European Space Agency

ESA redirects here. For other uses, see ESA (disam- 1.1 Foundation
biguation).
The European Space Agency (ESA; French: Agence Main article: ESRO
After World War II, many European scientists left

ESA Mission Control at ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany

ESTEC buildings in Noordwijk, Netherlands. ESTEC was the
main technical centre of ESRO and remains so for the successor organization, ESA.

spatiale europenne, ASE) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, with 22
member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered
in Paris, France, ESA has a sta of more than 2,000 with
an annual budget of about 4.28 billion / US$5.51 billion
(2013).[3]

Western Europe in order to work in the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specically in
space-related activities, Western European scientists realized solely national projects would not be able to compete
with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the Sputnik shock, Edoardo Amaldi and Pierre Auger,
two prominent members of the Western European scientic community at that time, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The
meeting was attended by scientic representatives from
eight countries, including Harrie Massey (UK).

ESAs space ight programme includes human

spaceight, mainly through the participation in the
International Space Station programme, the launch
and operations of unmanned exploration missions to
other planets and the Moon, Earth observation, science,
telecommunication as well as maintaining a major
spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French
Guiana, and designing launch vehicles. The main
European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through
Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching The Western European nations decided to have two difand further developing this launch vehicle.
ferent agencies, one concerned with developing a launch
ESA science missions are based at ESTEC in Noordwijk, system, ELDO (European Launch Development OrganiNetherlands, Earth Observation missions at ESRIN in zation), and the precursor of the European Space Agency,
Frascati, Italy, ESA Mission Control (ESOC) is in ESRO (European Space Research Organisation). The
Darmstadt, Germany, the European Astronaut Centre latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agree(EAC) that trains astronauts for future missions is situ- ment signed on 14 June 1962. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO
ated in Cologne, Germany, and the European Space As- launched seven research satellites.
tronomy Centre is located in Villanueva de la Caada, ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA ConMadrid, Spain.
vention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO.

ESA has 10 founding member states: Belgium, Denmark,

France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[4] These signed the
ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments
of ratication by 1980, when the convention came into

History
1

force. During this interval the agency functioned in a

de facto fashion.[2] ESA launched its rst major scientic mission in 1975, Cos-B, a space probe monitoring
gamma-ray emissions in the universe rst worked on by
ESRO.

1.2

Later activities

MISSION

established ESA as the world leader in commercial space

launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding Ariane 5
experienced a failure on its rst ight, it has since rmly
established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 56 successful launches as of
September 2011. The successor launch vehicle of Ariane
5, the Ariane 6 is already in the denition stage and is envisioned to enter service in the 2020s.
The beginning of the new millennium saw ESA become,
along with agencies like NASA, JAXA, ISRO, CSA and
Roscosmos, one of the major participants in scientic
space research. Although ESA had relied on cooperation
with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s,
changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions
on information sharing by the United States military) led
to decisions to rely more on itself and on cooperation with
Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated:[5]
Russia is ESAs rst partner in its eorts
to ensure long-term access to space. There
is a framework agreement between ESA and
the government of the Russian Federation on
cooperation and partnership in the exploration
and use of outer space for peaceful purposes,
and cooperation is already under way in two
dierent areas of launcher activity that will
bring benets to both partners.

Mock-up of the Ariane 1

Most notable for its new self-condence are ESAs own

recent successful missions SMART-1, a probe testing
cutting-edge new space propulsion technology, the Mars
Express and Venus Express missions as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the ISS
partnership. ESA maintains its scientic and research
projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as
Corot, launched on 27 December 2006, a milestone in
the search for extrasolar planets.

ESA joined NASA in the IUE, the worlds rst high-orbit

telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated very 2 Mission
successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earthorbit projects followed, and in 1986 ESA began Giotto, its The treaty establishing the European Space Agency
rst deep-space mission, to study the comets Halley and reads:[6]
GriggSkjellerup. Hipparcos, a star-mapping mission,
was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s SOHO, Ulysses
ESAs purpose shall be to provide for, and
and the Hubble Space Telescope were all jointly carried
to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes,
out with NASA. Recent scientic missions in cooperation
cooperation among European States in space
with NASA include the CassiniHuygens space probe,
research and technology and their space applito which ESA contributed by building the Titan landing
cations, with a view to their being used for scimodule Huygens.
entic purposes and for operational space applications systems
As the successor of ELDO, ESA has also constructed
rockets for scientic and commercial payloads. Ariane
1, launched in 1979, brought mostly commercial pay- ESA is responsible for setting a unied space and reloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two devel- lated industrial policy, recommending space objectives
opments of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in to the member states, and integrating national programs
the development of a more advanced launch system, the like satellite development, into the European program as
Ariane 4, which operated between 1988 and 2003 and much as possible.[6]

3.2

Associate members

Jean-Jacques Dordain ESAs Director General (since

2003) outlined the European Space Agencys mission in
a 2003 interview:[7]
Today space activities are pursued for the
benet of citizens, and citizens are asking for
a better quality of life on earth. They want
greater security and economic wealth, but they
also want to pursue their dreams, to increase
their knowledge, and they want younger people to be attracted to the pursuit of science and
technology.
I think that space can do all of this: it can
produce a higher quality of life, better security,
more economic wealth, and also fulll our citizens dreams and thirst for knowledge, and attract the young generation. This is the reason
space exploration is an integral part of overall
space activities. It has always been so, and it
will be even more important in the future.

3
3.1

Member states, funding and budget

Membership and contribution to ESA

ESA member states

ESA associate members
ECS states
Signatories of the Cooperation Agreement

The following table lists all the member states and adjunct members, their ESA convention ratication dates,
and their contributions in 2015:[1]
[1] These nations are considered initial signatories, but since
they were members of neither ESRO nor ELDO (the precursor organizations to ESA) the Convention could only
enter into force when the last of the other 10 founders ratied it.
[2] Founding members and initial signatories drafted the ESA
charter which entered into force on 30 October 1980.
These nations were also members of either ELDO or
ESRO.[21]
[3] Acceded members became ESA member states upon signing an accession agreement.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
[4] Canada is an associated member of ESA.[22][23]
[5] Framework Agreement establishing the legal basis for cooperation between ESA and the European Union came
into force in May 2004.

3.2 Associate members

Member states
ECS states
Signatories of the Cooperation Agreement

Currently the only associated member of ESA is

Canada.[23] Previously associated members were Austria,
Norway and Finland, all of which later joined ESA as full
members.
3.2.1 Canada

ESA is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states.[8] Member states participate to varying degrees
in the mandatory (25% of total expenditures in 2008)
and optional space programmes (75% of total expenditures in 2008).[9] The 2008 budget amounted to 3.0 billion the 2009 budget to 3.6 billion.[10] The total budget
amounted to about 3.7 billion in 2010, 3.99 billion in
2011, 4.02 billion in 2012, 4.28 billion in 2013 and
4.10 billion in 2014.[3][11][12][13] Languages used are
English, French, German, Italian, Dutch and Spanish.[2]

Since 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within the ESA. By virtue of
this accord, the Canadian Space Agency takes part in the
ESAs deliberative bodies and decision-making and also
in the ESAs programmes and activities. Canadian rms
can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes.
The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada.[25] The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 2010-12-15 with a term extending to

MEMBER STATES, FUNDING AND BUDGET

2020.[26][27] For 2014, Canadas annual assessed contri- with ESA. For example, the French space agency CNES
bution to the ESA general budget was 6,059,449.00 Eu- has a total budget of 2015 million, of which 755 milros (CAD$8,559,050).[28]
lion is paid as direct nancial contribution to ESA.[34]
Several space-related projects are joint projects between
national space agencies and ESA (e.g. COROT). Also,
ESA is not the only European governmental space organ3.3 Budget appropriation and allocation
isation (for example European Union Satellite Centre).

3.4 Enlargement
See also: Enlargement of the European Space Agency
After the decision of the ESA Council of 21/22 March
2001, the procedure for accession of the European states
was detailed as described the document titled The Plan
for European Co-operating States (PECS)".[35] Nations
that want to become a full member of ESA do so in 3
stages. First a Cooperation Agreement is signed between
ESA budget chart by programme for 2011 (in m.)[11]
the country and ESA. In this stage, the country has very
limited nancial responsibilities. If a country wants to
Earth Observation: 843.9 (21.1%)
cooperate more fully with ESA, it signs a European CoNavigation: 665.7 (16.7%)
operating State (ECS) Agreement. The ECS Agreement
Launchers: 612.5 (15.3%)
makes companies based in the country eligible for parScience: 464.8 (11.6%)
ticipation in ESA procurements. The country can also
Human Spaceight: 410.9 (10.3%)
participate in all ESA programmes, except for the BaTelecommunications: 341.3 (8.5%)
sic Technology Research Programme. While the nanBasic Activities: 216.7 (5.4%)
cial contribution of the country concerned increases, it is
General Budget: 179.9 (4.5%)
still much lower than that of a full member state. The
Robotic Exploration: 129.4 (3.2%)
agreement is normally followed by a Plan For European
Technology: 105.1 (2.5%)
Cooperating State (or PECS Charter). This is a 5-year
Space Situational Awareness: 15.7 (0.4%)
programme of basic research and development activities
ECSA: 7.5 (0.2%)
aimed at improving the nations space industry capacity.
Other (0.3%)
At the end of the 5-year period, the country can either
begin negotiations to become a full member state or an
The ESA is funded from annual contributions by national
associated state or sign a new PECS Charter.[36] Many
governments as well as from an annual contribution by
countries, most of which joined the EU in both 2004 and
the European Union (EU).[29]
2007, have started to cooperate with ESA on various levThe 2005 budget of ESA was 2.977 billion in 2005, ris- els:
ing to 2.904 billion in 2006, 3.018 billion in 2008,[30]
3.600 billion in 2009,[31] 3.745 billion in 2010,[32]
3.994 billion in 2011[33] and 4.020 billion in 2012.[12]
Every 34 years, ESA member states agree on a budget
plan for several years at an ESA member states confer- 3.5 EU and the European Space Agency
ence. This plan can be amended in future years, however
provides the major guideline for ESA for several years. The political perspective of the European Union (EU)
The last major conference was held at the end of 2008, was to make ESA an agency of the EU by 2014,[56] alsetting the budget for the years to 2012.
though this date was not met. The EU is already the
The 2011 budget allocations for major areas of ESA activity are shown on the pie-chart on the right. The section
called 'Other' includes Technology Development, Space
Situational Awareness and spending related to European
Cooperating States.[31]

largest single donor to ESAs budget and non-ESA EU

states are observers at ESA.

The only current EU member state that has not signed an

ESA Cooperation Agreement is Croatia. In December
2014, the ESA Ministerial Council authorized ocials
Countries typically have their own space programmes that to begin discussions to establish formal cooperation with
dier in how they operate organisationally and nancially Croatia.[57]

4.2

Soyuz

Launch vehicle eet

5
ESAs Ariane 1, 2, 3 and 4 launchers (the last of which
was ESAs long-time workhorse) have been retired.

ESA has a eet of dierent launch vehicles in service

with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESAs eet consists of three major rocket designs: 4.2 Soyuz
Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega. Rocket launches are carried
out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders represent- Main article: Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre
ing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as Soyuz-2 (also called the Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK) is a
CNES, at the ESAs Guiana Space Centre. Because many
communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches
from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into
space than from spaceports at higher latitudes. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of
nearly 500 m/s due to the higher rotational velocity of the
Earth at the equator compared to near the Earths poles
where rotational velocity approaches zero.

4.1

Ariane 5

Main article: Ariane 5

The Ariane 5 rocket is ESAs primary launcher. It Soyuz Launch Complex
Russian medium payload launcher (ca. 3 metric tons to
GTO) which was brought into ESA service in October
2011.[61][62] ESA entered into a 340 million joint venture with the Russian Federal Space Agency over the use
of the Soyuz launcher.[5] Under the agreement, the Russian agency manufactures Soyuz rocket parts for ESA,
which are then shipped to French Guiana for assembly.

Ariane 5 ECA transported to the ELA-3 launch pad

has been in service since 1997 and replaced Ariane 4.

Two dierent variants are currently in use. The heaviest and most used version, the Ariane 5 ECA, delivers two communications satellites of up to 10 tonnes
into GTO. It failed during its rst test ight in 2002,
but has since made 43 consecutive successful ights (as
of April 2014). The other version, Ariane 5 ES, was
used to launch the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) to
the International Space Station (ISS) and will be used to
launch four Galileo navigational satellites at a time.[58][59]
In November 2012, ESA agreed to build an upgraded
variant called Ariane 5 ME (Mid-life Evolution) which
will increase payload capacity to 11.5 tonnes to GTO and
feature a restartable second stage to allow more complex
missions. Ariane 5 ME is scheduled to y in 2018.[60]
Some of its new features will also be adopted by the nextgeneration launcher, Ariane 6, planned to replace Ariane
5 in the 2020s.

ESA benets because it gains a medium payload

launcher, complementing its eet while saving on development costs. In addition, the Soyuz rocketwhich
has been the Russians space launch workhorse for some
40 yearsis proven technology with a very good safety
record. Russia benets in that it gets access to the Kourou
launch site. Due to its proximity to the equator, launching
from Kourou rather than Baikonur nearly doubles Soyuzs
payload to GTO (3.0 tonnes vs. 1.7 tonnes).
Soyuz rst launched from Kourou on 21 October 2011,
and successfully placed two Galileo satellites into orbit
23,222 kilometres above Earth.[61]

4.3 Vega
Main article: Vega (rocket)
Vega is ESAs carrier for small satellites. Developed by
seven ESA members lead by Italy, it is capable of carrying
a payload with a mass of between 300 and 1500 kg to an
altitude of 700 km, for low polar orbit. Its maiden launch
from Kourou was on 13 February 2012.[63]
The rocket has three solid propulsion stages and a liquid
propulsion upper stage (the AVUM) for accurate orbital
insertion and the ability to place multiple payloads into
dierent orbits.[64][65]

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT

Ulf Merbold became the rst ESA astronaut to y into space.

Gagarin of the Soviet Union) on a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, followed by the Pole Mirosaw Hermaszewski and
East German Sigmund Jhn in the same year. This Soviet
4.4 Ariane launch vehicle development co-operation programme, known as Intercosmos, primarily involved the participation of Eastern bloc countries.
funding
In 1982, however, Jean-Loup Chrtien became the rst
non-Communist Bloc astronaut on a ight to the Soviet
Historically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded Salyut 7 space station.
primarily with money contributed by ESA governments
seeking to participate in the program rather than through Because Chrtien did not ocially y into space as an
competitive industry bids. This [has meant that] govern- ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French
ments commit multiyear funding to the development with CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is conthe expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment sidered the rst ESA astronaut to y into space. He parin the form of industrial workshare. ESA is proposing ticipated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included
changes to this scheme by moving to competitive bids for the rst use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint
the development of the Ariane 6.[66]
partnership that included dozens of space ights of ESA
astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions
with Spacelab were fully funded and organizationally and
5 Human space ight
scientically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by
Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as
full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside
5.1 History
paying for Spacelab ights and seats on the shuttles, ESA
At the time ESA was formed, its main goals did not en- continued its human space ight co-operation with the
compass human space ight; rather it considered itself Soviet Union and later Russia, including numerous visto be primarily a scientic research organisation for un- its to Mir.
Vega VV02 rocket on the ELV pad

manned space exploration in contrast to its American and

Soviet counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that the
rst non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was Czechoslovak
Vladimr Remek who in 1978 became the rst non-Soviet
European in space (the rst European in space being Yuri

During the latter half of the 1980s, European human

space ights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany was established. It selects and
trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the coordination with international partners, especially with re-

7
gard to the International Space Station. As of 2006, the
ESA astronaut corps ocially included twelve members,
including nationals from most large European countries
except the United Kingdom.
In the summer of 2008, the ESA started to recruit new
astronauts so that nal selection would be due in spring
2009. Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008. 8,413 fullled the initial application criteria. Of the applicants,
918 were chosen to take part in the rst stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the eld to 192. After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation
in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the European Astronaut Corps were selected - ve
men and one woman.[67]

5.2

Astronaut Corps

See also: European Astronaut Corps

The astronauts of the European Space Agency are:
[1] have visited Mir
[2] 2009 selection
[3] have visited the International Space Station

While projects such as Hopper are neither concrete nor to

be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for
human spaceight in cooperation with the Russian Space
Agency have emerged. Following talks with the Russian
Space Agency in 2004 and June 2005,[68] a cooperation
between ESA and the Russian Space Agency was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed Kliper,
a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space
travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was
speculated that Europe would nance part of it. However,
a 50 million participation study for Kliper, which was
expected to be approved in December 2005, was nally
not approved by the ESA member states. The Russian
state tender for the Kliper project was subsequently cancelled in the summer of 2006.
In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to
the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) study, a
two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going
beyond Low-Earth orbit based on the current Soyuz design. This project is pursued with Roskosmos instead of
the previously cancelled Kliper proposal. A decision on
the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS
spacecraft is contemplated for 2008, with the major design decisions being made before the summer of 2007.
In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a 21 million
study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the
Advanced Crew Transportation System design.[69]

[4] now retired

In November 2012, ESA decided to join NASAs Orion

programme. The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASAs new manned spacecraft. ESA may
5.3 Crew vehicles
also seek to work with NASA on Orions launch system
to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its
In the 1980s, France pressed for an independent Euro- as well in order[70]
own
astronauts.
pean crew launch vehicle. Around 1978 it was decided
to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in In September 2014, ESA signed an agreement with Sierra
November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the Nevada Corporation for cooperation in Dream Chaser
name of Hermes was introduced. The craft was compa- project. Further studies on the Dream Chaser for Eurorable to early proposals for the Space Shuttle and con- pean Utilization or DC4EU project were funded, includsisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to ing the feasibility of launching a Europeanized Dream
5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scien- Chaser onboard Ariane 5.[71][72]
tic experiments. With a total maximum weight of 21
metric tons it would have been launched on the Ariane 5
rocket, which was being developed at that time. It was
planned solely for use in Low-Earth orbit space ights. 6 Cooperation with other countries
The planning and pre-development phase concluded in
and organisations
1991; however, the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had
changed signicantly. With the fall of the Soviet Union ESA has signed cooperation agreements with the followESA looked forward to cooperation with Russia to build ing states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly
a next-generation space vehicle. Thus the Hermes pro- with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future
gramme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dol- membership of ESA: Argentina,[73] Brazil,[74] China,[75]
lars had been spent. The Columbus space station pro- India[76] (for the Chandrayan mission), Russia[77] and
gramme had a similar fate.
Turkey.[78]
In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among
its various projects and proposals is Hopper, whose prototype by EADS, called Phoenix, has already been tested.

Additionally, ESA has joint projects with the European

Union, NASA of the United States and is participating in
the International Space Station together with the United
States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA).

6.1

6 COOPERATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES AND ORGANISATIONS

European Union

tober 2009.[81] A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space
exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and
ESA members as well as members of parliament were in
attendance.[82]

6.2 National space organisations of member states

ESA and EU member states

ESA-only members
EU-only members

ESA is not an agency or body of the European Union

(EU), and has non-EU countries Switzerland and Norway as members. There are however ties between the
two, with various agreements in place and being worked
on, to dene the legal status of ESA with regard to the
EU.[30]
There are common goals between the ESA and the EU.
The ESA has an EU liaison oce in Brussels. On certain projects, the EU and ESA cooperate, such as the upcoming Galileo satellite navigation system. Space policy
has since December 2009 been an area for voting in the
European Council. Under the European Space Policy of
2007, the EU, ESA and its Member States committed
themselves to increasing coordination of their activities
and programmes and to organising their respective roles
relating to space.[79]
The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 reinforces the case for space
in Europe and strengthens the role of ESA as an R&D
space agency. Article 189 of the Treaty gives the EU a
mandate to elaborate a European space policy and take
related measures, and provides that the EU should establish appropriate relations with ESA.
Former Italian astronaut Umberto Guidoni, during his
tenure as a Member of the European Parliament from
2004 to 2009, stressed the importance of the European
Union as a driving force for space exploration, since
other players are coming up such as India and China it is
becoming ever more important that Europeans can have
an independent access to space. We have to invest more
into space research and technology in order to have an
industry capable of competing with other international
players.[80]
The rst EU-ESA International Conference on Human
Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 Oc-

The Centre National d'tudes Spatiales (CNES) (National Centre for Space Study) is the French government space agency (administratively, a public
establishment of industrial and commercial character). Its headquarters are in central Paris. CNES is
the main participant on the Ariane project. Indeed
CNES designed and tested all Ariane family rockets
(mainly from its centre in vry near Paris)
The UK Space Agency is a partnership of the UK
government departments which are active in space.
Through the UK Space Agency, the partners provide delegates to represent the UK on the various
ESA governing bodies. Each partner funds its own
programme.
The Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
or ASI) was founded in 1988 to promote, coordinate
and conduct space activities in Italy. Operating under the Ministry of the Universities and of Scientic
and Technological Research, the agency cooperates
with numerous entities active in space technology
and with the president of the Council of Ministers.
Internationally, the ASI provides Italys delegation
to the Council of the European Space Agency and
to its subordinate bodies.
The German Aerospace Center (DLR) (German:
Deutsches Zentrum fr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V.)
is the national research centre for aviation and space
ight of the Federal Republic of Germany and of
other member states in the Helmholtz Association.
Its extensive research and development projects are
included in national and international cooperative
programmes. In addition to its research projects, the
centre is the assigned space agency of Germany bestowing headquarters of German space ight activities and its associates.
The Instituto Nacional de Tcnica Aeroespacial
(INTA) (National Institute for Aerospace Technique) is a Public Research Organization specialized
in aerospace research and technology development
in Spain. Between other functions, it serves as a platform for space research and acts as a signicant testing facility for the aeronautic and space sector in the
country.

6.3

NASA

ESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA.

Since ESAs astronaut corps was formed, the Space
Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by
ESAs astronauts to get into space through partnership
programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the
Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint research
programme that had ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several ights on which
ESA participate with astronauts in experiments.
In robotic science mission and exploration missions,
NASA has been ESAs main partner. CassiniHuygens
was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the Infrared
Space Observatory, INTEGRAL, SOHO, and others.
Also, the Hubble space telescope is a joint project of
NASA and ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the James Webb Space Telescope and the proposed
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. NASA has committed to provide support to ESAs proposed MarcoPoloR mission to return an asteroid sample to Earth for further
analysis. NASA and ESA will also likely join together for
a Mars Sample Return Mission.

6.4

Cooperation with other space agencies

ISS module Columbus at Kennedy Space Center

into orbit by NASAs STS-122 Space Shuttle mission and

the Cupola observatory module that was completed in
July 2005 by Alenia Spazio for ESA. The current estimates for the ISS are approaching 100 billion in total
(development, construction and 10 years of maintaining
the station) of which ESA has committed to paying 8
billion.[87] About 90% of the costs of ESAs ISS share
will be contributed by Germany (41%), France (28%)
and Italy (20%). German ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter
was the rst long-term ISS crew member.

Since China has started to invest more money into space

activities, the Chinese Space Agency has sought international partnerships. ESA is, beside the Russian Space
Agency, one of its most important partners. Recently the
two space agencies cooperated in the development of the
Double Star Mission.[83]

ESA has developed the Automated Transfer Vehicle

(ATV) for ISS resupply. Each ATV has a cargo capacity
of 7,667 kilograms (16,903 lb).[88] The rst ATV, Jules
Verne, was launched on 9 March 2008 and on 3 April
2008 successfully docked with the ISS. This manoeuvre,
considered a major technical feat, involved using autoESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia mated systems to allow the ATV to track the ISS, moving
in the form of the CSTS, the preparation of French at 27,000 km/h, and attach itself with an accuracy of 2
Guiana spaceport for launches of Soyuz-2 rockets and cm.
other projects. With India, ESA agreed to send instru- As of 2013, the spacecraft establishing supply links to the
ments into space aboard the ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 in ISS are the Russian Progress and Soyuz, European ATV,
2008.[84] ESA is also cooperating with Japan, the most Japanese Kounotori (HTV), and the USA COTS program
notable current project in collaboration with JAXA is the vehicles Dragon and Cygnus.
BepiColombo mission to Mercury.
European Life and Physical Sciences research on board
Speaking to reporters at an air show near Moscow in Au- the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on
gust 2011, ESA head Jean-Jacques Dordain said ESA and the European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences
Russias Roskosmos space agency would carry out the in Space programme that was initiated in 2001.
rst ight to Mars together.[85]

6.5

International Space Station

See also: European contribution to the International

Space Station
With regard to the International Space Station (ISS)
ESA is not represented by all of its member states:[86]
10 of the 21 ESA member states currently participate
in the project.[note 1] ESA is taking part in the construction and operation of the ISS with contributions such as
Columbus, a science laboratory module that was brought

7 Miscellaneous
7.1 Languages
According to Annex 1, Resolution No. 8 of the ESA
Convention and Council Rules of Procedure,[89] English,
French and German may be used in all meetings of the
Agency, with interpretation provided into these three
languages. All ocial documents are available in English and French with all documents concerning the ESA

10

11

REFERENCES

Council being available in German as well.

8.1 Guaranteeing European access to

space

7.2

In May 2007, the 29 European countries expressed their

support for the European Space Policy in a resolution of
the Space Council, unifying the approach of ESA with
those of the European Union and their member states.

Facilities

ESA Headquarters (HQ), Paris, France

European Space Operations Centre (ESOC),

Prepared jointly by the European Commission and ESAs
Darmstadt, Germany
Director General, the European Space Policy sets out
European Space Research and Technology Centre a basic vision and strategy for the space sector and addresses issues such as security and defence, access to
(ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
space and exploration.
European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Through this resolution, the EU, ESA and their Member
Madrid, Spain[90]
States all commit to increasing coordination of their activities and programmes and their respective roles relating
European Centre for Space Applications and to space.[92]
Telecommunications
(ECSAT),
Oxfordshire,
United Kingdom[91]
European Astronaut Centre (EAC), Cologne, Germany
ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN),
Frascati, Italy
Guiana Space Centre (CSG), Kourou, French
Guiana
European Space Tracking Network (ESTRACK)

ESA and the EU institutions

The EU ag is the one to be own in space during missions (for example it was own by ESAs Andre Kuipers
during Delta mission)
The Commission is increasingly working together towards common objectives. Some 20 per cent of the funds
managed by ESA now originate from the supranational
budget of the European Union.
However, in recent years the ties between ESA and the
European institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in supporting Europes social, political and economic policies.
The legal basis for the EU/ESA cooperation is provided
by a Framework Agreement which entered into force in
May 2004. According to this agreement, the European
Commission and ESA coordinate their actions through
the Joint Secretariat, a small team of ECs administrators and ESA executive. The Member States of the two
organisations meet at ministerial level in the Space Council, which is a concomitant meeting of the EU and ESA
Councils, prepared by Member States representatives in
the High-level Space Policy Group (HSPG).
ESA maintains a liaison oce in Brussels to facilitate relations with the European institutions.

9 See also
Agencies of the European Union and Enhanced cooperation
European integration, section Space
European Launcher Development Organisation
(ELDO)
European Space Policy
European Space Research Organisation (ESRO)
Eurospace
List of directors general of the European Space
Agency
List of projects of the European Space Agency
Space policy of the European Union

10 Notes
[1] Ten ESA member states are participating: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway,
Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Austria, Finland and Ireland chose not to participate, because of lack of interest
or concerns about the expense of the project. The United
Kingdom withdrew from the preliminary agreement because of concerns about the expense of the project. Portugal, Luxembourg, Greece, the Czech Republic, Romania and Poland joined ESA after the agreement had been
signed.

11 References
[1] ESA Budget for 2015. esa.int. 16 January 2015.

11

[2] Convention for the establishment of a European Space

Agency (PDF). ESA. 2010. Retrieved 16 November
2014.

[23] Dotto, Lydia (May 2002). Canada and The European

Space Agency: Three Decades of Cooperation (PDF). European Space Agency.

[3] ESA Budget for 2013. esa.int. 24 January 2013.

[24] Framework Agreement between the European Community and the European Space Agency. Consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 29 August 2011.

[4] ESA turns 30! A successful track record for Europe in

space (Press release). European Space Agency. 31 May
2005.
[5] Launchers Home: International cooperation. ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[25] ESA and Canada renew cooperation agreement, building on long-term partnership (Press release). European
Space Agency. 21 June 2000. Retrieved 6 September
2014.

[6] Article II, Purpose, Convention of establishment of a European Space Agency, SP-1271(E) from 2003 .ESAs
Purpose. European Space Agency. 14 June 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[26] Minister Clement Welcomes Extension of Historic Partnership with European Space Agency (Press release). Industry Canada. 15 December 2010.

[7] Launching a New Era with JAXA: Interview with JeanJacques Dordain. JAXA. 31 October 2003.

[27] Europe and Canada: Partners in Space A Model of International Co-Operation (Press release). Canadian Space
Agency. 15 December 2010.

[8] About ESA - Romania accedes to ESA Convention.

ESA. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
[9] ESA programmes with Czech participation (PDF).
Czech Space Oce. 2009. Archived from the original
(PDF) on 11 May 2013.

[28] Disclosure of grants and contributions awards Fiscal

Year 2013-2014 4th quarter. Canadian Space Agency.
2 January 2014.

[11] ESA budget for 2011 (PPT). ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[29] de Selding, Peter B. (2015-07-29). Tough Sledding for

Proposed ESA Reorganization. Space News. Retrieved
28 July 2015. The four biggest ESA contributors, Germany
and France followed by Italy and Britain together account for 67 percent of the agencys funding and more if
the annual contribution from the European Union is taken
into account.

[12] ESA budget for 2013 (JPG). ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[30] ESA and the EU. European Space Agency. 9 October

2008.

[13] ESA Budget for 2014. esa.int. 29 January 2015.

[31] ESA budget for 2009 (PDF). European Space Agency.

January 2009.

[14] Poncelet, Jean-Pol; Fonseca-Colomb, Anabela; Grilli,

Giulio (November 2004). Enlarging ESA? After the Accession of Luxembourg and Greece (PDF). ESA Bulletin
(120): 4853.

[32] ESA budget for 2010 (PDF). European Space Agency.

January 2010.

[10] ESA budget for 2009 (PDF). ESA. January 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[15] New Member States. esa.int. ESA. Retrieved 25 July

2012.
[16] Polish ag raised at ESA. esa.int. ESA. Retrieved 6
September 2014.

[33] ESA budget for 2011 (ppt). European Space Agency.

January 2011.
[34] Le CNES en bref. http://www.cnes.fr''. CNES. Retrieved 11 August 2013.

[17] Luxembourg becomes ESAs 17th Member State.

esa.int. ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[35] Zuerey, Bernard (22 November 2006). The Plan for

European Co-operating States (PECS): Towards an enlarged ESA Partnership (PDF). European Space Agency.
Retrieved 21 July 2014.

[18] Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State.

ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[36] PECS: General Overview. European Space Agency.

esa.int.

[19] Portugal becomes ESAs 15th Member State. esa.int.

ESA. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[20] N 9-1994: Finland becomes ESAs 14th Member
State. esa.int. ESA. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
[21] ESA Convention (7th ed.). European Space Agency Communications, ESTEC. December 2010. ISBN 978-929221-410-4. ISSN 0379-4067.
[22] Leclerc, G.; Lessard, S. (November 1998). Canada and
ESA: 20 Years of Cooperation (PDF). ESA Bulletin (96).
ISBN 92-9092-533-7.

[37] ESA signs Cooperation Agreement with Turkey. European Space Agency. 6 September 2004. Retrieved 6
September 2014.
[38] A cooperation agreement between the Government of
Ukraine and the European Space Agency was signed in
Paris. State Space Agency of Ukraine. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
[39] Slovenian Government and ESA Sign Cooperation
Agreement. Slovenian Government Communication Ofce. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 8 June
2008.

12

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REFERENCES

[40] Slovenia becomes sixth ESA European Cooperating

State. ESA. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 6 September
2014.

[62] Russia ships Soyuz carrier rockets to Kourou spaceport.

RIA Novosti. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 6 September
2014.

[41] European Space Agency selects and conrms ten Slovenian proposals. Ministry of Higher Education, Science
and Technology of Slovenia. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010.

[63] ESAs new Vega launcher scores success on maiden

ight. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[42] Lgums ar Kosmosa aentru liks tiekties pc augstkiem

rezulttiem. Diena.lv (in Latvian). 23 July 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
[43] Latvia becomes seventh ESA European Cooperating
State. esa.int. ESA. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
[44] Signature of the PECS Charter between ESA and
Latvia. ESA. 31 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January
2015.
[45] Cyprus signs space agreement. Famagusta Gazette Online. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
[46] Slovak Republic signs Cooperation Agreement. ESA. 4
May 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[47] http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_
ESA/Slovakia_becomes_ninth_ESA_European_
Cooperating_State
[48] Danuta Pavilenene (7 October 2010). Lithuania signs
agreement with European Space Agency. The Baltic
Course.
[49] ESA (10 October 2014). Lithuania becomes eighth ESA
European Cooperating State.
[50] Lithuanian Space Association. Lietuvos Kosmoso Asociacija. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
[51] Lithuania Signs Cooperation Agreement. European
Space Agency. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
[52] Israel signs Cooperation Agreement. ESA.int. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[53] Malta signs Cooperation Agreement. ESA. 23 February
2012. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[54] Malta exploring ways of collaborating with European
Space Agency. EARSC. 20 June 2009.

[64] Vega - Launch Vehicle. ESA. 10 May 2013. Retrieved

1 May 2014.
[65] VEGA - A European carrier for small satellites. ASI.
2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014.
[66] Svitak, Amy (10 March 2014). SpaceX Says Falcon
9 To Compete For EELV This Year. Aviation Week.
Retrieved 11 March 2014. ESA Director General JeanJacques Dordain is aiming to reduce the agencys development and operational costs in a stark departure from past
practice: Until now, the Ariane family of rockets has been
built largely with money contributed by ESA governments
seeking to participate in the program rather than through
competitive industry bids. This means governments commit
multiyear funding to the development with the expectation
of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare. But in July, when Dordain presents
ESAs member states with industry proposals for building
the Ariane 6, he will seek government contributions based
on the best value for money, not geographic return on investment. 'To have competitive launchers, we need to rethink the launch sector in Europe.'
[67] Closing in on new astronauts. European Space Agency.
24 September 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[68] McKie, Robin (22 May 2005). Europe to hitch space
ride on Russias rocket. The Observer.
[69] Coppinger, Rob. EADS Astrium wins 21 million reentry vehicle study. Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 29 August
2011.
[70] Robin McKie (17 November 2012). Project Orion raises
hopes that Britain could have its own man on the moon.
The Observer. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
[71] Clark, Stephen (8 January 2014). Europe eyes cooperation on Dream Chaser space plane. Spaceight Now.
Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved
9 January 2014.

[55] http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/
Bulgaria_becomes_tenth_ESA_European_Cooperating_
State

[72] One docking ring to rule them all. ESA. 3 June 2014.
Retrieved 3 September 2014.

[56] http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br268/br268.pdf

[73] ESA and Argentina sign extension of Cooperation

Agreement. European Space Agency. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

[57] http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/04/13/55053/
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May 2014.
[59] Ariane 5 ES. ESA. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
[60] Launch vehicle Ariane 5 ME. www.esa.int. Retrieved
20 May 2014.
[61] Lifto! Soyuz begins its maiden mission from the Spaceport. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2014.

[74] ESA on the world stage international agreements with

Brazil, Poland and India. European Space Agency. 1
February 2002. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[75] Closer relations between ESA and China. Space Daily.
21 November 2005. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[76] Agreement signed for European instruments on
Chandrayaan-1. European Space Agency. 1 July 2005.
Retrieved 6 September 2014.

13

[77] Agreements 2003 (PDF). ESA Annual Report 2003

(PDF). European Space Agency. pp. 112113.
[78] http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Industry/ESA_signs_
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Johnson, Nicholas (1993). Space technologies and

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[79] Millett, Lucy (29 August 2009). Opening up the gate to

space. Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 30 August 2009.

Peeters, Walter (2000). Space Marketing: A European Perspective (Space Technology Library). ISBN
0-7923-6744-8.

[80] Former astronaut MEP backs Europes stellar ambitions. European Parliament. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.

Zabusky, Stacia (1995 and 2001). Launching Europe: An Ethnography of European Cooperation in
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[81] Coppinger, Rob (14 October 2009).

2010 to
see European Union human spaceight decision.
Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
[82] Space exploration: European Ministers in Prague prepare a roadmap towards a common vision. European
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[83] An interview with David Southwood, ESA Science Director
(Video). Space.co.uk. 29 March 2008.
[84] David Southwood at the 2008 UK Space Conference.
Space.co.uk. 29 March 2008.
[85] Russian, European space agencies to team up for Mars
mission | RIA Novosti. En.rian.ru. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
[86] International Space Station legal framework. European
Space Agency. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
[87] International Space Station: How much does it cost?".
European Space Agency. 9 August 2005. Retrieved 6
September 2014.
[88] Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Utilisation Relevant
Data Rev. 1.2 (PDF). ESA ERASMUS User Centre.
[89] Annex 1 Resolution 8. ESA Convention and Council
Rules of Procedure (PDF) (5th ed.). European Space
Agency. March 2010. p. 116. ISBN 92-9092-965-0.
[90] Contact ESAC. European Space Agency. 14 October
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[91] Esa opens its doors in uk (Press release). European
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[92] ESA and the EU

12

Further reading

ESA Bulletin () is a quarterly magazine about the

work of ESA that can be subscribed to free of
charge.
Bonnet, Roger; Manno, Vittorio (1994). International Cooperation in Space: The Example of the European Space Agency (Frontiers of Space). Harvard
University Press. ISBN 0-674-45835-4.

Harvey, Brian (2003). Europes Space Programme:

To Ariane and Beyond. ISBN 1-85233-722-2.

13 External links
Ocial website
A European strategy for space Europa
Convention for the establishment of a European
Space Agency, September 2005
Convention for the Establishment of a European
Space Agency, Annex I: Privileges and Immunities
European Space Agency fonds and 'Oral History of
Europe in Space' project run by the European Space
Agency at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
Coordinates:
2.3042E

485054N 21815E / 48.8482N

14

14

14
14.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

European Space Agency Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency?oldid=675881986 Contributors: Mav, Bryan

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Julesd, Kaihsu, Sunbeam60, HPA, Lommer, UsagiYojimbo, Dwo, Hashar, Stone, Viajero, Tpbradbury, Nickshanks, David.Monniaux,
Rogper~enwiki, Donarreiskoer, AlexPlank, Robbot, AlainV, Fredrik, PBS, Sanders muc, Vespristiano, Sverdrup, Hadal, GerardM, Profoss, Seth Ilys, Alexwcovington, Awolf002, Oddible, Fukumoto, Tegla, Orangemike, Koyn~enwiki, Everyking, Curps, Paploo, Ryjaz,
Maver1ck, Niteowlneils, Zoney, Brockert, Bobblewik, TerokNor, Thewikipedian, Geni, Popefauvexxiii, Semprini, Quadell, Beland, MistToys, Fred Stober, Emax, CaribDigita, Martin Wisse, Juxi, Kuralyov, Sam Hocevar, Enzino, Hellisp, Ropers, Now3d, Chmod007,
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QuantumEleven, Supersexyspacemonkey, Perceval, Hektor, Jeltz, Doopokko, Andrew Gray, Cjthellama, A.T.M.Schipperijn, Apoc2400,
Sligocki, Mlm42, Alinor, Aryonoco, M3tainfo, Jrleighton, Suruena, Evil Monkey, Simone, Toytown Maa, Lapinmies, Jguk, Redvers,
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BodhisattvaBot, Feinoha, Raso mk, Koraki, Trimor5, Teddyhead2, Addbot, Mortense, Hoosmann, Vishnava, Fentener van Vlissingen,
NjardarBot, 37ophiuchi, Paris 16, AnnaFrance, Favonian, LemmeyBOT, Numbo3-bot, Ivario, Zorrobot, Narayan, CyberDragon, Legobot,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Ptbotgourou, EllsworthSK, Webmgr, Bearas, Harsha850, AnomieBOT, 1exec1, XChile, Galoubet, Hadrian89, Vanakaris, Ren Sydrick, Cyan22, Oooh.oooh, Citation bot, Xqbot, TheAMmollusc, Rstreeton, 216Kleopatra, Khajidha,
Nrpf22pr, Chrismes, Johnxxx9, Locos epraix, The Aerospace Engineer, Fotisaros, GrouchoBot, Lasiik, Csendesmark, StealthCopyEditor,
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Images

File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0

Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist:
Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_FRA_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Ariane_1_Le_Bourget_
FRA_001.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ignis

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File:Ariane_5ECA_on_its_way_to_launch_pad_ELA-3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Ariane_

5ECA_on_its_way_to_launch_pad_ELA-3.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Ariane10 Original artist: elisabetta_monaco from Munich, Germany
File:Ariane_5_(mock-up).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Ariane_5_%28mock-up%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own picture Original artist: Poppy
File:CSG_Soyuz_01.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/CSG_Soyuz_01.JPG License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Denys
File:Circle_frame.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Circle_frame.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: PleaseStand
File:Columbus_module_delivered_to_KSC.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Columbus_module_
delivered_to_KSC.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://mediaarchive.ksc.nasa.gov/detail.cfm?mediaid=28806 Original artist:
NASA/Jim Grossmann
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:ESA-ESTEC5.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/ESA-ESTEC5.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Suruena
File:ESA_LOGO.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3b/ESA_LOGO.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
Extracted from a PDF on ESA.eu. Original artist: ?
File:ESA_and_EU.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/ESA_and_EU.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Alinor (talk)
File:ESA_logo_simple.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/ESA_logo_simple.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
ESA_logo.svg Original artist: ESA_logo.svg: ESA
File:European_Space_Agency_tight.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/European_Space_Agency_
tight.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from: European Space Agency Enlargement.png
Original artist: Original by Alinor, modications by U5K0
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: (Vector graphics by
Dbenbenn)
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Van den Bussche, E., Chief of Protocol, Belgian Federal Department of the Interior (2008) Noble Belgique, Mre chrie LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE (PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM), Heule: Editions UGA ISBN: 9789067689359. Original artist: Dbenbenn and
others
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:

From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by SKopp Original artist: Latvija
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:

? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Current version is SVG implementation of the Mongolian ag as described by Mongolian National Standard MNS
6262:2011 (Mongolian State Flag. General requirements [1]
Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

14.2

Images

File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source:
Public domain Contributors: Template:

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License:
Original artist: Zscout370

File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 - .
SVG: 2010
Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ocial websites Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Flad
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original
artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_
China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://pravo.levonevsky.org/ Original artist:
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the United Nations from the Open Clip Art website. Modications by Denelson83,
Zscout370 and Madden. Ocial construction sheet here.
United Nations (1962) The United Nations ag code and regulations, as amended November 11, 1952, New York OCLC: 7548838. Original
artist: Wilfried Huss / Anonymous
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Location_ESA_member_countries.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Location_ESA_member_
countries.svg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:People_icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg License: CC0 Contributors: OpenClipart Original artist: OpenClipart
File:RocketSunIcon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg License: Copyrighted free
use Contributors: Self made, based on File:Spaceship and the Sun.jpg Original artist: Me
File:Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Ulf_D._Merbold.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/luceneweb/caption.jsp?photoId=S91-52649 (cropped with jpegcrop) Original artist: NASA
File:Vega_VV02_ready_for_liftoff.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Vega_VV02_ready_for_liftoff.jpg
License: Fair use Contributors: Original publication: http://spaceinimages.esa.int/Images/2013/05/Vega_VV02_ready_for_liftoff
Immediate source: http://spaceinimages.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2013/05/vega_vv02_ready_for_liftoff/
12660330-3-eng-GB/Vega_VV02_ready_for_liftoff.jpg Original artist: ESA S. Corvaja, 2013
File:Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_(12052189474).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/
Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0-igo Contributors: ESOC ickr, Credit: ESA Jrgen Mai Original artist: European Space Agency
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.

14.3

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Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0