14.9.2015.

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Alsolistedas:Nigellasativa
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Evidencetable
Tradition

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Interactions
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RelatedTerms
2Isopropyl5methyl1,4benzoquinone,4terpineol,ajenuz(Spanish),alanine,alkaloids,alpha
hederin,alphapinene,alphaspinasterol,arachidonicacidprotein,aranuel,arginine,ascorbicacid,
asparagine,Baraka,betasitosterol,blackcaraway,blackcumin,blackcuminessentialoil(BCEO),
blackcuminfixedoil(BCFO),blackcuminseed,blackonionseed,blackseed,blessedseed,calcium,
campesterol,carvacrol,carvone,charnushka(Russian),citronellol,cominhonegro(Portuguese),
cominhonegrodicotyledon,copper,rekotu(Turkish),crudefiber,crystallinenigellone,cymene,
cystine,dehydroascorbicacid,dihomolinoleicacid,dithymoquinone,dlimonene,eicosadienoicacid,
fennelflower,fennelflower,fitch,folacin,gardenfennelflower,glucose,glutamicacid,glycine,habbat
albarakah(Arabic),habbatulbaraka(Arabic),hazak(Hebrew),iron,isoleucine,kalonji(Hindi),
leucine,limonene,linoleicacid,linolenicacid,lipase,loveinthemist,lysine,melanin,methionine,
myristicacid,N.sativa(Kalonji)seed,niacin,nigella,NigelladamasceneL.,Nigellasativa,Nigella
sativaL.,NigellasativaLinn.,NigellasativaLinneaus,NigellasuavaL.,nigellamines,nigelledeCrete
(French),nigellicin,nigellidin,nigellimin,nigelliminNoxide,nigellin,nigellone,nutmegflower,
nutmegflower,oleicacid,palmiticacid,palmitoleicacid,pcymene,pentacyclictriterpene,
phenylalanine,phosphorus,phytosterols,potassium,prasaplai,pyridoxine,Ranunculaceae(family),
riboflavin,Romancoriander,saponin,Schwarzkmmel(German),seedsofblessing,siyahdaneh
(Persian),sodium,stearicacid,steroidalglucoside,sterols,stigmasterol,syntheticthymoquinol
derivativePoloxin,tannin,terpine,terpineol,thiamine,threonine,thymohydroquinone,thymol,
thymoquinol,thymoquinone,thymoquinone(2isopropyl5methyl1,4benzoquinone),thymoquinone
poly(lactidecoglycolide),toutepice(French),TQ,transanethole,tryptophan,tyrosine,zinc.
Note:Accordingtosecondarysources,othernamesusedforblackseedareonionseedandblack
sesame(bothofwhicharesimilarlookingbutunrelated).Frequently,theseedsarereferredtoasblack
cumin.However,whilethismayrefertotheseedsofNigellasativa,thismayalsorefertotheseedsofa
differentplant,Buniumpersicum.

Background
Blackseed(Nigellasativa)isafloweringplant,nativetosouthwestAsia.Theplanthasbeenused
primarilyincandiesandliquors.InmanyArabian,Asian,andAfricancountries,blackseedoilisused
asanaturalremedyforawiderangeofdiseases.
Goodscientificevidencesuggeststhatblackseedmaybeeffectiveinthetreatmentoflungdisorders.It
isunclearwhetherblackseedmaybeeffectiveinthetreatmentofotherconditions,suchasallergies,
diabetes,andhighbloodpressure.

EvidenceTable
Theseuseshavebeentestedinhumansoranimals.Safetyandeffectivenesshavenotalways
GRADE
beenproven.Someoftheseconditionsarepotentiallyserious,andshouldbeevaluatedbya
*
qualifiedhealthcareprovider.
AboiledaqueousextractofNigellasativaseedappearstoofferbenefitsforchemicalwarvictimsand
asthmapatients.Improvementswerenotedinpulmonaryfunctiontests,wheezing,andcoughing,as B
wasareducedneedfororalandinhaledmedications.Morewelldesignedstudiesarerequired
beforeafirmconclusioncanbedrawn.

Basedonearlyresearch,Nigellasativamaybeusefulforreducingwithdrawalsymptomsinopiate
dependentpatients.Furtherwelldesignedresearchisrequiredbeforeconclusionscanbedrawn.

Earlyhumanresearchsuggeststhatblackseedmaydecreaseallergies.Furtherresearchisneeded
toconfirmtheseresults.

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toconfirmtheseresults.

Inpreliminaryresearch,Nigellasativaointmentwasnotusefulforreducingsymptomsofatopic
dermatitis.Furtherwelldesignedresearchisrequiredbeforeconclusionscanbedrawn.

Inlimitedhumanresearch,blackseedoilreducedfastingbloodglucoseinpatientswithinsulin
resistancesyndrome.Furtherwelldesignedresearchisrequiredbeforeconclusionscanbedrawn.

Inpreliminaryresearch,anextractofNigellasativaseedhadantiepilepticeffectsinchildrenalready C
beingtreatedwithdrugsforepilepsy.Furtherresearchisrequiredbeforeconclusionscanbedrawn.

Inhumanresearch,boiledextractofNigellasativareducedbloodpressureinotherwisehealthy
C
patientswithmildhighbloodpressure.Furtherresearchisrequiredbeforeconclusionscanbedrawn.

SomeresearchsuggeststhatNigellasativaoilmayimproveplasmalipidprofileshowever,theresults C
aremixed.Furtherresearchisrequiredbeforeconclusionscanbedrawn.

PreliminaryevidencesuggestsacombinationofNigellasativaandPhyllanthusniruriextractaidsin
sorethroatreliefinpatientswithacutetonsillopharyngitis.FurtherresearchontheeffectofNigella
sativaaloneisrequiredbeforeconclusionscanbedrawn.

*Keytogrades
A:Strongscientificevidenceforthisuse
B:Goodscientificevidenceforthisuse
C:Unclearscientificevidenceforthisuse
D:Fairscientificevidenceforthisuse(itmaynotwork)
F:Strongscientificevidenceagainstthisuse(itlikleydoesnotwork)

Tradition/Theory
Thebelowusesarebasedontradition,scientifictheories,orlimitedresearch.Theyoftenhavenotbeen
thoroughlytestedinhumans,andsafetyandeffectivenesshavenotalwaysbeenproven.Someofthese
conditionsarepotentiallyserious,andshouldbeevaluatedbyaqualifiedhealthcareprovider.Theremaybe
otherproposedusesthatarenotlistedbelow.
Abdominalpain(peritonitis),abortifacient,abscesses,adenocarcinoma,alopecia(hairloss),
antibacterial,anticoagulant,antifungal,antiinflammatory,antioxidant,antiviral,anxiety,arthritis,birth
outcomes,boils,breastcancer,bronchitis,bruises,cancer(general),cardiovasculardisease,
carminative,cerebralischemia,chemopreventive(chemotherapysideeffects),chronicobstructive
pulmonarydisease(COPD),colitis,coloncancer,colorectalcancer,congestion,conjunctivitis,
constipation,contraceptive,corns,cough,diabeticneuropathy,diarrhea,digestivetonic,diuretic,
dysentery,dysmenorrhea,dyspnea,earache,edema,emmenagogue(stimulatesmenstrualflow),
emphysema,erectiledysfunction,fever,foodpreservative,fungalinfections,galactagogue(promotes
thesecretionofmilk),gastriculcer,gastrointestinalconditions,growth(animals),gynecological
disorders,headache,heavymetal/leadtoxicity,infection,hemorrhoids,hepatoprotection,HIV
(medicationsideeffects),hyperhomocysteinemia,immunomodulation,inflammation
(encephalomyelitis),influenza,jaundice,kidneyprotection,kidneystones,laxative,livercancer,lung
cancer,malnutrition,metabolicdisorders(metabolicsyndrome),methicillinresistant(MRSA),multiple
sclerosis,musclesoreness(backache),nasalcongestion,neurologicaldisorders(Refsum'sdisease),
neuroprotection,orchitis,osteoporosis,pain,pancreaticcancer,paralysis,parasites,Parkinson's
disease,pimples,proteinuria,radioprotection,rheumaticdiseases,sinusitis,skindisorders,
snakebites,spinalcordinjury,stimulant,stomachdisorders,stress,sweating,systemicsclerosis,throat
cancer(laryngealcarcinoma),tonic,ulcers,warts,weightloss.

Dosing
Adults(18yearsandolder)
Foracne,inhalationofvaporofhotwaterwith1/2teaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeenused.
Foraddiction(opiates),500milligramsofdriedblackseedshasbeentakenbymouththreetimesdaily
forupto12days.
Forallergies,4080milligramsperkilogramofblackseedoilhasbeentakenbymouththreetimes
dailyforuptoeightweeks.
Asanantifungal,theaffectedareaofskiniswipedwithcidervinegar,followedbyapplicationofNigella
sativaoil.Theprocessisrepeatedifnecessary.
Foranxiety,1/2teaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouthwithherbaltea.
Forarthritis,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilwithoneteaspoonofoliveoilhasbeentakenbymouth
threetimesdaily.
Foratopicdermatitis,anointmentcontaining15%blackseedoilhasbeenappliedtotheskinforfour
weeks.
Forbruises,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilwithoneteaspoonofoliveoilhasbeentakenbymouth
threetimesdaily.
Forcoldsymptoms,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouththreetimesdaily.
Forcolic,Nigellasativaoilhasbeenwarmedandusedtomassagetheabdomen.
Forcough,thebackandchesthavebeenrubbedwithNigellasativaoil.
Fordiabetes,2.5millilitersofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouthtwicedailyforsixweeks,in
additiontoexistingmetformin.
Fordiarrhea,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilwithacupofyogurthasbeentakenbymouthtwice
daily.

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Forearache,1/2teaspoonofNigellasativaoilmixedwith1/2teaspoonofoliveoilhasbeenwarmed
anddrippedintotheear,followedbyplacementofahatorscarfovertheear.
Forheadache,1/2teaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouthafteramealthreetimes
daily.
Forhairloss,1/21teaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeenappliedtothescalpafterthescalphas
beenstrokedthoroughlywithlemon,leftfor15minutes,thenwashedanddried.
Forheadache,theforeheadandsidesoftheheadandpartofthefaceneartheearshavebeenrubbed
withNigellasativaoil.
Forhighbloodlipids,2.5millilitersofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouthtwicedailyforsix
weeks,inadditiontoexistinglipidloweringagents.
Forhighbloodpressure,100and200milligramsofboiledextracthasbeentakenbymouthtwicedaily
foreightweeks.Basedontraditionaluse,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouth
inanyhotdrinkwithtwoclovesofgarlicbeforebreakfast.
Forinfluenza,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouththreetimesdaily.
Formusclesoreness,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilwithoneteaspoonofoliveoilhasbeentaken
bymouththreetimesdaily.
Forrespiratorydisorders,Nigellasativaboiledwaterextract(0.375millilitersofa50milligramsper
millilitersolutionperkilogram)hasbeentakenbymouthfortwomonths.Forasthma,15millilitersofa
0.1%boiledextractperkilogramhasbeentakenbymouthdailyforthreemonths.Forasthma,50or
100milligramsofboiledNigellasativaextractperkilogramhasbeentakenbymouth.Forasthma,the
backandchesthavebeenrubbedwithNigellasativaoil.Forasthmaandcough,inhalationofvaporof
boilingwaterwithoneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeenused.
Forrheumaticdiseases,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilwithoneteaspoonofoliveoilhasbeen
takenbymouththreetimesdaily.
Forsinusitis,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouthdailyinchronicsinusitis
casesinacutesinusitiscases,oneteaspoonofNigellasativaoilhasbeentakenbymouththreetimes
daily.InhalationofNigellasativaoilthroughthenoseviaavaporbathhasbeenused.
Forstomachdisorders,mintteawithlemonhasbeentakenbymouthwithoneteaspoonofNigella
sativaoilthreetimesdailyoruntilsymptomsarerelieved.
Children(under18yearsold)
Forallergies,4080milligramsofblackseedoilperkilogramhasbeenusedthreetimesdailyforupto
eightweeks.
Forepilepsy,anaqueousextractofNigellasativaseed(40milligramsperkilogramperhour)hasbeen
usedtogetherwithstandardtreatmentforfourweeks.

Safety
TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationdoesnotstrictlyregulateherbsandsupplements.Thereisno
guaranteeofstrength,purityorsafetyofproducts,andeffectsmayvary.Youshouldalwaysreadproduct
labels.Ifyouhaveamedicalcondition,oraretakingotherdrugs,herbs,orsupplements,youshouldspeak
withaqualifiedhealthcareproviderbeforestartinganewtherapy.Consultahealthcareproviderimmediately
ifyouexperiencesideeffects.
Allergies
Avoidwithaknownallergyorsensitivitytoblackseed,itsconstituents,blackseedoil,ortomembersof
theRanunculaceaefamily.Allergiccontactdermatitishasbeenreported.
SideEffectsandWarnings
Blackseedislikelysafewhentakenbymouthbynonsensitiveindividualsinamountsnormallyfound
infoods.
Usecautiouslyinamountshigherthanthosenormallyfoundinfoodinpatientswithimmunedisorders,
duetoblackseed'simmuneeffects.
Blackseedmayincreasetheriskofbleeding.Cautionisadvisedinpatientswithbleedingdisordersor
thosetakingdrugsthatmayincreasetheriskofbleeding.Dosingadjustmentsmaybenecessary.
Blackseedmaylowerbloodsugarlevels.Cautionisadvisedinpatientswithdiabetesorhypoglycemia
andinthosetakingdrugs,herbs,orsupplementsthataffectbloodsugar.Bloodglucoselevelsmay
needtobemonitoredbyaqualifiedhealthcareprofessional,includingapharmacist.Medication
adjustmentsmaybenecessary.
Blackseedmaylowerbloodpressure.Cautionisadvisedinpatientswithlowbloodpressureandin
thosetakingdrugs,herbs,orsupplementsthataffectbloodpressure.Bloodpressuremayneedtobe
monitoredbyaqualifiedhealthcareprofessional,includingapharmacist.Medicationadjustmentsmay
benecessary.
Drowsinessorsedationmayoccur.Usecautionifdrivingoroperatingheavymachinery.
Blackseedmayinducegrowthoftheheartsimilartothatcausedbyexercisetraining,reduceheart
rate,causegastrointestinalcomplaints(unspecified),causeconstipation,orinhibituterinecontractions
orconception.
Usecautiouslyinpatientsatriskforgastrointestinalsideeffectsandinthosetakingdrugsforepilepsy
orcholesterolloweringdrugs.
Avoidwhenusedinamountshigherthanthosenormallyfoundinfoodinpatientswhoarepregnantor
breastfeedingortryingtoconceive.Blackseedmaypreventuterinecontractionsandconception.
Avoidwithaknownallergyorsensitivitytoblackseed,itsconstituents,blackseedoil,ortomembersof
theRanunculaceaefamily.
PregnancyandBreastfeeding
Avoidwhenusedinamountshigherthanthosenormallyfoundinfoodinpatientswhoarepregnantor
breastfeedingortryingtoconceive.Blackseedmaypreventuterinecontractionsandconception.

Interactions
InteractionswithDrugs
Blackseedmaylowerbloodsugarlevels.Cautionisadvisedwhenusingmedicationsthatmayalso
lowerbloodsugar.Patientstakinginsulinordrugsfordiabetesbymouthshouldbemonitoredclosely
byaqualifiedhealthcareprofessional,includingapharmacist.Medicationadjustmentsmaybe
necessary.
Blackseedmaylowerbloodpressure.Cautionisadvisedwhenusingmedicationsthatmayalsolower
bloodpressure.Patientstakingdrugsforhighbloodpressureshouldbemonitoredcloselybya
qualifiedhealthcareprofessional,includingapharmacist.Medicationadjustmentsmaybenecessary.
Blackseedmayincreasetheriskofbleedingwhentakenwithdrugsthatincreasetheriskofbleeding.

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Blackseedmayincreasetheriskofbleedingwhentakenwithdrugsthatincreasetheriskofbleeding.
Someexamplesincludeaspirin,anticoagulants(bloodthinners)suchaswarfarin(Coumadin)or
heparin,antiplateletdrugssuchasclopidogrel(Plavix),andnonsteroidalantiinflammatorydrugs
suchasibuprofen(Motrin,Advil)ornaproxen(Naprosyn,Aleve).
Blackseedmayinterferewiththewaythebodyprocessescertaindrugsusingtheliver'scytochrome
P450enzymesystem.Asaresult,thelevelsofthesedrugsmaybeincreasedordecreasedinthe
bloodandmaycauseincreasedordecreasedeffectsorpotentiallyseriousadversereactions.Patients
usinganymedicationsshouldcheckthepackageinsertandspeakwithaqualifiedhealthcare
professional,includingapharmacist,aboutpossibleinteractions.
Blackseedmayincreasetheamountofdrowsinesscausedbysomedrugs,includingcentralnervous
system(CNS)depressants.Examplesincludebenzodiazepinessuchaslorazepam(Ativan)or
diazepam(Valium),barbituratessuchasphenobarbital,narcoticssuchascodeine,some
antidepressants,andalcohol.Cautionisadvisedwhiledrivingoroperatingmachinery.
Blackseedmayalsointeractwithanalgesics,anthelmintics,antianxietyagents,antiarthriticagents,
antiasthmadrugs,antibiotics,anticholinergics,anticonvulsantagents,antifungals,antihistamines,
antilipemicagents,antineoplasticagents,antiobesityagents,antiprotozoals,antipyretics,antiretroviral
agents,antiulceragents,antivirals,brucellosisvaccine,cardiovascularagents,cisplatin,COX2
inhibitors,cyclosporinA,diuretics,doxorubicin,fertilityagents,gastrointestinalagents,gentamicin,
hepatotoxicagents,hormonalagents,ibuprofen,ifosfamide,immunosuppressants,leukotriene
receptorantagonists,levodopa,neurologicagents,nicotinamide,nonsteroidalantiinflammatory
agents(NSAIDs),oxytetracycline,oxytocics,pentylenetetrazol,permeationenhancers,radioprotective
drugs,renallyeliminatedagents,reserpine,respiratoryagents,rotenone,smoothmusclerelaxants,
warfarin.
InteractionswithHerbsandDietarySupplements
Blackseedmaylowerbloodsugarlevels.Cautionisadvisedwhenusingherbsorsupplementsthat
mayalsolowerbloodsugar.Bloodglucoselevelsmayrequiremonitoring,anddosesmayneed
adjustment.
Blackseedmayincreasetheriskofbleedingwhentakenwithherbsandsupplementsthatare
believedtoincreasetheriskofbleeding.Multiplecasesofbleedinghavebeenreportedwiththeuseof
Ginkgobiloba,andfewercaseswithgarlicandsawpalmetto.Numerousotheragentsmay
theoreticallyincreasetheriskofbleeding,althoughthishasnotbeenproveninmostcases.
Blackseedmaycauselowbloodpressure.Cautionisadvisedinpatientstakingherbsorsupplements
thatlowerbloodpressure.
Blackseedmayinterferewiththewaythebodyprocessescertainherbsorsupplementsusingthe
liver'scytochromeP450enzymesystem.Asaresult,thelevelsofotherherbsorsupplementsmay
becometoohighortoolowintheblood.Itmayalsoaltertheeffectsthatotherherbsorsupplements
possiblyhaveonthecytochromeP450system.
Blackseedmayincreasetheamountofdrowsinesscausedbysomeherbsorsupplements.
Blackseedmayalsointeractwithagentsprocessedbythekidneys,agentsthataffecttheimmune
system,agentsthatmaydamagetheliver,agentsthatstimulatebreastmilk,antianxietyagents,
antiarthriticherbsandsupplements,antiasthmaherbsandsupplements,antibacterials,anticancer
agents,anticholinergicherbs,antifungals,antihistamines,antiinflammatoryherbs,antiobesityherbs
andsupplements,antioxidants,antiparasitics,antiulcerherbsandsupplements,antivirals,broadbean,
cardiovascularherbsandsupplements,cholesterolloweringagents,corn,diuretics,eggs,fertility
agents,feverreducingagents,gastrointestinalherbsandsupplements,Hemidesmusindicus(Indian
sarsaparilla),herbsandsupplementsthataffecttheimmunesystem,herbsandsupplementsthatare
toxictotheliver,herbsandsupplementsusedforepilepsy,honey,hormonalherbsandsupplements,
iron,ironcontainingfoods,lycopene,nicotinamide,neurologicherbsandsupplements,painrelievers,
permeationenhancers,Phyllanthusniruri,radioprotectiveagents,respiratoryagents,selenium,Smilax
glabra(sarsaparilla),smoothmusclerelaxants,anduterinestimulants.

Attribution
Thisinformationisbasedonasystematicreviewofscientificliteratureeditedandpeerreviewedby
contributorstotheNaturalStandardResearchCollaboration(www.naturalstandard.com).

Bibliography
1. AbuAlBasalMA.InvitroandInvivoAntiMicrobialEffectsofLinn.SeedExtractsAgainstClinical
IsolatesfromSkinWoundInfections.AmericanJournalofAppliedSciences.20096(8):14401447.
2. AliBHBlundenG.Pharmacologicalandtoxicologicalpropertiesof.PhytotherRes.200317(4):299
305.
3. AwadEM.Invitrodecreasesofthefibrinolyticpotentialofculturedhumanfibrosarcomacellline,
HT1080,byoil.Phytomedicine200512(12):100107.
4. BoskabadyMH,FarhadiJ.Thepossibleprophylacticeffectofseedaqueousextractonrespiratory
symptomsandpulmonaryfunctiontestsonchemicalwarvictims:arandomized,doubleblind,placebo
controlledtrial.JAlternComplementMed200814(9):11371144.
5. BoskabadyMH,JavanH,SajadyM,etal.Thepossibleprophylacticeffectofseedextractinasthmatic
patients.FundamClinPharmacol200721(5):559566.
6. ButtMS,SultanMT.:reducestheriskofvariousmaladies.CritRevFoodSciNutr201050(7):65465.
7. FarahN,BenghuzziH,TucciM,etal.Theeffectsofisolatedantioxidantsfromblackseedonthe
cellularmetabolismofA549cells.BiomedSciInstrum200541:211216.
8. GaliMuhtasibH,DiabAssafM,BoltzeC,etal.Thymoquinoneextractedfromblackseedtriggers
apoptoticcelldeathinhumancolorectalcancercellsviaap53dependentmechanism.IntJOncol
200425(4):857866.
9. IslamSN,BegumP,AhsanT,etal.ImmunosuppressiveandcytotoxicpropertiesofNigellasativa.
PhytotherRes200418(5):395398.
10. KalusU,PrussA,BystronJ,etal.Effectof(blackseed)onsubjectivefeelinginpatientswithallergic
diseases.PhytotherRes200317(10):12091214.
11. MorsiNM.Antimicrobialeffectofcrudeextractsofonmultipleantibioticsresistantbacteria.Acta
MicrobiolPol200049(1):6374.
12. NorwoodAA,TucciM,BenghuzziH.Acomparisonof5fluorouracilandnaturalchemotherapeutic
agents,EGCGandthymoquinone,deliveredbysustaineddrugdeliveryoncoloncancercells.Biomed
SciInstrum200743:272277.
13. OtoomSA,AlSafiSA,KeremZK,etal.TheuseofmedicinalherbsbydiabeticJordanianpatients.J
HerbPharmacother20066(2):3141.
14. RooneyS,RyanMF.Effectsofalphahederinandthymoquinone,constituentsof,onhumancancer
celllines.AnticancerRes200525(3B):21992204.
15. SteinmannA,SchatzleM,AgathosM,etal.Allergiccontactdermatitisfromblackcumin()oilafter
topicaluse.ContactDermatitis199736(5):268269.

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Copyright2011NaturalStandard(www.naturalstandard.com)

Theinformationinthismonographisintendedforinformationalpurposesonly,andismeanttohelpusers
betterunderstandhealthconcerns.Informationisbasedonreviewofscientificresearchdata,historical
practicepatterns,andclinicalexperience.Thisinformationshouldnotbeinterpretedasspecificmedical
advice.Usersshouldconsultwithaqualifiedhealthcareproviderforspecificquestionsregardingtherapies,
diagnosisand/orhealthconditions,priortomakingtherapeuticdecisions.

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AllcontentsCopyright19992015LivingNaturallyandClark'sNutrition.Allrightsreserved.ThisinternetsiteishostedbyLivingNaturally,aWebsiteserviceprovidertonaturalhealthstores
nationwide.LivingNaturallyandClark'sNutritionhavenomeansofindependentlyevaluatingthesafetyorfunctionalityoftheproductsofferedbytheirsuppliersandaffiliatesandthuscanneither
endorsenorrecommendproducts.Informationpresentedisofageneralnatureforeducationalandinformationalpurposesonly.Statementsaboutproductsandhealthconditionshavenotbeen
evaluatedbytheUSFoodandDrugAdministration.Productsandinformationpresentedhereinarenotintendedtodiagnose,treat,cure,orpreventdisease.Ifyouhaveanyconcernsaboutyourown
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