T es< eTT|
* +~.
us<X+ = b+ es<\T |
d+es+ edT+{sTT. dTesT 7.5 $T*jTq
Vs u$T | d+es+ |qseeTjT
es<\ |uy >Tse+~. 200 $T*jTq
eT+~ |\T |u$eTeTHsT. <X+ es<
eTT| * q 40 $T*jTq Vs s |<X
21.9%, ;VsY 12.71%, nk+ 9.4%, |eT
u+> 7.91%, ]k 4.18%, $T*q sc\T
43.9% es< eTT| b+ * HsTT.
es<\ e\q |jT{ d>Tq 1464 eT+~
eTsDdTHsT. 86,288 |Xe\T #bTHsTT.
es< eTT+|q >Tsq b+\T <X+ $T>
b+\ d++<\T e#T.
rs b+\, q<T\ dMTbq q b+\T
eT]+> es<\ >TsesTT.
]+>, ke+> yqT&q esZ\T es<\
$<+d |uy\ me >TseT+{sTT.
esZ\T ] |Ps| d #sTe& #
deTjT+ |&TT+~.
$eq |_wH
1.5.1 re |sekq |uy\T

es<\ e\ *> n+ eTTKyTq |sekq+.
bD\, d qw+ y{\&+. >V\T, e+q\T, s&T
e+{ sD\T es< sT, sT *be&+ e\ =+&
#]jT\T $] |&+ sD+> <+{sTT. |&e\T,
#|\T |f e\\ L& qw+ y{\TT+~. eTT+|
s D +> bD\ , | X d + | < nbs qw +
sT>TT+~. dsq >T{ ks\T be&+ e\q
u$sT, u>s \T, { ||\ <s e# \T
\TwyT n+Ty<T\T, &jT]j, ysdt y<T\T,
eT]j bT + nH d+eTD y<T \T se&
<]rksTT.
es<\ e\ eekjT u$T eTTbsTT, |<
mTq |+ qw+ sT>TT+~. Be\ Vs =s, |X
>d+ =s @s&TT+~. H\ | bs =Tbe&+
e\q ks+> esTT+~. deTT<| sT #s&+ e\
#&T u$T> esTT+~.
es<\T, #y\T eekjT #+(agricultural
cycle ) e# d + < s { , eT* ed T \T,
eekj ]> qw+ $ks+> +T+~.
1.6 es< V#]\T

es<\ qT eTT+<dT > n+#H yjT &+, V#]\T
C #jT&+ >&q s+&T <Xu u> n_e~
#+~+~. X{{, ]y{ d+> |]s\ e+{
n<THq k+ |]Cq+ { eT{\T <s+>
es< s+>\qT |d>e#T. d es<\T (Flash
+><X es<\T
+><X q<T\ #TTeTT{ q <X+. &
| d+es+ es<\T se&+ yT +&,
eX+ L&. | d+es+ TTT|eH\ \+
# b+\T eTTbsTT. C +&TeT{
|&sTT. <s H\\T kseeT+eTesTT.
nsTT s T m e \+ \Te +f ,
|j>syTq es< $|T\T> essTT.
nTe+{ es<\T 1974 yd$ e#sTT. es<\T
H\ bT dTesT d>+ <X eTT+ yXsTT.
es<\ e\q 1200 eT+~ #b>, y<T\T, *
eTs 27,500 eT+~ eTsD+#sT. 4,25,000 L*
be&+ < re+> <q&+ ]+~. yTT+ 36
$T*jTq eT+~ $|T sD+> <Tss c\T
m<Ts=HsT.
108
$|T sVD
floods)
$TqVsTTd , $T> es<\ k<sD+> sb\T $T& +{sTT. n$:

dVTyTq V#] ee~ (warning period) +T+~.
1. V& V& yT{js &{qT
n~ neb+ (Heavy Precipitation) eTT+#T=dTq qB
|]o*+#&+, d]+#&+
es<qT V#]dT+~. n~ >\T\ L&q msTTq
2. &{qT eTT+<dT V#]\ +<\ |ks+
bTbT k b+\ q es< eTT| >T]+
#jT&+
V#]ksTT. >T |syD, V#] es< eTT|
3. & { qT $X w + # & + , eTT+< d T d # q qT
q b+\qT U #sTT+#&+ k<eTeT+~.
sb+~+#&+
es< V#]qT +< \ d+|T+, k>TsT
4. eTT+<dT d#qqT |ks+ #jT&+
es< jT+D XK, \ eqsT\ XK C #ksTT.
| d+es+ TTT|eH\ \+ <X+
|\T b+ d>Tq 6000 eTT+<dT d#q\qT C
1.6.1 es<\ n+#H ` +< \ d+|T+
jT &+ sT>TT+~. 1978 qT+& 2002 eT< C #dq
es< eTT+<dT d#q(forecasting), V#] #eTT+<
dT d#q\qT |]o*d V#]\ + 81%
eed\qT es<\T se& eTT+<T>H |\T dTs qT+& 98 X |]+~.
|<X\ s*y&, $\Tyq edTe\qT es< eTT|
q b+\ qT+& s*+#&, es<\ qT+&
s+#TH+<T | sD\qT #|&+ d+
|j+#T+{sT. yTTyTT<{ k]> us<X+
dV y|q es<\qT m<Ts=H+<T eTq+
+< \ d+|T+ 1958 qe+sY XdjT+> es< >T $<+ > d+d< +f, n$ $|T > es neds+
eTT+<dT d#qqT C #d+~. <X s< & #T <T. dTTq $|T sVD +<\T @< &m+{
|\ b+ qB b+ q >e\ es< (Disaster Management Teams) \qT | >eT+ < |D
V#]\T C #d+<T +< \ d+|T+ & ysT b+\ @sT #d |jT sT>T+~. j
q |<q s\jT+ es< eTT+<dT d#q b+\ &m+{ es<\T, s $|T\ ysD
+<(Flood Forecasting Centre) 1958 qe+sY nedsyTq d+d<\ u< eVksTT. | s
@sT #d+~. ~ |dT+ <X y|+> $d]++~. d+d<, ne>Vq *+# |jT, H|D *q
es < eTT+< d T d # q H\T> T | < q neds u< +<\ u>keTT\T y*.
1.7 es< d+d<
sK+& es<\T
2013 pH 14 qT+& 17 eT< ]dq nk<sD u es\ sD+>
sK+& u es<\T d+u$+#sTT. k<sD+> TTT|eH\ \+
]d k<sD es\ +f 375% n~+ > ]jT&+ eT+<, n\q+<
q<T\T b+ |qT $<+d+ dw+#sTT. sK+& dsY |{+q <
|s+ es< 10y\ eT+~ |> eTsD+#sT. nsTT 2013 pH 29
es sK+& |uT+ |{+q n~] $es\ |s+ eTT\ d+K
850 es +~. #sY<yT\T> |\Te& >+>, jTeTTH, <sYH<,
<H<\ d+<sq y[q dTesT 70 y\ eT+~ j\T es<
bjsT. ye <+, dq+, bs$T\ <\T es< bsTTq 1,10,000 eT+~ b&sTT.
deTT< eT{ dTesT 3800 MTs mT q #s] VeTq<+ ]be&+ eT+< q~ b+ es<
;u+ dw++~. 58e q+sY CrjT sV<] |P]> T&|TbsTT+~. #sY<yT\ bT y |t |esY,
s|t+< e+{ b+\qT L& es<\T eTT+#sTT. 450 |> # s&T |P]> <HsTT. u es\
es<\ bT ub\T(=+& #]jT\T $]|&+) L& d+u$+#&+ nH eT+~ es< bjsT.
<<| 5,500 eT+~ eTsD+qT s #+~q eTT#Y ] nH ;e +| y\&++~. |*|HqT ~|ydq
VjH TbqT sTy sK+& es<\T, < |*+> @s&q ub\qT 2013 n|< eqe qw+
*+q | $|T> eTT#Y (Munich Re) |s=+~. es<\ sD+> <sYH< |D+ |P]> <+dyT+~.
nsTTq|{ n& <sYH< <y\jT+ ##<sbe&+ Xdy\ d+ Xs+ *++~.
$eq |_wH
109
$|T sVD
us<X+ es<\ e\q d+u$+q eTsD\ $es\T

d+es+
1961
1968
eTsD+q y] d+K
2,000
4,892
1971
1978
1980
1989
1994
1,023
3,800
1,600
1,591
2,001
1995
1,479
1997
1,442
1998
1,811
2000
1,290
|<X+
s us<X+
1. skH, >TsY, 2. Xq sc\T, |eT u+>,
nk+
s us<X+
s, Xq us<X+
s|<X, ;VsY, s, VsH
eTVsh, +<|<X, >TsY
nk+, nsTD# |<X, eT osY, Ve# |<X,
|+Cu, s|<X, >y, s, >TsY
;VsY, VsH, eT osY, |+Cu, s|<X,
|eTu+>, eTVsh
+<|<X, nsTD# |<X, nk+, ;VsY, >TsY,
Ve# |<X, eT osY, s, s, eTVsh,
eT<|<X, ]k, |+Cu, skH, d+, s|<X,
|eTu+>
nk+, nsTD# |<X, ;VsY, s, yT|\jT, |+Cu,
d+, s|<X, |eTu+>
>TsY, +<|<X, nk+, nsTD# |<X, ;VsY,
Ve#|<X, s, eT<|<X, |+Cu, s|<X,
|eTu+>
us<X+ 1953 qT+& 2004 eT< es< |ue+, qc\T

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n+X+
jT{
|u$ b++
|u$yTq |\T
bD qw+
|X d+|< qw+
qwbsTTq |+ $ds+
|+ qw+ $\Te
<q
<q $\Te
<q |uT dT\T
yTT+ qw+ $\Te
$T*jTH VsT
$T*jTq
d+K
y\ d+K
$T*jTH Vs
s.
y\ d+K
s.
s.
s.
d>T qw+
7.63
32.92
1597
94
3.56
708.57
1235.61
251.05
813.69
1817.07
>]w qw+ ]q
d+es+
1978
1978
1977
1979
1988
2000
1978
1995
2001
2000
qw+ $\Te
17.50
70.45
11316
618
10.15
4246.6
3508
1307.9
5604
8864
Source: Central Water Commission (FMP Directorate)
$eq |_wH
110
$|T sVD
2. +<|<X es<\T
(Floods in India)
dVyTq n&e\T, |+q n&e\T
esb |]eD+
2.1 |]#jT+
qB |yV+ dV d<y T q q\ T < eqe
] q\ qT $T+ b+ |eV+#&+ < |yV+
k<sD ksTT +f $T+ n~+> |eV+#&+, y{
sD+> T b+\T eTT+|q >T] e&
es<\T \D+> |s=+{sT.
= ksT $ksyTq TTT|eq es\T qB
|yV\T b+ bs& & $< +ds y T q es<\
sDeTesTT.
m>Te b+ ]d n~ es\ sD+> e#
{ |yV\qT TH dsq keTs+ qB q\
be&+ es<\ sDeTeT+~.
dsq eTTsT>T{ bsT<\ eed b+\T
n~ es\ es< eTT+|q >TsesTT.
e es<\ duy, |]~ s]ksTT.

q<T\T b+ |eV+#&+ , u es\ sD+>
d+u$ +# eTT+| duy\T, eTT+|q >TsjT b+\T
] w + > +{sTT. d + +~ XK\ e< M{
d + +~ + q d e #s + +T+~. , T b qT
n\&T\T, TbqT rs+ <{q sT y e# es\ e\q
eTT+|q >TsjT b+\qT eTT+<T> }V+#&+
weTeT+~. n$ >* ~X MT< <s|& +{sTT.
2.2 +<|<X es< duy\T
+<|<X es<\T |< mTq bD qw+, |X

d + | < qw + , > V qw + , | + qc \
sDeTeTHsTT. eT* edT\T L& |< mTq
es<\T |s>& sD\T
$<+deTeTHsTT.
1. e T j \ e\ qB u | P &
><e], c q<T\T yTq, dsyTq |yV
|sTbe&+, < e\q q<T\ { \ keTs + esZ\qT * HsTT. y{ dV yTq q\ T, eqe
Zbe&+
] q\T es< { ydT keTs+ *
2. u+b\T, ub\ e\q qB |yV HsTT. , & b+\qT +<T $TqVsTT+|>
#b*.
n&+\T @s&, |yV ~X es&+
3. |<q q<T\T, | q<T e# es<\T s+&
\e&+
4. Tb |ue+ e\q qB y>+ eT+<+#&+
es<\T dV+> nH s\| <s|&
+{sTT. n$:
m&s| +& ]d es\T, d\ ee~
]d TbqT es\ e\q dV {bsT<\
eed <q&+
|]yV b+ due+
|yV due+
H\ due+
$eq |_wH
111
$|T sVD
eT{ dsq <<+ be&+, |D[

s V e~ , d V d < y T q # s T e\qT d e T+>
sV+#be&+, {bsT<\ eed\qT d]>
+#be&+ e\q c, ><e] &\ dV+>
es<\T edTHsTT. , ydy M{ eqe s
es<\T> #|e#T.
k<sD+> +< |<X es< deTd q q<T\T
b+>&+ , =s T dsd T |]ds b+\T eTT be&+
e+{ y{ |]$TyT +~.
, >&q s+&T <Xu\ k \
& b+\ {bsT<\ deTd re+ e&+
Tbq $<+d keTs+ |\T sT |], es<
y|\qT |+#&+ ]+~.
dsq sVD be&+ es< sVDqT,
k>T{ bsT<\ eedqT re+> |u$+ #k+~.
~ es<\ eTs= sDeTe+~.
1979 yT TbqT e+{ nH d+<s\ n~
X+ eTsD\T #sTe\T, \Te\ \T be&+,
d T y T \T, H# T y T T \ s D +> \Te\T
+bsTT, es<\T |s>&+ e\H d+u$+#sTT.
k b++ <T bT \+>D
b++ KeT+ L& TTT|eH\ \+ e#
es<\ eTT|qT n~+> * +~. rssK y+&
C+|+ eT]jTT eT|+ eT< q b++
TbqT n\&T\ eTT|qT me> * +~.
sh eekjT ] eed >DjTyTq y{
* q ><e], c q<T\ & b+\T |
d+es+ es<\qT m<Ts=+THsTT.
+< | < X d { ]y { d+> n| w H
d+sY(APSRAC) sh+ n |<q qB eed\
$eq |_wH
d++~+ 100 d+es\ qB |yV e|\qT

sb+~++~. +<|<X VCsY $T{>wH n+&
meTs dH ]e bC u>+> m|mdtsYmd
2005 eq es<\ b|~q KeT+ |& e|qT
sb+~++~.
>&q X+ +<|<X 103 TbqqT, y{
e\ e# es<\qT m<Ts=+~.
2.3 s \T ` eTV u q > s Y

es<\T(2009)
2009 d|+sY 30 qT+& nsY 5 eT< c,
< | q<T\ d+u$+q es<\ sD+> s\T,
eTVuq>sY, c, qZ+&, >T+sT 87
eT+&\T, 525 >e\T eTT+|q >Tsj sTT. |< q
s \T q>s+ bT eT+\jT+ eT]=
|D\T re+> qwbjsTT. eTq sh+ 20.72
\\ eT+~ es< |u y >Tsj sT. s =
b+\T L& es< eTT+|qT m<Ts=HsTT.
\\ ms\ |+ {b+~. y\ d qw+
]+~. 55 eT+~ eTsD+#sT. 10 y\ |>
qw+ d+u$++~. 1903 sTy c q~ + u
es<\T se&+ < |<eT+. <X lX\+ &yT
28 \\ Ld\ { |yV+ e #]+~. s\T
1.5 \\ T+u\qT, eTVuq>sY
13.4 \\ eT+~, c 5 y\ eT+~ dVjT
d+~ dTs b+\ s*+#sT. @&T V*|sT
550 eT+~ d d+~, 165 eT+~ Hwq &CdsY
s kH bsT (mH& sYm|)t d+~, mH& sYm|t #+~q
48 |&e \T, eTs 90 s |&e \T s+>+ ~ dV jT
#s\T #|{sTT.
112
$|T sVD
3. es<\T ` |XeTq ePV\T

(Floods - Mitigation Strategies)
3.1 |]#jT+
3.3 |XeTq #s\T
u es\T, |qT>\T\T, #y\T, TbqT

s # T > es < eTT+| qT m< T s=+Tq
n\&T\T, rs+ y+& dTH$T, VeTb+ < +ue w b+\ |< mTq sD eT]jTT sDs
e\q ]sjTsT +& {eT+ |s>&+ < q<T\T |XeTq #s\qT #|&+ <s es<\ |uy
b+ |eV+#&+ e\q $ksy T q b+\T * ~+#e#T.
eTT+|q >T]e& es<\T n+{sT (Floods are
temporary inundation of large regions as a result of increase in resorvoir or of rivers flooding their banks because of heavy rains, high winds, cyclones, storm surge
along coast tsunami, melting of snow or dam burst).
us<X+ es<\T |qseeTeT+{sTT.

<X+ 12% u u>+ es< eTT| * +~. es<\ T
s+&T s\T> d+u$ksTT. k] eT+>, >+\
ee~ rdT eksTT. < { jT+D sD\T
<q&+ e\q < b++ ]dq u es\T
< +uew sD+> d+> L& d+u$ksTT.
V#] : d es<\ deTjT+ $TqV,
$T> es<\ VT<y T q V#]\ ee~ +T+~.
+< \ d+|T+, k>T{ es< jT+D $u>+,
us |uT \ eqsT\ $u>+ es<\qT |d>{,
V#]\qT n+<T, y{ |\ #s yd u< qT
eVksTT.
3.2 es< V#]\ de#s

#syd $<H\T
1. |uT #q
2. n~ b<q q f*>eTT\T
3. <s<sH eT]jTT k T\T #q
4. XyD
5. | |q\T
6. X{{ <] $|T V#] eed\T
7. b
8. f*bqT.
$eq |_wH
3.3.1 sD |XeTq #s\T
m. ysYw& yTHCyT +{: dV d<y T q \ eqsT\
(#sTe\T, dsdT\T)qT, |D, >MTD b+ {

bsT<\ eed\qT d\+ Xu+ #jT&+, |P&
rjT&+, T |+#&+
_. ]sjTsT: dV d<yTq { \ |<X\qT
es eTT+<T |d]> Xu+ #j*. TTT
|eH\ s+u eTT+<T #sT e\T, +\T < dV
d<yTq { bsT<\ eed\| q eTD\qT
=\+#*.
d. +sY & \ sD+: es< yT< H +sY
&\qT ]+#*. &\T es< { X, #eT
(seepage) qT T H $<+
> <&+ > +&*. ue H\qT
ms TTq b+\ ]+#*. nedsy T q |+ ~H\T
< b{bs\| ]+#*.
|& |P|+> (Flood proofing) <s es< eTT|
qc Z+#e#T. +<Td+ es<sT s+& dT
k\T n&TyjT&+, +{ \T|\T, {\qT >{>
_+#&+ yTT<\>T #s\T rdTe#T. qT msTTq
b+\ ]+#&+ <s es< eTT| +&
#jTe#T. n> ueH\qT Xj\ <s+>
]+#Ty*.
&. dV d<y T q \ +<q |]yV\T : (Natural water retention basins): es< s< q\T,
n+>Tjs \T, s q\qT ]+#&+,
d+s+#&+, T yT<q b+\qT es< eTT|q
>TsjT neX\qT Z+#&+ d+ * {
]sjTsT> |j +#TH+<T &eTT\T, s
\ T
]+#*.
113
$|T sVD
. es< jT+D #s \qT neT\T #jT &+ : es<
3.3.3 CrjT es< eTT| |XeTq bC
qc ~+#+<T jT+D #s\qT neT\T #j*.

n& e \qT | qs T < ] +# & + , e d e TT<j \qT
d+s+#&+, { |yV\T, s Xj\ qT+&
#q T Xu+ #jT &+, #sT e\T, dsd T \T yTT<\>T y{
d+s+#&+ <s { |yV |]eD Z+,
es<qT jT++#e#T. s\T, q\T, &yT\T,
\Te\ yTsT>T<\ yTT<\>T y{ <s es<qT
eT[+#e#T. &yT\T { \Te #d, { |]$TyT q
$&T<\ #jT e#T. u +b\ e\ &eTT\T $|\ yT,
sT \T #T+f T b+\qT es<\T
eTT+#TsTT.
(National Flood Risk Mitigation Project (NFRMP))
es<\ eTT|qT, reqT < y{ |s ekH\qT

|X$T+|CjT&+ < Z+#&+ d+ CrjT es<
eTT| |XeTq bC (NFRMP) s|\q #XsT.
<Ts\+ (vulnerble) q eT{\ #q+
*+#&+ bT $|T\ d+u$+q|&T dVjT
#s\T, |qsyd+, |qsT<sD nedsyTq eqsT\T,
keTs\ dMTsD nedsyTq @sqT d<+ #d
\ + bC q T d<+ #XsT. es< eTT| |Xe Tq
bC| d$esyTq bC ]bsTqT sb+~+#
u<qT mH&m+m n|+#sT.
3.3.4 es< sVD seT+
es< eTT| q b+\ e|+>: @ b++HH
es< eTT|qT Z+#& eTT+<T> b+

d++~+q e|qT jsT #jT&+ b<$T #s.
#] d++~+q ]sT\T es< eTT+|q >TsjT
b+\qT, es<\T d+u$+# ee~, es<\T m+
yTs $d]kjTH n+X *jTCksTT. es< eTT|
+< u$+q |+ { eT{\ <s+> V#]qT
C #jTe#T. rs b+\ y s+>\ eT{\T,
u $T d u y\T eTT+| q > T s j T b+\qT
s]ksTT. es< y| e|+> (Flood hazard mapping) es < \ d + < s + > { | y V + >
*jTCksTT.
u $j> jT+D (Land Us Control) e\q
es < y T < H b+\T, rs b+\qT s T
eTT+#q |&T bD qc, d qc dZ T + ~. es<\
e\ d+u$+# eTsD\ d+K b++ eTT| b+
q Hu| <s|& +T+~.
n|{ |\T eT yk\qT ]+#Tq
b+\ <Ts\ Z+#+<T y] dTs
b+\ s*+# @sqT #j*.
(Flood Management Programme):
k++ eq|{ qT+& sh |uT\T es<

sVD |qT eT>yT HsTT. 10e |+#es |D[
es 45.6 $T*jTH Vs es< eTT| q b+\
VT<y T q ksTT sD *+#&+ ]+~. n<q+>
eTs 2.18 $T*jTH Vs sD *+#\ 11e
|+#es |D[ \+> |T+~. \eqsT\
jeq+ b<$ T+> sh |uT \ u< , n+<Te\
sh |uT \T es< jT+D, d+sD
d++~+q
|< \qT sb+~+, <T \T deTL], neT\T #j *.
us |uT + +< \eqsT\ eT+XU < s+
11e |+#es |D[ s.8000 ejT+
es< sVD se $w]++~. seT+
+< 2010 e] 31 es 19 sc\ qT+& +<
dVs+ d+ w due+ *q yTT+ 311 es<
sVD |qT\ |<\qT seT+ #jT&+
]+~. n+<T 10 sc\ d++~+q 117 |qT\T
|Psj
sTT. $<+ > n~ es<\ T eq|&T dTesT
12.89 $T*jTq |\ u< *+# $<+> 1.33
$T*jTH Vs es< eTT| q b+\qT |qsT<] +,
d+s+#&+ ]+~. 2010`11 d+es es<
sVD seT+ +< nk+, ;VsY, >y, >TsY,
eT osY, s, eTD|PsY, ]k, b+&#],
$TH&T, s K+&, s |<X , |eTu+>\ qT+&
eTs 42 = es< sV se\qT #s &+ ]+~.
es< eTT| n~+> q b+\ |<q

n_e~ se\qT nqTeT+#s<T. dT\T,
bsX\\T e+{ eTTKyTq edT\qT dTsyTq 3.3.5 u | n<jTq+
b+\ ]+#*. |D b+\ +\T,
j ds |t +&j (Geological
dsdT\T < T> +& b+\ e+{ { \ Survery of India (GSI) eTT+|q >TseTq u$T
s, n+<T |<s\qT n< jTq+ #d, V]yD+
#d Xj\qT @sT #j*.
$eq |_wH
114
$|T sVD
2. y<TsT, \T, eTT e+{ jedt |<s\

(|]yV b++) jTT H\ yX\+, s+, y\T,
{q |P]>T&d\T < V| w {q *
bs>eT (Permeability), eTTsT>T{ bsT<\ eed,
b{ sD\T es<\ *> L*bsTT,
u ds|+, \Te\ <s+, s $es\T yTT<q
=TbsTT.
y{| de#s d]++~. n< jTH\ <s+>
mdt w~ (prohibitive), +\T $~+#<q (Re3. q<T\ es< yT< H +& b+\T <Ts\
stricted), V#]\ L&q (Cautionary), es<\T
eT]+ |+#TsTT. eTTK+> Hu +BsD
qTe+{ (flood hazard maps) qT d<+ #dT+~ mdt
n~+ > q b+\ eTT| + me>
]|q es< d++~ n<jTH\qT +< \ d+|T+,
+T+~. es< yT<H u$T $\Te #
\ eqsT\ n_e~ bC <]{\T, |D eT]jTT
e> +& + s D +>, |< | \T
>MTD |D[ <]{\T, |sesD eT]jTT nM
]+#&sT.
eT+ XK, eekjT eT+XK yTT<\>Tq$ ueH\| |ue+
|j+#T+{sTT.
es<\ e\ ueH\ *> qw+ $<+>
+T+~.
1. n~ |yV y>+ e# { |ue+ e\
us<X+ es< sVD d++~+q
=TbsTT. L*be&+ < =T
d+k> |D[ |+#es |D[H s+uyT+~.
be&+ e\ y{ |q]sD+ k<+ <T.
]w+> #b\+f 1954 CrjT es< sVD
2. \| e+{ *b{ keT ]+q d]>
se (National Programme of Flood Management)
+&b { *bjT |e<+ +~.
$w]+#&+ yTT<+~. >&q 58 d+es\
3. eTTbe& + e\ qw + \ T> T T +~.
deTd due+, k |]dT\| <s|& $_q
eTTbsTTq| { | H~ MT< nH
sc\ |\T s\ es< d+sD sD eT]jTT
+&bT+~. nsTT, +{ keT *> qw+
sDs |< T \qT #| & + ]+~. sD #s
re+> +T+~. ]|s T # j T & + k< y T
u>+> ksJ ]sjTsT, es< q\T, eTTsT>T{
nsTTq|{, d]> m+&u& | |<T\T
bsT<\ \Te\T ]+#&+ eTj
T ysD #s \qT
nedseTesTT.
#|{sT. M{ bT es<\qT eTT+<T> n+#H
4. \Vq|&+ : { y>+ e\ +{ |H~
yjT&+, es< eTT| q b+\qT >T]+#&+ (flood
< |H~ +< q eT{ =Tbe&+
plain zoning) |& |P|+>, $|T d+d< yTT<\>T
sT>TT+~. Be\ \T L*be&+ < re+>
sDs #s\qT d+ #|&+ ]+~. n|{ qT+&
<q&+ sT>TT+~.
#|{ q es< sVD #s \ |* +> <X y|+ > 15.81
5. ~\ e\ *> qw+ : #T, $<TY d+u\T
$T*jTH Vs uu> VT<yTq ksTT sD
yTT<\>T |< mTq { =T e# edTe \T,
*+#&+ ]+~.
qw+ *ksTT.
3.4 us<X+ es< sVD
3.4.1 yk\| es< |ue+
3.4.2 ue H\ qw+ \T> +& #| e \dq

deTd JesX\ s eT\+. sT +& d+sD #s\T
Jy eTqT>& <T. +{ eTVT *q sT es<\

eTTb+& s~+# n+ |ueo*
s|+ e y~ eT+~ eTqTw\T, |X e\ bD\qT #s\T
rdT y& + m+ $c<s + ? es<\ e\ us< X +
1. q~ &T\T, q~ |\ y\T\T, q~ <DT\T
|jT{ 10 \\ |> >T&d\T, |<\ =T
(gorges) |q ed+#s<T.
bTHsTT. qc eTq+ y]+#>\e?
2. deTT<rs\T/ q~ &T\ qT+& d+ 250 MTs
n+ <Ts\yTq >V\T
<s+ ]+#Ty*.
1. eT{ #dq keT ]+q ueH\T <
3. es< eTT| q b+\ sT # #]
eT{ >#T , ssTT, T {q u es\
\Te +&+& s> y[bjT+<T dsq
es<\ L*bjT neX+ * +{sTT.
$eq |_wH
115
$|T sVD
&HJ eedqT ]+#Ty*.

4. ueH\ |H~ eT{ es< { eT+ +f
mT ]+#Ty*.
5. >eT+ < yd b++ yTT n~ es<
eT{ +f msTTq y~| ]+#Ty*.
6. H\ eT+ >& +& sT y[b e& M\T>
d\ T\T < \yT| ue H\T ]+#*. \yT
e\js+>, <&+> +&*. b& yesD
deTjT+ U> q H\ #T +# yd, |X
e\T, >=s\T, |+| < @yH edTe \T
\Te #dTe& |j+#Te#T.
eTq+ es<\ sDeTe&yT +&, <Ts\yTq
b+\ s+> ueH\T ]+#&+, ysYw&qT
|\e+> sV+#&+ , es< jT+D y| \ + e&+
L& $|T |]d <]rjT& sDeTeTHsTT.
n+<Te\, dsq yd sVD (habital management),
ysYw& sVD, ueq sD\ es< s<
\ D \qT #=| +# & + <s es < eTT| qT
|X$T+|Cj*q neds+ +~.
2. n~sT\T # es< V#]\ d+ y

+&*.
3. & | &, >TsT, y# <H # <TdT\ qT d<+ >
+#Ty*.
4. >MTD b+\ m& +&T, eekjT keT,
|+|&T +Te\qT dTs |<X\ <
ms TTq |<X \ s* +#+<T d<+ > +&*.
3.7 \T U #d|&T
1. <TdT\T, deds eT+<T\T, $\Tyq edTe\T,
e> |\T yTT<\>T y{ ysY |P|t
u>T\ d<+> +#Ty*.
2. MTsT y<\#Tq |<X+ n&dT y\+{s,
$|T sVD +< *jTCj*.
3. |#sY, <TdT\T, + y& >|sD\qT
msTTq eT+#\T < fT| +#*. m\
|]s\qT n+{ +f |q +& #dTy*.
4. $<TYqT |yj*.
5. +{ H, jT yTH, jT{ qT+&
eTT] sT +{ #s +&, {sTT{ u, n
&HJ qT dT d+#T\ eTd +#*.
6. dTs w\sT y eTT+<T +{ + yj *.
7. T *jT+& {, { |yV
ys<T.
3.5 es<\T se& eTT+<T

\<#Te& dTs y T q w\s #sT e&
<>]Z esZ\T \TdTy*. nedsy T +~ y{ rdT
y+<T d<+> +#*. meTs{ + &e\dq$.
1. beTT T eT]jTT &jT]j nedsyTq
n<q| eT+<T\ bT |<eT {
2. edTe\qT { +#& yTq
3. s&j, {]T, n<q| u\T
4. eT+sT, &|& (Xq>||, _dT e+{$),
|, #s, sdH, +&, nZ|f\T
5. <TdT\T, s $\Tyq edTe\qT <#Te&
ysY |P|t u>T\T
6. >=&T>T\T, beTT\ qT+& s+#Te& y<TsT
s\T
7. MTsT >MTD b+ qsTT, MT |]ds\
+f msTTq b+\qT >T]+#* < es<\
deTjT+ |Xe\qT b&Te& msTTq
eT{ ~H qT ]+# T H >eTd T \ qT
bV+#*.
3.8 es<\T eq deTjT+
3.6 es< V#]\T eq|&T

1. es< V#]\T, s ys\ d+ s &j eT]jTT
{$ #&*.
$eq |_wH
116
1. eTs>u{q {H >*
2. Vs |<s\qT | +#*. n> qs<T.
3. &jT]j eq# b\T {, >+, =]
yTT<\>T y{ eyT y&*.
4. |\\qT U &T| +#s<T.
5. |]ds b+ H| H s+& dTq+, ;+>
b&sY #*.
6. es< { ys<T. y ye\d ed,
b<\ dsq D rdT, s {
TqT \TdT+ y*. y T +f
me T q ys<T.
7. es< { &dq Vs |<s\qT qs<T.
8. >MTD b+\ sTT { > eTT+<T
eTs> uTy*. { > eTT+<T X~ #d+<T
VCH {uqT |j+#*. $ k
>MTD s> ss e< \_ksTT.
9. beTT\T | C>> +&*. es<\ deTjT+
beTT\T T yjT&+ dV+.
$|T sVD
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. us <X+ @ H\ es<\T d+u$+# neX+
+~?
(4)
1) @| ` pH 2) yT ` nsY
3) pH ` &d+sY 4) pH ` d|+sY
2. @ d+es+ +&j es<\ e\ 11,316 eT+~
eTsD+#sT?
(1)
1) 1977
2) 1978
3) 1979
4) 1975
3. d es_*{ +& (d.$.) V<su<
{e\ mesT $&T<\ #XsT?
(4)
1) +<|<X sw $|T sVD n<]{
2) CrjT $|T sVD n<]{
3) +&jTH yesD XK
4) +&jT H CrjT deTT< de#s ddT\ +<+
4. +< |<X s# T > es<\ >T] njT b+\T
1) |HsY & b+\T
(2)
2) c, ><e] & b+\T
3) sjT\deT b+\T
4) s k b+\T
5. nk+ re+> es<\qT *+# q~
(4)
1) >+>
2) >eT
3) jTeTTH
4) V|
6. es<\ sVD +< |uT+ qeTH _\TqT
jsT#jTeT @ $TwH d++~? (3)
1) CrjT es<\ $TwH
2) CrjT $|T\ $TwH
3) +< \ $TwH
4) +< $<TY $TwH
6. es<\T d+u$+#{ |<q sD+
(2)
1) n~ c> 2) u esb+
3) >* eT
4) TbqT\T
$eq |_wH
117
7. nk+ ;VsY sc\ @ d+es+ | es<\T

e uqc *+#sTT?
(1)
1) 2004
2) 2005
3) 2006
4) 2003
8. 30,000,023 q+ qw|sq es<\T d+u$+q
d+es+
(4)
1) 1995
2) 1960
3) 1970
4) 1980
9. es<\ V#] de#s+ < <s |kseT
eT+~?
(4)
1) +&j s&j 2) <s<sH
3) ys |\T
4) |e
10. es<\ V#]\T y <s |kseTesTT?(4)
1) <s<sH
2) +&j s&j
3) | |q\T 4) |e
11. us yTT+ uu>+ m+ X es<\T

d+u$+# neX+ +~?
(2)
1. 11%
2. 12%
3. 13%
4. 14%
12. es<\T y{ e\ \T>TsTT
(1)
1. n~ esb+
2. #sTe\ >+&T
3. reyTq >\T\T
4. #sTe\ qT+& sT | se+
13. +< |<X s# T > es<\ e\ u<| & b++
1. |HsY udH
(4)
2. c eT]jTT ><e] b++
3. s k b+\T
4. <D k b+\T
14. +&j @ q~ e\ me> es<\T e#TqT?
1. ><e]
2. >eT
(3)
3. V|
4. y
$|T sVD
VI.
sTe\T, ub\T
eT]jTT s $|T\T
1. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T
2. +<|<X sTe
3. sTe |XeTq ePV\T
4. ub\T ` s $|T\T
1. sTe\T ` sD\T, |uy\T

(Drought - Causes and Effect)
us<X+ m<Ts=+Tq n+ $ksyTq

$|T\ sTe L& {. us<X+ k>T
j>yTq u$T 70 X |> sTe |uy
>Tse+~. u+b\T, #y\T, es<\T e+{
nkT> d+u$+# | $|T\ d+~+qT
|\T y+H sTe d~+#sT. m+<Tq>, sTe
|]dT\T \ ee~ n_e~ #+<TsTT. eTq
|sesD+ mTe+{ dwyTq D esT\T
|+#e. n+<Te\ sTeqT <q+> |& (Slow
onset) $|T> |\TksT.
b++ n\ esb+ sD+> {,
Vs, |X>k eT]jTT b~ reyTq =s
@s& |]d sTe> s+#e#T(drought is a
conditon of acute scarcity of water, food, fodder and employment due to scanty rainfall in an area).
sTe e\
d+u$+# re |sekq+ |+\T <q&+.
b++ k<sD |]d T \ _q+> =+
\+ es |P]> esb+ be&+ < T
esb+ e\ k<sD+> de+ yTT+ u<\
>TsjT |]dT\ <]rd d sTe n+{sT.
(Drought is a is either absesnce or deficiency or rainfall
from its normal pattern in a region for an extended period
of time leading to general suffering in the society).
~
]w u>[ b++ dVd<yTq { ds|s
| q &e+& eT]jTT b++ {
n+~+# | |Tq eT< ]> |sds #s (It is
interplay between demand that people place on natural
supply of water of demand that people place on natural
supply of water and natural event that provides the water
in a given geographical region).
k<sD esb+ +f e esb+, njT

esb |+|D, n~ { neds+ e\q < | y+{
e\q eT =s @s& nk<sD yes |]d
$eq |_wH
(Drought is a Climatic anomaly, characterized by deficient supply of moisture resulting either

from sub- normal rainfall, erratic rainfall distribution,
higher water need or a combination of all the factors)
sTe n+{sT.
1.1 |]#jT+ s#H\T
| d+es+ 3000 $TMTs |> esb+

b+< s sc, s+&T eT+ |+\T e&
d]|& es\T |&q+<Tq sTe |u$ b++>
|{+#&+ ]+~. ds|s ndeTT\ me>
+f, < sTe n+{sT.
k<sD esb+ 75% +f e esb+
]dq d sTe>qT, 50% +f e esb+
+& d re sTe> us yesD XK
s++~.
us yesD XK |s=q < |s+, yTT+
esb T Bs\| d>T esb+ 10 X+
+f me> eT]jTT <X+ 20 X |> b++
nTe+{ sT e |]d T \ >TssTT n|&T <X+ sT e
|u$yTqT #|&TT+~. esb+ |&be&+,
u>s \T |&be&+, ue\T, q<T\T, ]sjTsT,
m+&be&+, eekjT |\e+> +&+ sTe
sqT dksTT.
sT e |]\, n+seT (Sub - surface)
T @s&+ e\ >T{, k<sD >Veds\
nedsyTq { reyTq =s \>& <]rdT+~.
sTe deTjT+ ]d n\ esb+ #sTe\T eT]jTT
ue\T s { eqsT\qT |P]> +|&
d]b<T. n+<Te\ n{ =s @s&TT+~.
H\ |+\T |s>& nedsyTq eT
|+#&+ bT s eekjT sb\
nedsyTq { L& reyTq =s @s&TT+~.
yTT\T |s>& nedsyTq eT H\ q+<Te\q
|+ | L& re |ue+ |&TT+~. {,
b\+ |qT e eT+~ e\qT $jksT ~,
sT<> <]rdT+~.
121
$|T sVD
1.2 sTe \D\T
1.3 sTe sD\T
~ <q+> d+u$+# $|T. sTe m|&T
yTT<+~. m|&T eTTd+~ ssTT+#&+ w+.

|j>syTq { jTT =s <]rd
mTe+{ k<sD s\ < Xw (dry
period) nsTTH sTe> #|e#T.
sTe owd jTT k<sD, |qse
(recurrenet) \D+. owd = esT\qT
|<]dT+~. sTe n+<T u>+ eyT.
sTe nH~ u>[ b++ neb
(Precipitation) (uwueq+, yTT\ ucsq
(transpiration), >V, b]X$T $j>\T
yTT<\>T y{ <s ]>) { $j> eT<
+& |L\ d+T\q+ (Drought is negative
balance between Precipitation and water use
(through evaporation, transpiration by plants, domestic and industrial uses etc) in a geographical
region)
sTe |uy\T < y+& { <q+>

]w \ ee~ d+#jTeTesTT.
skH, >TsY\ |<q uu>\ dV
us<X |eT b++ \VqyTq TTT|eH\T,
|q yTq |sesD |]d T \ sD+> s# T > sT eqT
m<Ts=+T+~. sT eqT m<Ts=H s eTTKyTq b+\
C_ |eT ]k, +<|<X sjT\deT,
\+>D b+\T, #rdt|T&, Cs+&, eT< eTVsh,
+{]jT s, |eTu+>, $TH&T =
b+\T eksTT. sT deT~> +& |+Cu, VsH,
;VsY, s|<X sc\ = b+\ d+
dsq es\T sD+> sTe\T @s&sTT.
us<X+ yTT+ 543 \ >qT 191
\T reyTq sTe eTT|qT * HsTT. s#T>
sT eqT m<Ts=H b+\ |\T + eT]+ $HXs
|uy\ >TsjT |e< * +{sT. esTd>
s+&T d+es\ bT sTe e+<+f, s+&e
d+es+ < re + me +T+< ns+.
2003 skH n~ b+\T esTd> H\T>e
d+es+ L& sTeqT m<Ts=+TqT #|&+~.
sTe b+ | L& = ]w esZ\ |\T
s T \ + f eT]+ < T s \ + * +{s T .
k<sD+> esZ\ |\T eekjT+, |XbwD|
<s|&T >MTD b+ ys < nM
T\| <s|& ]qT +{sT.
$eq |_wH
b<$ T+> sT e nH~ yesD \D yTq T

esb+ sD+> d+u$+q|{, $_q s+>\|,
y{ L&jTTq |\T $<\ <Ts\ s\ (Vulnerability factors) sD+> |ue+ #|T+~.
+< T = s \T eqe | s | y T
+{sTT. sTe nq~ dV $|T nsTTq|{, n~
Hu, |Xe\qT n~+> yT|&+, n&e\ q]y,
eT jT+, |+\ k>T |]\, u>s \qT
n~+> $j+#&+, Jey$<+ e&+ e+{
y{e\ sTe |uy\T n_e~ #+<TTq <X\
|]dT\qT eT]+ |Ts+> jsT #ksTT.
sTe <Ts sDeTjT s\T
H\ eTqT |{ +# keTs+ e> +&+
k>T{ edT\T be&+
dsq |X>d \ @sT +& |Xe\qT
|+#&+
|\eyTq { jeq+
n&e\ q]y
>& yT<H |Xe\qT n~+> yT|&+
sT me> nedse
TjT |+\qT k>T #jT &+
u>s C\qT n~+> y&Te&+
eT jT+ (Soil erosion)
Hu e~ eT]jTT |DsD
b]X$TsD (Industrialization)
u|+ (Global warming)
1.3.1 sTe <]rd |s s\T

dTBs \+ bT n\ esb+ e\q sTe
@s&TT+< eTq+ \TdTH+. nsTTq|{, =
b+\ s T e | u y\T s s D \ e\
reeTesTT. n+<T eTTUyTq ~ |sesD+ D + #&+
(Enviroment Degradation). |#<q+ e&+ e\
b++| |& esb+ |u$yT, { =sqT
|+#TT+~. @ s& |# #T >TZTq b+\
es| sT *> q<T, deTT< y[bT+~.
sT H\ +bq+<Tq n\ < <]rdT+ ~.
n\ esb+ b+< b+\ { n~+> y&+
e\q \ eqsT\T y>+> D+bsTT.
122
$|T sVD
1.5.1 sTeqT n+#H yd $<H\T
1.4 sTe\T ` s\T

sT e |s+ |sqT>+ > eTT+<T k>TT+~. <
|uy\T ~>Te |s=q $$< s+>\| $d]ksTT.
m. yesD sTe (Meteorological drought)
yesD sT e k<sD esb+ +f e>
T esb+, es\ $T e\ d+u$dT+~. sTe
~ e re *q sT e. B y& yesD+,
+ m+& eT]|+# sE\ <s >T]+#e#T.
_. \ d++<yTq sTe (Hydrological rought)
\ d++<y T q sT e dV d<y T q { |yV\T
s \ eT{\T, \ q { ds|s\T
+#Tbe& <]rdT+~. |<q+> \ eqsT\
eed| |ue+ #|T+~.
d. eekjT sTe (Agricultural drought)
H\ eT ksTT d>T |+ ~>T&T\T
k~+#& d]bq|&T sV sTe d+u$dT+~.
Be\ sTTe\ y e# |+\ ~>T& ,Z |+\
d + +~ + q s L & | & b T +~.
nk<sDyTq eekjT sTe e( famine)
<]rdT+~. ]w b++ dTBs\+ bT Vs
=s @s & + e\q y< T \ , * #e\
sDeTeT+~.
&. ke ` ] sTe (Socio - economic drought)
sTe |q |s=q eT&T sTe\ \d
edTe\T, de\ ds|s eT]jTT &e+&| |ue+
#|T+~. sT, $<TY e+{ = dsT\T < de\
ds| s yesD+| <s|& q|&T sT e Te+{
] edTe\ ds|s T @s&{ <]rdT+~.
1.5 sTeqT =\e&+

k<sD+>, b<$T+> {| <s|&
n+X\ sTe |uy n~+> qesTT.
yTT< sT e es< s |+\qT |u $+ #d, nq+s+
<q+> k>T{ ed >\ |+\ bT+~.
eekjT+ MT< <s|& |\T, s JeHb~ esZ\T
n e> n_e~ #+~q b+\T re+> sT eq
>TsesTT. |Xe\ |sT\T, u$T eekjT
]\T, |P]> eekjT+ MT< <s|& J$+# s T \T,
eTV\T, |\\T, k>T |j+# +Te\T sTe
|uy re+> >TsesTT.
$eq |_wH
(Drought Mathematics)
sTeqT >T]#+<T us<X yesD $u>+
( Indian Meteorological Divison (MD) ) ~> T e
b|~q\qT @sT #d+~.
sTe s+u+ (On set of drought): ]w
d+es+ k<sD esb+ +f T
esb+ (Deficit of rain fall) 25 X+ $T+#&+
$TyT q sT e (Moderate drought): T esb+
25 X+ qT+& 50 X eT< +&+.
reyTq sTe (Severe drought) : esb| T
50 X $T+ +&+.
750 $TMTs qT+& 1125 $TMTs d>T
esb+ b+<TTq us<X| $ds+ 35 X+
uu> sTe u] (drought Prone) b++>
|]>DdT+&>, 750 $TMTs +f e esb+
b+<TTq 33 X+ uu> reyTq sTe u]
b++> |s=+THsT.
1.5.2 sTe n+#H +< \ d+|T+

b|~
<X+ sT e |& b+\qT >T]+#+<T +<
\ d+|T+(Central Water Commission (CWC))
b|~qT #|{+~. B |s+ @<H b++
|]o*+q d+es\ 20% d+es\ k<sD
esb+ +f y] esb+ 75% H e>
+f < sT e |]d n+{sT. @<H u (eT+&\+)
< n+ deqyTq jT{ b++ 30% <
n++f me k>Tu$T k>T{ ed q#,
b+ sT eqT m<Ts=H <X #sT qT u$+#&+
sT>TT+~.
+< \ d+|T+ 1875 qT+& 1998 es 124
d+es\ esb n<jTq+ #d+~. B |s+
1877, 1899, 1918 eT&T d+es\ <X+ 60
X |> b++ sTe |uy H+~.
124 d+es\ \+ sTe d+u$+#
d+ue skH >]w+> 25% qT qT>=q&+
]+~. sTy ksh #Y(23%), eT
osY(21%), >TsY(21%)\ n~+> qT
s s D sTT+~. 1987 < X + | \ T b+\T
nk<sDyTq sT e reqT m<Ts=HsTT. B |+\T
123
$|T sVD
|eT skH, >TsY #Y b+\T
re+> <q&+ bT >T{ $|yTq =s

@s&+~.
1.6 sTe <Twuy\T

sT e s dV $|T \ +f _qyTq ~. Be\
sD\ mTe+{ qw+ +&<T. yesD sTe
(meteorological drought) \ d++<yTq sTe (hydrological drought) > es deTjT+ < |ue+
n~ X+ H\ eT| <s|& eekjT+| q|& +
bs+ueTeT+~. es<s (rainfed) b+\ +f
k>T{ ed >\ b+\| sTe # \d+>
|ue+ #|T+~. #TT |\ sTe |]dT\T
q|{, Je q<T\ #T +& b+\ k<sD
J$+ =qk>TT+~. >T{ \u eT+<+#&+,
$< T Y +# T be& + , u > s \T
n&T>+&+, Vs =s, s> deTd\T, bD qw+,
|<]+ |s>&+, Jeq |eD\T ~>Cs&+, ke
nX+ e\d \ T |s > & + e+{ y{ s T e
|sekH\T HeT~> ke sD+ L&
|yksTT.
1.6.1 us<X+ sTe |ue+

us<X| yTT+ $ds+ dTesT 68 X+
sT e eTT|qT * +~. +<T 35% u u>+

d+es 750 $T.MT qT+& 1125 $T.MT\
esb b+<TT+~. n+<Te\ b+
sTe eTT| b++ n+{sT. eTs 33%
uu>+ 750 $T.MT\ +f e esb
b+<TT+~. b+ re sTe eTT|
b++> |]>DksT.
X w , ns X w eT+& \ <<| 8`9
d+es\ reyTq, nk<sDyTq sTe\T
d+u$dTHsTT.
= sc sTe +.
<X uu>+ 16% < 1/6 u>+ sTe |&
b++> +{+~.
|jT{ 5 (50 $T*jTq) eT+~ |\T
sTe |uy >TseTHsT.
2001 m$T~ |> sc\T reyTq sTe
|]d m<Ts=HsTT.
2003 skH n~ b+\T esTd>
H\T> d+es+ sTeqT m<Ts=HsTT.
$eq |_wH
Bs* sTe eTT| q b+\T.

1891 qT+& 1981 eT< | ] o*+q 85
d+es\ \+ 14 d+es\T reyTq
sTe d+es\T HsTT. +<T m$T~
1891 qT+& 1920 eT< y T T< { 30
d+es\H HsTT. >, <T|] 30
d+es\ \+(1921`1951) eT<
reyTq sTe d+es+ +~. $T*q <T
|<q sTe d+es\T 1951 qT+& 1981
eT< 25 d+es\ ee~ qy<jsTT.
1972 eT]jTT 1979\ us<X yT<H
d>+ qT+& eT&+ s+&=+T\ b+\T T
esb qy<T #dTHsTT.
1994 yTT+ us<X+ 31 yesD
| $u> >qT 10 $u> 20% qT+& 43%
es T esb+ qy<+~.
1970\T, 80\ sTe, <T]\ e\q n|<
bD+ $|T\T> +&$. eqsT\ deT
sVD, Vs u< #s\ sD+> sTe,
e\ e\q d + u $ +# eTs D \ d + KqT
>DjT+> Z+#&+ ]+~.
1.6.2 sTe @ $<+> |u$+ #dT+~?

sTe sD+>, {, |X>k, Vs
b~ re =s @s&TT+~. ~ |\qT $_q
esZ\ |u$+ #dT+~. n$ @$T{ \TdT+<+.
m. sT\| sTe |ue+: sTe |+ qc,
|X e\T yT|e& e\dq |X >d+, { =s
sDeTeT+~.
_. |< T+u\| |ue+: dsyTq sTe
eekjT ZdT+~. es{ Vs <H\
\u < ds| s q+> +& #dT + ~. n+<Te\
Vs <H\ <s\T eT]+ |jTeTesTT. |< |\T
dsq =qT>\T X eT] u<\T |&sT.
d. eTV\| |ue+: H{ L&, |+
>MTD us<X+ eTV\ |sTw\ deqyTq
< <T. bwVs+, dsq Jeq |]dT\T, $<,
s>+ yTT<\>T y{ y] y{ y] n+<&+ <T.
Vs =s n~+ > +& sT e |]d , k<sD+>
+{ e< es Vs+ rdTH eTV\ #
e Vs+ \_dT+~. n+<Te\ y] bwVs
124
$|T sVD
|+ @s&TT+~. sT e y]| | us |+#TT+~.

L* |qT\ d+, >TsT e&+, |X>d+, e+
#s d+ m+ <s+ ye\d +T+~. n+<Te\
sTe |ue+ =\T n~+> |&~ eTV\|H.
&. m&] b+ |\| |ue+: & |\T
eekjT+ +f |X bwD| n~+ > <s|& +{sT.
|X>k, { reyTq =s @s&+, #T
n+]+ be&+ e\q = b+\ |\T dVs+
d+ ys b+\| <s|&e\d edT+~.
. b~| sTe |ue+: JeHb~ d+
eekjT L*| <s|&TTq >MTD |\
eekjT |&be&+ e\ b~ neX\T
ZbsTT. n+<Te\ ysT b~ yT+ s
b+\ e\d ysT. M{ <Tsed e\d\T (distress migration) n+{sT.
m|t. |\\| |ue+: sTe |& b+\
bwVs =s e\q |\ bwVs |+ @s&,
|\T s\ n+Ty<T\T, s>\ u]q|& #dT+~.
*<+&T\T eT bT |\\qT L& e\d\T rdT=
be&+ e\q #<Te\T, s>+ <+{sTT. &bT
|], u\ ]\ d+K |s>& <]rdT+~.
|sesD deTT\ <q& sD\T
#qT q] yjT&+
eT jT+
|]\, u >s \qT n~+ > $j+#&+
Jeq <q&+
u|+
sTe b<$T sD+ T esb+ |dT+
q \\ b*q|&T esb T re, deTjT+,
|+|D yTT<\>Tq$ sTe ]w+> sDeTesTT.
sTe <]rd dTBs\| k| b& yesD
owd njT(Climate anomaly)> |s=+{sT. \
eqsT\T m+&bsTT, |+\T $|\ yT, +Te\T #bsTT,
bw Vs b\T, nHs>\T $d + > y|+ sT e
$HXs+> |]D$TdT+~.
eT jT+, u>s \T n&T>+&+,
eT+{ eed\T \Tw+ e&+, +T CT\T
n+]+be&+ e+{ |sesD |uy\T d+
d + u $ k s TT. s T e\T d + u $ + d + e s\
d++~+q $es\qT |{ #&e#T.
$eq |_wH
sTe d+es\T, sTe b++ X+

d+es+
d\sTe
re sTe
yTT+
d+u$+q
d+u$+q sTe eq
uu>+(%) uu>+(%)
uu>+
1 1877
2. 1891
3. 1899
4. 1901
5. 1904
6. 1905
7. 1907
8. 1911
9. 1913
10. 1915
11. 1918
12. 1920
13. 1925
14. 1939
15. 1941
16. 1951
17. 1965
18. 1966
19. 1968
20. 1972
21. 1974
22. 1979
23. 1982
24. 1985
25. 1987
26. 2002
27. 2009
125
30.6
22.4
44.1
19.3
17.5
25.2
27.9
13.0
24.5
18.8
44.3
35.7
21.1
17.8
35.5
35.1
38.3
35.4
21.9
36.6
27.1
33.0
29.1
25.6
29.8
19.0
32.5
28.9
0.3
24.3
10.7
16.9
12.0
1.2
15.4
0.0
3.4
25.7
2.3
0.0
10.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.8
6.9
1.8
0.0
16.7
17.9
10.0
13.5
59.5
22.7
68.4
30.0
34.4
37.2
29.1
28.4
24.5
22.2
70.0
38.0
21.0
28.5
35.5
35.1
38.3
35.4
21.9
40.4
34.0
34.8
29.1
42.3
47.7
29.0
46.0
$|T sVD
2. +<|<X sTe
(Drought in Andhra Pradesh)
n~ sTe |& u $ds * q
us< X + eT&T sc\ +< |<X L& {.
sh+ B|\ us< X + nsX w (semi arid) b++
+< edT+ ~. sc eT&T b+\T> $u +#sT.
n$ : k +< ( 9 \T), 2. \+>D (10 \T),
3. sjT\deT (4 \T), 2002 d+u$+q |<q
sT e d+<s + > sh+ 23 \ >qT 22 \T
sTT|eH\ \+ k<sD esb+ +f 75 X+
e esb+ b+<sTT.
\ eqsT\| & >&q <Xu\, |+,
e esb+ qy<q d+es\ eT]+ |]+~.
eekjT , Hu, |]XeT\T, |D s+>\
e~ sD+> { &e+& y>+> |sT>T+~. =
b+\ k>T{ |jCH\ d+ u>s \qT
n~+> y&+ e\q u>s \eT{\T >DjT+>
| & b sTT, b& d qT ue\T m+& b e&
sDeTe+~. yT b+ es<s b+\
s T \T, eekjT ]\T, >MTD |\| B |u e+
n~+> +{+~. |D +<\ |< mTq {
ds|s #jT&+ e\ deTd\T L& |sT>TTHsTT.
>&q eT&T <Xu\ u>s \ ue\T 8
\\ qT+& 22 \\ |]>sTT. u>s \ <s
k>T #d |+\ b\ $ds+ L& 10 \\ Vs
qT+& 26 \\ Vs #sT+~. ~ sh+ u>s
\ y& 16% qT+& 43% X |]+~.
nsTTq|{ |{ sh+ |j+#T=q u>s
\ keTs+ sh+ >DjT+> +~. yTT+ MT<
|]o*+q|&T eqsT n_e~ # nded+>
qT s]eTe+~. = b+ u>s \
y&+ 100 X $T++~. |]\ \ jTfs
b+\ u>s .\ n_e~ <X 56% +&>,
|]\ \ jTT b+\ 16% eyT
+~. jTT b++ yTT+ +<|<X u>[
$ds+ 5% eyT +&+ >eTHs+.
yTT+ 23 \ >qT y] d>T esb+
$eq |_wH
sh d>T y] esb+ +f e. q 8 \qT

es#j \T (rain Shadow) n+{sT. $T>
b+\ +f m$T~ \T sT e eT]+ |T s+>
|u$eTesTT. \ $es\T :
sjT\deT b++ H\T>T \T: nq+|s+,
sT, &|, s\T.
\ +>D b+ + eT& T \ T: s + > s & ,
eTVuq>sY, qZ+&
k +< : |X+
sh+ sTe d++~+q = eTTU+X\T :
sTe |& \T : sT, &|, nq+|s+,
s\T, eTVuq>sY, yT<, s+>s&, qZ+&

40 d+es\ ee~ 20 ksT sTe. 20
d+es\ ee~ 20 ksT sTe.
10 d+es\ <TksT sTe. >&q <T
d+es\ 3 ksT sTe.
|<qyTq sTe d+es\T (1997, 2001,
2002 2004)
2002` 03 d+es+ n+ |TsyTq sTe
d++~+q d+es+.
|qseeTjT sTe e\ sh &| re+>
|u$eTe+~.
MT \Tk?
<X+ 100 $T*jTH Vs |> sT|j >+>

q u $T (degraded land) +~. < b& ,
|j>+ e&+ <s k>Tu$T| Hu e&
Z+#yT +&, n&e\T, |jT dTs+>
+#&sTT.
126
{ >T]+ MT \Tk?
dTesT 80 X+ u |]\+ { |&
q|{ n+<T e\+ 1% eyT eTq+

>T{> |j+#T>\+.
u$T| \_+# yTT+ { dTesT 2.7 X+
$|T sVD
>TsT, nsTT n+<T 75.2 X+ <Te|

b+ >&T bsTT +&>, eTs 22.6
X+ u>s \T> +&bsTT+~. $T>~
dsdT\T, q<T\T, yesD+, eT, eT,
yTT \_dT+~. 1% { L& |dT+
\Tw eTT| @s&+~.
u $T @s&q|&T m+ sT +<, |{ n+
sT +~. u $T @ e+ n<q| { b+<&+

< dw+#&+ #jT<T.
u>s \qT |qsT<]+#&+ +f y>+>
eT+{ y&TTHeTT.
+{ e< m+ es| { \ #jTe#T?

sTe |]dT yq{ d+sD m+ neds+. es| { +{ e< \ #jTe#T. nsTT m+
{ \ #jTe#T nq~ +{ || yX\+, b++ ]dq d>T esb+| <s|& +T+~.
+{ e< m es| { \ #jTe# +~ bsT <s+> >D+#e#T.
{ |]eD+ (V) R +{ | | yX\+ (R)I esb |]eD+ (A)I < >TD+ (F)
< >TD+ (F) +{ e< es| { d]+# keTs *jTCdT+~. (~ 100% +f m|&
e%>H +T+~)
<VsD 200 #<s| MTs yX\+ L&q | | q +{ esD 70 d+{MTs esb+
qy<sTT T++ jTT < >TD+ 50% nqT+f, T++ \ #jT>*q { |]eD +~
$<+> qT>=qe#T
V = AxRxF
R 200m I 0.7. I 50% R 70m
R70,000 s sT
N duT\T >\ T++ = e sE W s sT nedseTeT+< nqT+f, T+u
sE nedseTjT { |]eD+ W qT +~ d+ <s+> qT>=qe#T.
W R N IW
T++ <T>TsT duT\T +&, = e sE 100 s sT nedsyT, sE
T+u 500 s sT d]bT+~. $<+> \ #dq es| { T++ 140 sE\ bT
y&Te#T.
$eq |_wH
127
$|T sVD
3. sTe ` |XeTq ePV\T

(Drought - Mitigation Strategies)
3.1 |XeTq #s\T :

sTe, nbj\qT < bT +& s
|u y\qT ~+#&+ d+ u$ wY dq< , |Xe Tq
#s\| me <w k]+#e\dq neds+ +T+~.
dq< (Preparedness) $$< |uT ksTT\
eT< de#s |yV, deTqj yTsT>T|]#
d+k> sD dw+#&+ <s sTe |Tq\qT
m<Ts=H \yTq eek> keTs sD <]rdT+ ~.
dsq |XeTq #s\T, \e\ dq<
#jT&+ <s sTe |uy\qT ~+#&yT +&,
= d+<s\ sTe +& |\T |uy\ |P]>
=\+#e#T.
2.
3.
3.1.1 sD |XeTq #s\T

\Te\T, #sTe\T e+{ k+|<jT \
d+sD
sD\qT |qsT<] +#*. >TsY sa\s
(Jhalara), skH uy\T (Baolis) us<X+
\d+sD sD\ = <VsD\T> #|e#T.
, b\ e< \ d+sD sD\qT @sT
#j*. n y| qT+& |eV+# { eT&
b++ \e #jT&+ < |eV+# { H\
+ #jT&+ <s u>s \qT |+#&+ <s
> \ d+sDqT #|e#T.
4.
5.

sTeqT m<Ts=H+<T |\T s\ sDs
|XeTq ePV\T HsTT. n$ :
1. |\ ne>Vq eT]jTT $< : @~ #jT L&<,
@~ # j ( do's and don'ts ) e T{
ne>Vq +f d>+ deTd |]cseTsTTqf.
dTs y T q >T{ \u , \ d+sD
|< T \T,
|ejT |+ |D[\T, es|{ b<T|
#d sD\T e+{ eekjT sTe sVD
ePV\| ne>Vq * +&+ e\q d>+
deTd |]cseTeT+~. {, |\T m\
$eq |_wH
128
6.
7.
|ks e< e\T, Cq|< \ <s ne>Vq

*+#*.
sT e |s yD (Drought Monitoring) : esb|
|]d , ]sjTsT, dsd T \T, q<T\T yTT<\>T
y{ { \u q T s + s + | ] o*+,
de+ |\T s+>\ |dT { neds\
uE ydT y*.
{ ds| s qT e~ #jT &+ eT]jTT d+s+ #&+ :
, b\ e< es| { d+sD <s, {
ds| s qT e~ #d, { \u qT |+#*. n
b\ qT+& |eV+# { eekjT +\T
e+{ eT& XjT + e# $<+ > #jT &+
< es| { +sY \ T, +sT k>T,
{ | yTT\qT |+#&+ <s es| sT
u $T + #jT &+ e\ s+s eekjT
nedsy T q { \u qT |+#e#T.
k>T{ edT \qT $d] +#&+ : k>T{ edT \qT
$d] +#&+ e\q sT e <Ts\ + ~+#&TT+
~. u $T < keTs + <s+> $j+#T
e&+ e\q u $T eT]jTT { >]w+ >
|j+#Te& <V<|&TT+~. <s
< T ]j > + e\ qeTj T nqed s |
&e+&qT =\+#e#T.
JeHb~ |D[ : sT e e\ e |u $eTjT
JeHb<T\qT >T]+#*. eekjTs b~
neX\qT |+#&+ , eT{ n&e\ qT+&
\|s T\ dsD , yT\ |+|+ , e&+>+
yTT<\>T s b~ neX\qT yTsT>T|s# & +
#j *..
sT e |D[ : |s yD qT, |Xe Tq, |d+<q
#s \qT |+b+~+#&+ <s d+d< , |d+<q
|jT \ |u y yTsT>T|s# & y T sT e |D[
jTT eT* \ +.
|D[ : sT e deTd |]cs+ sh, CrjT
@C\ eT< deTse +yT q deTqj |D[
<V<|& T T+~.
$|T sVD
8. |+;e: { ds|s =s e\q |+\T

sTTq s T \ # ;e, deT> |+\ ;e
|< 1985 K|t dqT |yX |{sT . es<\ T,
sT e\T e+{ dV $|T \ sD+> |+qT
sTTq s T \ ] dV s+ n+~+#+<T
|< bs+_+#sT. B us k<sD
;e d+d (d), < nqT+< d+d\ T neT\T
#ksTT. |< + Vs <H\T, qH +\
|+\ e]dT + ~.
3.1.3 Bs* sTe |XeTq #s\T

1. eT{ <] es| { d+sD (Rain water
Harvesting) sD\qT @sT #dTy*.
2. y{sYw& se\qT bV+#*.
3. yTT\qT H&+ <s n&e\ $ds |+#*.
4. sTe |]dT\qT TH e], s |+
e+>&\qT k>T #j*.
5. sTe |]dT |ejT |+\qT k>T
#j*.
6. sTe sVD eT{ keTs sD
|+#*. sT n~+> nedseTjT eekjT+,
|XbwD &T s JeHb~ esZ\qT
|yX|{*.
7. |+\T, $q ;e |<\qT bV+#*.
3.1.4 sTe |]dT #jTL&$

$\Tyq { <T]j>+ < e< #jTs<T.
n&e\T, |jT, e\T yTT<\>T y{
HXq+ #jTs<T.
|Xe\qT me> yT|s<T
{=s q b+ sT me nedse
TjT
yTT\qT |+#s<T.
$TXeT |+\ k>TqT bV+#s<T.
+< |uT eekjT eT+XK <s+
eekjT eT]jTT dVs XK 2009 qe+sY sTe
sVD eqTeqT $&T<\ #d+~. {
<]<+, * e+{ |]dT\qT m<Ts=H+<T
k+|<jT sT e sVD |< T \ kq+ |y T H &
(famine Codes) sb+~+#\ d++~. sTe
|u y |]w]+#+<T sC+ jTT n keTs\qT
|]>Dq rdTH |D[\| <w +B]++~.
|XeTq #s\T, = k+ |]CH\qT #|&+,
qq $<q|syTq #{ d]> eed\qT
$eq |_wH
sb+~+#&+, sTe |XeTq #s u>+>

yTsT>T<\, b+rjT n_e~ seqT #| & + e+{
y{| <w k]++~.
V <su< CrjT eekjT $ds D sVD
d+d (National Institute of Agriculture and Exension
(MANAGE))qT CrjT dMT sTe |syD
sVD bC (National Project for Integrated Drought
Monitoring & Management) qT bs+_+#& eTTK
u>k$T> >T]+#sT. eekjT dVs XK <s
\ueTjT &{ <T\ CrjT bC qT neT\T
#jT& MANAGE deT]+q |b<q |]o\q
+~. CrjT sTe sVD d+d (National Institute
of Drought Management) qT @sT #j\H |b<q
L& eekjT eT]jTT dV s eT+ XK |]o\q
+~.
sTe |& b+\ seT+ (Drought Prone
Areas Programme (DPAP)), m&] n_e~ seT+
(Desert Development Programme (DDP)) s+&+{
us |uT+ esTd> 1973`74 eT]jTT 1977`78\
qT+& neT\T #k+~. se\qT $TH&T
b>q Ss T , H>| D + b+\ <Ts\ yTq >e
m&sDqT Z+#+<T neT\T #dTHsT,
Bs * b|~ sT e |Xe Tq n+X neT\T
#d+<T eekjT eT+XK CrjT es<s
b+ b~s d+d(National Rainfed Area Authority)
qT @sT #XsT. +<T <X+ yT b+ eT]jTT
es<s eekj eek|s+> <T|]#+<T,
deT+> sV+#+<T $Cq|syTq <\qT
n+<Cd |DT\T +{sT.
+< eekjT eT]jTT dVs eT+XK
sTe sVD d+ = s #s\qT L& #|{+~.
n$:
1. \ d+sD |<T\qT neT\T #jT&+, u>s
\qT eT+> |qsT<]+#&+, k+|<jT
\ d+sD |< T \qT ne\_+#&+ , &|,t d+s Y
k>T{ eed\ e+{ { b<T| #d k+
|]CH\qT |j+#Te&+, { b<T|
#d k>T |<T\qT, Bs* k>T{ eed\
sVD yTT<\>T y{ yTsT>T|s#&+.
2. d+{ dsY d{ |sY &+& n\sY
( Central Research Institute for Dry land
Agricultural (CRIDA)) , +swq |t dsY
|s Y d$T ]& {| (International Crop Research
129
$|T sVD
for semiarid Tropics (ICRISAT) ), u s

yesD XK (India Meteorological Department
(IMDO)), H w q ]y { d+> (National
Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)), +&jTH
|sY n\s dsY (Indian Council for
Agricultural Research (ICAR)) e+{ eekjT
3.
|j+#Te&+.
sTe |D[ d++~+q n+X\ sTe
|]d m<Tse& |uT nedsyTq d\V\T
e&+ bT sTe ysD #s\qT #|f |\T s\
d+d\ eT< deTqjT jT++> @s]# |
|DT\ L&q &{ {dtbsY (drought taskforce)
d++~ s+>\ w #dTq d+d\T ]|q +&*.
n<jTH\ qT+& HsTq bs\qT nqTd]+#
< bT sTe e\ e# |+ qc\qT
~X> w #jT&+.
m<Ts=H+<T sT\ |+ ;e |<\T neT\T
<D d+ eTT <q |+\qT k>T #jT&+, #j*. y{| | ne>Vq *+#*.
k< yTq # nqT+< k>T{ eed\ qT neT\T
#d $<H\qT |]X~+#&+, |ejT
|+\ k>T sh jT++>\ qT+&
eTVsh s>y d~ |\T eT c\qT
]|syTq dVs+ $H\qT n+<TuT ku>+> esTHsT. sy d+es\ +<
+#&+.
>eT+ |<] d++~+q n c\qT m<Ts=+~.
sTe |& b+\ n+<TuT q >eT+ #T +&~ <T. |+ u$T yTT+
| ] \ , u > s \ d e Ts $j > m+&bsTT+~. eekjT+ XSq+. |\ b~ <T.
>]w|s#&+, nq>... k<yTq # eTTK+> us<X+ |sZ+q ke ss sq
yD |+\T, |+& \ &|t, d+sT nHVCs | yq { uTqT b&+ (~
k>T{ $<H\qT neT\T #jT&+
eT*+> sTe |XeTq #s) | +B]+ q
|+ |sT>T<\ jTT wyTq <X\T, sTe <e bs+_+#sT. >eTdT\T #&yT\T, #sTe\T
|]dT nedsyTq { neds\ d+ dsq ]+#sT. H\qT s+ #+<T yTT\T H{sT. |* +>
|<X\ ysYw& sD\qT #|&+.
: s +&T <Xu\ + e\+ 80 ms\T eyT k>T{
sTe sVD d+ us n+] |]X<H ks+ q u$T H&T 1300 ms\ #sT+~.
d+d (Indian Space Reasearch Organisation), sY b~ d+ e\d\T be&+ Z+~. s+&T <Xu\
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR), \+ \d] <jT+ s.225 qT+& s.2250, nq>
sh eekjT $X$<\j\T, s d+d\# 10 sT |]+~. +<T <T\T KsT #jT&+ ,
@sT #jT&q >eT eqsT\ +<\ (Village |uT dVs+ > @MT <T. |\ kVd+ e\H
Resources Centre) de\qT > ] w + > <+ k<yT+~.
s>y d~ $jT><
4.
5.
6.
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. sTe d+u$+q|&T me qwbjT~ mesT?
1) |\\T
2) d\T
(2)
3) jTTe\T
4) e<T\T
2. sTe |<q+> < e\ @s&TT+~?
(2)
1) me> $] e+
2) Bs\+> es\T be+
3) u$T sT ]be+
4) deTT<| { |ue+
$eq |_wH
130
3. sTe yesD ysT<+ e\ \T>TT+~. n~

@eT+f?
(4)
1) esb+ u> e> +&+
2) esb |+|D nded+> +&+
3) me { eX
4) |e
4. +<|<X me> sTe\ >TsjT |<X+

1. nq+|PsY
2. l+
(1)
3. ~u<
4. +q>sY
$|T sVD
4. ub\T ` s $|T\T
(Landslides and other Natural Disasters)
3. u b nbjT+ (Landslide Risk): u b eTT|
q b++ bD qw+, e\ >j\T
e&+, d < |sesD eed\ ]> qw
|]~ < ] sb\ n+sjT+
\>&+ e+{ Vs |sekH\ d+ueqT
u b nbjT+ n+{sT. nbjT+ e> + >
+&e#T < de|s+> +&e#T.
4.1 ub+ < =+&#]jT\T

$] |&+
=+&y\T\ n s\ V#\H\qT u b\T

n+{sT. \\T, eT\ T, eT+> +|&q |<X \T
< e *dq |<s\T |< sD |]\ bT
|<X + qT+& eTs= |<X y>+ > < HeT~>
|&b e&+, C]be&+, |eV+# $<+ > y\TqT @sT
#d |<s\ m>T&T eT]jTT ~>T&T #\H ub+>
|\T s\ sD\ e\ ub\T @s&sTT.
s+#e#T.
u b\T m e> | s b+\H n+<T eTTKyTq$:
1. u>[ <Ts\ |<s+ (Geological weak mated+u$ ksTT. nsTTq|{, sV <sT\T, ue H\ sD
rial): \\T < eT LsT eT]jTT sD+
eT{ e\T ]> #, >qT L& ub\T
\Vq L& ub\ sDeTeT+~.
@s&sTT. u +b\T, es<\ T, n|s $kH\
\d L& d+u$ksTT. me d| ]d esb+
2. eTjT+ (Erosion): # q]y, s& sD+
sD+> @s& u b+ =~ ee~ bT qB |yV
e\ |s y\T\ n+#T\T eTjT+ #+~,
n&T+T+~. q~ k] $qyTq|&T
b+\T u b\ > T s j T < T s \ +
|yV ~>Teq q yk\ eTT| @s&TT+~.
|sT>TT+~.
3. reyTq esb+(Intense rainfall): TbqT
n\&T\ sD+> =~ ee~ qT+& |\T >+\
bT +& re esb+ < # sE\ bT
1. ub y|+ ( Landslide Hazard) : ]w
]d reyTq esb+ e\q u b\T |<m Tq
b++ qw+ *+# u b+ d+u$ +#&
@s&sTT. sV ub\T me> |eT
ub y|+ n+{sT. bD qw+ s>&+,
qTeT @s&TTHsTT. =+& b+ |<
>j\T e&+, d qw+ s>&+, ke
mTq eT+#T s>&+ e\q L& ub\T
eT]jTT ] n+sjT+ \>&+ < |sesD
d+u$ksTT. Ve\j <$+# d e+{
D e+{ qc\T sT>TsTT.
q<T\T eT |yV+ y+ rdT=# s, ~\
e\ qBjT ub\T @s&TTHsTT.
2. ub <Ts\+ ( Landslide Vulnerability) :
y|+# |u$+ &q b++ ]w
4. e\T s|&+ (Human Excavation): =+&
n+X\ (< n+X\ deTV) ]> qw
y\T\T/n+#T\ e< e\T s|&+, >qT\
keTs *jTCdT+~. <Ts\ d\T|
e+, n&e\ q]y , k>T{ bsT<\, |\T&T
0 (mTe+{ qw+ be&+) qT+& 1 (|P]
|<s\qT |\&+, sT e&+ yTT<\>T
qw+) es dksT. <Ts\+ u,
sD\ e\ L& ub\T d+u$ksTT.
ke, ] eT]jTT |sesD |]dT\|
5. u+b\T : $_q d eT]jTT ueT
<s|& +T+~.
sD\T * q b+ u+b\
4.3 ub\ sD\T
4.2 ub+ s#H\T
$eq |_wH
131
$|T sVD
|+|q\ e\q ub\T @s&sTT. s

|&be&+, eT Cs&+, q y\T\ qT+&
\\T C]| & + e+{ $ ] u b\T
d + u $ k s TT. re u + b\ d + < s +
k|+> |\T#> < T> +& $q
H\\T < \T\T < s+& \T>*|q
ub\T @s&sTT. Te+{ ub\T
me> Ve\j\T, Xq |s b+\T,
|eT qTeT d+u$dTHsTT.
6. n |s $kq+: y>e+yTq eTjT+
sD+> |s bs\ e<T\T> +& n
|s ud+ |sTbT+~. nq+s+ re
esb+ sD+> s#T> Ts< < ~\T
C]bsTT, ub+ @s&TT+~.
4.4 ub\T ` s\T

ysdt &.C. (1978) s+q < |s+
ub\T +~ $<+> +{sTT.
1. |b+(Falls): C]|&+, m>s&+ eT]jTT
<=s&+ <s q y\T\T < Ks\ qT+&
ysT|&q |<s\ nqV #\H\qT |b+
n+{sT.
2. |yV\T(Flows) : ~\ |yV+, ~\ d+b+,
\VsY eT]jTT Ts< |yV+ yTT<\>Tq$.
3. dsD+ < b&+ (Creep): eT{ < \\T
HeT~>, {sT> +< Cs&+, $ e+|
]q # +&\T, e+q +#\T < ]f+>
>& \ T, | & b sTTq d + u \T < + # \ qT
\|ksTT.
4. ~\ |yV+ (Debris flow) : eT{, s, d+BjT
|<s+ e+{$ >*, { *d eTT<> @s&,
y>+> ~>Te |eVksTT. k<sD+>, q
neH[ \ (gullies) L & ~ \ | y V +
@s&TT+~.
5. ~\ d+b+: n y>+ qT+& nk<sD y>+
L&q ~\ |yV+.
6. \VsY: n |s y\T qT+& @s& Ts< |yV+
< ~\ |yV+. k<sD+>, n |s
b\T =TbjT u esb+, n |s
$kq |Tq\ sD+> <$+# w+
d +> eT+#T s> & + < VeTq<\ qT+&
sT b+bs&+, n |s $kH\ e\q
$eq |_wH
C _\+, dsd T \T $q+ e&+ e\q \VsY

@s&TT+~.
7. |+ |yV+(Mudflow) : d+ 50 X+ dT,
|P&T eT]jTT Ts< eT{ *q & |<s+
y>+> |eV+#& |+ |yV+ n+{sT.
8. o| T b\T (Slides): | \ T s \ < e s
#\H+{ ub+ n n+{sT. +<T
s+&T |<qyTq ub\T HsTT.
n$: 1. ueTD l|T b\T, 2. d+s
ub\T.
9. L*be&+ (Topple) : s K+&+ eTT+<T
<=s&+ < ] y\T qT+& +< Cs&
L*be&+ n+{sT.
| s \ L & q V e\j T b+\
ub\T n~+> d+u$ksTT. < sTy |eT
qTeT\T, $+< |s \ = u>\ @s&sTT.
us B|\+ |eT qTeT\T, *] b+\
|deD esb\T ub\ eTTK sDeTesTT.
us<X+ |{ es d+u$+q ub\
n+ reyTq ub+ 1998 >dT 11 eT]jTT 17e
B\ sK+& e e< d+u$++~. +<T
380 eT+~ eTs D + # > , >eT+ y T T +
T&|T bsTT+~. eTsD+ q y] {u{ eqd
dses dsdT yTq 60 eT+~ rsj\T L&
HsT.
4.5 +&d& CHwH e|+>

u s < X + u b eTT| b+\qT
>T]+#+<T +&d& CHwH e|+> nH n<T Hq
|< 1980\ qT+& $jdTHsT.
4.6 VeTb\T(Avalanches)
msTTq Ve\jT b+ VeTb+
|<q y|+> e]+~. Ve\j =
b+ d+es+ b&eH eT+#T sTdT+ ~. nTe+{
b+ kVd &\T +> essTT. eT
osY, Ve#|<X , s K+&\ re VeTb\T
d+u$ dTH sTT. VeTb\ d+<s + > bD, d qc\T
sT>TTHsTT.
4.7 e&>*(Heat Wave)

yd$ \+ c>\T nk<sD+> |],
e&>\T\T MksTT. |]d TTT|eH\T |y+#
132
$|T sVD
pH ed+ es =qk>TT+~. yjTe us<X+

p es L& +T+~. {e\ \+ e&>\T\
e\ d+u$+# eTsD\T >DjT+> |sT>TTHsTT.
2002 @| <X y|+ > nk<sD c>\ T qy<
+<q *+#sTT. 2002 yT 10e Bq $jTy&
dMT|+ >qes+ 49 &^\ d*jTdt c>
qy < + ~. | D s D s D +> | > { c >
XD(Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR)) n+s+
bZ e&+ eTsD\ d+K |s>& <]rk+~. yd$
w c>\ T re+> |sT>TT+&+ yesD
#\&{ nqT>TD+> s|P c>\T >Z&+
<T. B e&>\T\ |ue+ n~+> +{+~.
e&< eTT\ d+K |sT>TT+&+ B L&
|<qyTq | $|T> >T]+#\H &e+& ek+~.
4.8 o\ >\T\T, b>eT+#T

nk<sD n\ c>\ bT s ~
qT+& us |K+&+ b& o>\T\T |y+#&
o\ |eH\T> |s=+{sT. us<X+ s u>+
eTTK+>, |s b+\T, y{ |H q yT<H\T
o\ |eH\ |uy >TsesTT. o\ |eH\T
=ks T eTV sh, s b+\ L &
qy < e T HsTT. | D b+ >* HD

DdT+&+ {e\ \+ o\ |eH\ e\
d+u$+# eTsD\ d+K >DjT+> +{+~. o\
|eH\ e\ d+u$dTq eTsD\ s|<X, ;VsY\T
n>kq+ HsTT.
4.9 |&T >T\T, e&> , dT TbqT

o\+ eTTd, yd$ \+ |y+#|&T
=\T us<X <D u>+ c>\T |]
|&T>TbT\T me> sT>TsTT. <D us<X+
bT , &, C|PsY, nV<u<\ d+
|&T>TbT n~+> +{sTT. <D us<X+
e&>, dT TbqT\T <<| +&e #|e#T.
nsTT, <X+ eT< b++, Xq b++, yjTe
b+ e&> , dT TbqT s# d+u$ dT+ {sTT.
e&> nk+jT n~+ > edT+ {sTT. sT y
sK+&, Cs+&, eTVsh $<s b+ e&>
me> +{sTT. dT TbqT yjTe us<X+,
bkH me> d+u$ ksTT. eTq<X+ skH
<sY m&] n~+> d+u$ksTT. TTT|eH\
eTT+<T deTjT+ dT TbqT d+<T`>+> |]yV
b++ $_q b+ eksTT.
us<X+ d+u$+q = reyTq ub\T

B
1990 nsY
b++
\]
1991 p
1992 qe+sY
1993 p
1993 >dT
1993 >dT
nk+
\]
{q>sY
*+b+>, |eTu+>
Ve, H>+&
1993 qe+sY
1994 qe]
1994 pH
\]
osY
esT+<| { =+DY rs+
1995 yT
1995 d|+ sY
1998 >dT 14
1998 >dT 18
2003 >dT
C, $TCs+
\T, Ve#|<X
eTsY
e, [q~
s
$eq |_wH
|T q
36 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. |\T ue H\ |L*, eTwH
H{esY <q~.
300 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. s&T, ue H\T <HsTT.
s&T, ue H\T < s.50 \\ qw+ y{*+ ~.
25 eT+~ dJe de~ njsT.
40 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. re d qw+ ]+~.
500 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. 5 MTs yTs s&T <q>,
200 >V\T ~\eTjsTT.
40 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. sbjT\ d qw+ ]+~.
CrjT sV <] 1m re+> <+~.
20 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT. MTsT b&yq | T s&T
< +dyT + ~.
25 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
22 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
69 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
205 eT+~ eTsD+ #sT.
eT* edT \ u qw+ y{*+ ~.
133
$|T sVD
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. ub\T < e\ \T>TsTT?
(4)
1) esb+ re
2) @y\T\T
3) H\ <]rd nM s\q
4) |e
2. b+ ub\T (ud\qeTT\T) eTTK+>
eT]jTT me>, $ks+ > d+u$ +# Hd ] Z |<\ T
bD d qw+ *ksTT
(1)
1) Ve\jT |s\ dV +&j |s
b+\T
2) sT +&j |s b+\T
3) |eT +&j |s b+\T
4) <D +&j |s b+\T
3. u b\T (u d\qeTT\T) @s&{ >\ sD+?
1) esb+ re
(4)
2) mq y\T\T
3) me> $#<eTT #+~q bs\T
4) |$ n
4. us<X+ <TeTT TbqT\T (&dt ksY ) @ H\
me> e#TqT?
(2)
1) e]
2) yT
3) p
4) nsT
5. ub\T @s&{ sD+
(4)
1) {sTy\T
2) u+| \D+
3) { bsT<\ ks+ e> +&+
4) |e
6. ub\T < e\ d+u$ksTT?
(4)
1) esb k+< 2) {sTy\T
3) n&e\qT qs+ 4) |e
7. ub+ s>{ | n+X+
(4)
1) {sT y\T
2) u+| \D+ >\ d+|Tq
$eq |_wH
134
3) { bsT<\ d]>Z bjT d

4) |e
8. ub\T < e\ sT>TsTT?
1) esb re
2) {sT y\T\T
3) n&e\ q]y u
4) |e
9. ub\T s>& sD+

1. esb re 2. re @y\T
3. H\ nsT>T<\ 4. |e
(4)
(4)
10. 1980 qT+ +&j ub\ >T] njT

b+\qT >T]+#& y&TTq |<
(1)
1) +&d& CHwH e|+>
2) +& &e\|tyT+{ p$T+>
3) +& ]yTwH p$T+>
4) +& &CdsY e|+>
11. +&j u b\T me qT+& n+ me>
+& b+\T
(1)
1) Ve\j\T
2) sT qTeT\T (|{)
3) $+<#\eTT\T
4) |eT qTeT\T (|{)
12. +~ sc\ m& re VeT|yVeTT\T
d+u$ksTT?
(4)
1) eT eT]jTT osT 2) Ve#|<X
3) sK+&
4) |e
13. ub+ \>{ >\ sDeTT
(4)
1) CXjTeTT esT
2) u>s \+ <*
3) ~>+ eT]jTT +|H\T
4) |$ n
$|T sVD
VII
. eqe s $|T\T `
ysD ePV\T
1. e|e s $|T\T
1. eqe s $|T\T
(Manmade Disasters)
eZ]+#e#T. n$
1. nDjTT<\T(nuclear weapons)
s\T, s&T < $eq|e<\T eqe s
2. JyjTT<\T(biolgoical weapons)
$|T\T (manmade disasters). ujT+syTq eqes
3. skjTq jTT<\T(chemical weapons)
$|T\ eTT| ksTT s+&e ||+# jTT<+ bH|
yjT&q nDTu+T\ e+{ y{ s|+ d+ 1.2.1 nDjTT<\T
+T+~. jTT<\qT k<sD+> keTV $< +d
q $<+d X $ eT]jTT d+q +<
jTT<\T (Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)) #s\ <s b+< sV $k jTT<
n+{sT. $ eT{\qT dJe+> +# ke, nDjTT<+ n+{sT. (A nuclear weapon is a type of
sjT eT]jTT ] eed\+{ |L\TksTT. explosive weapon that derives its destructive forc from
nys+> eekjT+, Vs <+deTeT+~. nuclear reactions of flssion or a combination of fission
eqe s $|T \ T eqe u<\ qT |+#&+ fusion) e keTs+ *q nDT u+T d+ n|<
bT bD qc <]rksTT. <X ] eed, < k+|<jT jTT<\ +f L& m+ Xe++>
keTs\ Bs\| qc \T>CksTT.
+T+~. jTT<+ yTT+ q>sH $<+d+
#jT>\ X * +T+~.
nDjTT<\ s+&T b<$T sV jTT<\T
HsTT. yTT<{ sV jTT<\T eT $k X
(Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
+< $ #s\ (nuclear fission reactions) <s
bD\, dj |sesD u qc # eyT b+<TsTT. M{ nDTu+T\T, m` u+T\T
jTT<\qT keTV $<+d jTT<\T n+{sT. < |H u+T\T n n+{sT.
(Weapons of Mass Destruciton (WMD)) are weapons
s+&e sV nDjTT<\T +< d+q #s\
which bring a huge loss to life property and environment), (nuclear fission reactions) <s |< yTT+ X
nDT, j, skjTq (NBC) jTT<\ bT $&T<\ #ksTT. jT{ <es $ #s\
s&j jTT<\T L& B |]~ eksTT. +f d+q #s\T # me X $&T<\ #ksTT.
keTV $< +d jTT<\T nH |< =\T m|&T n+<Te\ | H u+T\T +f |PH u+T\T ysTTsT
|j +#sH <| $y<+ +~. 1937 dsTTH Xe +yT q $. M{ V &H u+T\T, V#Y ` u+T\T,
>]| <& ]q|&T |< |j+ <sqjTsY u+T\T < |PH u+T\T n+{sT.
+&e# u$+#&T+~. Vswe, H>k q>s\|
yC |]X<q\ |s>eTq+ |\T <X\T ns
nDTu+T\ <&, nq+s+ =qkq |#q jTT< X_ + |j+#&q +u+T +f eT]+
\+ |< k+|<jTs jTT<\ y&+ $<+dsyTq, VsyTq nDjTT<\qT #d
sT>T+~. 2003 s| nyT] d+jTT sc\ k+ |]CH d+b~+#THsTT. $<TY
ks<+ $T| sC\ <& d+<s+> keTV d+ |jdTq nH nDT ]js (nuclear reac$<+d jTT<\T( Weapons of Mass Destruciton tors) <s VsyTq s&j<]X (nuclear mate(WMD)) nH |<+ $d+> y&T e+~.
rial) $&T<\jT eTT| L& +~. nDT keT (nuclear
keTV $< +d jTT<\T eT&T \T> material) #] >T]&, nk+|T X\T, >y<T\T
1.1 |]#jT+
1.2 keTV $< +d jTT<\T
$eq |_wH
137
$|T sVD
Vswe| nDTu+T <& ]q deTjT+

nqTuy <& eTT+<T q>s+ qT+& =~sE\ eTT+<
ys |<X y[q u* $e]++~..
kT> H #+|\| @< y#> *qT n|+
yq ]>qT. n~ n<+ qT+& edTq \yTq |sesq +
> +~. sT y |< >sq X+ >eT+ yTT
eD++~. @$T sT>TT+< nseTjT| <Dq
q |s\| +e+yTq >T_ s+>T |< mTq
yT|\T eTTHsTT. eT+> yT|\T |>=&T>T
s + e] X + m]bj sTT.
s>L&<< ]+< }V+#qT. , Vswe
n+{ |< q>s+ n|{|& n\> esTT+<
m|& nqT<T. |Tq u* *<+&T*
<] b>=T+~.
1.2.2 nDT $|T\T(Nuclear Disasters)
1945 >dT 9q bH H>k q>s+|

b{eH (Fat Man) nH &HyT *q nDT
u+T |*+~. < |sekq+> @s&q |>=&T>T
yT| |+ #&e#T.
|j+# HTu+T\T (crude bombs) < &
u+T\T (dirty bombs) dw <]rdT+~.
1945 >dT 6q nyT] #+~q mH >
(Enola Gay) nH _`29 u+sY *{ ujYT (Little
Boy) n | \ Te& T T q 8,900 b+& s T y q
nDTu+TqT s+&T y\ n&T>T\ mT qT+& Vswe
q>s+ | Cs$&+~. n Cs$&q D yT $kq+
#+~ <<| 90% q>s H\eT+ #d+~.
$< +k y\ + . 10 #<s | MTs |> q>s+
|P]> T&|T bsTT, &<e TjTyT+ ~. nDTu+T
e\ #\sq n\\T q>s+ eT] b+\qT
n VQ #XsTT. 66,000 eT+~ eTsD+#>,
69,000 eT+~ >jT|&sT.
>dT 9q eTs= $eq+ b{eH (Fat Man)
nH &HyT *q eTs |< nDTu+TqT H>k
|D + MT< e~*+~. k u>[ |]d T \T Vswe
q>s+ H>k |D+ |P]> T&|T b+&
b&sTT. nsTT q> s + eT&e+ T u > +
~\yTbsTT+~. 39,000 eT+~ eTsD+#>, 25,000
eT+~ >j\ b\jsT.
$eq |_wH
nH~ \+ qT+& eqeC dVd<+>

d+u$+# jsD s&j<]X (ionising radiation) |u y qe+~. nsTT 19e X+ e]
1895 d+es+ $V s+fH m s (X- rays)
\qT, jTTsjT+, \eD\ nDT<] qT 1896
V us qT>=q sTy eyT B >T]+
eqe\ ne>Vq \>&+ bs+uyT+~. nq+s+
1939 s H s k j T q Xd y \ T { V H ,
| { k d t e TH \ T nDT $ (nuclear fission)
qT>=HsT. 1942 m |] >|{ <=+s
(graphite pile) dVd< jTTsjT+ & (natural
uranium) <q+ n< sT>TTq >=\TdTT #s
(chain reaction)qT qT>=HsT. n|{ qT+& $<TY
, y<+, |]XeT\T, eekjT+, |]X<q eT]jTT
sD s+>\ nDT Xk, k+ |]CH
nqTe]+|CjT&+ >DjT+> |]+~.
nDT ]js sVD < s &j &d s
&ydt (Radiological) Dispersal Device (RDD)) <
+byC &ydt (mprovised Nuclear Device (IND))
$kq+ < nDjTT< |\T&T sD+> nDT<]
|<s+ < nDT <] nk<sD+> $&T<\sTT,
< nDT neds |]d / $|T > |s=+{sT. Be\
|sesD+ VsyTq nDT<]\T (radiations)
< nDT <] |<s\T < s+& \d nkT>
$&T<\esTT.
138
$|T sVD
1.2.3 sD\T
nDT neds |]d (Nuclear emergency) ~>Te
|s=q |]dT @s&e#T. n$:
1. j T T< \ d + < s + > nDj T T< \qT
<X|Ps+> |j+#&+: nDT<&T
|j+# nDjTT<\T nk<sDyTq $<+d
due+ * +{sTT. yTT+ q>sH HXq+
# d+ { X * +{sTT. y C
|]X<q\T eTT+<&T>T yjT&+ |\T <X\T
s+&e ||+#+ jTT<+ bH q>s\|
| j +q nDTu+T\ + f mH s T
Xe+yTq nDjTT<\qT #d k+
|]CH d+]+#THsTT.
2. nDT $<TY bC |e<\T: nDT $<TY
b+ mTe+{ ny+#jT d+|Tq\T
s>+& +&+ d+ eT]jTT nk<sD
|]d T \T q |&T $<TY b+qT dTs + >
eTdyjT& nqTe> nH dTs #s\T
rdT=+{sT. nsTTq|{, @<H u nDT
|e<+ ]q|&T |sesD+ nDT<]/
s&jTwH $&T<\jT neX+ b<T.
nDT<] |ue+ $&T<q nDT<]
|]eD+, >*, ~X, y>+, s yesD
|]dT\T e+{ nH n+X\| <s|&
+T+~.
3. s&j<]X eqsT\ sVD |e<\T:
s&j <] |<s\ syD d+<s+>,
s&j<] |<s\ sVD bsbT,
<c\T, jT+\ y|\ sD+> |e<\T
d+u$ ksTT. s &j <] @ sD+> $&T<H
< |ue+ |Ts+> +T+~. n+<T
sTTH #s_ ]q nDT |e<yT
<VsD. <T ]jsY s|\q $<H\
$HX q s y T q nDT< ] $& T < \ qT
n]\T>TTHsT. nsTTq|{, |s{+>
@C\ jT+D be&+ e+{ sD\
e\q nDT |e<\T ]> neX+ +~.
<VsD eqe |<\T, eed y|\+,
$<V #s, u+|+, TbqT, es<\T,
dTHMT\T yTT<\>T y{e\ ]> |e<\qT
n]&+ k<+.
|dT+ 31 <X\ dTesT 440 nDT $<TY
$eq |_wH
]jsT | #dTHsTT. ||+# $<TY neds\

16% X+ M{ <sH rsT+~. = <X 20
X+ qT+& 70 X+ $<TY neds\T nDT $<TY
<sH rsTTHsTT.
us< X + 17 $<TY ]js T , <T |]X<H
]jsT sVD +&>, sT $<TY ]jsT
sD+ HsTT. s+s+ |sT>TTq +<q
neds\qT rs+<T <]jT+ <] ]jsqT
@sT #jT& |D[\T d<+> HsTT +,
us< X + s &j <] X y< +, |]XeT\T, eekjT
eT]jTT |]X<q\ d++~+q $_q s+>\
|jk+~.
s&j k{|\ nqTesH\T (applications),
s&j<]X k+ |]Cq+ eq >DjTyTq
e~ eqe Jeq+ HD yTsT>T<\ <V<|&+~.
nDT k+ |]CH ePV |jH\
|jdTq @&T |{ nDjTT< <X\ C_
usY L& {> +~.
yde+> #b\+f, nDTX/ s&j k{|t\T
n|wqT ||+#+H nTeT u< ]sTqT *
HsTT. ||+ # y|+ > M{ $wjT + nTe T dTs
$<H\T, |eD\qT nqTd]dTHsT. 1960 qT+&
2005 eT< ||+#+ yTT+ MT< dTesT 140 |<q
s&j<] X d++~+q |e<\T ]qT
$XwD <s \Tk+~. s&j<]X e\ dTesT
150 eTsD\T d+u$+#sTT. ||+# y|+> |
d+es+ u>TZ >qT d+u$dTq 5,000 eTsD\T,
< {yTTu |e<\ e\ sT>TTq 12 \\
eTs D \ b\T +f d + K m+ q~.
|]>Dq rdTqeds+ ~.
nDTb+T k<sD+> sD s+> <<
nqTd]ksTT. n y\ nDT <]qT jT++#&+
d+ VQ s\ u |+<\qT @ssTksT.
nsTTq|{, # n\ d+ue *q =~ d+|T q\T
sT>TH +{sTT. n$ |sesD+ nDT<]q T
$&T<\ #dH +{sTT.
n+<Te\, s &j <] |<s\T $seT&+ e+{
q d+|Tq\ qT+& |< mTq s&j <]qT
|sesD+ $&T<\Cd #s_ e+{ u nDT
|e<\ es n s\ nDT < s&j
neds |]dT\qT m<Ts=H+<T neds, d+d<,
|d+<q |D[\T d<+> +{sTT.
139
$|T sVD
1.2.4 nDT s&j neds |]dT\

ysD esZ<s\T
1. 1945 nyT] CbH Vswe, H>k\|
|j+q nDTu+T ujT+syTq $<+k
|\ + eTsbbe&+, nyT] ryT
+&, sTTH #s_ nDT |e<\
$k s y T q | # s + \_ + # & + nDT/
s&j neds |]d bsbT>HH
|Tq\ nqTd+<q+ #dTHsT.
2. esZ<s\ \\ de+ n esZ\
y] u>keTT\qT #d, |D[qT n_e~
#j*. <e\ de+ nDT, s&j
n ed s y T q | ] d T \T d + u $ +# +&
s~ + # & sTT. ns T < q d + < s \
d + u $ +H eqe s> +, J$ ,
|sesD eTT| Z+#&TT+~.
3. dVd<yTq < eqe jT+D
eqe s s\ e\q nDT s&j
neds |]d T \T @s&qsTT, y{ ]wy T q
eTT+<T C> |D[\T, eek|yT sD,
sDs #s\ <s jT++#*.
4. nDj T T< <& e\q u nDT $| T
d+u$+#& n y neX+ +~.
n+<Te\ dwyTq sD\ d+, nTe+{
|]d d+~+#&+ d+ H& $Td |
X+| d{ yT +{ |t |s d t (SOP) qT | +>
eZ &yT+T s|+ +#eqT.
5. y{ d++~+ nqTeT+#&q |]$TT\
<{ ]\T < |\| |ue+ #|
mTe+{ s & j < ] | T qH H nDT/
s &j neds |]d > |s=q&TT+~.
Te+{ neds |]dT\qT b+T/ |d*{
<]{ y{ m<Ts=H keTs { +~
$<+> eZ]ksT.
m. nDT ]jsY dV nDT +<q e\jT+ jTT
@<H nDT eek|q < s &j <] eqsT\qT
|j+# @<H eek|q |e<+. #T
#dT |sesD+ |< mTq s&j<]
X $&T<\ #jT&+.
_. njT+ |seDT >=\TdTT #s (nuclear
chain reaction) ], nqV q{q
$k H , >e s & j T w q (bH
$eq |_wH
140
d.
&.
6.
7.
8.
9.
{eTTs ]q $<+>) <]rd $<+>

nDT +<q e\jT eek|q (nuclear fuel cycle
facility) ]> wyTq |e<+(accident).
s&j<] |<s (radopactitve material)
syD #d d+<s+> ]> |e<+.
|sesD+ s&j<] |<s $&T<\
#jT& s&j<] |<s >y<T\T
<VT~ sY&& (Radiological Dispersion Device) > |j+#&+
|< mTq bD qc, |< $ds+ dT\
qc <]rd nDjTT< <& e\q ]> u
nDT $|T. nDT neds |]d (nuclear
emergency) _q+> nDT $|T |ue+ k
n~sT\ jT+D $T+ +T+~. n+<Te\
nTe+{ $|T\qT CrjT ksTT m<Tse\d
+T+~.
|\T s\ nDT +<q e\jT eek|q\ (various nuclear fuel cycle facilities) ddy
T , keT,
eqe <c\T e+{ VQ s| n&+\ e\q
nDT neds |]dT\T @s&sTT.
<es, |Tq |]eD+, e+{ eed
bs$TT\ \ esT\ <]rd u<
|eD\ \+|Tq e\ {*{ |]d (criticality situation) (nq>..... deT~ |s#&q
jTTsjT+ < |{jT+ e+{ $#~
| < s \ | s e DT >=\Td T T # s \T
|e<s+> |s>&+.) TT+~.
e dMT|+ q e\ |e<s+.
k] >j\T b\Te&+ bT eTsD+
L& d+u$dT+~. |Tq\T nDT $kH\T
(nuclear explosions) <H $wj >eT+#*.
nTe+{ |e<\ |uy\T n$ ]q
eek|q |]$TeTesTT. +f, < #T
q |]$T b+ eyT $d]ksTT.
nTe+{ | e <\ e\ k< s D | \|
mTe+{ |ue+ +&<T.
|dT+ |]dT mH& (Improvised Nuclear
Device) < sY&& (Radiological Dispersion
Device)\qT |j+#&+ <s < nDT
eek|qqT $<+d+ #jT&+ <s nDT >
y<+ (nuclear terrorism) |#] |e<+ +~.
$ |<s\ (fissile materials) jT+D
$|T sVD
T~yTq n+srjT |+<\T HsTT.

n+<Te\ $ |<s\T >y<T\ #T y
|e<+ # y. nsTT, s bj
sb\ e\q n+srjT |+<\T
\+|Tq >Ts $ |<s\ nDT >y<T\
#T y |e< d|#eTT.
10. n~ X *q s&j<] |<s\ syD
| j +# + f s TTqs q T $| \T, n
|e<\T, mT qT+& +< |&be&+ e+{
y{ TH $<+> sb+~+#*. y{
syD #d yVH\ y>+| |]$T $~+#*.
n s\ eTT|\ qT+& C> rdTH+<T
| u < <\ <s >T u sD @sT
#jT&*.
11. k k s TT | d +< q ned s e Tj T
s&j<] neds |]dT\T eT]jTT nDT
$|T \ sVD nqTd]+# uyT ` n|t (bottom - up) < < + +&, nDT <& T \
$wjT+ deTse+yTq jT++>+ L&q
{|t &H (top-down) yK] nqTd]+#*.
+<T H#Ts ddt yTHCyT+{ $T{
(NCMC) \ b eV+#*. nTe+{ |]d

d+~+#&+ d+ H& $Td | X+|
d{yT+{ |t |sdt (SOP) qT |+> eZ
&yT+T s|+ +#*.
12. usrjT nDT $<TY b+ |e<\ e\
| ] d T \qT d e Ts e + + > m< T s=H + < T
nedsyTq d+d< |D[\T neds+.
1.2.5 nDT <] nDjTT< <&T\

s+#Te&+
nDjTT< <& < nDT |e<+ ]q|&T

uj
T |&s <T. s &j <] e\q mTe+{ ydq
y& s+>+ { qT +&, $s+>
+&+, s>& + , d u+ \T>&+ e+{$
sT>TsTT. nDT $kq+ s>& eTT+<T
|>=&T>T +{ yT|T+ { | m>d
|\TT+~.
|\T&T ]> y| #&s<T. n #&+ e\q
n+<+ d+u$+#e#T.
|uT + qT+& <T |] de#s+ e# es n
\T|\T, { \ T eTdyd , +{| +&eqT.
$eq |_wH
eT+\ e\ ueH\ qw+ \>e#T. ,

s&j<] <&yTq sD\ #=#T
s<T.
Vs |<s\qT, { | +#*. nDT
$kq+ ]q sTy \_+# {, b\qT,
Vs |<s\qT $j+#L&<T.
+{ qT+& jT y\qTq|&T |uT
d#q\T, de#s b{+#*.
1.3 skjTq $|T\T

(Chemical Disasters)
s k j T q $| T \ T b]X$T | e <\T,
| e < s y T q s k j T H\qT u< sV +>
$j+#&+ < y{ <X | P s+> $< +d+ d+
|j+#&+ e\ d+u$ksTT. $w|P] yjTTe\T
y{ due+ $ksyTq $HX sDeTesTT.
n$ *> y|+, |< |< b+\qT |u$+
#ksTT. skjTq keTV $< +d jTT<\ (WMD)
qT jsT #jT&+ $T> y{ b\T+f #
*. y{ n+<TuT q skjTq |<s\
k<D skjTq |jT\ <s jsT #jTe#T.
nTe+{ skjTq keTV $< +d jTT<\T sT,
s+>T $> +&+ e\ y{ |d>&+ # w+.
eqe C |e< |T+{ 1984 ub $c<+
b]X$T #] mq& #& |qT $|T>

u b yj T T $c< + (Bhopal Gas Tragedy)
*b T +~. 1984 & d+sY 3 \ y s T CeTTq
$w|P ]yT q &< s+>T eTT L&q yjTTe {
eT<|<X ub q jTjTH s& b+T
qT+& jT\T<]+~. 40 qT\ $T< kdH{ (Methyl Isocynate (MIC) yjTTe >& < q q>s
eTT<e $Tyd+~. 2500 eT+~ n|{|&
eTsD+#sT. k+ |]CH, b+ Xs
|r> q b+T |\ qeT\qT, db\qT
\TeH | L *+~. d T es T 3 \ \ eT+~
$w|P]yTq yjTTe e\q re y<q >TsjsT.
XdeedqT <rd $w yjTTe L&q yT|\T
eTTe&+ <q q>s |\T N{ M<T
<]q +& |sT >T\T rXsT. mTe+{ V#]\T
e. mTe+{ eTT+<T C>\T e. XdX y<T\T,
+{#| $T u~T\T dT\ |sT>T\T rdH,
y{ $sT>T&T @$T{ y<T\ eTT+<T> de#s+
q+<Te\ y<+ #jTbjsT.
141
$|T sVD
1.3.1 s#H\T
m. b]X$T $|T
1.3.2 skjTq $|T\ eT\T

skjTq |e<\T +~ $<+ > d+u$ +#e#T.
1. skjTH\ j , s|\ q eek|q bddt
|swqT, sVD, s*+| d+<s+>
2. j eek | q \T, >&qT , bs T \ T,
HXj \T, +<q &b\ \ #jT &+ ]>
bsbT e\q
3. s&T, s\T, $eq+, \ esZ\T < ||q
<s syD #d deTjT+
b]X$T jT{ |e<+, s+ <

nX sD+> ]> skjTq, j+, k<sD,
$<TY < s |jT \ y| \ e\ b]X$T b+T
y\T|\ $d]+ < bD, d eT]jTT |sesD
qc <]rd $|TqT b]X$T $|T n+{sT.
(Industrial disasters are disasters caused by chemical, mechanical, civil, electrical or other process failures due to
accident, negligence or incompetence, in an industrial plant
which may spill over to the areas outside the plant or with
in causing damge to life, property and environment)
_. skjTq $|T
b]X$T s|+, \ < syD d+<s + >
{ < n+ $T+q |e< skjTH\ e\ ]>
<Zs+ , n |e<+ < |\T&T < eek|q |\
< y\T|\ |sesD+| re <Twue+ #|&+
bT bD, d, qc\ <]rd dV |Tq\ e\
]> |e<\qT skjTq $|T\T n+{sT. (Chemical disasters are occurrence of emission, fire or explosion
involving one or more hazardous chemicals in the course
of industrial activity (handling), storage or transportation
or due to natural events leading to serious effects inside
or outside the installation likely to cause loss or life and
property including adverse effects on the enviornment).
skjTq |e<\T < $|T \ e\q >DjT+>

bD, d qw + s > & + bT | s es D
n|]$TyTq qw+ d+u$dT+~. skjTq, b]X$T
$|T\T nH $<\T> d+u$dT+{sTT. n$ :
b+T |\T&T
skjTH\T \ #d y{ |e<\T
skjTH\qT syD #d deTjT+, y{
<T]j>+ #d d+<s+ ]> |e<+
es\ sVD deT+> be&+
{{yT+{ b+ |e<\T
k+ eed\ y|\+
b+ dTs eed y|\+ #+<&+
n |e<+ eT]jTT $<+d+
eqe |<\T
$eq |_wH
1.3.3 skjTq $|T\ <]rd |sDs

s\T(Causative Factors)
s k j T q $| T \ T k< s D +>, M{ e \q
d+u$ksTT.
1. n |e<\T
2. $kH\T
3. $w yjTTe\ $&T<\
4. |e \d @s&+ e\q
skjTq $|T\T |<s d (nq>, |Tq, <e
< yjTT d) d++~+q skjTq |jT, |&q
c> eT]jTT s >T]+#<q bs$TT\ |jT
$#H\T, s $w|P] |<s\ q kMT|,
$_q <s\T *q s+&T < n+q me
|e<syTq skjTH\qT $TXeT+ #jT&+ <s
d+u$+# |jTq |#s yTT<\>T y{ e\q
d+u$ksTT.
M{ bT VsYysY y|\+, jT+D y|\+
|< mTq $w |<s\T $seT&+ < @<H $kq+
e\ L& skjTq $|T\T d+u$ksTT. +,
skjTH\qT syD #d deTjT+ skjTH\| |T sD
u\T | #jT&+, $dT*+>\T(Sparks), $|\T
(Shocks) e\q usTT*+> *& mb+&+> y|sY,
mbCH (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
(BLEVE)) d+u$+#e#T.
skjTq $|T |uy\T b+ d
yesD+, >* ~X, ne|D sT (rate of precipitation), $& T < q s k j T q | < s | ] eD+, <
dMT|+ q Hu, bD+yTq $TXe\T
@s&{ >\ d+ue, $|T ]q |<X
dMT|+ sT>TTq s b]X$T sb\T
eTTq>Tq$ *d eT]+ reeTesTT. |e< re,
142
$|T sVD
jT+D #s \| skjTq+ m+ |u e+ #|T+<

ns+ #dTy\+f, |<s d (nq> n~ |Tq, <e
< yjTT sb\ @ d q<) ne>Vq
#dTe&+ eTTK+. |Tq s|+ q skjTH\T
|&q+, c> e+{ |]dT\ sD+> q+
#+~H < y{ <s \T d +> e]H $HXs + >
esTsTT. |Tq |<s\T> +f qw+ n\+>
+T+~.
eqe |<\T < j+ y|\T L&
|< mTq <e |<s\T $seT& < usTT*+>
*& mb+&+> y|sY mbH (Boiling Liquid
Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) <]rd ]H
< *& |{*jT+ >dt (LPG) e+{ d+|&q
yjTTe\T(compressed gases) y< \& <]rd,eqe
J$\T eT]jTT |sesD+| re |ue+ #|sTT.
d+|&q yjTTe\ $&T<\ e\ w eT]jTT j
&T\T |], |]ds\ q sD\T, ueH\|
|ue+ #|, qc eT]+ |+#TsTT.
1.3.3 skjTq |e<\ <]rd s\T

eqe <c\ dV skjTq $|T\ <]rd
keTs+ * q skjTq |e<\ nH s\T
sDeTesTT. n$ :
m. |jT eT]jTT dTs eed y|\T
(Process and safety system Failures)
1. k+ <c\T: s|\q b\T, kD+,

V\ y|\+, T| |&+ yTT<\>Tq$
2. eqe |<\T: u< d#q\qT s+
#jT&+, ]w |<T\ qT+& y<=\>&+
yTT<\>Tq$.
3. de#s+ |+#&+ : neds V#] $<H\T
be&+, |e<\qT m<Ts=H |<T\qT
*jTCjTbe&+
4. d+k> y T q <c\T : neds |]d m<Ts=H
| D [ , d e Tqj T + b e& + , | \
d + +< \T |\e+> +& +, $| T \ T
d + u $ +q| & T d s y T d +~+# & ,
d+d< nedsy T q e&, nu dq+ e+{$
be&+.
_. | |<y\T(Natural Calamities)
us |K+&+ dV $|T\ n~+>
$eq |_wH
>Tse +T+~. $|T skjTq $|T\ L&

<]rksTT. 1999 ]k d|sY dH d+<s+>
bd] eT+ q jT+D eed qw+ ]+~.
2001 eq u+|+ sD+> +& se
nf $&T<\sTT+~. $ = <VsD\T
eyT.
d. >y< <&T\T/ $<V #s\T
skjTq $|T\ >TsjT <Ts\+ $<V
#s\T, |e<s skjTH\ eek|q\ MT<, syD
yVH\ MT< <& >y< eT]jTT jTT< sb\
e\ eT]+ d$T[+ neT+~. ~ + eTT+<T
|s=q eqsT\ e< m&H, m|&H d+u$+#e#T.
n+<Te\ skjTq jTT< s\T, keTV $<+d
skjTq jTT<\ sVD | es<Z s \qT C
#j*.
keTV $<+d skjTq jTT<\T
(Chemical weapons of Mass Destruction)
keTV $< +d skjTq jTT<\qT j sT

#jT&+ # *. k<sD skjTH\qT d+ y&
M{ jsT #jTe#T. skjTq jTT<\qT
|j+#&+ y<\&+ nH |< # *q |<.
+<T skjTq s y| #jT & eTT+<T <
\+ MT< < < |H y<\&+ <s *>
y|+|CksT. |< =*k]> yTT<{ ||+#
jTT<+ deTjT+ neT\T #XsT. s <\T ]H
d*+&sqT ] +, yjTTeqT XTdq\ y|
y #dysT. |< # *sTTq< nsTTq|{,
nH s\ qc\T L& HsTT.
|< |< >dT d*+&sqT |< mTq XT
dH \qT <T+ s* +#&+ # w+ L& q
|. d*+&s esTdqT XT dH\ m<TsT>, eTT+<T
esTd +#*. d*+&s yjTTe $d]+#&+, >*
y>+ , < ~X| <s|& +T+~. k] >* yq
eT[, k+ dq+ d me> eTsDksT.
<yTq yjTT yT|\T XTdH\T eTqT eTT
s+#Te& m+>H |j>|&sTT. yjTT
yT|\T e\+ eTT+<T esTd q XT dq+
eyT #=#TbsTT. yTT<{ ||+# jTT<+
|< |]$TyT q |* \qT eyT q|{, skjTq
jTT< $j+#&+ m+ * ~ s|++~.
143
$|T sVD
1.4 b]X$T/skjTq $|T\T

|]XeT < < d++~+q sb\
]q |e<\T < y|\ e\ ], b]X$T
$<T\, d, <q qw+ y{\Cd |Tq\qT
b]X$T $|T \ T n+{sT (Industrial disasters include
events that occur due to mishaps or failures in industry or
related activities and also the disasters that affect the industrial functions, property and productivity). skjTq
$|T\T eT]jTT b]X$T $|T\qT <={

|ejT |<\T> y&TT+{sT. , n$ <
{ | ] +< eksTT. skjTq $|T (chemical
disaster) | y|\T < eqe s y|\T
s+&+{ e\q d+u$+#e#T. nsTTq|{, ||+#
y|+> skjTq $j>+, b]X$TD e~
#+<TTq <c, eTT+<dT $|T ysD #s \T, skjTq
(b]X$T) $|T ~+| +#<q n+X+>
e]+~. <X y|+> |< d+K q, eT< sV
|]XeT\ bT 1949 |> |<q |e<u]yTq
b]X$T jTT qT n+#H yXsT. M{ &T
= |]XeT\T Xsy>+ |T=dH HsTT.
nH u |sekH\T +{sTT. eTTK+> |X d+|<,

e, +T CT\T, |sesD+ (>*, H\, sT) | re
|ue+ |&TT+~. |]XeT qc\T d+u$ksTT.
skjTq |e<\qT y{e\ d+u$+q eTsD\T,
>jT|&q y] d+K, d < |sesD ]q
qw+ <s+> n~ u |e<e? $|? nq~
ssTTksT. u skjTq |e< |sesD (sD)
#+ 1986 +< C #jT&q eqTbsY, ksC
n+& +bsY |t VCsdt $T (Manufacture, storage and import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC))
+<q\T ` 1989 s+#>, $|TqT $|T

sVD #+ 2005 s+#sT.
1.4.2 <X+ ]q u skjT |e<\T
eT< |<X 1984 ]q ub $wyjTTe

$|T nq+s+ <X+ |\T skjTq $|T\T #T
#dTHsTT. 2003 +<|<X #eTTsT u$
n |e<+. 1997 $XK|+ e< V+<kH
|{*jT+ s=swH *$Tf& (HPCL) e< $] yT|T+
$kq+, 1990 eTVsh+ H><H e< >\
+&jTH |{$T s=swH *$Tf& (IPCL) >dt
sY +| |\T&T e+{$ ]>sTT. 2002 qT+&
1.4.1 |ue+
2006 eT< m+mV#Y jT 20 |> |< |<
b]X$T/ skjTq |e<+ d+u$+#&+ # skjTq |e<\T d+u$+#sTT.
y>+> +T+~. |e<+ d+u$+#& k] 1.4.3 |XeTq #s\T
$Tc\ qT+& >+\ ee~ |e#T. n~ d+u$+#
skjTq |e<\ e\ ]> nbjT+ d\yT
due+| <s|& mTe+{ V#] +&H
kT>q s>e#T. skjTH\ $&T<\ eqe nsTTq|{, skjTq T\qT m $j+#*,
|<+, k+ |+ < u+|+, <yq\T, y{ m \ #j*? neds deTjT+ m
es<\T e+{ u>[ #s\ sD+> L& s>e#T. |d+~+#*? nH n+X\qT \TdTe&+ <s
b]X$T/ skjTq |e<+ s>& eTT+<T >j\ eTT|qT Z+#e#T.
mTe+{ V#] +&<T. {, <e\ d+u$+# = nbjT ~+| #s\T:
1. VCsY e|+>(Hazard Mapping): $w|P]
qw+ # n~+> +T+~. bD, d, JeHb~
skjTH\T < |e<syTq |<s\qT \Te
eT]jTT |sesD |< mTq qw+ sT>TT+~. $$<
#d |<X\ C_\qT, e|\qT jsT #d,
sb +& |e<s |<s\ e\ eTsD\T, reyTq
n+< ] * d | < ] +#*. $w | P ]
>j\T, Bs \ s> deTd\T d+u$ ksTT. ue H\T,
skjTH\T < |e<s |<s\qT \Te #d
, s dT\ qw+ y{\TT+~. b]X$T
|<X\ dMT|+ eddTq |\ y{e\
b+\ dMT|+ +& b+\ D eTT|
e# eTT| >T]+, |e<+ ] *> |u y\
@s&TT+~. |]XeT | #dTq ysT, |]XeT
>T]+ *jTCj*. |e< due+ _q+>
#TT |\ b+\ ysT D |uy >TsesT.
+&e#T. n |e<+, $kq+, $seT&+,
|]XeT\ qT+& >* $&T<\ #jT&q $w|P]yTq
yj T T y T | T + @s & + y T T< \ > T s b\
yjTTe\ e\q sT\T |+\qT qwbsT.
d+u$ +#e#T. neds deTj | +#TH
skjTq $|T\ e\ bD qw+ s>& &T,
esZ e| #|+#*.
$eq |_wH
144
$|T sVD
2. u $j> |D[: q deTs+ n~+>

+& yd b+\qT b]X$T |<X\
<s+> +& #&*. b]X$T b+
eT]jTT yd b+ eT< |s Y CH (^Hu )
@sT #j*. |sesD mTe+{ V
\>+& es\qT sV+#+<T eT
|D[qT nqTd]+#*. |]XeT @sT eTT+<
es\qT s*+# dTs |<T\qT sb+~+#T
y*. |D[ |jT u>+> es\qT
s*+# d\qT L& >T]+#*.
3. eT{ dq< : |e<s y T q eek|q \ |
eT{ C>s +&*. |]d @ $<+ >
m<Ts=H *d +&*. |e<+ ]q |+
rdTe\dq |d+<q #s \ >T]+ eT{
*jTCj*. eT{ duT\T |]XeT \Tw
k s TT\qT | s y d T + &*. e &
b\T|+#Ty*.
4. s nbjT ~+| #s\T
n s< eT]jTT V#] eT]jTT eed\qT
yTsT>T|s#*.
eT+\qT s~ + # , \Tc T H
keTs\qT yTsT>T|s#Ty*.
<>T\T, |]XeT dMT|+ +& |\
neds dV jT #s \T, |e<+ d+u$ d <
qT+& |+#TH |D[qT n_e~ #j*.
|]XeT <>T\ &+{ skH f+>
n+~y*.
b+ yjTT |yV ($+& u) &j>yTqT
sV+#*.
$w |P] |<s\ \ keTs |]$T+
#j*
|]XeT\ ;e +&*.
+Te\T, { eqsT\T $w |u y >Ts q |&T

mTe+{ $sT>T&T\T(j+{&{) $j+#
\TdTy*.
3. |e<s skjTH\ |uy >Tsq y]
mTe+{ n+~+# MT b+ yT&
nkdjT wH ne>Vq +<? <? qT>=H*.
4. |]XeT qT+& d]+q de#s+ <s+>
skjTq $|T d+u$+q|&T #jTe\dq$,
#jTL& y{ #sT jsT #j*.
1.5 j $|T\T
(Biological Disasters)
2001 nsY 22q yw+>H &d <sT b
<>T\T + k eTsD+#sT. ~ n|{
||+#y|+> re d+#\q+ dw++~. JyjTT<\
|j>+| #s <]rd+~. JyjTT<\ (Biological
weapons) qT jsT #jT&+ # *. mTe+{
H|D+ L&q |j> eed\T (delivery systems)
+&H |j +#e#T. e+<\, y\eT+~ >jT|]#
< #+| keTs+ * +{sTT. y{ |<y
nDTu+T(poor man's nuclear bomb) n+{sT. b\|
|sT>T eT+<T\qT | #d q q $eH\ qT+&,
e+{| |syT(Perfume)qT #\TH q |syT
yTs es <HH JyjTT<\qT |j+#&
|j+#Te#T. D |uy\T \T>Cd skjTq,
k+|<jT eT]jTT nDjTT<\ _q+> JyjTT<
s\T eT |u y \d+> bs+_ksTT. n+<T
>+\ qT+& sE\ es |e#T. JyjTT<\T
\T>Cd T\qT b<$T <X >T]+#eTT. |>T,
k b e+{ y>+> k s\qT >T]+#&+
C|+ ], re |ue+ #|sTT. es y<T\T,
s> d+~ dV n+<] ksTT.
1.4. 4 skjTq $|T \ qT n&T e&+, dq<+ 1.5.1 #]

k+$T y<T\T(infection) y| #+<&
e&+
1. MT >e < q>s dMT|+ q nqTyq |< T J$dTq |\ deTV+ Vsy T q
| ] X e T\qT q T>=, y{ $j +# Jes |y+#&+ |*+> |< mTq j
skjTH\ @<H |e<syTq~ q<y $|T \ T d+u$ ksTT. (Biological disasters of natural origin are largely the result of the entry of a virulent organ>V+#*.
ism into a congregation of susceptible people living in a
2. b]X$T |e<\qT m<Tse& nedsy T q manner sutied to the spread of the infection). d<;C\
neds |D[ q<y qT>=, |\T, (Spore)qT >* y<\&+ e\q +<, @sk
$eq |_wH
145
$|T sVD
(aerosols)
sD+> kb (small pox), q\T\T,

>esT, m\T\ sD+> f|dt, |>T y<T\T
d+u$ ksTT. k<sD eTVe] (epdemic) b+
|]$TyT, n& n+]+ bT+~. nTe+{ y<T\T
$k]+> y|+, es <X d]V<T\qT d+ <{
$d]+q |Tq\T nH+ HsTT.
|sesD s\T dVjT]> q|&T
j $|T \ T d+u$ ksTT. <VsD, m\T\
d+K |s>& nqTyq |]dT\T +f |>T, u &Y
(Black Death) e+{ y<T\T y|ksTT. |sDs
s\T ds q b]X< ks\T |D
b+\
|y +q|&T \s y~ eTVe] s|+ <\TdT+ ~.
n< $<+> yTT<{ ||+# jTT<+ sTy Hu
b++ qT+& eTs= b+ *be&+ e\q kwt
H | P s TT+C (spanish influenza) y s d t y > + >
$d]+#& <]rd+~.
n~ eTs D \qT \ T> C d d \ ne~
*qTe+{ n+Ty<T\T Hu d+KqT Z+#&+
<s deC\ rs V \T>Ck sTT. D eTsD\T
\T>CjT, Bs ne~ *q n+Ty<T\T |< mTq
s> y| sDyT Hu jTT < keTs
|u$+ #dq|&T beTTKqT d+]+#T+{sTT.
eT ] j , j T e+{ n+T s>\T n+< T
<VsD\T> #|e#T. Bs \+ n$ eT]+
ujT+syTq eTVeTsT\T> essTT(more visible
florid epidemics).
eqe sb\ $dsD, |{ es y{
dJe yesD+ q d++<+ = s>s
Je\T(novel pathogens) <$ +#& <V<|& T T+~.
b(Nipah), V+&(Hendra), mu (Ebola ), essYZ
(Marburg), k |esY (Lassa fever) ysdt\ y| <
<VsD\T> #|e#T.
V#Y$ $wj |]o*d ysdt +b+J qT+&
=\T eqe | y d T + ~. ~ e\+
#<TsTeT<TsT>H ]+~. nsTT, ysdt m|&sTT
+ |s + > ] qT+& eTs=] k&+ bs+_++<
||+#y|+> $d]+q n+Ty~ (pandemic)>
e]+~. #] n|< eTVe] (epidemic)>
ne]++~.
|< mTq Hu b++ qT+& eTs=
b+ s*be&+, ke eed\T |L\&+,
| s sTT d e TV \T (alien group) d + +< \T
$eq |_wH
@ss#Te&+ e\q q eqe d+|TsD m\|&

|< d+K y<T\T <$+#& <]rd+~. {e\
\+ es L& jTT<\ +f y<T\ e\ eTsD+#
y] d+K # me> +&~.
H~ qT+& d~sT\T k+$T y<T\qT
XT _s+ |y|& jTT< mT>&>
nqTd ] d e#s T . X T e\| n+Ty< T \qT
eT]+#\ <e b]+#&+ bT, #sD
#s\T L& #|fysT. e*q+, <Tsdq, [q
| < s \ , y< T \T/ n+Ty< T \ eT< q
nqT+< <s+> #dT nqTd]+#ysT. 20e
X + es X T e _s\ # + ~q ue\T,
]CsjTsT, s { eqsT e*H\qT, s\qT
+Te\ e+k yjT&+ <s \Tw+ #dysT.
eT<jTT> dH~|T\T >+<T\T &+ e\
e# Tu |>(bubonic plague) y~ ePV
$\TeqT >T]+#sT. n+<Te\ y~ #bsTTq y]
eT<V \qT eTT&+ q \ $ds ysT. nTe+{
s+&T |Tq\T #] qy<jsTT. { 1346 H{
b (kaffa), s+&e~ 1422 ]q sdH |Tq.
s+&T |Tq u &Y (Black death) y~
|j+, XTe\qT dsHXq+ #XsT. u&Y
sD+> sb Hu eT&=+T\ qT+& d>+ eT+~
eTsD+ #sT. s nyT] 1754`1767\ eT< ]q
|+#Y eT]jTT +&jTH jTT<\ JyjTT<\ (Biological weapons)qT |j
+qT &yT+T HsTT.
s>s\ d+esq+, yq j k+
|]Cq+ n_e~ e&+ 20e X+ JyjTT<\
$j>+ eT]+ XdjT+> e]+~. yTT<{ ||+#
jTT<+ s, |Xd+|<qT, Vs \Tw+
#d+<T < y<T \qT d+$T+|C d+<T nedsy T q
u]jqT $j+#+<T jysY|sY (biowar
fare) se sb+~++~.
s | \s, sc MT< |>T y~
C$ <&T\(bioattacks) b\&qT s|D\THsTT.
yTT<{ ||+ # jTT<+ sT y nH <X\T JyjTT<\
j #|{sTT.
s+&e ||+# jTT< deTjT+ sT|\T |<
mTq |]X<H w L& #XsTT. ud\H +<ddt
(Bacillus anthracis), uT*qyT {H (Botulinum toxin),
bdd Ts+dH(Fracisella tularensis), Td
dsTTdt(Brucella suis) yTT<\>T eqe y~s\T.
146
$|T sVD
```
~
```
200
s d ut dt(Rice Blast), s dy T sdt (Rye stem Rust) yTT<\>T

|+\ k y<T\ s\qT JyjTT<\T> n_e~
#XsT.
s +&e ||+ # jT<+ nq+s+ |# qjTT< (Cold
war) \+ reyTq JyjTT< n_e~ se\T
=qk>sTT. nyT] bsY &{ q jTTmdt
yT& dsY d{ |sY H|jTdt &dCdt (US
Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases
(USAMRIID)), bsH
&H _{ wt +| , k$jT{
jTjTH j||s { j |uT < s+H

|]X<q\T ]>sTT. 1969, 1970 n|{ nyT]
n<&T H <X\ nyT] se\T s<T
#jT&q|{, sD |]X<q\T e+ =qk>TH
HsTT. k$jT{ se\T 1920\ bs+uyT,
k$jT{ jTjTH $qeTjT es =qk>sTT.
|dT+ 11 qT+& 17 <X\ JyjTT<\| w
bT >y< bV+ L& \_k+~. |dT+
q q +<\T d+ Je >y< (bioterrorist)
keTs\qT d+b~+#T+THsTT.
1.5.2 j >y<+( bioterrorism)
1.5.3 j $|T\ |ue+
j $|T yde yTq {e\ d+|T \T

s | d T H sTT. j > y < (bioterrorism)
d++~+q n+X\qT |]>Dq rdTe&+| edTq
$_q y<q\ \+ #*+~. n+<Te\ bs j
>y<(civilian bioterrorism) m<Ts=e& nedsy T q
ePV |D[\ n_e~ , neT\TqT @ e+ C|+
#jTC\eTT.
j >y< @C+T ]| <&T\T s+&T
s\T> +{sTT. +, uT*qyT <&T\T
=*<X re |ue+ #|q|{, skjTq <&T\
e~]>H ~rjT |u e+ +&<T . nsTTq|{, d+&
|u e+ +& y~ s\qT |j +q|&T |]d
d+w+> +T+~. < >ZT> d+d<qT,
s#sDqT sb+~+#*.
e ejT+ #jT& dT\Te>
+&+ e\q >y< >|\qT JyjTT<\T *>
]ksTT. #<s| MTsT |]~ q |\|
<& #jT& nedsyTq k+|<jT jTT<\
j 2,000 &\sT ejTyT, nDjTT<\ 800
&\sT, HsY >dt jTT<\ 600 &\s KseT+~.
n< JyjTT<\ e\+ &\sT eyT
ejTeTeT+~.
$eq |_wH
eTs s jTT< eed\ +f L& JyjTT<\T

>y T |& (kilogram of payload) eT]+
deTse++> |#ksTT. + e+{ j
s\ sb+~+q jTT<\ <s >y<
=qk+#e\dq neds+ |dT+ <T. m+<T+f,
+ d<;C\qT |]eD+ VAeTH dsTTH (human strain) + f 100 s T q$> $u +,
}|]T dT\Te> |\TH #jTe#T. jTT<
s|+ <*q +qT |j+# $<q+ L&
dTeTT> +&e\dq neds+ <T. eJ k$jT{
kw*dT ]|_ (USSR) ds$dt e< q JyjTT<
jT{ qT+& + ud* |e<eXT $&T<\
e&+, 1984 &dt kHd ddt $&T<\ e&+
eTq u> *dq d+|T q\T. nyT] es f& d+{sY
]q 9/11 <&T\ nq+s+ + d<; C\qT bd
<s |+|, j >y< b\&sT.
+{$ 22 |Tq\T s>>, <T>TsT eTsD+#sT.
dTTq, n|eT s> d+sD de\T n+~+#,
Twt, b]& #+~q k+$T y<T\ y<
|DT\T yTT<{k]> B qT>=HsT.
ud\dt +ddt (Bacillus anthracis) e+{ u
\D\qT * q HH b<C (y~ s+ )
ud\dt >_J(Bacillus globigii) |j >+ #d, j
>y< <&T\ |uy n+#H yXsT. B |s+
qjsY du y eed| + <& ] d+
10 y\ eT+~ |\T eTsDks >D+#sT. ||+#
s> d+d (WHO) n< jTq+ |s+ 5,00,000 eT+~
|\| 50 \ +qT |jd 95 y\ eT+~
es eTsDks, 1,25,000 eT+~ nX\T>
esTdT+< *+~. s |j>\T L& n< $<yTq
$|T |*\qT #sTT.
MT \Tk?
|< q>s+ 100 >eTT\ +qT $&T<\
#d, <e\ 30 \\ eT+~ |> #bsT.
skjTq, C$ $|T\ qT+& b&Te&+
skjTq+ $&T<q
|&T yTT<{ \D \T: >
+& +, eTT | {\T, eT+& +,
ms&+, $s+> +&+, s>&+, d
u+ \>&+ sT>TT+~. |fq < >sT
` r| L&q ydq\T edT+f, >* @<
yjTT qT >T]+#*.
147
$|T sVD
>dt J d+<s+> ujT+ |sT>T\T rjT&+

Vs+. n< |<X+ |X++> +&, eTTK+
MT< & > T & +# T < <s Xd
rdTy*. m+<T+f me yjTTe\T {
sT>TsTT.
n~ X+ |e<s yjTTe\T >* +f
*> +&, | >d bT+{sTT. n+<Te\ H\|
|sT+&+ eT+~.
1.6 |e< $|T\T

us<X+ |< d+K s\T, s&T |e<\T
sT>TTHsTT. | sp q q |e< |\T
>jT|&TTHsT. s & =Te&+, |{\T |&+
e+{ |< |< s |e<\ sD+> |< d+K
bD qw + s > & y T +&, | \ Tes T
n+>$\seTHsT. $$< s\ $|T\ d+ue+|
]q |\T s\ n<jTH\ |s+ us<X+ n
|e<\T |< d+K sT>TTqT *+~. TbqT\T
< es<\T e+{ dV $|T\T +f n |e<\
e\ *> qc n~+ > +TqT L& n< jTH\
y\&sTT+~.
1.6.1 =d(( Stampede)
# deyXy T , j o\+> +&{ >T+|> e]ksT .

=d ]q d+<s\ d+|Tq bZq
y] #q eT]jTT #s bT d+> ]>
nVT #s dCrjT (homogeneity)+T+~.
sD\T
=d d+|Tq\T k<sD+> |\T s\
ke ` k+d |<sq\ d+<s+> #T
#dT+{sTT. =d d+|Tq\qT n$ ]q rsT,
y{ |ue+ <s+> |\T s\T> eZ]+#e#T.
1. $H< se\T
2. mdsT, #*+# *u\T
3. Vs |+|D
4. |<sq\T
5. | $|T\T
6. eT|syTq |Tq\T
7. eT|syTq y&T\T/ s d+<s\ ]> n
|e<\T
8. <&T\T
9. \T
10. yesD|syTq d+|Tq\T
|\ >T+| d sB e\q }|] &

eT]jTT ]H=sT =e&+ e\q nH eT+~ 1.6.2 s&T |e<\T
s& T | e <\ e\ < X < L &
>j\T b\T e&+, eTsD\T d+u$+#&+ s>&
=d(stampede)> |s=+{sT. b<$T+> d+w Zb+~. $ n<XyTq eTVe] e+{$. ||+#
due+ *q HH$<e TTq (heterogeneous) |\T s> d+d (WHO) $&T<\ #dq > ddt ]bsY
s&T |e< m+| #jT& 5 sc\ y{(%)

sh+
5 sc\ y{
1. eTVsh
2. $TH&T
3. s
4. eT<|<X
5. +<|<X
<X+ yTT+ y{sT yVH
<T sc\ y{
2005
54.4
16.5
12.3
9.2
8
8.5
2006
55.4
16.4
12
9.4
8.3
9.5
43.3
43.6
2007
55.4
15.4
12.3
9.7
8.8
9.2
2008
55.4
15.6
12.5
9.5
9.0
8.8
Source : Transport Research wing, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, GOl
$eq |_wH
148
$|T sVD
H s& d| (Global status Report on Road saftey) 2009

|s+ ||+ # y|+ > | d+es+ s&T |e<
12 \ \ eT+~ eTs D d T + & > , 5 eT+~
>jT|&T THsT. 90 X |> eTsD\T n\ eT]jTT
eT< sV <jT <X d+u$dTHsTT. ||+#
y|+> qy<q yVH 48% yVH\T eyT
<X +Tq|{, s&T |e< d+u$+#
eTs D \T 90 X | > +& + > e THs + .
us< X + s&T u < deTd re+> +~. 2008
d+es+H 4.8 \\ |e<\T s>> 1.2 \\
eT+~ eTsD+#sT. 5.2 \\ eT+~ >jT|&sT. M]
#eT+~ n+> $\TsT> essT. s&T |e<
u~T n~ X+ eT+~ jTTe\T e&+ eT]+
$c<s+.
s&T |e<\T, >j\T, eTsD\T, y{sT
yVH\T s&T H{esY edTq esT\T
us< X + 3.34 $T*jTH MTs s&H{ esY
||+#+H s+&e n|< s&T H{esY *q <X+>
|d~>++~. 1970 qT+& 2008 eT< y{sT
yVH\ d+K dTesT 64 sT |]+~. s&T H{esY
eT&T sT $d]++~. B bT s&T |e<\
d+K H\T+\T |s>> , M{e\ >j\ b\jT y]
d+K 7 sT V++~. s&T |e<\ e\ eTsD+#
y] d+K 8 s |> |s&>+ >eTHs+.
+< s&T syD sV<sT\ eT+ XK
$&T<\ #dq y~ |s+ 2011 4.97 \\ s&T
|e<\T ]>sTT. nq> | $Tc s&T
|e<+ sT>T+~. 1,42,485 eTsD+#sT. B
|s+ <X+ s&T |e<\ sD+> | 3.7
$Tc\ sT #bTHsT. 1999`2000 s&T
|e<\ sD+> us<X &| 3% qw+ ]+~.
s&T |e< bD+yTq |e<\T w
2001 qT+& ds+> |sT>T ek+~. d>Tq 100
s&T |e< eTsD+# y] d+K 2001 20 eT+~
<, 2008 H{ n~ 24.7 |]+~.
25`65 d+es\T
51.9
65 d+es\ |q
10.4
s&T |e<\ eZsD
2011 d+es+ ]q yTT+ s&T |e<
30.1% CrjT sV<sT\ (National Highways) MT<,
s>Z, yTT+ eTT 37.1% eT+~ CrjT sV<sT\
MT< ]q |e< eTsD+#sT. CrjT, sh
sV<sT\T n~ y> nqTe> +&+ s&T
|e<\T, y{ e\ d+u$ +# eTsD\T d + me>H
+THsTT.
1.6.3 s\T |e<\T

$|T sVD #+ (Disaster Management Act)
2005 q s#q+ <s+> s eT+ XK s
$|TqT $<+> s++~. s $|T nq>....
re due+ * s \ |]~ < s sb
y\T|\ | < eqe s sD\ e\ ]
nH bD\T be& < |< d+K |\T re+>
>jT|&{ eT]jTT/ < {| re n+sjT+
\>&, |< mTq s |uT/ |uTs eT]jTT
|yT d+d\ dVjT+ d+ <]rd reyTq s\T
|e<eTT
usrjT s\ $|T sVD| $<q
s|\q H& &bsTyT+T: usrjT s\
d++~+q $|T sVD |D[qT s usT
dTs $u>+ (safety Department) sb+~dT+~.
@<H ny+ |T qqT s $|T > |{ + # n~s
qs yTHsY, ndd+{ qs yTHsY, y]<s
n+<TuT q|&T dmdtz\ d s usT
nqTeT++~.
1.6.4 $eq |e<\T
$eq |e<\T n$ ]> rsT, |]eD {

H\T>T s\T> eZ]+#e#T n$ :
1. X+ s+&T $eH\T &=Te&+ (mid air collisions).
s&T |e< u~T\T
2. d+> u$T| ~be&+ (forced landings)
+< s&T syD sV<sT\ eT+ XK
3. k+ b\ sD+> L*be&+(Crash due
y~ |s+ 2011 ejTdT\ y> s&T |e<
to technical snags).
u~T\ $es\T..
4. <w> #s d]> b e&+ (poor visibility) e\q
ejTdT
|e< u~T %
$eH\T |s b+ L*be&+.
0`14 d+es\T
7.4
$eq |e<\T @ deTjT+HH, m&H
15`24 d+es\T
30.3
$eq |_wH
149
$|T sVD
d+u$ +#e#T. nsTT $eHXj \ 30 qT+& 40

MTs #TT |]~H me s>& neX+
+~. n~ X+ $eq |e<\T |< q $eqXj \
qT+& jT\T <sT Tq|&T < +&+> neTq|&
]qT nqTuy \T y\& d T H sTT. $eq |e<\T
n&e\T, =+& b+\T, deTT<\T yTT<\>T dT<s
b+\ d + d+u$ +# neX+ L& +~.
sD\T : $eq |e<\T eTTK+> |\ T,
msTTsY {| +{\s eqe | <\ e\q, |j D+
eT< k+ b\ yTT<\>T y{ sD+>
d+u$ dT+ {sTT. nsT<T> >y< sb\ e\ L&
$eq |e<\T s>e #T.
1.6.5 > $|T\T(Mine Disasters)

>qT\ #+ (Minies Act) 1965 $|TqT 10 <
n++ f me bD\T e& sDyTq |e<
(ny+ |Tq) #s> s++~. 10 eT+~ +f
e bD qw+ d+u$+# |e<\qT #+ |<q
|e<+> eZ]++~. | d+es+ >qT ]>
|e< y~ eT+~ eTsDdTHsT. |+, u>TZ
>qT\ e+, ]q \\ e| >qT me bD
qw+ sT>T+~. us< X + n|< > $|T 1975
&d+sY 27q d+u$++~. |qT\T *|ydq +H

e]+> |<X+ qT+& |< mTq sT HT= se&+
375 eT+~ > ]\T bD\T jsT.
|e<+ ;VsY sa]j b++ >\ #k
*jT ]+~. &ss{ qs |t yTH d|
(DGMS) > $|T\T, qc\T, y{ |uy\qT +~
$<+> eZ]++~.
z|H dt >qT d&b
u>s >qT | |, d&b
>qT\ |\sT L*be&+
msTTsY udt
KC rdT &T (rope haulage) $|\+
e&+
$<TY ds|s |+ e\ ]> |e<+
>qT eT+\T
\ |jT+
>qT $kH\T
s |*, >j\T e&+
1901 qT+& 2010 eT< 334 |<q >
|e<\T s>>, 3,672 eT+~ eTsD+#sT.
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. keTV $<+dq #d jTT<\T (Weapons of
Mass Destruction) e\ *>~
(4)
1) bDqw+
2) dqw+
3) yesD qw+ 4) |$ n
2. ub < skjT yjTTe $|T ]+~?
1) +&jTH sTT &b
(3)
2) m|t.d..
3) jTjTH s& b
4) Hs $T b
3. +~ y eqe |s| |e<+ @~?

(4)
1. u+|+
2. dTHMT
3. es<
4. |$ @M e
4. +~ y eqe s $|T
1) es<
2) u+|+
3) sTe
4) u+T |\T&T
$eq |_wH
(4)
150
5. +u+T @ d+ MT< <s|& +~? (2)

1. nDT d+q 2. nDT$
3. | s+&
4. |$ @M e
6. V&H u+T @ d+ MT< <s|& +~?
(1)
1. nDT d+q 2. nDT $
3. | s+&
4. |$ @M e
7. H>k MT< +u+TqT s+&k] ydq B
(1)
1) 06`08`1945 2) 09`08`1945
3) 06`08`1943 4) 09`08`1943
8. Vswe MT< yTT<{k] +u+T ydq B
1) 06`08`1945
(2)
2) 09`08`1945
3) 06`08`1943
4) 09`08`1943
$|T sVD
VIII
. $|T |XeTq ePV\T/

#s\T
1. $|T sVD eT{ |D[
2. $|T sVD ` d+k> @sT
3. k, sh ksTT d+d\ b
4. |\ =s, |\ # |D[
5. $|T deTj |ejT eTwH eed\T

6. new H|D\T
1. $|T sVD eT{ |D[

(Community Planning for Disaster Management)
1.1 |]#jT+
dTTq eT{ duT\T \ b bw+#&yT

+&, J$\qT b& $\Ty q d T \ T>
|]>D+#&sT. nbj ~+#&+ L&
eT{\T \ b bwksTT. M] ne>Vq, b
+& $|T sVD |D[ |]|Ps+ C\<T.
|uT+ ]w |<X+ y|\qT
deTse++> |X$T+|Cd #s\T #|& k
eT{ #T\T \|e\d +T+~.
us |uT + $|T d+<q d++~+ $_q
<D\ eT{ keTs\qT ]+#\ \+>
sT+T+~. |\T s y|\qT deTse++>
m< T s=H ys D , | X e Tq eT]j T T d q q<
nedsy T q $|T sVD |D[\qT n_e~ #j \
eT{\qT sT+~.
us<X| <D rs+ 2004 &d+sY 26q u

dTHMT & >Ts+~. n+ sT|<\T, n&T>T
esZ \ y s q eT s T \T re+> qw b j s T .
$TH&T q >eTyTq k$Tjs|sTT
e+ s+ #&+~. k$Tjs |sTT >e <>sZ >
q >e >e +f <T sT eT+~
eTsD+#sT. k$Tjs |sTT nH bD\qT
b&+ m k<yT+~?
$TH&T |uT+ sd$T n_e~
seT+ (jTTmH&| ) dV s+ k$Tjs|sTT
$|T nbjT sVD se #|{+~. |<eT
, X<q eT]jTT sD #s \T, =* V#] yTT<\>T
y{ D e&+ <s k eT{ |\
keTs |+#&yT seT+ |<q \+.
>e d + +~ + q | \ $| T d q < ,
|d+<q |D[ jsT #dTe&+ k
b\HjT++>+, |uTs d+d\T dVs+
$|T sVD k eT{jT >T+&jT
n+~+#sTT. B $|TqT m<Ts=e&+ k e+{~. m+<T+f....
eT{ djT+ bw+ k~++~. <s &
1. yTT<{ |d+<&T (|dt sk+&sY): $|T
|\T d\ ee~H deTse++> d+~+, $\Tyq
d+u$+# |<X+ eT{jT {, =*>
eT |\ bD\qT b&T>*>sT. b++
d+~+#~ L& eT{jT.
d+u$+#, mTe+{ y|H, eT{ |D[
beTTKqT, neds ~ *jTCdT+~. $|T
2. >]w de#s eqsT : b++ $|T
d+u$+q|&T, $|T d+u$+q D nq+s+
d+u$ +q|&T b++ ed+#ysT $TqV
b+ bsT>Tq q ysT < eT{ | =*>
eTses n& d++~+q nTeT <
|d+~ksT. |u$ |\T k n~sT\T <
deT>yTq C de#s esT.
@<H |uTs d+d (mHJz)\ qT+& @<H dVs+
3. $|T\qT m<Ts=H k jT++>\T : n~
s eTT+<T k<sD+> k eT{ | =*
X+ $|T\T |qseeTeT+{sTT. {,
| d +< \T ( s k+& s T ) nes T . $| T
s\& n_e~ #dT+ edTq $|T\qT
d+u$+#& =~ >+\ eTT+<T, =~ >+\ sTy
m< T s=H k+| < j T < y T q j T ++>\T
ee~ J$\qT b&{, >j\T >\+&
m\|& +{sTT. ~ k yesD+
#&{ m+ wyTq, $\Tyq deTjT+ neT+~. .
n+ D+ d+~+# jT++>+ neT+~.
$|T d+u$ +q d y\T|\ qT+& e# dV s+
B k+ |]Cq+ eT]+ n_e~ |s# *.
#sT e& =+ deTjT|&T T+~. Te+{ |]d T
1.2 $|T sVD eT{jT

>T+&jT
$eq |_wH
153
$|T sVD
4. d |jq+ djT+ dVjT+ : $|T\ e+{

d + < s y \ T| * d V s + | n~ + >
<s|&+& eT{ DyT d+~+#&+
dV \D+.
1.3 bs X \, +{ e +& sV<sT\T, T

b+\T, s {\T, dT\T yTT<\>T y{
<s+> +& $<+> #&+
4. bsX \ sD, sD s dTs
b&+.
1.3.2 bsX\ d+u$+# eqe s

$|T\T
2001 qe] 26q > T sY d + u $ +q

u+|+ 971 eT+~ $<sT\T, 31 eT+~
b<jTT\T eTsD+ #sT. \VqyTq & \ sD+>
1884 bsX\ ueH\T |L*bjsTT. uTC
|D+ sTq M~ qT+& >D+ y&T
bZq& e]+> #dT+ yTq 300 eT+~
$<sT\T M~ sTy| q ueH\T L*, y]|
|& + eTsD+ #sT. u $T +|+#&+ bs+_+#>H,
u+T |*qT ujT|& # eT+~ |\\T bsX\
ueH |sT>T\T rdqT ys\T e#sTT.
2008 yT 12q #H d+u$+q u+|+
L& 900 eT+~ |> V d\T $<sT\ T #bjsT.
s+&T |Tq\T sD+>, sDs+> L&
dTsyTq bsX\\T +&e\dq neds >TsT
#dTHsTT. b<jTT\T, $<sT\T eT+ |+&
e & sV+#&+ bT bsX\ $|T sVD
|D[ d+ d<+> +f nH $\Tyq bD\qT
b&e#T.
bsX \ $<sT\ T <Ts\ |_+_+# eTs=
d+|Tq 2004 p 16q $TH&T sY w
d ]+~. bsX\ d+u$+q n
|e<+ 93 eT+~ $<sT\T dJe <VqeTjsT.
Ms+ 11 d+es\ ejTdT | ys.
| d + | T q\T bs X \ sV \T,
b<jTT\T, $<sT\ bsX \ dTs yesD+
* +&+| = bs\T HsT THsTT. n~ X+
$|T\T eTT+<T>H V#]+ se. {, dTsyTq
|]ds\qT @sT #dTe&+ eTq | ]
b +T+~.
1. y] y\ d + < s + > n | e <\T,

=d\T
2. $Vsj ]> |e<\T
3. bsX\ esD ]> n |e<\T
4. >y< <&
5. &|+>
6. <X |Ps+> ]> V+k <&
7. $w|P] Vs+
8. |jD\ d+<s+> ]> |e<\T
dTsyTq bsX\ yesD+ +&\+f,
bsX\, +{ d++~+q $|T sVD |D[
+&*. <e\q $|T d+<s+> d+u$+# qw+
~+#&TT+~.
bsX\ $|T sVD |D[ +&e\dq
eX n+X\T
1. bsX \ jeH, b<jTT\ ne>Vq
*+#&+, eXqT *jTCjT&+: bsX\
$|T sVD |D[qT d<+ #d eTT+<T
|b, ydt |b, bsX\ jeq+,
| ] b\H d +~, b< j T T\T, $<]
HjT\ ne>VH seT+ @sT #d
|D[ beTTKqT n+<] *d #j*.
2. $|T sVD $T{ @sT : $T{ duT\T
bsX \ d++~+q |D[ esZ s X +
eV+#&+, |D[qT n_e~ #jT&+ |P]
u< * +{sT. bsX \ eT+ | +&
e& sV+# u< L& M]<. $T{
|b HjT+ eV+#*. b<jTT\T
1.3.1 +{ e<, bsX \ e< #| e \dq =
$<] /$<] Hj T \T, * < + & T \T
eT* sb\T
b<jTT\ nkdjTwH |<T\T, mHJz\T,
1. _q s\ y|\| bsX\, +{ e<
d$ &|H, es{ f&sY nkdjTwH, mHdd,
ne>Vq *+#&+
mHmdtmdt, kT >&T, HVA jTTe+<
d+|Tq yTT<\>T y\+{sT duT\T> +&*.
2. bsX\ $|T sVD |D[qT d<+ #jT&+
$eq |_wH
154
$|T sVD
3. y| >T]+, n+#H yjT&+: bsX\\T

$|T >TsjT neX+ +<, bsX\\
jeq+ bT n+<] *jTCjT &+ #
eTTK+. bsX\\| |ue+ #| sD
y|\T (\VqyTq +T sD\T)
| t u s T \ T, \T\T, bs X \ {| \ T,
us\ q skjTH\T yTT<\>Tq$ q
|<X\T e+{ sDs y|\qT >T]+,
n+#H yj*.
<VsD : e&<s b++ u+| eTT|
q |<X+ +T+~. {, n& bsX\\T
es<\T, TbqT, u+b\ e+{ y|\qT
m<Tse& nedsy T q dq< q T * +&*.
dV y|\ bT n |e<+ < s&T
|e<\T e+{ eqe s y| \ eTT|qT
L& * +{sTT. u es\T, *b{
|+|q\ ueH\T L*q |Tq\T nH
HsTT. n+<Te\ bsX \\ sD u <q T L&
|]o*+#*q neds+ +~. bsX\ ueH\
u<qT n+#H yd+<T ds +sT <
d$ +sT dVjT+ rdTy*.
4. eqe eqsT\, u eqsT\ C_: $|T
|d+<q eqe, u eqsT\T # eTTK
b bwksTT. bsX\ n+<TuT q
eqsT\qT >T]+, C_ sb+~+#*. |<eT
D b+~qysT, X<q eT]jTT s
#s \T d+~, ne| d+~ yTT<\>T eqe
eqs T \ C_qT d < + > +# T y*.
b< j T T\T, u< H s d +~, d j T s T
$<sT\ | n+X\ D y*. #q\T,
, eT+\qT s |]s\T, d#sT, |<eT
u, eTwH eed yTT<\>T u
eqsT\qT bsX \ n+<TuT +#*. @<H
neds |]d q|&T d+|~+#&
dT\T, b<$T s> +<\T/ \T/
&dq\T, bdT dwH e+{ y{ C_ qT
d<+> +#Ty*.
5. e|+>: q |\\T, s d+~ neds
|]dT\ |+#Te&, n+<TuT
q eqsT\qT >T]+#& e|+> dsT
m+>H <V<|&TT+~. $_q neds\
>ZT> H\T>T _qyTq e|\T HsTT.
$eq |_wH
155
m. kw e|: ~ bsX\ u dsb

$e]dT+~. e|
1. bsX\ q |, sYdd, |+\T *q
s> ><T\T
2. bsX\ d+~ >~
3. bsX \ | , $Td, j\J, +dH
yTT<\>T |j>X\\T
4. bsX\ +{qT, bsX\ eTTKyTq
|<X+
5. bsX \ esD+ q d \T, Vs+>
|<X\T yTT<\>T y{ ddT+~.
_. eqsT\ e| : $|T d+<s + *> >T]+#
$<+ > n s\ eqe, u eqsT\ C_qT
+<T b+<T|sTksT.
d. <Ts\ e| : bsX\ ueq+ q <Ts\
|<X\qT #|T+~.
1. | s > > ~ d + +~ + q e|
n+<T |\\T, y] $es\qT ($<],
$<s T \ T, n+> y \ + * q ys T ,
\VqT\T,yTT<\>TysT) >T]+#*.
2. bsX\ \VqyTq sD\T * q
s> ><T\T, |j>X\\T, +{qT
yTT<\>T y{ ddT+~.
3. bsX\ yTsTTH d#YusT q |<X,
4. bsX\ T |<X\qT >T]dT+~.
&. bsX \ dTs |<X eT]jTT U #d es+Z
jTT #sT
1. dTsyTq |<X\qT >T]dT+~
2. |\\ T, d+~ XjT + b+<& nedsy T q
dTs |<X\qT *jTCdT+~.
3. U #d esZ| #sT yTT+ ueH,
u e q+ { \ T, \ T| \T, V s + >
|<X \T yTT<\>T y{ dw+ > #|dT + ~..
4. n |e<+/ u+b\T d+u$+q|&T
|+#Te& nqT>TD+> jT y
<] dw+> #|dT+~.
5. bsX \ q jT y esZ\qT uD|
>TsT\ dw+> #|dT+~.
6. d<+ #dq e|\qT bsX\ eTTKyTq
|<X\ |<]+#&+.
$|T sVD
7. jT y esZ\ @<H <q|&T

|ejT esZ\qT L& d+#*.
1.4 $| T s V D +<\
@sT, D
1.5 ysD, |XeTq ePV\T

1.5.1 |XeTq+ (Mitigation)s#q+ :
$|T < reyTq $|T jTT |u y w+

#jT& #|f mTe+{ #sHH |XeTq+ n+{sT.
$|T sVD +<\ +~ y{ @sT (Mitigation as we know refers to 'Any measure taken to
minimize the impact of a disaster or potential disaster)
#j*.
|XeTq #s\qT $|T eTT+<T, $|T d+<s+>
1. ne>VH \q +<+ (Awareness Genera tion < $|T sTy L& #|e#T. nsTT, reyTq
Team)
$|T\T d+u$+#+& #|f #s\ |XeTq #s\T
2. V#]\T, de#s #syd +<+ (Warn- nH |< |jksT.
ing and Information Dissemination Team)
1.5.2 |XeTq #s\ b<q
3. |<eT +<+ (First Aid Team)
dTs y T q eT{\qT @sT #jT &+ eT]jTT
4. X<q eT]jTT sD #s\ +<+ (Search
bD, d qc\qT ~+#&+ <s |XeTq #s\T
Rescue Team)
|\ yT\T #ksTT. & = |XeTq #s\T
1.4.1 | T++ e< +&e\dq $|T e&sTT. n$:
T
qq+> ]dTq < ]|sT #jT&TTq
ueH\ ]q ueq sD +<q\qT neT\T
| T++ +{ e< $|T d|jYT TqT
#jT&+, es<\qT TH @sT #jT&+,
+#Ty*. T $|T deTjT+ T+u
u +b\qT T H |eD\qT neT\T #jT &+,
dVjT|&TT+~. <VsD TbqT < u+|+
|qT>\T\qT TH $<+> |{w |s#&+.
eq|&T $<TY ds| s *bsTT, >TsT \Tw+
>V\qT |e<syTq b+\ <s+>
e#T. \yTq <TsT>\T\T < es<\T eq|&T
]+#Te&+
=HbT +{ e~* <s+> +&e\d edT+~.
Te+{ d e Tj me] ys T y] MT< H
\yTq >\\T H
$<+> |uT ueH\ s{|{+> #sTT+#&+
d V j T | & T T +~. $| T T q T mq&
|\T s\ y|\ eTT| q b+\
|j+#Te\dq neds+ sbe#T. nsTTq|{
|\ eT{ w\sT ]+#&+
m\|& d<+> +#Te&+ eT+~.
1.5.3 |XeTq #s\ e\ |jH\T
$|T T +&e\dq$.
b& <TdT\T
1. d, bD qc\qT ~+#&+ <s eT{\T
dTs+> +& #ksTT.
& |& edTe\T, >TsT
2. $|T\ qT+& e\T, eT{\T y>+>
eTTKyTq &yT+T
\TH #ksTT.
u\T, {]T, {dsY s&j
3. |uT+, eT{\| $|T\ ] |uy
|<eT u
ZksTT.
T |&q y], y~>dT\ nedsyTq
$|T |XeTq #s\qT q<T\ q\
eT+<T\T
sD+, |dT + q ue H\qT |+ #jT &+ e+{
wyTq ueT\T, edTe\T
sD #s\T eT]jTT $|T sVD D, u
<T|{, ~+&T
$j> eTB]+#&+, |C $< yTT<\>T
T+ duT \ b{\T, |+|&T +Te b{\T sDs #s\T> eZ]+#e#T.
$eq |_wH
156
$|T sVD
1.5.4 n+srjT dV $|T ~+| <X+ Bs* |ue+ #|sTT. n+<Te\ y{ $|T
sd$T k<sD nd+; 1990e <Xu
n+srjT dV $|T ~+| <X+(International
Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction)> 1989 &d+sY
22q |{++~.
u+b\T, dTHMT\T, es<\T, ub\T,
n|s $kH\T, sT e\T, $T&\ <+&T\ <&T\T,
s dV $|T\ e\ ]> bD, d qc\qT,
ke, ] n+sj\qT Z+#&yT B |<q
<X+. \ k~+#+<T Cy sd$T
|<q s\jT+ | df]jT{qT @sT
#jT&+ ]+~.
n+srjT dV $|T ~+| <Xu
|sd ]+#T 1994 yT 23 qT+& 27 es bH
jVe q>s+ ]q ||+ # dV $|T ~+|
d<dT ]+~. d<dT ||+# <X\
d+<X+~. <H jVe d+<X+ (Yokohama
message) n+{sT. $|T |XeTq ePV\ <&yTq
esT se\dq neds d+<X+ H= #|+~.
$|T ysD, |XeTq+, d+d<, dVjT+ (disaster
prevention, mitigation, prepared-ness and relief) nH
H\T>T n+X\qT s+s n_e~ $<H\qT neT\T
#jT&+ <s =qk+#\ H= #|+~.
H\T>T n+X\T |sesD |]sD, s+s
n_e~ *| n+sZ+> <={ n+ <>Zs
d++<+ * +{sTT. n+<Te\ ||+#<X\T
H\T>T n+X\qT eT n_e~ |D[\ #],
eT{, | b+, b+, CrjT, n+srjT
ksTT deTse++> neT\jT #s\T #|{\
je d+<X+ s ++~. <Ts\ ~+| (vulnerability reduction) \\T, <X\ k<q $|T
|d+<q (disaster response) +f $|T ysD,
|XeTq, d+d<\T m+ eTyTq$.
|]eD re *q u+b\ $wjT+
usY nyT], bHqT b*d, & +f s+&T
<X bD qw+ # d\+> qT dwe TeT+~.
nyT], bH\ d+d< (Preparedness) eT+>
+&yT B sD+.
sVD dMT+ #j *. +< |uT + q n_e~

ePV+ |XeTq+(mitigation), ysD (prevention)
\qT eX n+X\T(essential components)> #|{+~.
< nqT>TD+> 10e |+#es |D[ $|T
sVD| |+> n<j {sTT+#sT.
n_e~ |jT |XeTH #=|+#b n_e~
s+s+ =qk><H ydy 10e |+#es |D[
H= #|+~.
1.5.6 12e |+#es |D[ $|T eTT|

~+|
1.5.5 $|T eTT| ~+|qT n_e~ ePV+

u>+ #jT&+
ysD eT]jTT |Xe Tq #s \T u < $wjT +
$eq |_wH
157
y| |& b+\+{q eTT+<dT

V#]\ eed\(early warning systems)qT
@sT #jT& =* b<q y\ 12e
|+#es |D[ s++~.
bD\T, dT\qT b&{+ d+ nedsyTq
#s\ n~ b<q y\ |s=+~.
+<Td+ $|T nbjT ~+|, eT{\qT
n|eT+ #jT &+ d+ Xd, k+ |]CH
d~j>+ #dTe\dq neds+ +< H=
#|+~.
<Ts\ + *q eT{\ $|T V#]\qT
+>, d\+ #sy d+<T |u ee+yT q
eTwH eed\qT @sT #j\ 12e
|+#es |D[ dw+ #d+~.
u+b\T, es<\T, sTe, dTH$T, dqT,
]#T\T, skjTq, nDT, C$ $|T\
d + +~ + q $| T nbj T ~+|
jT++>\qT @sT #j\ |b~+#&+
]+~. +<T nedsyTq qMsD k+
|]CH\qT, y{ nqTe]\qT #|{\ L&
d+#&+ ]+~.
n |<q |<\ $|T nbjT ~+|qT
+B]+#e\dq eTTKyTq n+X+> #j\
dw+ #d+~.
n_e~ se\T, $<H\ s|\ q $|T
nbjT ~+|qT <w +#Ty\ |s=+~.
{, se\qT sb+~+# deTjT+
|<\ e\ $|T nbjT ~+|| mTe+{
| u e+
+T+~,
$| T \
|XeTH( mitigation) @ $<+> |<

#se#T nH n+X\qT |]>Dq rdTy\
12e |+#es |D[ dw+ #d+~.
$|T sVD
<X+ y| |& b+\ <Ts\

+Z #+<T $|T nbjT ~+|(Disaster risk
reduction)qT n |<q |<\T, |+,
d s w | < \( flagship schemes )
#=|+#e\dq neds+ +~. <VsD
|+ u+| |& b+\ bsX\
ueH\ u< usk *+#&+.
12e | + # e s | D [ \+ keTs
sD( Capacity building ) n_ e ~
d + +~ + q eTTKy T q n+X + >
|b~+#&+ ]+~.
eT{ ne>Vq, keTs sD CrjT,
sh, eT]jTT >eT ksTT\+{q
#|{\ 12e |D[ s++~. +<T
u>+> $<, |]X<q, |\ ne>Vq
*+#&+, d+k> jT++> |+
#jT&+, n_e~ #jT&+ yTT<\>T y{
b<q ee\d +T+~.
1.6 $|T\ ysD, |XeTH

#|{q #s\T
ysD eT]jTT |XeTq #s\qT |yX|&+
<s |\Ts\ $|T\ <s *> $<+d+, bD
qw+ eTT|\qT XX b|~q ~+#e#T. |Xe Tq
(Mitigation) #s\qT k<sD+>, sD eT]jTT
sDjT s s\b\T> $u +#e#T. $|T \ qT
~+# < y{ |u y\qT | +# @ u sDyTH
sD |XeTq+ (structural mitigation) +<
edT+ ~. +]+> #s \T, y| \qT T H $<+ >
#|{q sD sD\T, eT* edT\T yTT<\>Tq$
sD |XeTq #s\ +< eksTT. $|T\
eTT| d++~+q |uy\qT ~+# $<H\T,
ne>Vq, $CH_e~, |\ <, de#s \q,
#sD #s\T, |<T\T yTT<\>Tq$ sDs
|XeTq #s\T> |s=q&sTT. us |uT+
$|T\ e\ *> eTT|qT Z+#& |\T |XeTq
#s\qT #|{+~. #s\qT d++~ eT+XK\T
neT\T #ksTT. y{ = ~>Teq |s=q&+ ]+~.
u e q+ L \& neX + +<? < ?
\TdTe& < >&\T, H\, \T|\T, ds TTsY
dT, {\qT dT+> |]o*+#*.
|H<T\T |>T #j? <? F #j*.
$eq |_wH
158
|H~ |>T e&+ < <+dyTqsTT,

ueq+ yk | s<T.
n |e<yTH ]>j? <? n L&
|]o*+#*. eTq >dT q T, =T bsTTq
$<TY ds T, d>+ eTTq =\TeTT\T, $<TY
keT yTT<\>Tq$ +&e#T.
eT+& due+ *q < |\T&T |<s\T
|yV+ =Te +&e#T. +<Te\H
es < \ s T y d V +> n | e <\T
sT>TT+{sTT.
>dT \qT F #dTy*. >dT ydq <
VdTeTH X+ edTq sTT, { s , +{
ys+<] y+H jT |+b*. k<yT,
y\T|* yTsTTH y\TqT |j+, >dTqT
*|yd, y+H | +{ qT+& >dT +|
bqT #j*. @<H sD+ #HH >dT
qsTT, < |DT\ # z|H #sTT+#*.
$<TY eed @yTH <q<y |]o*+#*.
|se\T < q < $&bsTTq s+T
r>\T q|&H < *q ydq edTH yTsTTH
|PC u e< < ds { us Y e< $<TTqT
|yj
*. |PC u #sT e& { qT+
y* ed, m\wjTHqT |\y*. m\
keT ] |j+#& eTT+<T> y{
F #d, nsu{*.
eTTsT>TsT, >TsT qT <Hj? <?
F #dTy*. eTTsT>T{ qT <qT
nqTeqyTTqsTT, {sTTqT y&+
|yd, |+sTqT |*|+#*.
eT+{ qT <+f, >T{ ds|s XK
bqT #j*. {| qT+& { y&s<T.
<q ysT VsT < dT LT\qT
]+ { y&*. M+{ <s sT
jT y+ es yTsTTH y\TqT {y j
*.
d T HMT e\ eq { bT u e H
$w | P ] y T q beTT\T, s + T e\T
e#jTy |]o*+#*. #qT s ~*+
#&*.
b&u]q >&\T, ||&T |&bjT |e<+
+<y |]o*+#*.
& q ue q+ ]be& { \ T, \T|\T ]
+#*.
$|T sVD
2. $|T sVD` d+k> @sT

(Disaster Management - Institutionalized Plans)
2.1 us<X+ $|T sVD

|]DeTeT+
us<X+ $|T sVD, @<H d+|Tq
]q|&T |d+~+# ksTT (activity - based reactive setup) qT+& $|T
eTT+< < <]rd sD\qT
qT>=, y{ y]+# d+k> sD(Proactive Institutionalized structure) ksTT, @ bMD |]~ qT+&
VQeTTK keTs ksTT(from single faculty domain to a
multi-stakeholder setup), |qsyd <] <<+
qT+& eTT|qT ~+# VQeTTK j deT> <<+
ksTT m~+~. 1900, 1905, 1907 eT]jTT 1947
eq esTd <T]\T (famines), 1937 d+u$+q
;VsY ` Hb u+|+ yTT<\>T y{ H|<+
us<X| $|T sVD eek> sD+ _{w
\+ bs + u y T + ~. > & q X \+
u s < X + $| T s V D L s T , d u e+,
$<q|s+> >DjTyTq esT\ >Ts+~.
$|T\qT k>T{ bsT<\, jTT n_e~ (command Area Development ), es < j T + D + <
|k$+#ysT. <X es $|T sVD eed\T
]|t &bsTyT+ +< | #d$.
2.1.3 us<X+ d+k> @s nesD

sd$T k<sD du 1990e <Xu
n+srjT $|T dV $|T\ ~+| <X+ (International Decade for Natural Disaster Redictopm'
(IDNDR))> |{++~. 1990\ nq+s+ +<
eekjT eT+ XK +< $|T sVD dqT

@sT #jT&+ XX eT]jTT eek>yTq
@sT bs+uyT+~. sY u+|+ (1993), eb
ub+ (1994), ]k d|sY dH (1999), uTC
u+|+ (2001) e+{ esTd $|T\ H|<+ n|{
eekjT eT+XK s<] C.d. |+Y #sY|sH>
$|T\ sVD| deT> $<H sb+~+#+<T
nTq~s $T{ (high Powerd committee) @sT
#XsT. ] dVjT+ <s |qsyd #s\T #|f
2.1.1 _{w |]b\q, k+ nq+s <<+ qT+& $|T sVDqT deT>+> #|{\H
<<+ ~X> $<q+ |P] esT e+~. n+<T
\+ $|T sVD
nqT>TD> $|T sVD $u> 2002 +< +
_{w |]b\q $|T\ e\ e# neds eT+ XK |]~ essT. us<X+ $|T
|]dT\qT m<Ts=H+<T |qsyd $u>\ (relief sVD n~seT sD+ (hierarchical strucdepartment)qT @sT #dysT. nTe+{ d+|Tq ture) @s&+~.
]q|&T |d+~+# <<+ @sT #d
$u>\T $|T nq+s |]dT\ eyT dVjT
#s\T #|f$. $|T sVD $<q+ L& ]|t
$|T sVD $u> +< +eT+XK
&\qT sb+~+#&+, | Vs |<+ e+{ y{
#| & + bT |qsyd <<+ , sb\ L& CsTT+{ d ($|T sVD) H+ eVksT.
+&~. k++ nq+s+, k++ nq+s+ jTq eTT>TZsT &sssT, n+&sY d\T, dH
$|T\ sVD u< | sh+ +& ]|t |dsT, f |dsY, djTsY mH$T Hd>sY
$Twqs +&bsTT+~. MsT d+ ]|t $TwqsY q\+{ eT]jTT s dVjT d+~ +{sT.
+< $<T\T sV+#ysT. ysT b $|T |u$ sD+ HjT XD d]V<T sVD (Border
b+\ |qsyd keT, q><T |+|D #jT&+ Management) d, yT d , +XK dV jT
es |]$TeTjT~. | |+#es |D[ es< eT+, + eT+ +{sT.
2.2 $|T sVD eed, sD+
$eq |_wH
159
$|T sVD
2.3 $|T sVD #+(Disaster

Management Framework)
us< X + $|T sVD |qsyd se\
ksTT qT+& =* V#] eed\T (early warning systems), eTT+<T> >T]+#&+
(forecasting), |\T yesD
d++~ y|\ d++~+q eed\ |syD
k s TT | ] DeT+ # + ~+~. # + | ] ~ H
eTT+#T=dTq y|\ >T]+ V#]\T, n|eT
<X\T, Cys\ s|+ de#s+ n+~+#+<T
eed @s&+~. $_q eT+ XK\T, $u>\
|<T \qT u>keTT\qT #d nTH~s +<
@sT #jT&+ ]+~. eT+XK\ =+{
]wyTq $|T\ d+ H& n<]{\T> |{+#&+
]+~. $|T sVD| @sT #dq nTq~s
$T{ y~ deT]++~. $|T\ d+ |
eek>yTq sD, $|T sVDqT d+k>+
#d+<T ds q #{ #j \ y~ db sdT #d+ ~.
B eT+XK\ eT< VQ ksTT d++<\T,
$|T sVD #+ ne]+#sTT.
2.3.1 |dT+ <X+ $|T sVD sD+
#{ eTT+<Tq @sTqT, #+ eq sTy

sD+q +<, sh eT]jTT k ksTT
eek>r]+#&q sD\T (institutionalized structures) HsTT. eqT> sD eed | ksTT
q | eed sb\T, sj\ ~>Te ksTT
eed esZsXq #dT+~. s+&e~, ~ VQ
u>keTT\ eed (multi-stakeholder setup). nq>
+<T |\T d++~ eT+XK\T, |uT XK\T,
b\H d+d\T b\T|+#T+{sTT.
2.4 $|T sVD #+ 2005

( Disaster Management Act, 2005)
$|T sVD #+ 2005 <X y|+> 2005
&d+sY 23 qT+& neT e+~. n+ eTT+<T B
sdu 2005 qe+sY 28q, du 2005 &d+sY 12q
y~+#sTT. 2006 qe] 9q sh| y<eTT< yXsT.
#+ deTse+yTq $|T sVD, <

d++~+q < <e\ j<+> ]q |Tq\
sVD q #s\qT *jTCdT+~. $|T sVD
neT\T $<q+ s|\q |syD nedsyTq
eek> jT++>\qT @sT #dT + ~. $|T ysD
eT]jTT < |ue ~+|q, @<H $|T |]d
q|&T |uT+ $$< $u>\T #|e\dq
#s\ usk dT+~. #+ 11 n<j\T, 79
dqT HsTT.
us<X+ $|T sVD d+k> sD+

d+~ <X +~. |Ps| eed\T =qk>&+ bT
qq eed\T, #+ neT\T |]DeT eT <X
HsTT. $<+> |dT+ s+&T eed\T
HjT #|e#T. +<+ CrjT $|T sVD 2.4.1 #+ |s+ @sfq d+d\T
b~s d+d (National Disaster Management Author$|T sVD #+ 2005 +< CrjT, sh,
ity) @sT #jT&>, sc\ sh $|T sVD
b~s d+d (SDMA) \T, ksTT n<]{\T ksTT |\T d+d\T @s&sTT. y{ $es\T
1. CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d(National
eT+> s| <\TdTHsTT. B &T, =* @sT
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA))
u>+> q CrjT d+u sVD $T{ (National
2. sh $|T sVD b~s d+d (State DisasCrisis Management Committee) L& =qk>T+~. _q
ter Management Authority (SDMA))
s\ $|T \ >T]+#&q H& eT+XK\T yTT+
MT< $|T sVD H& eT+XK> q +
3. $|T sVD b~s d+d(District DieT+XK esZsXq+ | #ksTT. Be\ $|T
saster Management Authority(DDMA))
sVD #+ |]~ q u<T \+<s $_q ksTT
4. CrjT $|T sVD d+d(National Institute of
|sds+ deyX+ e& M\T \T>TT+~.
Disaster Management (NIDM))
|dT+ d+~ <X +&, |]DeT eT+
5. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+(National Disaster
#+<TTq $|T sVD d+k> sD+ s+&T
Response Force (NDRF))
$_q \D\T HsTT. n+<T yTT<{~, d+k>
#+ |s+ CrjT |D[ nqT>TD+>
sD+ eqT>T+> +&+, +<, sh,
eT]jTT k ksTT | #jT&+, $|T sVD d + +~ eT+ XK\T, $u >\T e T k+
$eq |_wH
160
$|T sVD
|D[\qT sb+~+#Te\d +T+~. #+

$|T |d+<q CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ (National Disaster Mitigation Fund), sh eT]jTT \
ksTT nTe+{ <T\ @sT M\T *dT+~.
n++& $|T sVD k d+d\ ]w
u<\T {sTTdT+~.
73,74e sC+> desD |D ,>MTD ksTT
|]b\q eTTKyTq n+>\T> k djT+ |]b\H
d+d\T ne]+#sTT. B $|T sVD k
d+d\ b \+> e]+~. {, $|T sVD
# + 2005 $| T s V D k d + d \ T
s]+#e\dq ]wyTq u<\qT dw+> |s=+~.
#|syTq ` d+k> #+ ( Legal - Institutional Frame work): s+>+ ~+q |d+<q
jT++> |s y+ #+<T us< X deK eed
nqT>TD+>, +~ qT+& |, | qT+& ~>Te $|T
sVD #+ 2005 +<q\ |s+ <X y|+>
#| s y T q d+k> #{ n_e~ #jT &+ ]+~.
2.4.2 CrjT ksTT $|T sVD d+d\T

1. CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d
( National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA))
CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+dqT =\T

2005 yT 30q |<qeT+ n<q @sT #XsT.
$|T sVD #+ 2005 neT eq sTy
#+ dH 3(1) |s+ mH&m +mqT 2006 d|+ sY
27q |< qeT+ n< >, eTs =$T~ eT+~ duT \
+#q+> @sT #jT&+ ]+~. duT sT
ydt #sH> u<\T s]ksT.
mH&m+m n~s |]~

$| T \ qT Z + # & # | e \d q # s \
$wjT+ $$< eT+XK\T, +<, sh |uT
$u>\T nqTd]+#e\dq $|T sVD $<H\T,
es<Z s d\qT sb+~+# n~s mH&m +m
$eq |_wH
*+#sT. $|T \ sVD j sh b~s d+d\ T

sh |D[\ s|\q $wjT+ nqTd]+#e\dq
esZ<s\qT L& mH&m+m sb+~+#*.
mH&m+m u<\T
m. $|T sVD $<H\qT sb+~+#+
_. CrjT |D[qT y~+#&+
d. CrjT |D[ nqT>TD+> +< |uT
eT+ XK\T < $u>\T d<+ #dq
|D[qT y~+#&+
&. sh |D[ s|\q j sc\ b~s
d + d \ T nqTd ] +# e \d q es Z < s \qT
sb+~+#&+
. eT n_e~ |D[\T, bC \ $|T s<
#s\T < y{ |uy\ |XeTq #s\qT
dMT+ #jT & $$< +< |uT eT+
XK\T, $u>\T nqTd]+#e\dq es<Z s \qT
sb+~+#&+
m|t. $|T sVD $<q+, |D[\ s|\q
eT]jTT neT\TqT deTqjT |s#&+
. |XeTq #s\ nedsyTq <T\ \q
dbsdT #jT&+
V#Y. u $|T\T d+u$+q <X\ +< |uT+
s+q |s+ dVs+ n+~+#&+
. nedseT u$+q |+ $|T eTT| <
$|TqT m<Ts=H+<T nedsyTq s< <
|XeTq < d+d<, keTs sD s
#s\T #|&+
C. CrjT $|T sVD d+d (National Institute
of Disaster Management ) | # j T &
nedsyTq $X\ $<H\T, esZ<s\qT
sb+~+#&+
mH&m+m LsT
CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d (mH&m +m)
|<qeT+# H$TH{ #jT&q =$T~ eT+~
duT\T +&, s<], <T>TsT d+jTT
s<sT\T (y] ] d\V<sT) +{sT. 10
eT+~ CsTT+T n&CsT eT]jTT &ssT, 14 eT+~
ndd+ { n& sT, n+&sY d\T, ndd+ { |H jT
n& sY, &{ |d s Y bT dV jT d+~ +{sT.
d+~ jeT d++~+q +<q\qT L&
sb+~+#sT. $|T sVD #+ dH 7(1)
161
$|T sVD
|s+ 12 eT+~ duT\ 2007 d\V $T{ d<dT\T, |Hk\T , d$THsT sV+#&+, s\T,
|]X<H |\T, |d\ |#TsDqT #|&+ yTT<\>T
L& @sT #XsT.
$<T\qT $|T sVD #+ d+d n|++~.
2. CrjT ssV $T{
sVD sD+ ( Management Structure):
( National Executive Committee (NEC))
2007
|
e] 23q @sT #dq d+d +< +
CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d (mH&m +)
$<T\ sVD dV]+#+<T $|T sVD eT+ n<> +{sT. +< |uT+ $$<
#+ dH (8) +< CrjT ssV $T{ eT+ XK\T, $u>\ s<sT\T CrjT ksTT
@sT #jT&+ ]+~. B +< +XK s<] yC, |]X<q eT]jTT k+ d+d\ n~|T\
m n|dj #sY|sH> eeV]ksT. eekjT+, L&q 42 eT+~ duT\ qs u& d+d *
nDTX, sD, >T{ ds|s, |sesD+ n&e\T, +T+~. $|T sVD #+ dH 42(4)
q\qT nqTd]+ +< |uT+ 2007 yT 3q
|HH (ejT+) , s>+, $<TY, >MTD_e~, dH +<
14 eT+~ >e]+> u& @sT #d+~. mH&m+
f\J, n+] XU, f*eTwH , |D _e~, mL {y &s s Y H + eVksT . jTq u<H
{ eqsT\T yTT<\>T y{| b\H jT+D *q d+~, s d+~ dV]ksT.
+< |uT eT+ XK\T < $u>\ s<sT\T
duT\T> +{sT. N|t |t +{>f& &|H, N|t |t mH&m+ |#TsD\T
ed qdtsY: f&+>(Tidings)
k|t $T{ L& +<T duT\T> +{sT.
<y] |: &CdsY n+& &e\|tyT+{(Disaster
q $<T\qT deTse++> sV+#&
and Development)
nedsyTq |+ mHd { < n++f me
du $T{\qT @sT #dTe#T. mHd sVD 4. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+
$|T sVD CrjT ssV $T{ (bdsT, ( National Disaster Response Force (NDRF))
nyqT\T) +<q\T, 2006qT C #XsT. $|T
mH&sYm|t @sT, < b: $|T\T <
sVD #+ dH 10 |s+ $|T sVD, $|T \ e+{ |]d T \qT m<Ts=e& nedsy T q |
CrjT |D[ s|\q, CrjT $<q neT\T <\qT sb+~+#&+ d+ d]V<T u< <+
|syD yTT<\>T y{ deTqjT eT]jTT deTqjT (Border security Force (BSF)), +& {u H uss Y bdT
(Indo- Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)), +< b]X$T
d+d> eeV]+# u<qT mHd n|+#sT.
u< <+ (Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)),
3. CrjT $|T sVD d+d
+< ]sT bdT < (Central Reserve Police Force
( National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)) (CRPF)) \T = < qT+& s+&T u{*jTqqT ysT
H|< + : n+srjT CrjT $|T ~+| <Xu #d, y{ m$T~ beD u{*jTqT> esT
(International decade for Natural Disaster Reduction #jT&+ <s $|T sVD #+ 2005 dH
(IDNDR) ) | s d ]+# T 1995 +& j T H 44 +< CrjT $|T |d+<q <(National Did { |s Y |_ n&dw H (IIPA) CrjT $|T saster Response Force (NDRF)) 2006 @sT
sVD +< (National Centre for Disaster Manage- #jT&+ ]+~. |dT+ +<T 10 u{*jTqT
ment) @sT #XsT. 2003 nsY 16q +< HsTT. dXd deT (SSB) qT+& s+&T u{*jTqqT
CrjT $|T sVD d+d (National Institute of Di- mH&sYm|t C&+#+<T +< _H{ y<+
*|+~.
saster Management (NIDM)) > essT. $|T sVD
mH&sYm|t #+~q 19 u{*jTqT (=
#+ 2005 +< |dT+ ~ #<yTq d+d (statuu
{
*j
TH dTesT 1000 eT+~ +{sT) $$< s\
tory organisation) <qT b+~+~. ~ q&
dV, eqe s, dV+ $|T\| | D
+T+~. $|T sVD #+ @&e n<jT+ dH b+~q 144 +<\qT * +{sTT.
42 d+d nd+UyTq u<\qT n|++~.
T 72 +<\qT | y|\ bT
D qeTH\qT n_e~ |s#&+, $|T sVD skjTn+<
q, j, s&j<], nDT (CBRN)
|]X<q\T, &yT+fwqqT #|&+, sV+#&+, y|\qT m<Ts=e&+ d+ <+#sT. |
$|T sVDqT bV+, d+k>+ #jT&+ d+ mH&sYm|t u{*jTH 1149 eT+~ +{sT. y]
$eq |_wH
162
$|T sVD
=< 45 eT+~ 18 +<\T> @sT #ksT .

<X+ $_q b+\ <Ts\ #] <s+>
| u{*jTqqT <X+ yssT b+\ @sT
#XsT n$:
1. u{+&(|+Cu)
2. >sY HsTT&(s|<X)
3. >TyV{(nk+)
4. e&<s(>TsY)
5. |D(eTVsh)
6. (|eT u+>)
7. ns=D+(#H` $TH&T)
8. eTT+&*(uTeHXsY` ]k)
9. b{ (;VsY)
10. $jTy&(+<|<X)
$ , eTVsh H>|PsY e< CrjT
$|T sVD D d+d(National Disaster Management Training Institute )qT @sT # j \
|b~+#&+ ]+~.
4. Hwq d$ &|H C, H>|PsY
( National Civil Defence College (NCDC))
|]XeT\qT |]>Dq rdT, nq+s+ nH

sT\qT |yX|&+ ]+~.
6. CrjT $|T sVD $<q+
( National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM))
CrjT $|T sVD $<H +< |uT+

2009 nsY 22q y~++~. $|T ysD,
|XeTq+, d+d<, |d+<q\ <s deT>yTq,
bjy, VQ $|T <<+, k+ |]Cq+
#< ePV n_e~ #jT&+ <s dTsyTq,
$|T\qT BT> m<Ts=H us<X k~+#&yT
\+> $<q+ sb+~+#&+~. eek>yTq
eT]jTT #| s y T q @sT, ] @sT, $|T ysD,
|XeTq+, d+d<, k+ ` #|syTq $<q+,
|d+<q, |qsyd+, |q]sD+, |qsT<s D , keTs
n_e~, $Cq sVD, |]X<q eT]jTT n_e~
yTT<\>T y{ dV $|T sVD d++~+q
n <D\qT $<q+ deT>+> |]o*++~.
m& #s \T nedsy , j s+>\+{| $<q+
<w k]+, nTe+{ #s\qT esZ+ |f
d+k> jT++> |b~++~. $|T |u y\
Hq |\ dV jT+ n+<Cj
T &+, |qsyd #s \qT
sb+~+#&+ $+>T\T, eTV\T, |\\T, s
nD>]q esZ\ dV de+ n esZ\ deTd\qT
$<q+ |]w]++~. deq+, d$T[ + n+X
d + |]>Dq rdT+~. eT{, eT{ <]
d+d\T, |+#sTTr sC d+d\T, k d+d\T, bs
de+ yTT u>keTT\qT #jT&+ <s $|T
s V D j T T n < D\ bs < s ,
yT<H rdTse&+ \+> s+#T+~.
7. CrjT $|T sVD |D[
+< |uT+ neds |qsyd d+d (Emergency Relief Organisation) dVjT]> +&+<T
us<X+ yTTyTT<{ $|T sVD D d+dqT
1957 H>|PsY e< +< neds |qsyd D
d+d( Central Emergency Relief Traning Institute (CERTI))
|] @sT #XsT. @<H dV $|T < eqe
s $|T d++~+q|&T $|T |qsyd
se\T sV+#e\dq s yq n~sT\ d+d
<THq eT]jTT | D #~. B |sTqT 1968 ( National Plan on Disaster Management)
CrjT $|T sVD |D[ s|\q
@| 1q Hwq d$ &|H J (National Civil
d+k> jT++> @sT #jT &+ ]+~. CrjT
Defence College)> essT.
$|T sVD |D[ eT&T u>\T +{sTT.
5. Hwq |sY ddt J, H>|PsY
1. CrjT |d+<q |D[(National Response
( National Fire Service College (NFSC)
Plan)
<X+ ne| d+d\ sVD @s|
2. CrjT |XeTq |D[(National Mitigation
rdTse&+, n |e<\qT m<Ts=q&+ ne|
Plan)
XK n~sT\ D e&+ d+ Hwq |sY ddT
3. CrjT keTs sD |D[(National CapacJ 1956 +< + eeVs\ XK du]H{
ity Building Plan)
eek | q > @sT # X s T . mH m | t m dt d q
CrjT $|T sVD |D[ j +
sb\qT e\+ sT bs+_++~.
eeV
s\
eT+XK d]V<T sVD s<]
<X+ jTT neds\T, |s>TTq b]X$TsD,
$eq |_wH
163
$|T sVD
n<q |d*fwH $T{, 1. CrjT |d+<q

|D[ $T{, 2. CrjT |XeTq |D[ $T{,
3. CrjT keTs sD |D[ $T{ nH eT&T
| $T{\qT @sT #XsT.
8. CrjT $|T |XeTq ~
( National Disaster Mitigation Fund)
$|T sVD #+ 2005 dH 47 CrjT

$|T |XeTq ~ (National Disaster Mitigation Fund)
@sT M\T *++~. B d++~+ #+
+<q\T ~>Te $<+> HsTT.
m. +< |uT + n~] > { H{| wH <s
|+> |XeTq #s\ d+ <+#&q
bC\ CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ @sT
#jTe#T.
_. CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ CrjT $|T
sVD b~s d+d (National Disaster Management Authority) neT\T #j*.
CrjT $|T |XeTq ~ (NDMF) @sT
d++~+q $~ $<H\| +< + eeVs\
eT+XK m|{| &T |D[ d+|T +, mH&m +m\
#]dT+~. mH&m+m|t >T]+ 13e ] d+|T+
| +> |k$++~. 13e ] d+|T + q y~
mH&m+m|t d++~+ = dbsdT\T #d+~.
|XeTq eT]jTT |q]sD sb\qT ] d+|T+
<T \ <s neT\jT |< \ <s+> +#*. <
<T\T> +<, sc\ n_e~ |D[\ <T\ qT+&
y{ KsT #j* n |s=+~.
] d+|\T |<q+> TbqT(dH), sTe,
u+|+, ]#T, es<\T, e&> yq\T nH
sT | |<y\qT C_ >T]+#sTT.
sTy +< |uT+ dTHMT L& C_
# ] +~. 12e ] d + | T + u b\T,
V eTb\T, +u e w ( cloud burst),
<&T\qT L& C_ #]+~.
yTTyT T<{ k]> 6e ] d+|T + dV $|T \
e\q *> qc eT e# syq s&T\

qT+& KsT #d+<T nqTeT++~.
sTy 9e ] d+|T+ | sh+ Calamity
Relief Fund (CRF) @sT # d T H + < T
nqTeT++~.
n+ re *q |<y\T q|&T
sc\qT <TH+<T CrjT |<e dVjT
$eq |_wH
~(National Fund for Calamity Relief (NFCR))

@sT #j\ 10e ] d+|T+ dbsdT
#d+~. ~ sVD +< eekjT eT+
n<q CrjT |<e dVjT $T{(National
Calamity Relief Committee) @sT #j\
d++~.
11e ] d+|T+ CrjT |<e neds
~(National Calamity Contingency Fund(NCCF))
s. 500 sdt ~ @sT #j\
dbsdT #d+~.
12e ] d+|T+ mHddm|tqT jT<<+>
=qk+#\ d++~.
13e ] d+|T+ CrjT |<e neds
~(mHddm|t) kq+ CrjT $|T dVjT
~ ( National Disaster Relief Fund(NDRF))
@sT #j\, ~ 2010 @| 1 qT+&
neT sy\ <++~. n> sh ksTT
|<e dVjT ~(dsYm|t) kq+ sh $|T
dVjT ~(SDRF) @sT #j\ ]+~.
2.4.3 sh ksTT d+d\T

1. sh $|T sVD b~s d+d
( State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) )
$|T sVD #+, 2005 n sc\T, +<

b* b+\ sh $|T sVD b~s d+d
(SDMA)\T, $| T s V D b~ s d + d
(DDMA)\ @sT <++~. >TsY, &eTH
&jT\T $TqV $|T sVD #+ 2005 +< sh
$|T sVD b~s d+d(SDMA)\qT @sT
#XsTT. >TsY sh+ k++> sb+~+#Tq
>TsY sh $|T sVD #+ 2003 +<
mdt&m+mqT @sT #dT>, &eTH &jT $|T
sVD #+ 2005neT seTT+< mdt&m+mqT
sb+~++~.
2. sh ssV $T{
( State Executive Committee(SEC))
$|T sVD #+ dH 20 |s+ |

sh+ sh ssV $T{ (mdtd) @sT
#dTy*. B sh |uT |<q s<] (Cheif
Secretary) n< eVksT. jTq bT eTs
q\T>TsT s |uT XK\ s<sT\T duT\T>
+{sT. $T{ CrjT $<q+, CrjT |D[, sh
164
$|T sVD
|D[ neT\TqT deTqjT |s# & + , |s y+ #&+ e+{

u<\T s]dT+~.
3. sh $|T |d+<q ~(State Disaster Response
Fund (SDRF)):
$|T sVD #+ 2005 dH 48(1) sh
$|T |d+<q ~ @sT M\T*dT+~. B
|s+ | sh+ eT d++~+q |d+<q
~ @sT #dTy*. B sVD +< >V
eT+ XK esZ<sd\qT C #dT+~. sh
$|T |d+<q ~ +< ] d+|T+ dbsdT\
yTs <T\T {sTTksT. j sh |uT\T >&q
10 d+es\ dVjT #s\ #dq ejT+, dV
$|T\ <Ts\+, j sc\ ] d yTT<\>T
n+X\qT |]>Dq rdT 5 d+es\
] d+|T+ <T\qT dbsdT #dT+~.
|dT+ 13e ] d+|T+ dbsdT\ yTs
2010`15 eT< <T d+es\ +< |uT+
n sc\ $|T |d+<q ~ s. 33,580.93
T {sTT++~. +<T s.25,847.93 T +<
|uT y{ >, s. 7,733.00 T sc\ y{.
+< |<X sh $|T |d+<q ~ 2010`15
yTT+ s. 2,811.64 T {sTT+#&+
]+~.
2010`15 eT< d+es\ y> +<|<X
sh $|T |d+<q ~ {sTT+|\T
d+es+
<T\T(s. )
2010`11
508.84
2011`12
534.28
2012`13
560.99
2013`14
589.04
2014`15
618.49
yTT+
2811.64
2.4.4 ksTT d+d\T

1. $|T sVD b~s d+d
+{sT. ]q b+\ &d |t n{qeTdt

&d N|t mL{y yT+sY #sY|sH> +{sT.
@<H |]wY q# < #s |Y s H
&&m +m #s |Y s H> eeV]ksT . $|T sVD
b~s d+d <]{ dz, d|]f+&+{ |t
bdT (mdt|), |<q y<~], sh |uT+
jT$T+q eTs <sT ksTT n~sT\T duT\T>
+{sT. $|T sVD |D[, deTqjT+, neT\T
b~s d+d u< eVdT+~. esZ<s
d\ d+q $<+> $|T sVD #s\T
#|& T T+~. u < |eD\qT |{w + > neT\T #jT &+
d+ @ b++HH sD\qT |]o*+#
n~s+ b~s d+d +T+~. ksTT
|qsyd #s \qT #| & + , $|T |d+~+#&+ e+{
n~s\qT L& n~ * +T+~.
2. yT{b*{H q>s\ d+k> #+
Hu 25 \\ |& q |< |< q>s\
s +&e |]b\H d+dsD\ d+|T + db sdT \T d+q
$<+> d+u sVD (Crisis Management) yTjTsY
| u< eVksT. jTq eTT| s=swH
$TwqsY, bdT $TwqsY dV]ksT. B |uT+
n+^]++~.
3. b~s d+d eT]jTT $T{ eqTeT

sD+
eed <X+ deTd $|T sVD w
nedsyTq $<q eT]jTT esZ<s\ s|\q
CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d (National Disaster Management Authority) b~s d+d> +T+~.
sh b~s d+d\T j sc |uT XK\T,
eT |]~ \ esZ<s\qT C #ksTT.
n< $<+> b~s d+d\T bs |]b\q, |uT
$u>\T, eTTb*{\T e+{ k d+d\T, bdT
$u>+ yTT<\>T y{ sX+ eVksTT. j
b~s d+d\T sb+~+q $<H\ neT\T sh
ssV $T{ u< eVdT+~.
````````````````````````````````````````
( District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)
sh+ | $|T sVD

b~s d+d (&&m +)qT @sT #j \ $|T sVD
#+ dH 25 sk+~. yTd{/ sY/
&|P{ $TwqsY n<]{ #sY|sH> eeV]ksT.
mqT&q k d+d |~ sT #sY|sH>
$eq |_wH
165
MT \Tk?
u~T Xs c {, ~\ +< q e\
# qT>=q& H b s & yTs\T <V<|& sTT.

~\ qT+& e# dq Xu\qT < keT
|>\ e.
es < | u $ b+\ q u~ T \qT
qT>=q& j s&sq T |j ksT .
$|T sVD
3. k sh ksTT d+d\ b
(Role of Local and State level Institutions in DM)
3.1 |]#jT+
3.2.1 CrjT ksTT
$|T\ d+<s+ ~>Teq |s=q s\

$|T deTjT+ deC d+d<+ #jT&+ <s+> +< |uT+ d+~dT+~. n$:
|\T |uT, |uTs d+d\T \ b bwksTT.
1. $|T re
+>sT\ T, bs s <+ , mHmdtmdt y\+{sT , HVA
2. dVjT #s\ |]~
jTTe +< d+|TH L& d+u deTjT+ |<q
3. sh |uT+ #|f dVjT #s\qT y>e++
b bwksTT.
#d+<T ] eqsT\T, s d dVjT+
d+ +< dVs+ nedsyTq|&T.
sTe $TqV n s\ dV y|\ $|T
s
D
sb\qT +<+ deTqjT|]# H&
~>Te e&q b#sY <X+ $$< ksTT
$|T\ sVD >T]+ dwyTq ne>Vq *dT+~. eT+ XK> + eeV s\ eT+ XK
deK |uT eed *q us<X+ +<, sh eeV]dT+~. sTe d++~+q $|T sVD
|uT\T ]wyTq b\T * +{sTT. {, #s \qT +< eekjT eT+XK |]~ eekjT
<X+ CrjT, sh, , du &d ksTT $|T\ eT]jTT dVs XK #|&TT+~. eqe s $|T\
$|T sVD u<
q T y{
\T |]~ e#
sVD dMT b\H jT++>+ +~. dV d+<s+
$|T\T d+u$+q|&T dVjT, sD, |qsyd j eT+ XK\ n|+#&+ ]+~.
T
$|H&
eT+

XK
#s\T #|e\dq b<$T u< d++~ sh e.d $|
/|
eeVs\T
|uT\| +T+~. +< |uT+ ] dVjT+, 1. dV $|T\T +
# \
d dV jT+ n+~+#&+ <s sh |uT |jT \
(sTe $TqV)
(>V eT+XK)
&Tq+~dT+~.
2. s Te
eekj
T
3. $eq |e<\T
bs $eqjq
eTs \ \T
4.eT \s |e<\T
+
5. skjTq $|T\T > \
V eT+
XK
XK
$|>eT
6.>eT j
T\T $|
>V eT+
7. nDT $|T\T
>V eT+ XK
8. eTVe] y<T\T s> T+ d+ e T+
3.2 $|T\qT m sVksT?
3.2.2 sh ksTT
dV $|T\qT m<Tse\dq eX u<
sh |uT\<. +< |uT b u, ] eqsT\
|s+> dVs+ n+~+#& eyT |]$T+. sh
eTTKeT+ < sh |uT |<q s<] sh ksTT
$T{ H+ eVksT. sh+ ]> n dVjT
#s\ $T{ u< eVdT+~. dV $|T\
$eq |_wH
166
$|T sVD
H|< + ]> dV jT, |qsyd #s \ ]|t MTwqsY

H#sY> +{sT. |\T sc\ syqXK s<]
dV jT #s \ |s wq H# > eeV]ksT . sc\
e< +& ]|t eqTe (relief manual) qT sh dV jT
#s \ &(State Relief Code)> |\TksT . $|T |]d T \
sVD sh +{+C |D[ esZ s X q + #dT + ~.
|]b\H esZ dV jT+ n+~+#&+

$|T sVD +<\ duT \ D qT deTqjT+
#jT &+
e& sV+#&+
3.2.5 >eTksTT
>eT $|T sVD |D[ s|\ q ds +#Y

H + >eT $|T sVD $T{ u< eVdT+ ~.
n |uT |D[\T, sb\ neT\T $|T sVD +<\ D n+~+#+<T $$<
b\H jT++>+ +< _+<Te> +T+~. d+d\ deTqjT+ #dT + ~.
ksTT n |uT XK\| deTqjT eT]jTT |s yD
n~s\qT * +& yTd{ / s /Y &|P {
MTwqsY $|T sVD eT]jTT dVjT #s\
|uT+ f $|T sV u< yTT
d++~+q sEy sb\ u< eVksT.
73 eT]jTT 74 sC+> desD\T |+#sTTrsC yjT<q d+> n+<s n+^]+#<. CrjT, sh,
d+d\qT djT+b\H d+d\T (Institutions of self - eT]jTT k ksTT +& $|T sVD $T{\
$$< ksTT b\T|+#TH |\T d+d\ T
government) > >T]+#sTT. eTT+<dT V#] eed, bT <X+
HsTT.
bdT, bs$T\ <\T, +>sT\T,
dV jT |+|D, u~T \ & *+#&+ , y< dV s+
n+~+#&+ yTT<\>T y{ <s $|T \ qT m<Tse&+ ne| <\T, Hwq &{ sY (NCC), jTTeq
k d + d \ T d e Ts e + y T q k< H \T( effective d+| \T, s d$T @C\T, n+srjT, CrjT
y\+ +<\T, |uT , |y T s+>\ |]XeT\T,
instruments)> | #ksTT.
sY/yTd{ H+ s>XK, MT&j yTT<\>T d+d\T d+ |\TksTT $|T
k>T{ bsT<\ XK, |Xd+esXK, { ds|s sVD \b bwksTT.
= d+d\ $<T \qT ~>Teq e&+ ]+~.
b]X< XK, bdT, ne| XK\ n~sT\T,
CrjT, n+srjT d#+ < d+d\ |<T \T yTT<\>T 1. s d$T $|T sVD +<+ (UNDISASTER
y] ksTT sj\T rdTH n~s+ *q MANAGEMENT TEAM (UNDMT))- us<X $u>+
$|T sVD $T{ ne| de\T, bdT,
n s\ n+srjT $|T |d+<q
y<T\T yTT<\>T $|T sVD +<\ dVjT+
sd$T k<sD nd+; jTTmH |dt |sY
rdT+T+~.
]HwH |t VAeTf]jTH m|sY (UN office for Co3.2.4 eT+&\ ksTT
Ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA))qT
u (eT+&\) ksTT ]> n s\ $|T u<Ts*> |{++~. us<X+ $|T d+d<,
sVD sb\ u &e\|tyT +{ |d s /Y \ |XeTq |jT\T, $|T eTT| sVD| |uT
&e\|tyT +{ |d s Y H& n~]> eeV]ksT . u / keTs\qT |+b+~+# n+X\qT neT\T #d |\T
\/eT+&\ ksTT $|T sVD $T{ H& sd$T n+X\ UNDMT b< + eVdT+ ~.
n~] H + eVksT . $T{ k+|T d+ e TXK, jTTmH&m+{ sd$T #+~q m|tmz, mz,
s>XK, >MTD { ds| s b]X< XK, bdT jTTmH&|, jTTmHm|t, &Tm|t d eT]jTT &TV#Y
ne| de\ XK\ n~sT\T, jTTeq d+| \T, z\ qT+& b< + * +T+~. $| T
eT{ <] d+| \T, |uT s d+d\ T, |eTTK d+u$ +q|&T e \d | #ksTT. sd$T
djTsY d{ qT, |C|<T \T yTT<\T>T ysT duT \T> eed <s $|T d+u$+# ||+#+ n <X\
+{sT.
<X ksTT ds, |ueo\, @ue+ L&q
u /eT+&\ $|T sVD $T{ $<T \T :`
$| T s V DqT n+~+# & + , ned s y T q | & T
$|T sVD |D[ s|\
q u /eT+&\ d+~+#&yT jTTmH&m+{ b<$T <X+.
3.2.3 ksTT
3.3. |uT, |uTs d+d\T
$eq |_wH
167
$|T sVD
2. usrjT d <\T:
$|T |d+<q d <\T \ b
bwksTT. |]d bs |]b\H eed #sTT <{q|&T
= | n+X\ eyT d <\T C+
#dT+{sTT. <TssyTq |]dT d+ | #jT>\
keTs +, |d+<q #s \ y>+ , eqsT\T, y{ n+~+#
keTs+ d <\T $|T\T d+u$+q|&T
eTwqT, X<q eT]jTT sD #s\T, s>, y<
ks\T, syD, $<TY, Vs bs ds|s\T, |_
esT , +]+> e+{ neds dVjT $<T
#] b bw+#sTT.
3. Hwq &{ sY
(NATION CADET CORPS (NCC))
Hwq &{ sYqT 1948 ~>Te |s=q

\\ @sT #XsT n$:
jTTe\qT |j
q bsT\T> r]~<&
y] o\+, <s+, d<s+, eTD,
HjT+, <<+, kVd d],
& d ] , ks dy d < + \qT
|+b+~+#&+
d+|T {y
T q , dT T q , j o\Tsq jTTe
L&q eqe eqsT\qT dw+#&+
d <\ bT J$+ n s+>\
HjT |+b+~#&+, y] C de
n+<TuT +#&+.
4. bs sD <+ (CIVIL DEFENCE)
XT <X\T <& #dq|&T |\ bD\qT
+#&+, dT\ *> qc Z+#&+, b]X$T
*b+& =qk> #jT &+ \ +> bss D
<+ | #dT+~. 1962 eT]jTT 1965\ us<X+
m<Ts=q s +&T jTT<\T = >TDbs\T HssTT. B+
neds D sb\ <<+ e]+~. n|{
es dV $|T \ qT m<Tse&+|H +B]+# ysT.
s+&T jTT<\ nq+s+ XT <X\ <& nq+s+
bD\qT, dT\qT s+#*q eXqT >T]+#&+
]+~. u s | u T n ed s d V j T d + d
(Emergency Relief Organization) jTT D $u>+>
1957 @| 29q H>|P sY Hwq d$ &|H J
d+ meTs ]|t f+> d{ (Central
Emergency Relief Training Institute (CERTI)) |]
@sT #XsT. +<T dVjT de\T n+~+#
HjT XD n~sT\ <T HqyTq | D
$eq |_wH
n+~ksT. |dT+ <X y|+> 5,00,000 eT+~ bs

sD e\+{sT HsT.
5. Hwq ddT dyT
(NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME (NSS))
$<sT\qT <X de u>keTT\qT #j\H

] k++ eq|{ qT+& |sT>TH +~.
yTT<{ $< $TwH (1950) d#+< b|~q
$<sT\ CrjT dqqT |yX|{\ dbsdT #d+~.
+< $< eT+XK 1969`70 CrjT dy
|<(National service Scheme) |yX|{+~. B
H<+ NOT ME BUT YOU (HH <T MTsT L&).
e d+ e T+ T< yTT+ > de d+ e T+| <s|&
+T+< H<+ *jTCdT+~. mHmdtmdt V+
]k DsY ds<y\jT+ s<#+ <s+>
sb+~+#&+~. ~ jTTe jTT jo\
(dynamism), |>o\ << V+> \TdT+~.
mHmdtmdt y\+{sT> qy<T #sTT+#Tq $<]
mHmdtmdt eqTe |s+ esTd> s+& \+
d+ 240 >+\T (nq> d+es 120 >+\T)
|j qsy T q ke XeT b\T |+#Ty*. |
mHmdtmdt y\+{sT e< esY& +T+~. < <s
y\+{sT |rsTqT eT~+| #ksT. nTe+{
y\+{sT J\ qT+& mHmdtmdt ddT d]|{qT
n+<TH ns b+<TsT. J | mHmdtmdt
jT{ dMT|+ >e < eTT]y&qT <
rdT=, y{ deT>_e~ w #j*. +<Td+
< rdTq >eT+ < eTT]y& |
se\T sV+#*.
6. HVA jTTe +<\T (NYKS)
us< X k+ sy\qT |sd ]+#T
1972 HVA jTTe +<\qT $w]+#sT. $<sT\T
>MTD jTTeqT C sD sb
u>keTT\qT #jT &+, y] k+ e , H| D\qT
|+b+~+#TH neX+ *+#&eTH \+ Hwq
m& usT dbsdT yTs HVA jTTe +<\qT
@sT #XsT. HVA jTTe +< duT\T y\+{sT>
d+u deTj\ deC &Tq+~+#*. HVA
jTTe+<\T |dT+ +< jTTeq & eT+
XK +< | #k+~. HVA jTTe +<+ nH~ +<
jTTeq eeVs\T &\ eT+ H+ usY
|t >ess# sV+#& ]wsT de+ e+{~.
168
$|T sVD
7. yT>sT (HOME GUARD)

|C+<q\qT, eT \qT jT++#&+
bdT\ dV]+#+<T yT>sTqT d#+<
<+ > yTTyT T<{k ] 1946 &d+sY @sT #XsT.
nq+s+ d#+< bs <+ nH ueqqT nH sc\T
d]+#sTT. 1962 #H usY | jTT< ~q|&T
sc\T, +< b* b+ n|{ q y\+
<\qT s|+ rdTsy\ +<+ d++~.
$<+> +>sT <Xy|+> @s&+~.
+>sT\ $<T\T:
n+ s Z u < q T b& + bd T \
nqT+<+> de\T n+~+#&+
|qT>\T\T, n |e<\T, TbqT, u
+b\T,
eTVe] y<T\T yTT<\>T mTe+{ neds
|]dHH eT{ dVjT+ #jT&+
eds de sVD dVjT|&+
eT keTsk bV+#&+, \Vq esZ\qT
d+s+#&+ b\H eed dV]+#&+
ke, ], d+eT sb bZq&+,
bs sD <+ $<T\qT s]+#&+
3.4 $|T sVD $<

$|T sVD deTsyTq < n+<TuT
+& #d eT+> u>+> $|T sVD >T]+
bsX\ qT+& k+ $< eT]jTT q $< es
|\T sT\qT |yX|&+ ]+~. $|T sVD
d++~+q n <D\qT $<sT\ *jTCd
<X+ sT\qT sb+~+#&+ ]+~. +&jTH
d{ |t f\J (Indian Institute of Technology

(IIT) e+{ <X+ |eTTK $< d+d\T, Hwq
d{ |t &CdsY yTHCyT+{(National Institute
of Disaster Management (NIDM)) \T | \ T | u T
$u>\ #+~q $_q ksTT n~sT\ D
n+~+#&+ <s <X H|D+ *q eqe
eqsT\qT n+~dTHsTT.
n\ us k+ $< eT+&* (All India
Council of Technical Education (AICTE)) +]+>
$|T sVD sT\qT |yX|{+~. ]fsY sT,
nsH b+>, yT& sT\ L& $|T sVD
n+X |yX |& |jT + sT>T+~. +&jT H
n&dwH dddt(Indian Administrative services
(IAS)), +&jTH bdT ddT (Indian Police services
(IPS)), +&jTH bsdT dddt (Indian Forest services
(IFS)) yTT<\>T n\ us ddT\ b+&wH
sT\
$|T sVDqT u>+> #jT&+ ]+~.
2011`12 $< d+es+ qT+& +<|<X
8,9,10 s> T \ bT +&jT { yTT<{ d+es+
sT d+ $|T sVDqT bs |D[ #s&+
]+~. d _ mdt ( Central Board of Secondary
Education) 2003`04 $< d+es+ qT+& esTd>
8, 9, 10 s>T $|T sVDqT d\dt> #]+~.
2005`06 $< d + e s + qT+& 11e s >
kwj\J, C>| du\ $|T sVDqT
u< H +X + > | y X |{ + ~. +~s>+B z|H
jTe]{ bT |D, eT<dT, +<|d yTT<\>T
$X$<\j\T L& $|T sVD| sT\qT
|yX|{sTT.
n+srjT $|T sVD d+d\T ` s\j\T

1. jH msTT& +swq
` CVHsYZ (<D|)
2. n\sYH{
` \+&H
3. djTH &CdsY ]&H d+sY ` u, bH
4. +swq |&swH |t s&dt n+& s&
d+{ kd{dt
` Cy, ds+&
5. +swq kJ |s Y &Cds Y ]&H (mdt& sY)
` Cy, ds+&
6. n+srjT yesD d+d (World Meteorologi-
$eq |_wH
169
cal Organization (WMO))
7.
8.
9.
10.
` Cy, ds+&
+sY>esyT+ bH H yT{ #+C
` Cy
kY djTH &CdsY H&H{esY
` &
+swq dTHMT qswH d+sY ({d)
` H\T\T, nyT]
|d| dTHMT y]+> d+sY (BH n+srjT
dTHMT V#]\ +<+ n L& n+{sT)
` y ;#Y, VysTT, nyT]
$|T sVD
$|T sVD, |XeTq #s\T #|f eT+XK\T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
$|T
u+b\T
es<\T
sTe, e&>, >T <&T\T
ub+
VeT d+b+
]#T
nDT $|T
b]X$T/ skjTq $|T\T
j $|T\T
10. s |e<\T
11. s&T |e<\T
12. $eq |e<\T
13. TbqT/{s&\T/ V]qT
14. dTHMT
$|T sVD #|f eT+XK

>V eT+ XK (yT $Td)
>V eT+ XK (yT $Td)
eekjT dVs eT+ XK
>V eT+ XK
>V eT+ XK
|sesD nM eT+XK
>V eT+ XU/ nDTX
|sesD nM eT+XK
s>, T+ d+eT eT+XU
s eT+XK
s&T syD, CrjT sV<sT\T,
Hjq eT+XK\T
bs $eqjq XK
>V eT+XK
>V eT+XK
H& eT+XK
msYdHdt eT+ XK
\ eqsT\ eT+XK
eekjT, dVs eT+ XK
>qT\ eT+ XK
sD eT+ XK
|sesD nM eT+ XK
nDTX $u>+
|sesD nM eT+ XK
s>, T+ d+eT eT+
XK
s eT+XK
s&T syD, CrjT sV<sT\T
Hjq eT+XK\T
bs $eqjq eT+XK
us yesD XK\T
msYdHdt eT+ XK
CrjT $|T eTT| ~+| y~(NATIONAL b>yT |sY mHVHyT+{ |t meTs

PLATFORM FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION) skH(PEER):
$|T eTT| ~+| d+ | #dTq |uT
d+~ bT bsyT+{]jTqT, yTjTsT, MT&j,
n+srjT d+d\T, |uTs d+d\T, k d+d\
|<T\T, yC, $< d+d\T, ss{ ybs
d+d\ T yTT<\>T y{ y~ MT< rdT=# \ +
+< |uT+ 2013 |e] 26q CrjT $|T eTT|
~+| y~(National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR))qT @sT #d+~. yTTyTT<{ deyX+
q& CrjT $|T sVD d+d(mH&m+)
|<qeT+ eTHVHd+> bs+_+#sT. $|T eTT|
~+| d+ u$wY sb+~+#TH CrjT
s#sD |D[\ ePV sX, s&
e|tqT n+~+#&yT y~ |<q \+.
$eq |_wH
seT+ +< d+ +&dj

T dL]{
bsY(CISF), +&`{u H uss Y bdt(ITBP)\ #+~q
\ D ksT. ysT V<su< dmdtm|t
D +< y T q Crj T b]X$T u <
n&MT(National Industrial Security Academy (NISA)),
VsH uqT q {_| b<$T D
+<+(Basic Training Centre (BTC) D dTHsT.
s+&T +<\qT CrjT ksTT X<q eT]jTT
sD(search and rescue) D +<\T> >T]+#&+
]+~. B bT |sY seT+ +< V <su<
mHmdtm, uqT _{d, eT<|<X f|PsY
_&sY\ _mdtm|t, dsY|m|t d+~ L& D
d T H s T . e T+> Crj T $| T | d +< q
<+ (NDRF) q $T*q bs$T\ <\ d+~
L& d+d f+> eqTHsT.
170
$|T sVD
4. |\ =s, |\ # |D[
(Planning for the people, by the people)
4.2 D |C |D[ beTTK
4.1 eT{ b+>
(Importance of Peoples' Contingency plan)
eT{ |D[ nH~ n<THq |D[

|jT. |D[ |jT eqe, b<] eqsT\qT
> T ] + , d e Ts e + y T q | d +< q eed q T
sb+~dT+ ~. |jT \T, se\T, bC \ neT\T|
sj
\T #jT &+ b++ ed+# k |\qT
jo\+> bZH eT>+ #dT+~.
V#] < $|T d+<s+> bD qw+,
JeHb~, d qc y]+#+<T sT>TbsT>T ysT,
eT{ < |C deTV+ nqTd]+#&
n+^]+q sb\ C_ (a community plan is
a list of activites a neighborhood, community or a group
of people agree to follow to prevent loss of life, livelihoods
and property in case of warning or a disaster) qT eT{
|D[ n+{sT. $|T V#] n+~q y+H <

$|T q|&T @$T #j | s ne>Vq
* +& $<+ > eT{ | s #jT e\dq
| |D[ eTT+<T>H >T]dT+~.
4.1.1 eT{ |D[ nedsyTq$

k< yTq mTe+{ w y T q |T q d++~+#H
|D[ sb+~+#e#T. eT{ |D[ n+<T
$T& +& sb\T (operations) < |jT\
|]~, nqT d+|Tq ]q|&T |u$eTjT
HuqT { esT +T+~. n~ X+ eqe
sb\qT |u$+ #d dV $|T\T <
b]X$T $|T \ >T]+q |D[ n~+ > +{sTT.
$|T\ >TsjT d++~ eT{\ <Ts\
~+#&+, $|T\qT m<Ts=H keTs |+
#jT&yT eT{ |D[ b<$T \+. eT{
<] $|T sVD |D[ s|\q |jT
$|T sVD |\ u>ke eX
n+X+> |]>Dk sT . d+d< <X H eT{ eT>+
#jT &+ e\q neds\ deTjT+ eT{\T eT]+
deTqjT+ eeV]ksTT.
$eq |_wH
+{C |D[ n<T HqyTq , yC s| s y T q

< +|PsY <] qeTH\T +&qeds+ <T.
|D[qT < |jTqT $e]+# b &j>eTT\
| <T. k+ |]Cq+ < n<THq $XwD\T
y{ |\ u>keT+ $T[+ #dq|&T eyT
|j>s+> +{sTT. |\T s\ y|\
nedsyTq D |C |D[ s|\q eT*
de#s+, eTT| n+#H, $ L&q $XwD
d]bsTT.
|D[qT d<+ #jT&+ e |]$TyTq
n+X+ <T. nqTue+, de#s+, $ksyTq H|D\
\sTT |D[ + >DjT+> |sT>TT+~.
n+<Te\ Mq+ eT+~ me eT+~ u>keTT\qT
#j*.
D |D[\T sT>TbsT>T (Neighborhood),
>eT+, u, , sh, CrjT ksTT jsT
#jT&sTT. +<T |uT, |uTs d+d\T
n+{ eT>+ #ksT. D |D[ | +<+
(People centric)> jsT #jT&TT+~. n+<T B
D |C |D[> |\TksT.
|ueo\yTq D |D[ (Contingency Plan)
u>keT |jT <s $_q esZ\T, n s+>\
#+~q |\qT eT>+ #d jsT #jT&TT+~.
eT{ jo\ duT\T |D[qT n_e~
#jT&+ eTTKb bwksT. $|T deTjT+
deTse+yTq deTqjT+ +&+<T M\T> ~>Te
ksTT jsT #dq |D[ | ksTT jsT #dq
y{ nqT>TD+> +& $<+> #&*. $\DyTq
D |D[ (typical contingency Plan) $|T d+d<
d++~+ mesT, m&, m|&T, @$T{, m+<T (WHO,
WHERE, WHEN, WHAT and WHY) nH | X \
de<q+ # $<+> +&*.
171
$|T sVD
4.2.1 D |D[ y{ +&*?
eqe sb\qT, neds\qT |u $+ #d

dV $|T
eTVe] y<T\T &+ < reyTq s>
deTd
b]X$T |e<\T
d+~ eTT|, d+~ U #sTT+#&+,
esD| <& yTT<\>Tq$
bs deC |u$+ #d n+sZ \+
&+
Vs, s eds edTe \ d =s
@s&+
4.2.2 D |D[qT m+<T j sT #j *?
|\T y] q eTT|, y] <Ts\\T,

keTs\ >T]+ |P] ne>Vq * +{sT.
ysT eddTq |<X+| dwyTq ne>Vq
bT $| T d + u $ +q| & T <
m<Tse&+ eT q \T, \Vq\
>T]+ L& |P] ne>Vq * +{sT.
$|T\ ys yTT<{ sk+&sT
ys u~T\T
y] |D[\T mTe+{ |]dHH m<Ts=H
$<+> n+ |ueo\+> +{sTT.
D
|D[ bT |\TesT e\ T, +<\T,
d+d\T sb+~+q ssVD |D[\qT d+
neT\T #j*. #sD d+<s+> HsTq bs\
|D[qT eT]+ yTsT>T|s#Ty*.
4.2.3 D |D[qT m jsT #ksT?

y{ * +T+~?
D |D[ |jT de+ n esZ\
|\T eTT b\T|+#Te& eT+ neX+>H
+&, y~> L& |j>|&TT+~.
|D[ | s @< $<+> b\T|+#T=+{sT.
] n_bj\T $T> y] n_bj\ _q+>
q| { , n$ | D [ s | \ q | j T
| j q]>H +{sTT. n+< ] n_ bj \T
|+#&, d+<V e ], T< n+
yd$yTq |D[ sb+~+#&TT+~. |D[qT
bs+_+#& e < =+<sT e\ deTV+
D |D[ dsTqT yTT<\T|e#T. n_e~
$eq |_wH
|D[ | e beTTK y*. u>[ y|,

y|+, y|+ d+u$+q |<X+ qT+& b++
+& <s+, b++ y| >Ts q re, <Ts\
n+X\T, |jT\T yTT<\>T y{| <s|& |]d
esT +T+~. n+<Te\ D |C |D[
s|\q yTq $<qeT+ ]w+> @B
+&<T.
$\D
yTq eT{ D
|D[ ~>Te |s=q
b<$T #s\qT * +T+~. n$:
1. =* ne>Vq eT]jTT keTsd sD+
2. >eT $|T sVD $T{ @sT
3. eT{ $es\qT d+|]+#&+
4. > $|T\ dMT, $XwD
5. $|T\ +&sY
6. e|+>
7. $|T sVD +<\ m+|
8. $|T sVD +<\ D
9. ]Vs/ e &
1. keTsd sD+ eT]jTT =* ne>Vq
(Rapport Building and Initial Awareness)
djTsY d{qT, >eT+ djT+ dVjT

+<\T, jTY T\T, mqT&q |C |<T\T
eT< keTsk @ss#&+ eT{ D |D[
(Comunity Contingency Plan) j yTT<{ n&T>T.
y] |sD *+, |D[ |jT ysT
eT>eTjT #jT&yT B |<H<X+. k<sD+>
eT{ ksTT |D[\ j >eT ksTT
$<T\T sVdTq |uT d+~, mq |C
|<T \T, d#+ < d+d\ T dV jT+ n+~ksTT. {e\
\+ d+u$+q $|TqT <e\ ]q qc\T,
eTT|qT #]+#& =* b<q y*. #s
bsT\+<s bZH $<+(Participatory Process)>
+&*. eT{ >TsT+#T<>Z $|T |TH~ {e\
\+ s>qsTT, b+ dMT|+ q
b+\ ]q $|T\| #]+#Ty*. $|TqT
m<Tse&+ >+ q k nqTuy \qT #s
@ e+ $d]+#s<T. de#s d]+#& ~
m+ neds+ . <T |] #s > |]d T \qT $Xw + # <X
nse +yT q |jT B eT]+ eTT+<T rdTsy*.
~>Te |s=q |\T s\ $<H\ <s+> ne>Vq
*+# |< T \ <s eT{ u>ke d]+#&+
172
$|T sVD
m+ eTTK+. |\ ne>Vq *+# esZ\T :

Vs+> du\T
k+d sb\T
M~ H{\T
<X/ XeD se\T
bdsT n+{+#&+
ne>VH |#s+ e\ |\ |D[qT
sb+~+#*q neds >T]+# #dT+~.
2. >eT $|T sVD $T{ @sT
(Formation of a Village disaster management
committee (VDMC))
| >eT+q >eT $|T sVD $T{

(Village Disaster management Committee (VDMC))
@sT #j*. < $|T d+d< sb\qT
s+_+#+<T u<Ts\T> #j*. >eT $|T
sVD $T{ k |C |<T\T, n&T>T
ksTT |#d |uT <>T\T, mHz\T, d;z\T,
jTTeq T\T, k eTV d$TT\ duT \T +&*.
djTsY d{qT L& $T{ u>+> +&*. $|T
sVD |D[ j eT{ dMT]+# u< qT
$&m+d HjT&T rdTy*.
3. eT{ $es\qT d+|]+#&+
(Outlining the profile of the community)
+<T +~ y{ d++~+q de#s dsD

+T+~.
Hu
k eqsT\T ( H|D+ *q eqeX, s>
ss\ T, eJ d \T yTT<\>T eqe eqsT\T,
|&e\T, qssT yTT<\>TqTe+{ b<]
eqsT\T n+{ $es\T)
b+ + > V \ sD d s [ (sY d d ,
|+{\T, |P]>T&d\T yTT<\>T y{ $es\T)
$eq |_wH
|+\T, eT\ $es\T

4. > $|T\ dMT eT]jTT $XwD
$|T\qT y{ e <s+> b<q
eT+ neTs&+, qc\qT n+#H yjT&+ #j*.
>eT+ eje<T\ dVjT+ $es\qT
dMT]+#*. |\T s\ $|T\ d+<s+> y{*q
qc\qT, y{e\ HsTq >TDbs\qT >eTdT\T
$Xw+#Ty*. M{+{ eT~+| <s+> eT{
duT\ #s\qT n|+#*.
5. $|T\ +&sY (seasonality Calendar for
Disasters)
$$< | y | \ d + +~ + q
>qTuy\qT $Xw+# deTjT+ $|T d+u$+q
\+ <s+> j eT{\T sTTe\ y
+&sYqT jsT #j*.
6. e|+> dsT
(Mapping Exercise)
>eT ksTT $|T sVD |D[qT jsT

#d sb\ d++~+ n+ eTTKyTq y{
>e d++~+q eTT|, <Ts\\T, keTs\
e|qT jsT #jT&+ L& {. ~ n&T>T
ksTT de#s dsD <V<|& n+ dT\Tyq,
ejT |u$ (Cost effective) k<q+ e+{~. B
u>keT >MTD eT~+| (Participatory Rural Appraisal
T <s j sT #jT e#T. e|+> ds T
(PRA)) ds
|D[ |jT dyTq (Pictorial) <s
n+~dT+~.
*+> , \, s u < \+{ _ q +>
eT{ n+<] eT>+ #dT + ~. k+> \_+#
s, b&sT yTT<\>T y{ |j + $_q n+X\T,
dN\ d++~+q e|\T ^d $<+ > >eTdT\ qT,
eT{ duT\qT bV+#*.
173
$|T sVD
7. $|T sVD +<\ m+|

(Selection of Disaster Management Teams (DMTs))
|]d $Xw + , eqsT\ d++~+q e|qT

jsT #dq sTy mTe+{ d+u+ |]d
m<Tse&H nedsyTq |d+<q se
sV+#+<T >eT+/ysT/ q>s\ qT+& $|T
sVD +<\T/ {dTbsT\qT @sT #j*.
$|T sVD +<\ m+|
$|T sVD +<\ d#+<+> eTT+<T
e#, #TsTq d, |sTw\qT duT\T> m+#Ty*.
$|T sVD +<\T/ {dTbsT y< T \T, qsT\T,
ne| d+~, eJ d d+~, bdT\T,
>, k{/ mHdd / mHmdtmdt H|< + q jTTe\T,
bs sD < d+~, eTV d$T duT\T e+{
nqTue Eq , H| D+ *q y] L& u>keTT\qT
#j*. 400 qT+& 500 T+u\T *q
jT{ 25 eT+~ duT\T q $|T sVD $T{/
{dTbsT +&+ eT+. b++/ eT{
|<<sTTqsTT, < nqT>TD+> +<\ d+KqT
|+#e#T. $|Tq eTT+<T/ $|T deTjT+
s]+#e\dq u<\qT m+| #dq {dTbsT\
{sTT+#&+, s]+#&+ m+ neds+.
$|T sVD +< +&e\dq $_q
sq {dTbsT\T:
1. eTT+<dT V#] +<+ (Early Warning Team).
2. |<eT +<+
3. sD #s\T, U #sTT+# +<+ (Rescue and
Evacuation Team)
4. w\ s Y s V D +< + , d V j T # s \
+<+(Relief Team)
5. sT, b]X< +<+, s\qT =\+#
+<+
6. {e *+> (Trauma Counseling) +<+,
7. qc eT~+| #d (Damage Assessment) +<+.
$eq |_wH
8. $|T sVD +<\ D

$|T d+<s+ eT n|+#&q ]w
n+X\qT deTse ++> sV+#+<T m+| #jT &q
$|T sVD duT\T, ]wyTq H|D\ dTT
+&*. D nedsyTq $|T sVD $T{\T
1. |<eT +<+
2. sD eT]jTT U #sTT+# +<+
3. sT eT]jTT b]X<+
4. {e *+>
9. ]Vs/ e &
| $|T |]d d++~+q &/ ]Vs
sV+#&+ m+ eTTK+. $|T d+d< |D[
e & dMT u>+. n~ eT{ n|eT+ >
+#TT+~. & nH$ b<$T+> |D[ |s+
sV+# esTd #s \ eT]jTT y{ eTT+<T>H |\
*jTCd, &MT ds T > sVksT . M{ |\TesT
k<q #d, eT{ $|T |]d m<Ts=H+<T
d<+> +T+~. e&qT k<sD+> yde $|T
|]d <w |T #ksT. TbqT < es<\T
e# b+\ &qT d+es s+&TksT
sV+#*. &qT TbqT, es<\T e# dq
eTT+<T, s+&e < sT H\\ sTy sV+#*.
$|T sVD D |C |D[\T e\+
\ |]$T+ L&<T. |D[ {dTbsT
duT\, b++ ed+# T+u\T/ e\
u<\qT >TsT #d +&*. \+ >&#=B
b+ + | \ T es T \T, n_ e ~ | q T\T #T
#dT+{sTT. {, | sT H\\ < d+
d+es k] C de#s+ |D[qT C
|s#&+ m+ neds+. eT{ # jsT #jT&
e]+> |D[ b++ n_e~ \+> +&*.
n++& eT{ jsT #dq |D[
b+ d++~+q u/ n_e~ |D[\
nqT>TD+> +&+ L& m+ eTTK+.
174
$|T sVD
5. |ejT eTwH eed\T

(Alternative Communication Systems during Disasters)
5.1 |]#jT+
5.1.1 $|T |]dT f* eTwH

H{esY n+sjT+ \>& sD+
@< H u $| T < n ed s | ] d
@s & q | & T e T w H d + +< \ | P ] >
n+sjT+ \T>TT+~. {, $|T < neds
d e Tj u~ T q | \ > T d V s +
n+~+#+<T |uT <]{\ eT< $$< ksTT
|P]> |#d eTwH d++<\T +&+ m+
neds+. |< mTq dV $|T\T/ neds |]dT\T
@s&q|&T |ejT eTwH eed\
nedsy T q |\T s\ b<$ T f*eTwH ks\T
HsTT. y{ bT X{{ <] eTwH
eed\ bT neds eTwH eed\T L&
n+<TuT HsTT.
u+|+, #y+ (TbqT), es<\T, ub+

(landslide) e+{ u dV $|T\T d+u$+q|&T
<Ts< we XT ys ,Y ys Y d t (yTTu ) f*bqT e+{ s >T\sY
f* eTwH edT \T re+> <, | #jT +&
bsTT. T, d\T\sY {H$TwH esT <q&+
< f*bH m+C\T eT]jTT d\T\sY {H$TwH
esT | #jT& nedsyTq $<TY ds|s
n+sjT+ \>&+ sD+> sT>TT+~.
bdT\T, bs n~sT\ ysYdt s&j eTwH
H{esY L& <q {H$TwH es sD+> |
#jT+& bT+~. Te+{ neds |]dT
eTwH {| k<sD keTs $T+bsTT,
H{esY sB (Congestion) <]rdT+~. es H{esY
|P]> $|\eTeT+~.
f* eTwH d++<\T eTq J$+

\ u>+> essTT. eTwH n+ b#Ts+
b+~q~ |_ ysY f*bH. B |_ d#Y f*bH
H{esY (Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN))
n n+{sT. ~ eTq+ e{& e\qT, b\qT,
&{qT |dsD #jT&+ eT]jTT d]+#&+ <s n
|uT, |yT s\j\T, bdTdwqT, ne|
+<\T, dT\T, n~ X+ , ybs d+d\ qT
nqTd+<q+ #d b<$T H{esT. {e\ \+
yTTu (d\\sY) bq e+{ ysYdt bq y&+ L&
u> $dyT+~.
5.1.2 |ejT eTwH eed\T

nedse?
k<sD+>, deT+> |#d |mdt{mdt eed

< nqTd+<q+ #jT&q bq deTjT+
5% +f me bqT | #jT+& sb+~+#&
+T+~. nsTT, d+u deTjT+ | s, |
] e{& |jTdT+{sT. n+<Te\ {|
# n~+> +&, H{esY d+_+bT+~.
$eq |_wH
@< H u $| T < n ed s | ] d
q|&T u~Tq |\ dVjT+ #d+<T
b+\ $$< ksTT |<q n~sT\,
e\+{s eTwH *+\T m+H nedse TesTT.
X<q eT]jTT sD #s\T, dVjT #s\T, |
d+<q #s\ >T]+ sh |uT n~sT\T, k
b\H eed, d#+< d+d\T, u~Tq |\
*jTCjT& |ejT eTwH *+\T
Te+{ |]d T | +& nedse TesTT. $|T \
s D +> re+> | u $ y T q = b+\T
||+#+ s b+\ |P]> d++<\T
sTT. nTe+{ |]dT $|T |u$ |\
neds neds\ >T]+ u< *q |uT
n~sT\, d#+< d+d\, dMT|+ q s
b+\ |\ mTe+{ de#s+ +&<T. ~
eT]+ bD qc , | X d + | < , d qc
<]rjTe#T.
175
$|T sVD
5.2 meTs eTwH |<T\T

( Modes for
Emergency Communication)
5.2.1 s&j eTwH

k<sD f*bH eT]jTT yTTu bH H{esY
n+sjT+ *q < nTe+{ de\T $|T
|u$ b++ qT+& dMT|+ q < dT<s
b+\ y q Ty + H d e #s + n+~+# &
|ejT eTwH esZ\qT @sT #dTe&+
m+ neds+ . $|T sVD #s \T #| & b+
|]$TeTe ysYdt s&j eTwH H{esYqT
@sT #jT&+ B yTTyTT<{ dwyTq m+|
>\<T. mTe+{ ysYdt eTwH *+ nsTTH
ueT (terrestrial) < X{{ eed\ qT |j +#TH
s&j s+>\ (radio waves) | <s|&*+<.
s & j s + > + @+{ H ( antenna) <s
y| + | C j T & $< T < j T k+ s + > +
(electromagenetic wave). s&j s+>\T $_qyTq
eT\ (frequencies) qT * +{sTT. s &j ]desYqT
]wyTq e +> #jT&+ <s <
d++~+q ]wy T q d> qT n+<Te#T. u $|T \
e+{ neds |]dT # $T& ysYdt dT (y
{\T) n+ nqTyq$> |]>D+#&sTT.
5.2.3 X{{ <] eTwq eed\T

( Satellite Based Communications Systems)
5.2.2 nyT#sY (VyT) s&j

( Amateur
(Ham) Radio)
|qT $|T\T/ neds |]dT\ d+<s\

eTs s eTwH eed\ T | #jT q|&T nyT#sY
s&j\T $jTe++> | #kjT |\T nqTuy\T
*jTCdTHsTT. VyT s&j> L& |\Te&
nyT#sY s&j n+f n<= |yTq s&j n
ns+ <T. ~ n+srjT f*eTwH jTjTH
( International Telecommunications union (ITU) )
s+q $<+> = ]wyTq eT\ neT\jT
| +< q \ < s + > | # d T + ~. B
us< X + eTwq eT+XK ys Y d t b+>
]HwH $+> jT+dT+~. eT\qT
| ] X< q , $< eT]j T T e > | j H\
$j+#TH+<T eyT +<q \T nqTeTksTT.
nyT#sY nH |<+ s&j eTwHqT yDCs
|jH\ |j+#& *jTCdT+~.
nyT#sY s&j sVDqT H\| +& eT*
edT \ neds+ <T . u\T < qss kjT+
$eq |_wH
=~b{ $<TY ks\T +f #\T. neds |]d T

$j T e+ + > | # d T + ~. ny T # sY s & j
us< X + dH n\yT (creative hobby)>
b#Ts+ b+~+~. |dT+ us<X+ dTesT
15,000 eT+~ dqT&T nyT#sY s&j |ssT
(Hams) HsT. s&j eTwq >T]+ me
HsTe& nyT#sY s&j sT>T esZ+. <
>T]+ me> HsTe&yT +& neds
deTjT+ dVjT|&{ L& |j>|&TT+~.
dqT& nyT#sY s&j |ssqT nyT#sT <
VyT (Amateurs or Hams) n+{sT. neds |]d
|uT \T nyT#s qT+& meTs eTwH dbsTq T
ksTT. n>, yT#sT L& meTs skqT
yTHs eT< \yTq eTwqT @sT #d+<T
d#+<+> eTT+<T eksT. 1999 ]k d|sY
dqT, 2001 H{ >TsY u+|+ d+<s+ ysT
d#+<+> de\T n+~+#sT. <X+ nyT#sY
s&j b#Ts+ *+#&+, dTTq dqT&T
nyT#s < n_e~ #d w u>+> qswH
f\J $u>+ <X+ |\T b+\ nyT#sY
s&j dwqqT @sT #d, d *q nyT#sY
dwH |ss nedsyTq D #+<T <X
y| se ls+ #T{+~.
e T w H eed \ qT u $T| +&

$j><sT\ <+q|{, = |]s\T
n+]+ nq> X{| +& eed\qT X{{
<] eTwH eed\T n+{sT. _q sq
X{T yesD \qT rjT&+, u$T|
s U+X\T, n+X\ <s+> ds q kH\qT qT>=q&+
e+{ $_q s\ $<T\qT s]dT+{sTT. nsTT,
eTwH X{T n+]+ s&j |ks
+<\T> +{sTT. y{ yTX{ (COMSAT) n
L& |\TksT. X{{ f*bH f]qqT X{bH
(SATPHONE) n n+{sT.
eTwH X{{ jTT n+ eTTKyTq
\D + {Hb+&sY (transponder). e (frequency)
e< d+uwDqT d]+q s&j, sTy <
$|]+ (amplifies) eTs= e MT< u$T
|q'|dsD #dT+~.
k< s D +> X{ { e+< \ , y \
176
$|T sVD
{Hb+&sqT * +T+~. &{, f*$H, yTC,

= f * b H {H $Tw q T e T w H X{
{Hb+&s <s d]+#&, ] |ks+ (re broadcasted) #jT&sTT.
f* eTwH, f*$H |ks\T, yesD+
eT]jTT $|T V#]\ d+ +&jT H Hwq X{{
(India National satellite) dV us n+] eed\ T,
eqsT\ |syD eT]jTT sVD d+ usrjT
]y{d+> X{{ (Indian Remote sensing satellite
(IRS)) | #dTHsTT.
eTwH X{ T n+]+ +&, u $T|
d+u$ +# dV $|T \ >T]e. # q, bs T,
* q keT X{{ @+fH\qT @sT #dT e&+
<s ||+# y| eTwqT @ss#Te#T.
n+<Te\ X{{ <] eTwH eed\ T n+
<s|&<>Z$> #|e#T.
$|T sVD X{{ bH nH X{{
eTwH eedqT n+ $ks+> $jksT.
X{ { b q X{ { f * b H m + C >
eeV]dT+~. bqT n+ $XdjT ysTTdt
&{ eTwHqT *+#&yT +&, #
$T&bjT $<+ > +&, m& H s* +#& M\T>
+{sTT.
us |uT + VQ $|T \ eTT| q \T/
sc\ $|T / neds |]d T \ sV\ bs T
X{{ bqqT n+~k+~. <s |<q eTwH
qT $|\yTq|&T k, sh ksTT b\H eed\
eT< dsq eTwH +&+<T @sT #k+~.
s&j eTwqT eT]jTT X{{ <]
eTwH eed\T n+ $XdjTyTqy ,
$ks+ > $j+#&TTHsTT. +&j s &j ,
<s<sH, |dt dt |t +&j (Press Trust of India)
L& de#s d]+, |ks+ #jT&+ \
b bwdTHsTT.
(IRNSS) 1A ) $|T sVD m+>H &&qT+~.
neds |]d T , ]d |s wq |j >|& + <T

X{{ eed <s <Xy|+> VH
q+sYqT @sT #jTe#T. s&T |e<\ u~T\qT
< T H + < T n ed s | d +< q
eed( emergency response system)qT @sT
#jTe#T.
5.3 u s | u T b< $ T
eTwH H{esT\T
mHd (NIC) : f*eTwH s+>+ Hwq
Hbs{ d+sY (National Informatics Centre (NIC)
us |uT+ b<$T dH n+& f\J d+d>
eeV]dT+~. ~ NICNET> |\Te& <Xy|
de#s eT]jTT eTwH f\J (ICT) H{esY
<s | #dT+~.
_mdtmHm (BSNL): us |uT f*bH
|swq $u>+ 2000 nsY 1q usY d+#sY >yT
*$Tf& (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)) nH
s=swH> e]+~. H&T _mdtmHm |<qyTq
eTwH +|> +&+ bT us<X+
n|< |uT s+> d+d> m~+~. 5000 |D\
35 $T*jTq |> f*bH Hq 45 $T*jTq
| > q q T * +~. f * + de\ HD q T
yTsT>T|s#&+, f*+ H{esYqT $d]+#&+, n
>e\ = f*+ de\qT |yX|&+, q
$j><sT\ $Xk |+b+~+ #&+ B
u<\ =.
5.4 $|T sVD` ke

yudT
$|T sVD >>T, |dtT, {sY e+{

ke yudT L& eT e+Tb bwdTHsTT.
e] bH d+u$+q dTHMT nq+s+
$|T sVD &&qTq sYmHmdtmdt`1m 2011
>>T dsY +H >>T |_ n\sY nH HH
us n+] |]X<H d+d(k) 2013 p ddTqT bs+_++~. 2013 d|+sY {sY
1q $jTe++> |j+q us<X yTTyTT<{ ke yu d{ neds |]d T , $|T q
H$> wH X{{ nsTTq +&jT H q H$> wH X{{ y] <TH+<T, deC n|eT+ #d+<T n\sY
ddyT`1m(Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ddyTqT |yX|{+~.
$eq |_wH
177
$|T sVD
6. new H|D\T
(Survival Skills)
6.1 |]#jT+
keTs+, |ueX*+| <s|& me bD\T

b&&sTT.
1999 eq ]k d|sY dqT $|T

sVD d++~+ nH >TDbs\T H]+~. ]kqT
#y+ q|&T |eT ]k b++ n|{ sT e
>T|{ +~. d|sY dqT nsY 29q >+ 270
qT+& 300 MTs yjTTy>+ bsB|t rs+ e<
rs +~. d|sY dqT, < eTT+<T nsY
17`18 B\ eq eTs TbqT s+& \d 19
$T*jTq |> |\| |ue+ #|+~. n+<T 35
\\ eT+~ |\\T HsT. 14 128 u\|
TbqT |u e+ |&+ ~. |< mTq X<q , dV jT #s \T
#|& eqe eqsT\T u> nedseTjsTT.
s\qT <V q+ #jT &+, |qsyd #s \T #| & +
mHdd, d$, &|H \ b bw+#sTT.
6.2.1 X<q, s #s\ s#q+
6.2 X<q , dV jT #s \ H| D\T

(Search and Rescue Skills)
$|T m|&T, m& d+u$+H < yTT<

d+~+, dVjT #s\T k ksTT sT>TbsT>T
ysT, e\H yTT<\esTT. H|D *q eqe
eqsT\T +& u~T\qT $|T qT+& s+#&+
k\ ujT+syTq n+X+. $|T\T < neds
|]dT\T k<sD J$ n+sjT+ *ksTT.
y|\T d+u$+#+& n&TeTT. , d+d<
(Preparedness) J$, eTsD eT< n&T>&>
\TdT+~.
n~ < T s \ + (highly vulnerable) * q
b+\ eddTq |\T s+s+ e# $|T\qT
eT #Ts+, d+ Cq+, d+ H| D\T, eT{
eqsT\ dVjT+ m<Ts=+THsT. Xu\T> |
|b T J$+#>\T>TTHsT.
$|T nq+s |]d (post disaster scenario)
X<q, s #s\T (Search and Rescue) m\|&
\ b bwksTT. X<q, s #s\ +<+ \+,
$eq |_wH
(Defining search and Rescue)
m& bD eTT| +T+<, n& n+

nqqTL\ |]dT d+ bD\qT b&+<T
VsjT |+> D b+~q e < e\
deTV+ sV+# k+ #sqT X<q eT]jTT
s #s\T> s+#e#T (Search and rescue is a
technical activity rendered an individual or a group of
specially trained personnel , who rescue and attend to the
casualties under adverse conditions, where life is at
threat).
X<q , s #s \T eT{ kV dV s+,

{yT <<+ sV+|&sTT. X<q, s
sb\qT s+&T $<\T> #|&sT.
1. eT{jT k s #s\ +<+> |
#jT&+ (Community as Local Rescuers): @<H
$|T d+u$+q DyT dsq u< #s\
eT{ >T s #s\T #|&TT+~.
2. e T{ y \ T| * eqs T \ <s (Outside
community Resources): |]d >+;s+> +&,
k s #s \ duT \ q H| D\T, keT
q|&T eT{ y\T|\ qT+& |
dVs+ nedseTeT+~.
6.2.2 X<q, s #s\ +<+ |<q \\T
178
L*q ueH\ ~\ < #y TbqT

n\& bsTTq y] b&+
bsTTq y] |<eT n+~+,
y< d+ |+|+#&+.
L*bjT $<+> q < |e<+ q
ueH\qT *+> b&{ nedsyTq
D #s\T rdTe&+
$|T sVD
#bsTTq y] eT<V\qT ]e #d y{
|]d eT~+| #dq sTy, ~>Teq |s=q
|+|+ yjT&+
= ]w n+X\ <s+> ]d {yT sD #s\T
eT{ |\qT s+#& k eqsT\qT #|& nedsyTq dsq |D[qT d<+ #dTH
m |j+#Ty\H <| D , d +T+~.
m. eqe X
|<]+#&+ <s ne>Vq *+#&+
_. keT
d. $<q+
6.2.3 X<q s #s\ +<+ LsT

(Team Composition)
CsTTr, uy<>+ * e|s+> sT>T

H| D+ *, eT+ Xs <sT& +, |<s H keTs +,
neds |]dT | #jT& d+d<+> +& d,
|sTw y\+ ]d +< @sT #jT e#T.18
d+es\ |& ejTdT, k uw #~$,
sjT>*q d $< q d |sTw y\+{sT X<q,
s #s\ +<+ u>+> +&e#T. eJ d
d+~ b<q y*.
6.2.4 X<q,s #s\ +<+ duT <T\T

(Duties of Rescuer)
yTT<{> b+ eT~+| #j*. <s

deTse+yTq s #s\T n+~+#& deTj
b<T| #dT e#T. qw |]~, qw+ ]q b++ jTT
<<+, qw+ $es\T, + @<H qw+ d+u$+#
neX+ +<? nq de#s d]+#&+ m+
eTTK+. b++ eddTq k HjT\T <
|\T |q |s=q de#s |P]> e>\T>TsT.
de#s d]+# |&T eT&T \ d\qT
b{+#*. n$ :
1. |]o*+#T(Look): |Tq\qT u+> M+,
rD+> F #j*.
2. $qT(Listen) : eT{, |uT ]sT\T, |
<H\T yTT<\>T n eqsT\ qT+& de#s
>V+, $H*.
3. >V +#T(Feel): ydy >V +, |e<\ jTT
re, < |d+~+#+<T eTq q k+
keTs n+#H ydTy*.
6.2.5 |D[
s #s\T (Rescue) #|&+ nH~ >]w
|d+<q #s d+ duT\ eT< deTqjT+, |D[
nedsyTq keTV |jT+ (Rescue is a team
effort that needs coordination and planning amongst the
members for an optimum response opertation).
$eq |_wH
m. eqeX: s #s\T #|f duT\T (Rescuers)

n+<TuT q H|D *q eqeX
|j+#Te#T. nedsyT k eT{
dVjT L& rdTe#T.
_. keT : u~T\qT s+#+<T , #q\T,
y<T sT s\T, d# sT, |&e \T yTT<\>Tq$ +
neds+. = d+<s\ keT \u+
be#T. { sD #s\T #|f duT\T
us, qT, T\T e+{ k+> \u eTjT
eqsT\qT |j+#Ty*.
d. $<q+ : u~T\qT s+#+<T |jTTyTq
|\T s $<H\T +{sTT. {, |e<
due+, >j\ due+, |e< @ d
qT>=q&+ ]+~ nq n+X\| <s|& ds q
$<H s]+#Ty*.
X< +<+ duT(Rescuer) e< +&e\dq$
1. V{
2. {]T
3. >yT T
4. |t CT
5. $
X< +<+ e< +&e\dq$
1. &T
2. #q
3. |(Pully)
4. q q ]+# keT
5. usY
6. dT
7. d#sY
6.2.6 eTT+<T C> #s\T

$|T e\q <+dyTq ueq+ qT+& e
s+, b& eTT+<T = eTT+<T C> #s\T
179
$|T sVD
rdTe\dq neds+ +T+~.

nedsyT eT Xd n+~+, s+ s+&
T{*.
ueq+ |y+#& eTT+<T
u e q sD, L *bsTTq u >\qT #jTL&$
|]o*+#*.
$djT+ #+<s<T
dsq de#s+ +& sD #s\T #|s<T.
>&\ @<H dbsT nedsy #&*.
~\ qT+& \|qT $#DsV+> jT
\V q+> +& sD\ e\ d + u $ +#
>T+s<T. n >&+ e\ eT]+ $<+d+
|e<\ qT+& C>> +&*.
s>e#T.
<q ueq+ |y+q sTy
e D |e<+ +f $TqV >jT|&q
V{qT <]+#*.
e nC>> s*+#s<T.
+> | #j
*. m|& +]> y L &<T .
eT]+> >j\T njT $<+> < nqqTL\
@yH Xu\T edTHj $H*
|]dT\ >TsjT $<+> eeV]+#s<T.
|\Td +&*.
+> nedsy
T | ~\T < |L*q
sD\
MT<
T
>
ys<T.
<q >&\qT, _>TdTbsTTq \T|\qT
$<TY ysqT s<T.
&+ < ~*+#&+ #jTs<T.
u< #s\qT \+|T+#s<T.
>&\ qT+& jT|&q r>\+{ s+T
|eVdTq ysT>H |]>D+#*.
<q ueq+ d+#]dTq|&T
mHd |& j
_{ |<e T qT |e<+
mTe+{ | y*+#s<T.
]q DyT < Z+#& +&, eT]+ V
>&\ <>Zs> +&*.
s > +& rd T H # s (measures to be taken
| <* C>> +&*.
immediately after an accident not with an idea to cure but
L*bsTTq u>\ qT+& < jT >s<T. in order to prevent further harm being done)> |s=+~.
6.2.7 X<q, sD |swq d+<s+> |<eT >jT+ *q < kT> T |&q
u~T eT]+ <TH y<+ n+<& eTT+<T
#jT<q$
|e<+ ]q # \_+# eqe, b<] eqsT\qT
|X++> +&*.
|j+#T =* d+sD n+~dT+~.
s #s\ eTT+<T rD eT~+| #j*.
|<eT +& eT&T |<q \\T
<q n+dT
k< yTq yTs >&\ <>sZ >
1. J$ s+#&+(To preserve life)
+&*.
2. u~T |]d eT]+ ~>Cs +& s~+#&+
~\qT =\+# eTT+<T >]w u< #s\T
(To prevent the Victim's condition from worsening)
rdTy*.
3. dd #L], ] \Te& bV+#&+
| < e T n+~+, >j \qT | ] o*+
(To promote recovery)
deT+> Xd rdTH $<+> #j*.
@<H #jT& eTT+<T D+ +#+&.
n
ed
s deTjT+ MTsT #dTq~ dsq #s n
|w+TqT <T|{ < {s*H yTT<\>T y{
| +, eT] >j\T +& b&*. u$+q |+ n> #jT+&. |+ Vs>
>j T | & q y] s * +# | & T | < T H q eeV]+#+&. dV]+#eT sT\qT s& @
e+ d++#+&.
edTe\qT # C>> |j+#*.
<TdT\qT e<T\T #d, |w+TqT +< |sT+&u{, 6.3.1 |<eT \\T
y#> +& $<+> #j*.
1. Xs+ jTT eTTK $<T\T =qk> #jT&+,
6.3 |<eT
$eq |_wH
180
$|T sVD
|e< u~TD |]o*+, \TH #jT&+

u~T&T d+~+# d H&
& \ Td T H + < T
~|, |* #&*.
qT {sT> +#*
\qT
yq
e+#*
\qT yq e+ |{*
\T |
b*
# #+||
+&
#j*
b< H\| H
$<+> +#*
#r <* +< <

#&*
u~TD MT
y|q
|y*
\qT |T=
+&*
\qT yq
y* +#*
u~T&T Xd
rdTH #j*
2. eT] >j\T +& < s>+ eT]+

dd #Ls&+, b<$T J$ <s|
D+#+& b&+.
m_d(yjTT esZ+)(Airway), Xd (Breathing),
3. u~T |qsTJe+ e&+, k< yTq + s>
s |dsD(Circulation)\ m\|& =*
\TH $<+> #jT&+.
b<q y*jT.
yjTT esZ+(Airway)H L&q >* 6.3.2 s#sD |D[
Xs+ |y+# $<+> s#T +&*.
u~T bD eTT| *> |]dT\T @yTH
Xd (Breathing) H }|]T\ >T+& Hj? eT]jTT D |<e T @yTH nedse ?
s |yV+ *d $<+> s>*.
n eT~+| #dTe&+ |<eT n+~+# y]
>T+& HqT ydT s |d]+|Cj*. s#sD |D[ \ b bwdT+~. |<eT
$eq |_wH
181
$|T sVD
eTT+<T |]o*+#*q$.....
|<eT { +&e\dq$
'DRABC'
nq> |e<+ (DANGER)

MT, sT\, u~T\ @<H |e<+
+<y >eT+#*.
R nq> |d+<q (RESPONSE)
u~T&T d V H&?
u~T&T n#q+> H&? n |]o*+#*.
A nq> yjTTH+ (AIRWAY)
yjTTH+ Xu+> +<?
yjTTH+ s# T +<? <? |]o*+#*.
B nq> Xd (BREATHING)
# m>d|&TT+<? <?
u~T Xd MT #+|\ >T\TT+<? <?
|]o*+#*.
C nq> s|dsD(CIRCULATION)
u~T H& n+<TT+<? <?
J$+ qT dwyTq d++ n+<TT+<?
<? |]o*+#*.
<~
n+# f| ( n<d y f| )
|t u+&J
ds &d+ >
j+>T\sY u+&C
<sMTsY
s
>y
dT
H=| ysD e\T
j+{d&
zsYmdt bT
6.3.3 eT]\&+ < d V e&+

yT<&T ]> #s\ @<H ++ \>&+
=~ d| d V e& y T eT] \ & + . d V
e& nH s D \T +{sTT. n+< T
k<sDyTq$, eT]\&+, \ >jT+ e&+,
n|ks d y&+, k $w |j>+ s>&+,
&ju{dt, H =s sD+> |]dT\T.
MTsT eT]*q e #dq |+...
dV sTTq e |<eT
sTdTH&?
\ yq e+, #T\qT
<T\TTH&? <
Xs \+D+ +&
\TdTH+<T * #&*
#j*.
u~T d qy<T #dTy*

>jyTH Hj |]o*+#*.
dV |be& sD\T
|]o*+#*.
$eq |_wH
182
$|T sVD
#jT e\dq$:
e +< |&b+& |Ty*.
e sTdTH&? <T\TTH&? n
\TdTH+<T * #&*.
>j\T +f |]o*+#*. d V | be&
sD\qT |]o*+#*.
\qT yq e+, #T \qT Xs \+D+
+& #j*.
qT 8 qT+& 12 n+>T\ | b*. Be\
yT<&T s |yV+ |sT>TT+~.
_>TT <TdT\T +f, y{ e<T\T #j*.
jT #\> +f, u~T Xs+> y#>
+& #j*.
u~T d ]sT #j*.
#jTL&$
|w+T q&, >& @MT eL&<T.
eT]*q e |P]> d V e# es |
ejTs<T.
b++ y#> +f, u~T #T H
>T$TL&< jTs<T.
6.3.4 *q >j\T
b& w+ &+ e\q #s *> qwyT
\&+, |, n \\T, { $], y& <y\T, y&
V\T, $<TY < skjTH\T y{e\HH *q
>j\T e#T.
*q >j\ re eT&T s\T> +T+~
1. yTT<{ &^ (|]u>+): e\+ #s| | bsqT
eyT sTT. #s+ msu], b&>
+T+~. *q >jT+ H=|> +T+~. *q
u>+ e#T. *q >j n~ X+
yTT<{ &^H +{sTT.
2. s+&e &^ (b+ ` eT+<+): #s| uVbs,
|* bs s+& <+{sTT. *q u>+
msu], u\T e, sd ], #s+ &>
+T+~. Te+{ >j\T u> H=|> +&,
*q u>+ TT+~.
3. eT&e &^ (|P]> re+) : +&s\T, meTT\T,
s |\\T, H&T\ dV #s+ s+&T
bs\qT $<+d+ #ksTT. >j\T ><TeT
s + > T | k s TT. =ks T | \ q
DC\T ]bsTT \> |ksTT.
*q >j\ |<eT
*q >jT+ e< 10
$Tc\T #\s#*
MTsT |e<+ +& u~TD

eT+ qT+& C>> jT
rj*
y| se& eTT+<
q>\T, _>Tq edTe\qT
=\+#*
eT+\T ]bjT
u~TD <T|{ #T{yj*
\qT +~ +#*
$eq |_wH
*q u> |P]> |
+#*
*q b+ q\T
ek\T +& s
*q ek\T < #H
| | +#*
183
$|T sVD
*q >jq|&T #jTe\dq$
*q u> y+H #\{ { eTT+#* <
#\ { eTT+q ek\ T&y*.
&+ < u\T @s&{ eTT+< q>\T,
s _>Tq <TdT\qT =\+#*.
*q u> b&, ds ek\ | +#*.
q\T < u#T +& yT ek\ |s<T.
eT+ qsTT, y+H jT ,
ed+ |, <=]+#*. < DyT <T|{
|yj*.
#jTL&$:
>j nk<sD { |&q+ +< +#s<T.
*q u > n T bsTTq ek
=\+#s<T.
*q b++ yq, qH, eT+#T e+{$
|PjTs<T.
s ke+ ]q|&T #jTe\dq |<eT

s+ s # >{> e |{*
>jTyTq u> | m
|Ty*
b& #T{ eTT&yj*
6.3.5 eT+#T<(Frost-bite)
c>\T dTH &^\ +f e> q|&T
X s D C\T | T u $ +# & + e\ eT+# T <
>T\TT+~. #s+ \u], yTq+ |sTbsTTqT
|dT+~. >{> qT +T+~. #s+ +<
q DC\T yT> +{sTT. $T] |{, sTy
H=| n|dT+~.
qT | +, dbsT>
@<H |{*
eT+#T< q|&T #jT e\dq$
eT+#T< q yqT, #e\qT y# #T\

| +#*.
eT+#T< q b+, <| }|] }<&+
<s < < Xs+ y# u>
+#&+ <s < 40 &^\ d+{>& y&
q { eTT+#&+ <s y#<H *+#*.
eT+#T< q b+ | +#*.
#jTL&$
q dT d sT<&+ e\ DC eT]+
qw+ sT>TT+~.
eT+#T< q b+ eTs eT+#T sT<&
+
e\q + _>TdT bjT |e<+ +~. HsT>
y& jTL&<T . n+<Te\ b++ s>
ysY njT |e<+ +~.
|w+TqT q&ejTL&<T.
u\T @yTH ed y{ |>\jTL&<T.
$eq |_wH
\qT +<
+& #j*
6.3.6 s ke+(Bleeding)
>j\T, ^dTbe&+, s+<\T e&+ e\
ske sT>TT+~. re ske+ e\q bD d+
eTT| y{\TT+~. sky n&Ty\+f...
HsT> |{*.
u~T D +< |sT +&u{
< *q u> >T+&
+f mT +#*. bsY nsTTqT u$d,
C>> +&*.
=~ $Tc\ ske+ ]q sTy s+
eT+<+> esTT+~. BH >&+ ({+>) n+{sT.
{+> e\q ske+ HeT~dT+~. u+&C yjT&+
184
$|T sVD
e\q ske+ *bsTT, >j <TeTT, k<T.

u+&CqT sE d+ ksH es*. nedsyT
f{qdt +H rdTy*.
V#]:
@<H
nejTe+ qT+& s ke+ *bqsTT,
s+ e# <>Zs # >{> n~$T |{*.
>jT+ @<H >T#T +f, >j @<
y| n~$T|{, u+&C yjT& eTT+<T
< #T yT{ b&qT +#*.
k<yT >E\T =&Ty*.
u~T&T d V sTTqsTT, &sYm_d
nqTd]+#+&.
n+>T\ |q _>Tq s\sY u+&J yj*.

T ydq b+ dT Xu+> &>*.
u+&J y\T <s $<+> e<T\T> +#*.
XdH, XdqT, s |ds D
qT F #j *.
beTT T ydq e< s H{ |*, $T
y j *. n # d q s T y H{
|*+#*.
|w+TqT y+H d s*+#*.
|X++> +&y*.
beTT T ydq u> <\+& +&
C>> +&*.
6.3.6 $<T<|+(Electrocution)
6.3.8 $s>&+ uD&+
C>> |j+#T=qb $<T# #

|e<syTq~. $<T# |e<+ d+u$+q|&T,
$<TY |yV *|< u~TD L&<T. $<TY
c e\ #s +|H +& Xs+ L& *q >j\T
nesTT. Xd rd T e& + , V < j T d +< q
*bT+~.
$<TY c *q e #jT & eTT+<T
$<TY |yV *|yj*. u~TD $<TY s<+
kjT+ n& qT+& jT rj*. &sYm_d |<
neT\T #j*. c *q u> XuyTq ed+
| +#*. nedsyT DyT d |+b*.
>TsT+ #T+& : V yJ q b++ u~T D
|jT+ #jTs<T. <e\ |<eT #d y]
bD eTT| y{\TT+~.
nd| + s+ @<H u> |u $+ #d

>j $s>& + n+{sT. | < |s \ |u e+
e\q ~ sT>TT+~.
$s>& d++~+q k<sD >TsT\T
\D\T :
~*q|&T >jT+ *q |<X
+ e<, <#T
H=| \>&+
<\&+ w+ e&+ < k<+ be&+
$]q u>+ y\+ @s&+
c >\&+
|<eT
|e<, |d+<q, Xd, s |dsDqT
|]o*+#*.
mTe+{ bsH
H <\ +& #jT & eTT+<T
reyTq sky jT++#*.
$]q |<X <qT> dsq b&+> #j*.
$]q |<X\qT <\+& #j*.
meTT\T >jT+ #=#TbjT $<+> \+
|j+#s<T.
|w+TqT d s*
+# eTT+<T ds q b&+>
y*.
H=| Z+, y| s+& >jT+ *q
b++| dT >& sT<*.
c >\+& #j*.
6.3.7 beTT T
n~ X+ beTT\T V #jTy +{sTT.
eTq ujT+ sD+>H k<sD+> beTT\T eTq| <&
#dT+{sTT. beTT\T k<sD+> uV+>\|H T
yksTT. me> qT T yksTT. T ydq|&T
n~ $w ds| T>H u$+#*. beTT T ydq
b++ |sY yTT_C w H u+&J #j *.
#jTe\dq$
T >Ts
q n+> >T+& q mT +f e
mT +& #j*.
T ydq u> qT+& 15`30 dq es s
sy*.
@<H n+>+| T ydqsTT, >j s+&T
$eq |_wH
185
$|T sVD
6.3.9 $w |j>+
+T+~. #s + msusTT+~. #eT\T |& + +&<T .

H&d +<q (|s T) # me> +T+~. qTs|\T
TsTT. njeTjT+> +T+~. =ksT dV
e&+ sT>TT+~.
e&< *q|&T #jTe\dq$ :
<TdT\T =\+#&+/ e<T\T #jT&+ < >*
$ds&+ <s Xs c> >Z #j*.
yT&, d+\T, > eT+#T>&\T +#*.
|w+T >>*q+ <e|<s\qT +#*.
y&> +& |<X\ <s+> +#*.
zs V&wH k\wH (zsYmdt):
& V & w H (X s + \eD\T, s T
sTTq| & T ) ]q| & T zsY m dt <eD+
bD|<sTT <V<|& T T+~. >dT { { &T
| (sT { #T n+ |> +&+<T d]|&
| yd #\T), fT dH #s yd, zsYmdt
<eD+ jseT+~. Xs+ $<TY $Xw
d+T b&, Xs V&{ #jT&
dVjT|&TT+~.
@<H |<s+ Xs+ |y+#&+ e\q

>j\T, T < eTsD <]rjT& $w
|j >+> |]>Dk sT . n+sVZ D $c\T $w|P ]yT q
|<s\qT q&+ < >&+ e\q H{ <s Xs+
|y ksTT. b]X$T yjTTe\T, b>qT |\&+ e\q
HV $w|<s\T }|]T\ <s Xs+
ysTT. |sT>T eT+<T\T, HXqT\qT #|&T
#s+ <s $w|<s\T Xs+ ysTT.
#jTe\dq$
u~T |e<+, |d+<q, yjTTH+, Xd,
s|dsD (&sYm_d)qT |]o*+#*.
$w |uy Z+#+<T b\T < eT+sT
+#*.
eTTKyTq V\qT |sy+#*. c s+&
s~+#*.
y+ s+>TqT, |]eD |]o*dT+&*.
u~T&T *> >* |\Te& nqT>TD+>
H{ @yTH |<s\T +f =\+#*.
|w+TqT ]e bwqT +, y<
dV s+ 6.3.11 T
dVs+ d+ y #&*.
]q|&T s;dt s+& s~+#&+,
#jTL&$
HH k+& #jT&+ d+ |<eT #ksT.
\e++> y+T\T #sTT+#s<T.
>jTyTq
#T qT+& Xuy T q ed+ ,
6.3.10 e&<
< |t |j+, Xu+ #j*.
e&< # d\yTq V#] d+u$dT+~.
# s<T.
Xs #\]# eed $|\yTq|&T Xs c>
dT, { >j Xu+> &>*.
y > + > |s T > T T +~. Be\q n ed s | ] d
b&, d]
C #dq ed+ >j | +#*.
@s&TT+~.
y<
dV jT+ n+~+#* < k< yTq + s>
e&< \D\T:
d |+b*.
Xs c> # me> +&, y&>, b&>
du<X\ $|T |d+<q <\ d+~ L&

D ksT . +< CrjT $|T sVD b~s
d+d(Natural Disaster Management Authority (NDMA))
eTVsh H>|P sY CrjT $|T |d+<q @sT #dT+< d+d ydt #sY|sH eT] X<sYs&
<+ (NDRF) d+ n+srjT ksTT $|T sVD *bsT. +<+ @sT eTVsh |uT+ 100
D +< @sT #jTqTHsT. B ksY ms\ d {sTT++~.
H>|PsY n+srjT ksTT

$|T sVD D +<+
$eq |_wH
186
$|T sVD
m.|.|.mdt.d. |\ n&q |X\T

1. $|T sVD| +~ y @~ D se\qT
sVdT+ ~?
(4)
1) Hwq d{ |t bsdT yTHCyT+{
2) Hwq d{ |t q{wH
3) Hwq d{ |t ss &e\|tyT+{
4) Hwq bdt n&$T
2. bsX\ $|T sVD |D[ n+s>\T
1) |e<+ >T]+| eT]jTT n+#H
(4)
2) n<|\qT eT]jTT bsX\ jeH
#q+ #jT&+
3) |{\qT jsT #jT&+
4) |$ n
3. u X~\+ @ esT\ e\ \T>TqT?
(2)
1) es\T
2) c>
3) >* ~X
4) eT
4. CrjT $|T sVD $<qeTTq eT+esZ+
nqTeT q d+es+
(1)
1) 2009
2) 2008
3) 2007
4) 2010
5. ||+# $|T sVD deyX+ 2005 m&
]+~?
(2)
1) eTwj
2) bH
3) +&Hwj
4) <sTT+&
6. d{ &Cds Y s dtbH |+ &T 2011`12 +< |<X
m+ {sTT+#sT?
(2)
1) ` 508.84 T 2) ` 534.28 T
3) ` 560.99 T 4) ` 589.04 T
7. +&j $|T sVD #+ @ d+es+
#jT&+~?
(2)
1) 2004
2) 2005
3) 2006
4) 2007
8. CrjT $|T sVD d+d (Hwq d{ |t
&CdsY yTHCyT+{) q #T
(1)
1) q&
2) V<su<
3) $XK|+
4) =H
$eq |_wH
187
9. us<X+ $|T qw ysD yTT<{ CrjT

y~ jTT e+
(1)
1) n_e~ |<q $|T qw ysD : qweTT
qT+& s> \T=qT
2) sTrs+ $|T\ ysD
3) +&j $|T\ d+ue+ eT]jTT ysD
4) n_e~ |<q $|T qw reqT Z+#T :
CrjT <wD eX
10. d es_*{ +& (d.$.) V<su<
{e\ mesT $&T<\ #XsT?
(4)
1) +<|<X sw $|T sVD n<]{
3) +&jTH yesD XK
4) +&jT H CrjT deTT< de#s ddT\ +<+
11. CrjT $|T sVD n<]{ b<&T (4)
1) d. sq]+V
2) mH. s|TTMs s&
3) mH. sDYesY s&
4) myT. X<sY s&
12. CrjT $|T sVD #+ < @ss+~?
(4)
2) $|T sVD CrjT d+d
3) CrjT $|T skH bsY n<]{
4) |e
13. $|T sVD {+ +&e\dq~?
(4)
1) nHwD eT]jTT sD {+
2) |<eT {+
3) ne>Vq |+|<\ {+
4) |e
14. $|T sVD #+ +< @s&q jT++>eTT\T
(4)
2) sw $|T sVD n<]{
3) $|T sVD n<]{
4) |e
$|T sVD
15. 1990 <Xu @ d+d n+srjT | $|T

Z+| <X+> |{++~?
(1)
1) sd$T k<sD du
2) @djTH n_e~ u+&
3) ||+# u+
4) UNESCO
16. sd$T $|T sVD {yT (UNDMT) m&
$|T\ e\ *> deTd\qT rs{ u<
eVdT+~?
(4)
1) dj
2) |
3) s nyT]
4) ||+#eT+{ n <X\
17. $|T sVD {yT +&e\dq~
(4)
1) ne>VqqT |+b+~+# {yT
2) |<eT {yT
3) nHwD eT]jTT sD {yT
4) |e
18. <X+ $|T sVD se\qT deTqjT+
#d +< eT+ XK
(3)
1) >MTD_e~ XK
2) sD XK
3) <ojT eeVs\ XK
4) |ks\ XK
19. yTT<{ $|T sVD eTVduqT @ d+es+
bs+_+#sT?
(1)
1) 29`11`2006 2) 26`10`2005
3) 29`11`2004 4) 29`10`2007
20. +&j sT e\ e\ *> $|T \ T n eeVs\
d+u+~ +< eT+ XK
(2)
1) >V eT+ XK
2) eekjT eT+ XK
3) >MTD n_e~ eT+ XK
4) ] eT+ XK
21. d{ ddt yTHCyT+{ $T{ n<&T
(1)
1) eTTK s<] 2) eTTKeT+
3) ] s<] 4) ] eT+
$eq |_wH
188
22. $|T e\q qw+ *q b+\ @ syTq

nek|q ks\qT *|+#*?
(4)
1) sV<sT\T eT]jTT e+q\ |q]sD+
2) * yk\ ksTT |+#&+
3) ] k|+q b+\ ks\T *Z+#+
4) |$ n
23. +&j $|T sVD\ d+d d+k> esT\T
d+#T q n~s $T{ @ d+es+
@sT #jT&+ ]+~?
(4)
1) 1996
2) 1997
3) 1998
4) 1999
24. CrjT $|T sVD #+ 2005 *+#Tq~
1) &CdsY skH |+& k|+#&+
(4)
2) &CdsY $T{>wH |+& k|+#&+
3) mH . .& . my T . eT]j T T mH . & . sY . m| t . \qT
k|+#&+
4) |$ n
25. $|T sVD {yT\T * +&~
(4)
1) nHwD eT]jTT sD {yT
2) |<eT {yT
3) ne>VqqT *+# {yT
4) |e
26. CrjT $|T ysD ~q+
(2)
1) nsT 28
2) nsT 29
3) nsT 30
4) nsT 31
27. +~ y $|T sVD D se
\qT sVdTq d+d @~?
(1)
1) CrjT bdt n&MT
2) nM |]X<q d+d
3) CrjT bw Vs d+d
4) CrjT nXeTq n&$T
28. Hu, n_e~ eT]jTT $|T sVD\ MT< H\T>T
sE\ n+srjT d$THsYqT |e] 2012
sV+q $X$<\jT+
(1)
1) |s $X$<\jTeTT
2) $TCs+ $X$<\jTeTT
3) >V $X$<\jTeTT
4) H>+& $X$<\jTeTT
$|T sVD
29. Hwq b{bsY H &CdsY ]dt ]&H df]jT{

q d\+
(1)
1) q&
2) =H
3) nV<u<
4) $XK|D+
30. 2012 qe] fV V& &e\|tyT+{ s=swH
n~sT\ $|T sVD b<$T n+X\ MT<
D se sV+q~ mesT?
(3)
1) Hwq Hd{ |t ss &e\|tyT+{
2) Hwq &CdsY yTHCyT+{ n<]{
3) +&jTH Hd{ |t |_ n&dwH
4) Hwq d$ &|H C
31. @ n\ us ddt duT\ b<$T D $|T
sVD u>+> #s&+~?
(4)
1) +&jTH n&d{y ddt
2) +&jTH bdt ddt
3) +&jTH bsdt ddt
4) |e
32. +~ y +&j eTTKyTq $|T @~?
1) 1977 TbqT (+<|<X)
(4)
2) 2004 dTHMT ($TH&T eT]jTT s)
3) 2005 u+|eTT (osY)
4) |e
33. +&j +<eTT CrjT $|T sVD d+d
n<&T mesT?
(2)
1) ]eT+
2) |<qeT+
3) de#s eT]jTT |ksXK eT+
4) >MTD n_e~ eT+
34. CrjT $|T sVD d+d +~ y B j sT
#dT+~
(1)
1) Hwq b\d H &CdsY yTHCyT+{
2) Hwq b\d H H#Ts VCsY
3) Hwq b\d H &CdsY $T{>wH
4) Hwq b\d H &CdsY n+& VCsY
35. $|T sVD {+ *d (#]) +&e\dq~.
1) ne>Vq d+#T T
(4)
2) |<eT T
3) nHwD eT]jTT sD T
4) |e
$eq |_wH
189
36. $|T sVD sb\qT dyT|]# +&j

+< |uT eT+ XK
(1)
1) >VeT+ XK
2) |sesD eT+ XK
3) ybs eT]jTT yD eT+ XK
4) Vs eT+ XK
37. es<\ sVD +< |uT+ qeTH _\TqT
jsT#jTeT @ $TwH d++~?
1) CrjT es<\ $TwH
(3)
2) CrjT $|T\ $TwH
3) +< \ $TwH
4) +< $<TY $TwH
38. $|T\qT Z+#T eT]jTT |qsyd s
e\ eT{ u>keT+ e\q *> eTTK
u\T
(4)
1) <s\ Z+|
2) keTs
3) *| +&+ 4) |e
39. $|T sVD |kseTT jTT eTTKyTq neds\T
(4)
1) |]d >T]+q |P] Cq+
2) dw
3) d+|
4) |e
40. CrjT $|T |d+<q ~ B ||\eTT (3)
1) 11e ] $TwH 2) 12e ] $TwH
3) 13e ] $TwH 4) | y{ @B <T
41. @ sEq yTT<{ +&jTH $|T sVD +>dt
bs+_+#&+~?
(3)
1) 26`10`2006 2) 29`8`2006
3) 29`11`2006 4) 29`10`2006
42. CrjT $|T sVD d+d |#T]+# <y] |
|sT
(1)
1) &CdsY eT]jTT &e\|tyT+{
2) &CdsY +&j
3) &CdsY $T{>wH
4) +&jTH &CdsY
$|T sVD
43. $|T sVD #+, 2005 +< @ss#&q

(4)
jT++>\T/sD\T
1) CrjT $|T sVD n~s d+d
2) sw $|T sVD n~s d+d
3) $|T sVD n~s d+d
4) |e
44. n | y|\ d++~+q $|T sVD
sb\qT deTqjT+ #jT{ +&j
+<+ q +< d+d
(1)
1) >V eT++
2) k+|T HjT+, k~s eT++
3) Xd, k+ q eT++
4) |sesD, nM eT++
45. sd$T $|T sVD {yT @ K+&+
deTd\qT rs u< * +~?
(4)
1) |
2) dj
3) d*j
4) n K+&
46. $|T sVD {yT +&e\dq$
(4)
1) ne>Vq \q {yT
2) |<eT {yT
3) nHwD, b&>\ {yT
4) |e
47. $|T sVD d+~ B D b+<* (4)
1) b<$T
2) |]Xu
3) uj+<q| d\V
4) |e
48. $|T d++ >TZ<\ seT+ L&q qq
seT+ eekjT eT+ XK eTTK seT+.
n~ @~?
(4)
1) sJy ydt jq
2) CrjT >T{ $TwH
3) swjT >eT d& jq
4) swjT w $d jq
49. $|T V#] de#s m n+~ksT? (4)
1) XyD
2) <s<sH
3) yTTu bqT\T 4) |e
$eq |_wH
190
50. T+ $|T ysD { +&e\dq$ (4)

1) eT Vs|<s\T, >TsT
2) s> eT+<T\T
3) y& <TdT\T
4) |e
51. 21e X u | y T T< { < X + + ~ y
+&j $|T d+u$++~.
(4)
1) uC u+|+, 2001
2) +&jTH zwH dTH$T, 2004
3) es<\T, 2008
4) |e
52. +&j +<+ $|T\ d++~+q n
$wj\ d++~+q +< eT++? (4)
1) de#s, |ks eT+eTT
2) eqe eqsT\ n_e~ eT+eTT
3) >MTD n_e~ eT+eTT
4) >V eT+eTT
53. $|T sVD| CrjT $<H +< eT+esZ+
@ sEq y~++~?
(1)
1) 22.10.2009
2) 22.10.2008
3) 22.10.2010
4) 22.10.2007
54. $|T sVD #+ @ sEq sb+~+#&+~?
1) 11.12.2005
2) 23.12.2006
(3)
3) 23.12.2005
4) 11.11.2005
55. +~ y |< |e<+ (+&j)
(2)
1) 1977 (+<|<X TbqT)
2) 1987 (15 sc sTe |]d)
3) 2008 (s ;VsY q~ es<\T)
4) |e
56. 2009 s+&e us $|T sVD du ]q
#T
(4)
1) V<su<
2) lq>sY
3) *{
4) q&
57. n+srjT $|T\ |d+<q +~ y <
sd$T CyT< #d+~?
(3)
1) sd$T Office for Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2) UNESCO
3) sd$T Office of Mitigation of Disasters
4) sd$T $|T sVD {yT
$|T sVD
58. @ $< u<q +&j |t f

m&TwH, $|T sVD| s\qT bs+_++~?
1) +]+>
2) yTHCyT+{
(1)
3) ]fsY
4) +|PsY +]+>
59. Hwq d{ |t &CdsY yTHCyT+{ q#T
1) q&
2) \
(1)
3)
4) =H
60. @ sw |uT+ sd$T n_e~ seT+
dVs+ &CdsY ]dt yTHCyT+{ b>+
bs+_++~?
(4)
1) ]k
2) $TH&T
3) >TsY
4) s
61. +~ y &CdsY yTHCyT+{ {+ @~?
1) nysYHdt CqswH {+
(4)
2) |dt msTT& {+
3) dsY n+& sd {+
4) |e
62. +< |uT+ $|T sVD H& @
1) >MTD n_e~ eT+XK
(2)
2) >V eT+ XK
3) eekjT eT+ XK
4) |ks\ eT+ XK
63. neTTsY s&j (Amateur Radio) eTs |sT
1) dTHMT s&j 2) $|T s&j
(4)
3) b{ s&j 4) V+ s&j
64. T+ $|T ke |d]> +&e\d+~
1) |<eT |f 2) eT+<T\T
(4)
3) >TsT
4) |e
65. $|T sVD T < D b+<*? (4)
1) b<$T
2) |]Xu
3) +<q, ujT+ *Z+q y] d\V
4) |e
66. $|T sVD uw, DRABC n+f
(1)
1) Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing,
Circulation
2) Danger, Reflection, Airway, Bed, Cold
3) Danger, Reference, Airway, Break, Cold
4) Danger, Response, Air, Blood, Certification
$eq |_wH
191
67. |ks |>V+ eTTKyTq \D+

(3)
1) n+||sY
2) {H$TsY
3) {H V+&sY 4) ]desY
68. +&j +<+ @ eT+ XK | $|T
sVD sb\qT (sTe $TqV) dyTK
|sTdT+~?
(1)
1) >V eeVs\ eT+ XK
2) $<T# eT+ XK
3) eekjT eT+ XK
4) eqe n_e~ eT+ XK
69. $|T eTT+<T ]> deTjT+, s s b\T
$|T sVD +{sTT. n$ @$?
(4)
1) |q]sD+, |q]yd+
2) ysD/|XeTq+
3) neds |d+<q
4) |e
70. $|T sVD sb\qT d+|T{ |s#{
+< |uT+ +< d+d
(1)
1) >V eT+ XK
2) >MTD_e~ eT+ XK
3) |ks\ eT+ XK
4) |D eeVs\ eT+ XK
71. +< |uT CrjT $|T sVD $u>+
nedsy T q |&T $|T \ e\ qw+ y{*q b+\
@$T |+|T+~?
(4)
1) |>V f*bH ks+ >\ d+|T{ ke
2) qw+ y{*q |\ eT+<T\T n+~+#+
3) dVjT se\ neT\T
4) |e
72. + ~ y $| T d + d < eT]j T T d +< q
se d++<+ q$
(4)
1) us yesD d++< XK
2) us n+] |]X<q d+d
3) +< \ MTwH
4) |e
73. $|T |D[ |<q \D\T
(4)
1) \ X~
2) ds
3) keTs+
4) |e
$|T sVD
ABBREVIATIONS
ADPC
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre
DDP
Desert Development Programme
ADRC
Asian Disaster Reduction Centre
DDWS
Digital Disaster Warning System
AERB
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
DM
Disaster Management
AICTE
All India Council for Technical

Education
DMC
Disaster Management Community
DMD
Disaster Management Department
AMCDRR
Asian Ministerial Conference on

Disaster Risk Reduction
DMI
Disaster Management Institute
AMR-APARD
AMR-Andhra Pradesh Academy of

Rural Development
DMS
Disaster Management Support
DMSAR
Airborne SAR for Disaster Management
ASAR
Advance Search & Rescue
DMT
Disaster Management Team
BARC
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
DPAP
Drought Prone Area Programme
BIDR
Border Security Force Institute of

Disaster Response
DRDE
Defence Research & Development

Establishment
BIS
Bureau of Indian Standard
DRDO
BMPTC
Building Material & Technology

Promotion Council
Defence Research & Development

Organization
DRM
Disaster Risk Management
BRGF
Backward Regions Grant Fund
DRR
Disaster Risk Reduction
BSF
Border Security Force
EM-DAT
Emergency Database
BTC
Basic Training Centre
ERRP
CADRE
Community Action for Disaster

Response
Earthquake Risk Reduction and

Recovery Preparedness
EWS
Early Warning System
CBRN
Chemical, Biological Radiological and

Nuclear
FAO
Food and Agriculture organisation
FMP
Flood Management Planning
CDM
Centre for Disaster Management
GAW
Global Atmosphere Watch Stations
CERTI
Central Emergency Relief Training

Institute
GFDRR
Global Facility for Disaster Risk

Reduction
CISF
Central Industrial Security Force
GIDM
CMG
Crisis Management Group
Gujarat Institute
Management
CMIP
Crisis Management Plan
GIS
Geographic Information Systems
CRED
Centre for Research

Epidemiology of Disasters
GLIDE
Global Unique Disaster Identifier

Number
CRIDA
Central Research Institute for Dry Land

Agriculture
GSI
Geological Survey of India
HOPE
Hospital Preparedness for Emergencies
CRPF
Central Reserve Police Force
ICRISAT
CSSR
Collapsed Structure Search & Rescue
International Crop Research for Semiarid Tropics
CTC
Central Training College
ICZM
CWC
Central Water Commission
Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Project
CWDS
Cyclone Warning Dissemination System
IDMC
India Disaster Management Congress
DDMA
District Disaster Management Authority
IDNDR
International Decade for Natural

Disaster Reduction
$eq |_wH
on
the
192
of
Disaster
$|T sVD
IMD
Indian Meteorological Department
NPP
Nuclear Power Plan
INCOIS
Indian National Centre for Oceanic

Information System
NREGS
National Rural Employment Guarantee

Scheme
INSARAG
International Search and Rescue

advisory Group
NSS
National Service Scheme
ISDR
International Strategy for Disaster

Reduction
OASTC
Ocean and Atmospheric Science &

Technology Cells
ITBP
Indo-Tibetan Border Police
OFDA
Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster

Assistance
MIC
Methyl Iso Cynate
PEER
MPC
Mitigation Plan Committee
Programme for Enhancement of

Emergency Response
MSK
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik
RDD
Radiological Dispersal Device
NARL
National Atmospheric Research

Laboratory
RNBC
Radiological, Nuclear, Biological &

Chemical disasters
NBC
National Building Code of India
RSMC
NCC
National Cadet Corps
Regional Specialized Meteorological

Centre
NCCF
National Calamity Contingency Fund
SASE
NCDC
National Civil Defence College
Snow and
Establishment
NCMC
Natural Crisis Management Committee
SCMG
State Crisis Management Group
NCRMP
National Cyclone Risk Mitigation

Project
SCZMC
SAARC Coastal Zone Management

Centre
NDEM
National Database for Emergency

Management
SDMA
State Disaster Management Authority
SDMC
SAARC Disaster Management Centre
NDMA
National
Authority
SDRF
State Disaster Response Force
NDMF
National Disaster Mitigation Fund
SDRF
State Disaster Response Fund
NDRF
National Disaster Response Fund
SEC
State Executive Committee
NDRF
National Disaster Response Force
SFAC
Standing Fire Advisory Council
NEC
National Executive Committee
SMRC
SAARC Metrological Research Centre
NEOC
National Emergency Operation Centre
TDPSI
NERMP
National Earthquake Risk Mitigation

Project
TOT in Disaster psycho-social

Intervention
TEWS
Tsunami Early Warning System
NFRMP
National Flood Risk Mitigation Project
TRP
Tsunami Reconstruction Programme
NFSC
National Fire Service College
UNDAC
NIDM
National Institute
Management
United Nations Disaster Assessment and

Coordination
UNISDR
NIOT
National Institute of Ocean Technology
United Nations for International

Strategy for Disaster Reduction
NISA
National Industrial Security Academy
URR
Urban Risk Reduction
NITSRDR
National Institute for Training in Search,

Rescue and Disaster Response
USAR
Urban Search & Rescue
VPN
Virtual Private Network
NLRMP
National Landslide Risk Mitigation

Project
WFP
World Food Programme
NPDM
National Policy
Management
WHO
World Health Organisation
WMO
World Metrological Organisation
$eq |_wH
Disaster
Management
of
on
Disaster
Disaster
193
Avalanche
Study
$|T sVD
bdT |X\T
1. +~ y{ #y+ se& neX+
|<X+
1. #H
2. eT+>SsT
3. neTdsY
4. |P]
2. +~ y{ dsq y+ @~?
1. o\+ >\T\T u $T qT+& eTVdeTT<\
y| M#TqT
2. y d $ \+ >\T\T u $T| qT+&
eTVdeTT<\ y| M#TqT
3. re n~ |&q eed @s& n~ y>yTq
>\T\ L&q #y+ q #T qT
sT>TqT
4. us< X rs s K b++ #y\ <Ts\+
* <T
3. n~ y>+ L&q >\T\T eT]jTT yjTT |&q
ed+ < sDeT>TqT?
1. { $]
2. #y\T
3. yT|\T
4. @B <T
4. TbqT V#]qT m >+\ eTT+<T C
#jTT<TsT?
1. 6 >+\ eTT+<T 2. 12 >+\ eTT+<T
3. 24 >+\ eTT+<T 4. 48 >+\ eTT+<T
5. deTT<+ +< e# u+b @eT+<TsT?
1. #y+
2. dTH$T
3. +uew
4. |&T>TbT
6. u+| X |]eD+ e+ #d d\TqT
@eT+<TsT?
1. yH>|
2. usMTsY
3. ]sY d\T
4. dk>|t
7. u+| s+>\qT qy<T #d |]s
@eT+<TsT?
1. dk>|t
2. ]sY d\T
3. usMTsT
4. <sk{
$eq |_wH
194
8. +~ y{ eqe s y|+
1. u+|+
2. dTH$T
3. es<\T
4. @B <T
9. $| T ( Disaster) nH | < + @ u w qT+&
$s$+#qT?
1. ns_ 2. |+#Y 3. {H 4. ^
10. +~ y{ | y|+ @~?
1. sTe 2. jTT<+ 3. >y<+4. |e
11. de+ jTT eT* sD eT]jTT
k<sD |rsT n+sjT+ *+# d
< re < T s < c $| T n+{s T ( The
occurance of a sudden or a major misfortune
which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society(or community) is known as
disaster). s#H q~ mesT?
1. sd$T
2. ||+# u+
3. CrjT $|T b~s d+d
4. |e
12. $s|s(tectonic) $|T <VsD @~?
1. VeT d+y\T 2. #y\T
3. u+b\T
4. es<\T
13. eT{ $|T >TsjT dT <
|Tq\ |d+~+# keTs re+>
|u$+ #d u, ke ] eT]jTT/<
sjT s\# Ls& b\+ q <
|sekq |]dT\ deTV @eT+{sT?
1. dTH$T
2. <Ts\+
3. $|T
4. y|+
14. +~ y{ H\T>T s\ $|T \ T(sT e, es<\ T,
#y+, u+|+) m<Ts=H sh+ @~?
1. s|<X
2. |eT u+>
3. +<|<X
4. &c
$|T sVD
15. 68 X+ s k>T $ds+ <Ts\ *

+~?
1. u+b\T
2. sTe
3. es<\T
4. dTH$T
16. ]sY d\TqT d+es+ n_e~ |]#sT?
1. 1940 2. 1930 3. 1934 4. 1945
17. ]sY d\T| >]w |]$T
1. 9
2. 8
3. 100
4. mTe+{ |]$T<T
18. u+b\T < e\q d+u$+#TqT?
1. n|s $kq+
2. u+X #\q+
3. \d |&q+
4. |e
19. dTH$T nH |<+ @ uw qT+& <$+#qT?
1. |dt
2. #dt
3. |+#Y
4. ^
20. rs + | d T H$T > ] w m T # s T e&
@eT+{sT?
1. c*+>
2. sH n|t
3. m& yy
4. |sesq+
21. V+< eTVdeTT< dTH$T q~
1. 2004 &d+sY 24 2. 2006 &d+sY 24
3. 2006 &d+sY 26 4. 2004 &d+sY 26
22. s T e eTT| b+ s e (& | m | )
bs+_+q~?
1. 1972 2. 1973 3. 1974 4. 1976
23. dTHMT d+u$+# @ deTT<+
1. eT<<s deTT<+ 2. #H deTT<+
3. ms deTT<+
4. +>U+
24. sTeqT s | y|\ ysT #d <
| \D+ @~?
1. sT e bD eT]jTT d qc sDeTeT+~
2. sTe dVyTq eT]jTT ke sD\qT
* +T+~
3. sTe |<X+ eT d+u$dT+~
4. ]wyTq s+u+, eTT+| +& <q+>
edT+~
$eq |_wH
195
25. ub $c<+ $&T<q yjTTe

1. b{wjT+ k<jdH{
2. k&jT+ k<jdH{
3. < kdH{
4. $T< kdH{
26. #s_ nDT $|T d+u$+q d+es+
1. 1984 2. 1985 3. 1986 4. 1987
27. +<|<X rs sK b&e
1. 900 .MT
2. 1200 .MT
3. 972 .MT
4. 279 .MT
28. k +<b++ \ d+K
1. 8 \T
2. 4 \T
3. 10 \T
4. 9 \T
29. k +<b++ n|<
1. $XK|D+
2. sT><e]
3. |eT><e]
4. >T+sT
30. +<|<X rs b+ yT<q+ m& qT+&
bs+ueT>TqT?
1. |eT qTeT\T 2. +>U+
3. sT qTeT\T 4. qs< q~
31. #y\ H\
1. >dT 2. d|+sY 3. nsY 4. qe+sY
32. sTe m|&T d+u$dT+~?
1. esb+ n~+> q|&T
2. d>T esb+ q|&T
3. es\+ s \dyTq|&T
4. |+\T |s>& q+ es\T q|&T
33. es<\T B e\q d+u$+#TqT?
1. n~ esb+
2. #sTe\T b+bs&+
3. y>+ L&q >\T\T
4. \Te\T b+ |eV+#+
34. +<|<X + es<\ >TsjT b++
1. |H &
2. sh+ T b++
3. + q>s\T
4. c, ><e] &\T
$|T sVD
35. |+> u+b\ d++~+q Xd+

1. j|
2. C>|
3. j\J
4. dk>|
36. u+|+ $&T<\ #jTTq~
1. d+<q\T
2. +|H\T
3. d+<q\T +|H\T
4. +|H\T eT+\T
37. H_ nqTq~ u+|+ jTT
1. n+#T 2. eT\+ 3. ~\+ 4. d+<q
38. u+b\qT m s\T> eZ]+#e#T?
1. 2 s\T
3. 3 s\T
4. 4 s\T
4. 5 s\T
39. u+| |]eD =\e& |j+#Tq~
1. ]sY d\T
2. |sTTH d\T
3. V&MTsY
4. usMTsY
40. us<X+ s#T> u+| eTT| q sh+
1. ;VsY
2. nk+
3. yT|\jT
4. eTVsh
41. 1993 eTVsh @ b+ u+|+
qT?
1. sT
2. |D
3. H>|PsY
4. eTT+u
42. u+b\ qy<T +< yTT<{> #sTH
s+>\T
2. P s+>\T
1. S s+>\T
3. L s+>\T
4. @B <T
43. dTHMT nq>
1. reyTq u+|+
2. eTV ys+>+
3. n q u+|+
4. n eT ys+>+
44. u +| H_ HsT > u |]\+| +& _+<Te
1. b bsTT+{
2. u+| n~+<+
3. u+| +<+
4. @B <T
45. us<X+ sTe |& \T
1. 42
2. 52
3. 62
4. 72
$eq |_wH
196
46. $|T \ d++~+ +~ y{ yde + ~?

1. $|T <X |]$T+ e#T <
n+srjT+ e#T
2. $|T dVd<yTq < eqe s
s\ d+u$+#e#T
3. $| T m\ | & MT& j $d + >
|#seT>TqT
4. $|T eTT+<T>H *d, eT+> bs+ue T>TqT
47. +~ y{ $|T < $TqV n+{
<]rjTTqT?
1. |sesD qw+ *+#TqT
2. |\qT kq u+X+ #+~+#TqT
3. |\ k+ u$T $<+dyTTqsTqT
4. \TH <X |\ <w ]+#TqT
48. ke ss\T @ d+u sVD w
H|D+ * +<TsT?
1. {s& < es<\T
2. |\\| V+d, >V V+d, Hs\T
3. VjT+, e< <y\ ud\T
e&+ e+{ y{| db<\J
4. sT |e<\T, bD+yTq y<T\T
5. |e
49. sd$T n+#H\ |s+ 1992 qT+&
2000 eT< ||+#y|+> d+es d>Tq
m $|T\T d+u$+#qT?
1. 100 2. 300 3. 500 4. 800
50. sCm(Rezaetal) |s+ 20e X+
d+u$+q 25 n|< $<+d |Tq m+
eT+~ bD\T jTqT?
1. <<| 1 $T*jTH
2. <<| 10 $T*jTqT
3. <<| 100 $T*jTqT
4. <<| 200 $T*jTqT
51. |]dT\ qT+& b&, bD V +& #d,
>jT|&q y] #d u< me]~?
1. yTT<{ |d+<\T(|dt sk+&sY)
2. eqd y< |DT\T
3. d+u sVD | H| D+ q ke
ss\T
4. bsT\+<]B
$|T sVD
52. $|T sVD 9 n+X\T HsTT. nsTT +~

y{ { $TqV $T>e n+<T HsTT.
y{ _qyTq { @~?
1. s> deTd\T, s*+|&q e\T e+{
~rjT ke deTd\qT n+#H yjT&+
2. +<Te\qT b>=Tq y], >jT|&q
y] z<s&+
3. e+<T\qT jT++, dsq de#s
n+~+#&+
4. sD *+#&+, \{\qT s~+#&+,
dT\qT, e\qT b&+
53. $|T d+k> dq< q T, |d+<qqT >T]+
*| $|T sVD d<++ @~?
1. Vub ~jT |t qswH |t ksdt
2. byT k*+> {dt y&
3. dsY ` |+q ~jT
4. ~jT |t {e{C bsdt
54. eqe d V s n+~+# s j
s]+#Tq~
1. ke HjT d<+\T
2. &j+{ +>
3. f* +>
4. ke ` sjT s\T
5. |e
55. $|T d+u$+q |<X\ dsT\T, de\qT
s*+# |]d ~ @~?
1. nk<sD yesD |]dT\T, y&, #*, &
yTT<\>Tq$
2. ed+#&, | #jT & M\T >T+|\
L&q, ]dq |]dT\T
3. u< eTT| * +&+
4. $~ sVD dwyTq $uq * +&+
56. $|T sVD MT&j +~ y{ {
$TqV n b\qT bwdT+~?
1. $|T ys\qT n+~+#&+ <s |\
kqTu L&>&+
2. dVjT #s\qT n+~+#&+ m<TsjT
n&+\qT =\+#&+
3. sTqT >T]+#&+
4. $|T\ sDyTq y{ < |d+<q
y | d + +~ + +< q T y | &
|jT+#&+
$eq |_wH
197
57. ub $c<+ $&T<q $w yjTTe\T m+

eT+~ bD\qT V]+#qT?
1. 2800 2. 3598 3. 2500 4. 3000
58. ub skjTq yjTT $|T @ +|
d+u$+#qT?
1. +&jTH sTT >dt &b
2. |]sY s=swH |t +&j
3. jTjTH s& b
4. Hs $T b
59. +< d+q #s <s |< yTT+ X
$&T<\ #d nDjTT<+
1. nDT u+T
2. $ u+T
3. V&H u+T 4. @B <T
60. ub @ sh+ +~?
1. skH
2. s|<X
3. eT<|<X
4. &c
61. $w |<s\T < |e<s |<s\qT \
+q |<X\ C_\T < e|\ j @
|jT u>eTT?
1. nbjT ~+| 2. U #sTT+#&+
3. y| e|+> 4. neds |]d
62. +< $ #s <s q $<+d
b+< $k jTT<+
1. JyjTT<+
2. skjTq jTT<+
3. keTV $<+d jTT<+
4. nDjTT<+
63. ub >dt $c<+ d+u$+q d+es+
1. 1984 2. 1985 3. 1983 4. 1980
64. ny T ] d q + 1945 @j T q> s \|
nDTu+TqT Cs $&dqT?
1. { {y
2. ;+> c+|T
3. qjsY dt @+C*dt
4. Vswe H>k
65. +< sD+> @ q>s+ b <>T\T
eTsD+#qT?
1. qjsY
2. yw+>H &.d
3. _._.d
4. dt @+C*dt
$|T sVD
66. +~ y{ |<y nDTu+T> |sZ+q~

1. V&H u+T 2. nDT u+T
3. JyjTT<\T
4. @M <T
67. +< $ #s <s q $<+d X b+<
$k jTT<+
1. JyjTT<+
2. skjTq jTT<+
3. keTV $<+d jTT<+
4. nDjTT<+
68. $ u+T\qT L& |\TksT?
1. HT u+T\T
2. V&H u+T\T
3. nDT u+T\T
4. k+|<jT u+T\T
69. keTV $<+d jTT<\ d++~+
mH_d nH $y<d< |< =*k]> m|&T
|j+#sT?
1. 1937 qT+& 1954 eT<
2. 1937 qT+& 1945 eT<
3. 1927 qT+& 1945 eT<
4. 1945 qT+& 1946 eT<
70. Vswe q>s+| nDTu+T Cs$&q B
1. 1947 >dT 6
2. 1945 >dT 6
3. 1942 >dT 15 4. 1948 >dT 16
71. +< d+q+ <s |< yTT+ X $&T<\
#d nDjTT<+
1. nDT u+T
2. $ u+T
3. V&H u+T 4. |yM <T
72. n~ X+ s&T |e<\T @jT ejTdT\ eT<
y] sT>TTHsTT?
1. 15 ` 44 d+es\T
2. 12 ` 15 d+es\T
3. 30 ` 45 d+es\T
4. 45 d+es\ |&
73. n+ b&yq s _& @ q~| +~?
1. c
2. kH
3. ]V+&
4. V|
$eq |_wH
198
74. us<X+ s&T |e<\ X+

1. 40%
2. 22.80%
3. 52.20%
4. 15%
75. $eq+ n | e < + q| & T
|jD\qT |sT+&eT #|& sD+
1. y] mes H+& +&{
2. y] d +< < +&eTq&
3. b> | yT+~ {
4. >E {\ <s+> +&\ #|&
76. us yesD XK < u< eV+#TqT?
1. #y\qT |d>&+
2. bsT\qT $|T dq<+ #jT&+
3. TbqT V#]\T
4. 1 eT]jTT 3
77. us |K+&+ ||+#+ n+ reyTq
#y $|T eTT| * +&{ sD+
1. msTTq |s\T +&+
2. Xe+yTq sTT |eH\T
3. eTVdeTT< d+ds + e T * +&+
4. u |]eD+ sT +&+
78. dqT |<+ ddt nH ^ uw qT+&
<$++~. nsTT ddt n+f ns+
1. dqT
2. beTT yT*\T
3. esTs+
4. ~>Te
79. |d| eTVdeTT<+ dqqT @eT+<TsT?
1. {s&\T
2. $ $\T
3. V]qT
4. f|PqT
80. u>s \+
1. eTT]> +&+ e\q $j> | s<T
2. ysYw& eTs= |sT
3. u |] # T +&TqT
4. |sY eTs= |sT
81. sTe |<q sD+
1. H\ sT bs&+
2. dTBs\+ bT es\T be&+
3. { $] sT n~+> +&+
4. n~ \+ y[be&+
$|T sVD
82. { =s sD+
1. reyTq n~ c>
2. y>e+yTq |DsD
3. Hu e~
4. 2 3
83. u +|+ e\ ]> qc $<+ > ~+#e#T?
1. ueH\qT +T ]+#&+ <s
2. eTyTq dq<\ <s
3. u+X\qT =\+#&+ <s
4. |\ | | X< rdTe&+ <s
84. u+|+ nqTq~ m d+u$+#TqT?
1. |s bs+ Cs&+ e\q
2. u$T d+> +|+#&+ e\q
3. u$T +>&+ e\q
4. u$T |\ bs $kq+ #+<&+ e\q
85. $s|s |\\T <| <T\TqT?
1. u+| n~+<+ 2. u bys+
3. u|\+
4. Xj\T
86. u+| |]eD+ nqTq~ < =\T#TqT?
1. < |+|q\T 2. < $<+k
3. < |]eD 4. < ee~
87. +~ y{ dsq |q @~?
1. us<X+ 59% u$T u+| eTT|qT
* +&qT
2. 8.5% #y\ >Ts>TqT
3. 5% H\ es< eTT| b+ +&qT
4. |e
88. u +|+ eq|&T ms TTq ue q+ q|&T
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1. jT |sT>*
2. \| #T\T n&T|T b&Ty*
3. |* >& <s+> s>*
4. 2 3
89. us<X+ es<\ |uy >TsjT b++
1. 30 $T*jTH VsT
2. 40 $T*jTH VsT
3. 45 $T*jTH VsT
4. 50 $T*jTH VsT
$eq |_wH
199
90. nk+ re es<\ sDeTjT q~

1. >+>
2. >eT
3. V|
4. jTeTTH
91. y{ dMT|+ +& b+\T me es<
eTT|qT * +{sTT?
1. |s\T
2. rs b+\T
3. q<T\T
4. 2 3
92. $| T s V D d + +~ + q $< H\T,
|D[\T eT]jTT esZ<s\qT sb+~+#
nTq d+d nsTTq mH&m+m, M{ y{
d \+, d e Ts e + y T q d +< q
sb+~+#TqT?
1. n+srjT $|T sVD ~+| <X+
2. $|T
3. ybs =qk+| |D[
4. dV y|+
93. CrjT $|T sVD #+ , 2005, dV eT]jTT
eqe s $|T\ |+> |d+~+#
<X+ d+ @ | skH bsT @sTqT
|b~+#qT?
1. us
2. ;VsY
3. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+(mH&sYm|t)
4. 2008 us es<\T
94. n $|T \ | d+~+#+<T < < s+
dTTq 8 u{*jTqqT @sT #XsT?
1. ;VsY
2. CrjT $|T |d+<q <+(mH&sYm|t)
3. us es< eTT| |d+<q <+
4. @B <T
95. ...... $se+ m\|& $|y |jT
n>TqT?
1. sVD
2. d+k> n<jTH\T
3. d+d
4. d+d n_e~
96. |<qeT+ #sH> @sT #jT&q CrjT
$|T sVD b~s d+d(mH&m+m) duT\T
+< dV jT eT+ VA< * +{sT. nsTT,
ydt #sH @ VA< * +&TqT?
1. sh|
2. _H{
3. eT+ XK
4. eT+
$|T sVD
97. md u+& d<++?

1. \\T eTT&T |&{ $e]+#TqT
2. u+| s+>\ rsTqT $e]+#TqT
3. u+b\ $sy $e]+#TqT
4. |yM <T
98. u$T| u+| s+>\T <$+# _+<Te
1. u+| n~+<+
2. b ksY
3. ]ZH
4. H_
99. P s+>\T
1. s |]s+>\T
2. d+|&q edT s+>\T
3. q |]s+>\T
4. $s|D edT s+>\T
100. u+b >T]+#+<T +&e\dq d
u+| dwqT
1. 8
2. 2
3. 3
4. 1
101. ] s Y d\TqT < s ] +# & + d +
|j+#<sT?
1. u+b\ re
2. u+b\ |]eD+
3. u+b\ e\ *> $<+d+
4. u+b\ e\ *q eTsD\T
102. u |t CqT y{ d++<+ * +&TqT?
1. eT< eTVdeTT< \T
2. |sq |sXD
3. eTT+| eT+&\T
4. |e
103. n|ds D |\ V<T\ e< n~ X+ u +b\T
1. >< H_ * +&TqT
2. eT< H_ * +&TqT
3. n>< H_ * +&TqT
4. |e
104. n_dsD V<T\ e< n~ X+ u+b\T
1. >< H_ * +&TqT
2. eT< H_ * +&TqT
3. n>< H_ * +&TqT
4. |e
$eq |_wH
105. k<sD u+X\ y+& +& >< u+b\

eT+&\+ @ $\D \D+ * +&TqT?
1. n|dsD |\ V<T\T
2. n_dsD |\ V<T\T
3. sb+s |\ V<T\T
4. |yM <T
106. u+| n+s+ nqTq~
1. re u+b\ eT< ee~
2. Bs \+ bT u + b\T d + u $ +#
j u+X+ jTT u>+
3. u+|+ nsT<T> d+u$+# $s| s
|\ +<+
4. u+|+# se&q u n><+
107. +~ y{ dTH$T \D+
1. # dTBs s+> <s+
2. # y>e+yTq #\q+
3. eTVdeTT<+ neT s+>&\q |]$T
4. |e
108. y>e+yTq u+| s+>\T
2. S` s+>\T
1. P` s+>\T
3. \y s+>\T
4. s s+>\T
109. u+| dwHqT yTT<{> #sTH s+>\T
1. P` s+>\T
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3. y s+>\T
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110. u+| dwH e< >T]+# yTT<{ u+| #\q+
1. m\|& d+|&H+
2. m\|& y|q due+ * +&TqT
3. u+| dwH qT+& u+| |<X +&
k|qT { esTT+&TqT
4. u+| $XwD B ns+ <T
111. u+| yTT<{ #\H\ $XwD B |jTT+
1. u+| |<X ssD
2. u+| |]eD ssD
3. u+b sDeTjT u+X| sV
ssD
4. u+| T ssD
200
$|T sVD
112. dk>|t ]sT\ $XwD M{ de#s

n+~+#<T?
1. u+| |]eD+
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3. u+|+ e\ eTsD+q y] d+K
4. u+| T
113. reyTq u+| y|+ *q nyT] sh+
1. *b]j
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3. ns+kdt
4. |e
114. u+|+ d+u$+q deTjT+ { d+|+
#+~q H\ <Mueq+ #+< |jT
1. <Mueq+
2. dT }_
3. >\HCwH
4. @B <T
115. +~ y{ re u+b\ e\ *> ~rjT
|ue+
1. dTHMT\T
2. n |e<\T
3. ub\T
4. |e
116. eTq <X+ u+| re me> q b++
1. Ve\jT
2. sT rs+
3. Xq+
4. |eT rs+
117. s#q+ |s+ es< nq>...
1. |yV \Te keTs $T+ n<q| sT
|eV+# \ ee~
2. |yV+ { $&T<\ #d y>+ |]> \
ee~
3. |yV+ q es< yT<H $T+#
\ ee~
4. |yM <T
118. |D b+\ s# T > es<\ T d+u$ +#&
sD+
1. n~+> +& *u |]$TT\T H\
#=#Tbe&+
2. n~+> +& *u\T |yV\ y>
|]$T+ #jT&+
3. eTTsT>T{ bsT<\ eed\T \Te es|
{ |yV y> |+#&+
4. |e
119. <X+ d es< $|T q T m<Ts=+Tq b++
1. 8% 2. 12% 3. 14% 4. 16%
$eq |_wH
120. es< e\ *> qc jT++#+<T nqTd]+#

|<T\T
1. yTT+ eT{\qT es< eTT| yT< H\
s*+#&+
2. |yV\ y+& q\T ]+#&+
3. |yV\ y+& s\T, es< >&\T
]+#&+
4. |e
121. T eT+ nq>
1. qB \Te T d++~+q eT+
2. ]sjTsY k<sD mT
3. es< sT n~>$T+# eT+
4. |yV\T dTbe& M\T <+f
~>Te ksTT
122. u$T +& { |yV eTjT+ *
qT <s\T qT>=q&q s >V+
1. X&T
2. T<T&T
3. >TsT&T
4. n+>s&T
123. dTHMT deTjT+ n|< s+>+
1. yTT<{ s+>+
2. eT&e s+>+
3. 5e s+>+
4. y{ @<H e#T
124. dTHMT n+{ $<+d X\T < qT+&
e#TqT?
1. nk<sD mT
2. n+#H yjTbe&+/|d>be&+
3. o\ \+
4. y>+ eT]jTT dTBs s+><s+
125. eTVdeTT<+ |q dTHMT >+ ...... yT y>+
...... $Tc\ ee~ es |jD+#TqT?
1. 50 20
2. 5060
3. 485 20
4. 485 60
126. n|< dTHMT dw+# |Tq
1. u+|+
2. {|* ub\T
3. V]qT
4. b\T, #T\ |uy\T
127. X e + y T q d T HMT # s # T > B#
dw+#&TqT?
1. n |s\T
2. {|* ub\T
3. u+b\T
4. b |uy\T
201
$|T sVD
128. d > Tq 5,500 MTs T q | d |

eTVdeTT<+ dqT....... MTs y>+
|jD+# n>< deTT< dTHMT\ +<+>
q~?
1. 2
2. 23
3. 230 4. 2300
129. dTHMT\T ........ e\q <$+# reyTq dV
y|\T
1. }s n+s+ + q|&T deTT<+ +< }s
n+s++ L&q u+X #\q+
2. }s n+s+ deTjT+ u $T| ]> u+ X
<*\T
3. u$T, #+<T eT< >TsTsD X e\q
njT s+>\T
4. V]qT
5. eT n+s+ + q|&T u $T| ]> u+ X
<*\T
130. mTe+{ |]d T dTHMT n~ $< +d X
* +T+~?
1. eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+ rs+ e< d\+>
+q sFjT rssK u>+ e<
2. eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+ rs+ e< re+>
+q sFjT rssK u>+ e<
3. eTVdeTT<| n&T>T u>+ eT]jTT z&se
rs+ e< d\+> +q sFjT rssK
u>+ e<
4. | |]dT\+{ $<+d due+ *
+&TqT
131. VeTd+b\T, u+b\T, nTe+{ s
|Tq\ e\q dsdT d+u$+# dTH$T e+{
|TqqT @eT+<TsT?
1. d#Y
2. kwt
3. ys+>+
4. es<
132. s+>\ jTT ........ yTT< |yTq#,
dTHMT |Tq s>eTq+ bs+ueT>TqT?
1. |d+<q\T
2. n>u>+
3. &y|
4. m&eTy|
133. u +|+ q b+ nTe T $<o dV jT+
1. q><T
2. Vs+, <T|T, <TdT\T
3. y< dVs+
4. dVjT +<\T, s e\+{sT
$eq |_wH
134. 1970\ n~ y] eTsD\T < e\q

d+u$+#qT?
1. es<\T
2. u+b\T
3. weT+&\ #y\T
4. sTe
135. n~ d+K n |s\T m& H\=
+&qT?
1. |d| yTK\ |]~
2. eT< n{+{ sK
3. sT |
4. | $Bs<](]|t y)
136. j o\ es< e #+(|& |P|+ >) m|&T n+
|ueo\+> +&TqT?
1. dTBs V#]
2. d es<\ b+
3. n~ XXyTq~ nsTTq#
4. es< yT<q b+
137. nqT+< Vs se\T
1. reyTq bwVs+ u<|&TTq y]
<+q$
2. d\ bwVs |+ u<|&TTq y]
<+q$
3. $X\yTq b++ k<sD Vs swq
|+|D s#T> |j+#T
4. u ksTT <T] dVjT #s # d\
$\Te * +&TqT
138. we T+&\ #y\T s# T > M{ *+#TqT?
1. n~ d+K |\qT >j\ bjTTqT
2. ys+> es<\T
3. n~ u esb+
4. eekjT usTsD
139. XD ueTT\ m&sD yTT< sT>Tq~
1. |Xe\qT yT|&+ e\q yTT\ k+<
|\#&+
2. reyTq sTe
3. Vs |+\ k>T |s>&+
4. m+&k H\ { |yV+
202
$|T sVD
140. dTHMT\T @ X qT?

1. s $|T\ +f >=| X
2. u<X(landscape) y>+> n|eT+ #d
3. | | + # + eTV d e TT<\ L & q
ueTT\qT eyT |u$+ #d
4. |e
141. sE n&e\T n+]+be& |< qyTq
eqe |s| #s
1. +<q+
2. + j \| >TEqT y&+
3. ndeq u $j>+
4. eekjT+
142. dV y|+ nqTq~
1. es<, u+|+ < nTe+{ nqVyTq
| |Tq
2. eTsD\, $<+k sDeTjT nk<sD
| <s+
3. dV yesD+ q |\ u<, d
n+sjT+ < eTT| *+# |Tq
4. |uT @C\T \ + #dT q |\ eTT|
*+# @<H | |<e+
143. bH { q>s+ ed+# |\T s> T y
ydT\ +f u+b\ e <Ts\+ *
+{sT. m+<T#qq>?
1. ysT u +| yT|T \ # <s+> edksT
2. bH e u+b\T d+u$+#TqT
3. bH jo\ n|s\qT e> *
+&TqT
4. bH nTe T ue q +<q \T, u +| D
* +&qT
144. $|TqT < |s+ sksT?
1. < eqe |sekH\T
2. < jTT sD+
3. < e\ d+u$+# eTsD\T
4. < re
145. ||+ #y|+ > eqy[ me> uj
T |&TTq
$|T
1. u+|+
2. u|+
3. sTe
4. jTT<\T
$eq |_wH
146. k+ |]Cq+ H&T y|\qT >T]+,

b++| < |uy n+#H yjT>\<T. B
e\q |jq+...
1. U #jTT esZ\qT sb+~+#Te#T
2. |uT dVjT+, |syD +<\ @sT
<V<|&TqT
3. $|TqT y]+#e#T < < |uy
~+#e#T
4. $|T\T d+u$+q y+H |d+~+#e#T
147. eTT+<dT $|T |D[ B k<+ #jTTqT?
1. ys D k< + # d V j
|uee++> neT\T #jT&+
2. dV y|\qT m<Tse&+ djT+
keTs+
3. $|T |sekH\qT eTT+<T>H n&Te#T
4. |e
148. |ueo\yTq y| sVD |<q+> B|
<s|&TqT?
1. y\+{sT
2. |uT d+d\T
3. neds |d+<q
4. eTT+<dT $|T sVD |D[
149. | $|T _qyTq sD+ * q|{, ne
+ ~ n+X\ }V +# < > Z d e Td \
sDeT>TqT?
1. |sesD eT]jTT s>
2. b\q eT]jTT sVD |syTq
3. ke eT]jTT ]
4. |e
150. K+&#\q d<+ <s+
1. $s|s |\\T
2. u|\+ ]eTjT &
3. |&T u<es> q u$T| H\
4. K+&+sZ u<esX\ eT< n|dsD
$Bs\T(&es+{ ]|t)
151. =s& s+ q &T < <VsD?
1. P s+>+
2. L s+>+
3. S s+>+
4. $s|s |\\T
203
$|T sVD
152. u + | + # # j T & q s +& T y s s T

n|\T
1. P eT]jTT S s+>\ eT< $_q |jD
s e\q @s&TqT
2. $<+d n|+ eT]jTT |s|\T>
|\Te&TqT
3. n~ eTsDsT L&q reyTq u+b
b<$T sDeT>TqT
4. u+| H_ |<X d
153. re nqTq~
1. ]sY d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+
d+<s+> eqe nqTu
2. yTs d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+
d+<s+> $&T<q X
3. yTs d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+
d+<s+> eqe nqTu
4. ]sY d\T| =\e&q $<+> u+|+
d+<s+> $&T<q X
154. u + | + d + < s + > n ~ eTs D \
sDeT>Tq~
1. es<\T
2. ub\T
3. n |e<+
4. ueH\T L*be&+
155. u+|+ eq|&T sY ud+> +&
]+q ueH\ >&\T
1. $bwt m| *+#TqT
2. jT |&beqT
3. |\ |&beqT
4. ds+> +&TqT
156. u+| <Ts\+ n~+> q b++
+{
1. *q \| keT ]+#eqT
2. |yT sTTHbsYyT+{ +& u keT
]+#eqT
3. |{wyTq |H~ +& u keT
]+#eqT
4. \VqyTq ||, \VqyTq >&\
]+#eqT
157. d\* u+| eTT+<dT d e\q
1. qq Hyk\ d+ u+| sV
|<X\qT m+#TH #jTTqT
2. |d+<q keTs\T yTsT>eqT
3. |\ dTs $< nTqT
4. |e<s |]XeT\T eTdyjT&TqT
$eq |_wH
158. u+| deTjT+ \VqyTq ueH\T L\&+

e\q ]> n~ bD qw+...
1. T\ {q ueH\ |<T
2. = ueH\ |+#e#T
3. = y{ bT |{ q ue H\ n~
ejT+ bD qc |+#e#T
4. b eT]jTT = ueH\ d\ ejT+
L&q esT\ bD qc |+#e#T
159. u+|+ sTy neds y< de\ neds+
m+ ee~ es +&TqT?
1. 48 >+\T
2. <T sE\T
3. 72 >+\T
4. s+&T ys\T
160. CrjT $|T sVD b~s d+d mesT
n< eVksT?
1. |<qeT+
2. >V eT+
3. sh|
4. |sh|
161. u + | + s T y b+ + j T T
|q]sD m\|&...
1. $<o dVjT+ nedseT>TqT
2. n+#H\ +f me ee~ |TqT
3. k+$T y<T\ e\q HeT~+#TqT
4. e\+{sT, |uT dVs+ nedseT>TqT
162. dTHMT\ u] qT+& bD qc y]+#&
eT |<
1. dsq |]eD+, b&e eqe ]
deTT<| >&\T
2. dTHMT V#] eed u>keTT\T e&+
3. es<\T se& eTT+< d\+ |\qT
U #sTT+#&+
4. neds y< dVs $d seT+
163. n~ dTHMT\T & d+u$+#TqT?
1. u+| eT+&\T
2. |d| eTVdeTT<+
3. V+< eTVdeTT<+
4. +&Hwj rssK
164. dTHMT\T m+ y>+ |jD+#TqT?
1. >+ 1,000 MTs |>
2. H\qT dMT+# =~ y>+ |sT>TqT
3. |\qT V#]+#& e\dq+ ee~
#TqT
4. kq u+ X+ #+~q { |]eD| }s T
nqTeqTb+ +&TqT
204
$|T sVD
165. k dTHMT qT+& nTeT sD esZ+

1. deTT<| >& < ~
2. VysTT n+srjT dTHMT V#]
+<+
3. b+rjT V#] eed
4. rssK y+& H{q |H e\T
166. $|T\qT m<Tse& e\dq$
1. V#]\ eed
2. d]|&q <T\T
3. deTse+yTq |uT jT++>+
4. |e
167. es< qw+ n+#H b<$T =\
1. $&T<q { |]eD+
2. k<sD nes<\ $T+ sT |eV+q
mT
3. ] qw+
4. eTsD\ d+K
168. 1974 +><X d+u$+q es<\ e\
1. 4,50,000 eT+~ { eTT eTsD+#sT
2. re Vs =s @s&qT
3. q<T |< mTq |P& @s&q~ eT]jTT
n&e\T q+#sTT
4. Vs =sq T rs+<T q|Hs m>TeTT\qT
|+#&+ ]+~
169. $|T \ T d+u$ +q|&T \<#TH+<T >qT
XX b|~q sD\T #|{q sh+
1. >TsY
2. &c
3. +<|<X
4. $TH&T
170. d es<\T B e\q d+u$+#TqT?
1. q\T $|\+ e&+ < +uew
2. qBrs uu>+, n& |]dT\T
3. weT+&\ #y\ e\q ]d esb+
4. d]|&T |]yV b++ be&+
171. es< V#]\ $XdjT eT]jTT ee~
1. qeT&+ w+
2. ~>Te |yV| <s+ |]> =\~ >TZqT
3. ~>Te |yV| <s+ |]> =\~ |sT>TqT
4. +&X{ f\J dVjT+ n+#H yjT&+
*
$eq |_wH
172. >MTD b+\ rey T q es B

sDeT>TqT?
1. beTTT u~ T \ d + K > D j T +>
|sT>T
2. q>s\ >V\ =s
3. sT d+_+qsTT d\ qc
4. b]X$T <X| ] eed| d\
|uy
173. ]dt e|+> < d+#TqT?
1. es<\T d+u$+q|&T u~T\ d+KqT
2. es<\T d+u$+q|&T d qw re
3. 100 d+es\ es<yT<q |]~
4. e&q |]eD+ es<\ d+<s + > {
|& b+\ $es\qT
174. sTe e\q c\T |s>& ||+#y|
b|~ *q sD+
1. ||+# Hu |sT>T<\
2. ||+#y|+> esb+ >Z&+
3. s T e | ] d T \ <V < | & eqe
sb\ |sT>T<\
4. { |{\ eT{\ >TZ<\
175. ke < ] $| T ~+| s V D
se @ d+d dVjT+ sVdTHsT?
1. jTTmH&|
2. m+m|t
3. ||+#u+
4. jTTd|t
176. Hu y~ |sT>T<\ B d+#TqT?
1. |\eyTq b]X< |]d
2. sTe e\q e\d\ sD+> |
|]d
3. {=s e\q d+u$+# b<$T |*
4. sTe ~rjT |*yTq bwVs b
177. Bs* sTe ke eT]jTT Jeq |<T\|
mTe+{ esT\ sDeT>TqT?
1. *
2. u |sesD
3. XX
4. d\
178. <T]+ Be\q d+u$+#TqT?
1. ]|swH e+{ <T k+ |]Cq+
be&+ e\q
2. }V+# sD\ e\q
3. sTe e\q
4. <&T\ e\q |+ <+d+ e&+
205
$|T sVD
179. <T] u~T\ k<sD Vs swq |+|D

$<q+
1. ||+ #y|+ > k<sD+> |jT neT
+&TqT
2. sd $ T s b+~+q < X \qT
nqTd]+#TqT
3. |< mTq \ eT]jTT |+|D H{esT\T
nedseT>TqT
4. |<X+, k s\qT { esTT+&TqT
180. e re *q sTe
1. \ d++<yTq sTe
2. yesD sTe
3. eekjT sTe
4. ke ` ] sTe
181. u $j> |D[ esZ<s\ @sT
1. |Cy<+| <s|&TqT
2. neT\T #jT&+ +f @sT #jT&+ *
3. |uT bV\| <s|&TqT
4. e\+ d+#ss eT{\ eyT
neds+
182. sTe deTjT+ eTTKyTq~
1. |\T +{ Mq+ dMT|+ dVj
b+<&+
2. |\T eT qT M&, { eqsT\ e<
e\d be&+
3. eqe\ d]|&Tq+ Vs ds|s\ d+
|Xe\ d+KqT Z+#&+
4. deTd jTT reqT |\ *jTCd
se neT\T #jT&+
183. neds sTe dVjT #s\qT DyT
bs+_+#&+ m+ eTTK+. m+<Tq>...
1. y<T\T |#]\+& y]+#&
2. bwVs b eT]jTT m&sDqT
s~+#&
3. <&T\T, nX+ +& y]+#&
4. b++ qT+& e\d\qT y]+#&
$eq |_wH
184. sTe |& b++ |qsedsD #s\T

1. dV+> d+u$+# sTe y{ |jq+
d\+
2. y{ |< mTq #|{qsTT |ue+
#|>\e
3. |ue ~+| sb\qT b* +&TqT
4. sTeqT |X$T+|CjTT neds+
185. dTHMT
1. y s+>+
2. { +< d+u$+# u+|+ sD+>
k<sD+> deTT<| s+> XDT\T
3. mH |*+
4. |yM <T
186. dTHMT nH |< ns+
1. deTT<| s+>+
2. se s+>+(harbour wave)
3. deTT< |+|q
4. >< s+>+
187. dTHMT m|&T d+u$+#TqT?
1. |>\T < s, d+es+ m|&H
2. o\+
3. yd$ \+
4. e\+ |>{|P eyT
188. 60 dqT < n++f me ee~ >\
u+|+ d+u$+q|&T < e \&{
M\Tq+ \yTq u +|+ d+u$ +q|&T e
@$T #jTT<Te?
1. &|t, esY, VA
2. |+|q bs+uyTq DyT n& qT+& U
#jTT<TqT
3. | s+&
4. @B <T
189. u +|+ e\q dTHMT s+ >+ <$ +q# e
@$T #jTT<Te?
1. +{ y<TqT
2. DyT msTTq |<X #sT=+<TqT
3. ;#Y y[ dTHMT |uy\qT |]o*+TqT
4. @B <T
206
$|T sVD
190. u bys+ jTT uV u>+

1. u|\+
2. @dHdjTsY
3. yVA
4. *<djTsY
191. | \ $s | s \qT q T>=q& + | s
njTk++ m+<Te\q eTTKyTq~?
1. |s ] sqT =\e& nqTeT+#TqT
2. s <Te |<X e]+#TqT
3. deTT< u\ y| e]+#TqT
4. |yM <T
192. us<X uu>+ m+ X+ u$T
u+b\T d+u$+# neX+ +~?
1. 40.6%
2. 48.8%
3. 58.6%
4. 62.7%
193. ^, {H uw &CdsY nq>
1. |e<+
2. $<+d+
3. <Tw q+
4. #&T d+|Tq
194. dTHMT $|T\ C_ m|&T #ssT?
1. 2001 2. 2002 3. 2003 4. 2004
195. $| T s V D| 1999 @sT # d q
nTq~s $T{ $|T\qT m s\T>
>T]++~?
1. 21
2. 25
3. 31
4. 36
196. us<X+ n~+ > $|T \ T d+u$ +#&
sD+
1. u>[ yesD |]dT\T
2. ] <Ts\+
$eq |_wH
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
207
3. ke ndeq\T
4. |e
2011 &d+sY yw TbqT d+u$+q <X+
1. eTwj
2. e]wdt
3. ee\T
4. |*|H
l + b | +, y T [j T | {
eT+&\qT sT e |u $yT q $> >T]d $|T
sVD XK $TwqsY 2012 qe] 17q s T \T
C #XsT. nsTT sh+ sTe eT+&\
d+K
1. 878 2. 892 3. 876 4. 864
2011 &d+sY 28q +>U+ d+u$+q
TbqT |sT
1. |PH 2. <H 3. \ 4. |jT
2011 &d+sY 4q <q >eTe n |s+
m& +~?
1. $jT+
2. +&Hwj
3.
4.
|*|H 2012 |e] 6q d+u$+q u
u+|+ bsX\ $<sT\ bT 44 eT+~
eTsD+#sT. ]sY d\T| B re m+>
qy<+~?
1. 6.7 2. 6.6 3. 7.2
4. 8.2
2012 @| 7q ||+#+H n+ msTTq
jTT< + djH >djTsY e< d+u$+q
| $|T
1. VeTd+b+
2. u+|+
3. ub+
4. dTHMT
$|T sVD
ANSWERS
1.4
2.1
3.2
4.4
5.2
6.4
7.2
8.4
9.2
10.1
11.1
12.3
13.2
14.2
15.2
16.3
17.4
18.4
19.1
20.2
21.4
22.3
23.1
24.4
25.4
26.3
27.3
28.4
29.2
30.3
31.3
32.4
33.1
34.4
35.4
36.3
37.2
38.2
39.1
40.2
41.1
42.2
43.2
44.2
45.4
46.3
47.4
48.5
49.3
50.4
51.1
52.2
53.3
54.5
55.4
56.2
57.2
58.3
59.3
60.3
61.3
62.4
63.1
64.4
65.2
66.3
67.4
68.3
69.2
70.2
71.3
72.1
73.2
74.2
75.3
76.4
77.3
78.2
79.4
80.4
81.2
82.4
83.2
84.2
85.2
86.1
87.4
88.4
89.2
90.3
91.4
92.2
93.3
94.2
95.4
96.2
97.3
98.4
99.2
100.3
101.2
102.3
103.1
104.3
105.1
106.2
107.4
108.1
109.1
110.3
111.3
112.3
113.4
114.1
115.4
116.1
117.1
118.4
119.1
120.4
121.4
122.4
123.4
124.4
125.4
126.4
127.3
128.3
129.1
130.3
131.1
132.4
133.1
134.2
135.1
136.1
137.2
138.3
139.1
140.4
141.4
142.3
143.4
144.1
145.2
146.3
147.4
148.4
149.4
150.3
151.2
152.1
153.3
154.4
155.2
156.2
157.4
158.4
159.3
160.1
161.2
162.3
163.2
164.1
165.3
166.4
167.2
168.2
169.3
170.1
171.3
172.2
173.4
174.3
175.1
176.4
177.3
178.3
179.4
180.2
181.2
182.1
183.2
184.3
185.2
186.2
187.1
188.3
189.2
190.2
191.3
192.3
193.3
194.4
195.3
196.4
197.4
198.1
199.2
200.2
201.2
202.1
$eq |_wH
208
$|T sVD

Vipattu Nirvahana

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Vipattu Nirvahana

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$|T sVD

Vipatthu Nirvahana(Disaster Management)

P. Narasimhulu, M. Alivelu Manga

Vivana Publications, Hyderabad

Vivana Publications, Hyderabad

DTP & Cover Design:

KALYANI GRAPHICS, Dilshukh Nagar,

Vivana Publications, Hyderabad(9177091268) and

Saitirumala Printers, Chikkadapally, Hyderabad

$|T sVD |]o\q........................................................................................5 - 44

1. #y\T ` sD\T, |uy\T.......................................................................................... 71 ` 77

dTHMT ............................................................................................................ 87 ` 102

1. dTHMT ` sD\T, |uy\T ................................................................................................ 89 ` 97

es<\T .......................................................................................................... 103 ` 117

1. es<\T ` sD\T, |uy\T............................................................................................105 ` 110

sTe\T, ub\T eT]jTT s $|T\T .............................................. 119 `134

eqe s $|T\T ` ysD ePV\T ................................................... 135 ` 150

1. eqe s $|T\T ..............................................................................................................137 ` 150

$|T |XeTq ePV\T/ #s\T ............................................................... 151 ` 191

n_ywqT ...................................................................................................... 192 ` 193

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material, economic or environmental losses which

+< VA+ eT+ XK

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which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has

destruction, loss of human life and deterioration in

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1.3 $|T\ eZsD

m. y> { $|TqT <qyTq(slow) <

1. <q+> bs+ueTjT $|T(Slow onset Disaster ): sE\T, H \ \T < s T e >

major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and

eT{ < de+ q k+ eqsT\

$|T \ T {, eqe |s | $|T \ T n L&

es<\T, sTe\T, deTT< y s+>\T, u

n | e <\T, s k j T q < b]X$T

sT eT]jTT yesD d++~ $|T\T

eqe C ed+# m&] b++ u+|+

y|\qT 1. dV y|\T(Natural Hazards), 2. ke ` dV y|\T(Socio-Natural

&. #eTTsT |e<\T

es<\T, ub\T, sTe\T e+{ y{ |,

eqe | s | s D \T s +& +{sTT.

y|+ m|&T $|T <]rdT+~?

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es<\T, u+|+ < TbqT e+{ @<H

<Ts\+> sksT. u, ke, ] eT]jTT

<VsD 2001 >TsY u+|+ d+<s+>

dTs+ b+\ n<T|+& |]>

dsyk\T |\qT y|\ >T] #ksTT.

dTs b+\ edd , y] >V\T <&y T q

<Twuy\T m<Ts=+THsT. sEy L* |qT\T

1.5 $|T sVD

|uT +, |uT s d+d\ T, CH dT, >TsT <s

+Z #&y T +&, $|T \ qT m<Ts=H+<T eT{

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1.6 de#s dsD

1.7 |\| $|T |ue+

2. $|T\T ` ||+# |]d

1992`2000 eT< d>Tq d+es <<| 500

2.2 ||+# y|+> $|T\ rsT

1995 qT+& 2004 eT< ||+#y|+>

Trauma in the Emergency Services |d

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