Lasttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt

ANSWERS
page 1
page 2
ELL Support
7-1
7-1
Exploring Exponential Models
exponential function
exponential growth
exponential decay
growth factor
decay factor
1. Is an exponential model reasonable for this situation? Explain.
1. In the function y 5 12(2.3)x , the value 2.3 is the growth factor .

asymptote
2. An
Yes; the population decreases at a xed, constant rate of 3.5% per year.
is a line that a graph approaches as x or y increases in
An exponential model is reasonable
absolute value.
exponential decay
3. For
Population The population of a certain animal species decreases at a rate of 3.5%

per year. You have counted 80 of the animals in the habitat you are studying.
a. Write a function that models the change in the animal population.
b. Graphing Calculator Graph the function. Estimate the number of years
until the population first drops below 15 animals.
Choose the word or phrase from the list that best completes each sentence.
asymptote
Think About a Plan
a(1 1 r) z
2. Write the function that models exponential growth or decay. A(t) 5 z
t
, as the value of x increases, the value of y
decreases.
4. A function in the general form y 5 abx is called an exponential function .
animals z .
3. The initial population is z80

5. For exponential growth , as the value of x increases, the value of y
4. Is the rate of change positive or negative? Explain.
increases.
The population is decreasing, so the rate of change is negative
6. In the function y 5 4(0.3)x , the value 0.3 is the
decay factor
5. The rate of change is 20.035

.
Identify whether each function represents exponential growth or exponential

decay.
7. y 5 0.75(4)x
exponential growth
8. y 5 0.63(0.5)x
exponential decay
9. y 5 9(0.83)x
exponential decay
t
6. Write a function that models the change in the animal population. P(t) 5 z80(0.965)
7. Graph your function on a graphing calculator. Sketch your
graph.
8. How can you find the x-value that produces a given y-value?
exponential growth
10. y 5 12(7)x
Answers may vary. Sample: Use the TRACE function
Identify the y-intercept for each function.

11. y 5 4.5(7)x
4.5
12. y 5 5(3.2)x
9. Use your graph to estimate the number of years until the population first
drops below 15 animals. 47 years
Prentice Hall Algebra 2 Teaching Resources

Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
page 3
Practice
7-1
Form G
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L01.indd 1
3/23/09 6:26:28 PM
1 x
3. y 5 2 Q 5 R
2. y 5 3x
Practice (continued)
Form G
17. 145% 1.45
18. 210% 0.9
19. 240% 0.6
20. 1200% 3
21. 128% 1.28
22. 1100% 2
23. 25% 0.95
24. 13% 1.03
2
2 O
1
4. y 5 2(3)x
5. s(t) 5
5 years, the equipment is worth $98,304. What was the original value of the
equipment? $300,000
4
2
27. Your friend drops a rubber ball from 4 ft. You notice that its rebound is
t
2 O
8100 bears
26. The value of a piece of equipment has a decay factor of 0.80 per year. After
6 f(x)
x
2
1
6. f (x) 5 2(5)x
2.5t
increased to approximately 1884 bears. If this trend continues and the bear
population is increasing exponentially, how many bears will there be in 2010?
x
2 O
6 s(t)
2 O
25. In 2009, there were 1570 bears in a wildlife refuge. In 2010, the population had
x
2 O
7-1
3/23/09 6:26:29 PM
For each annual rate of change, find the corresponding growth or decay factor.
Graph each function.

1. y 5 (0.3)x
page 4
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L01.indd 2
2 O
32.5 in. on the first bounce and 22 in. on the second bounce.
a. What exponential function would be a good model for the height of the
ball? y 5 48(0.677)x
b. How high will the ball bounce on the fourth bounce? about 10.08 in.
Without graphing, determine whether the function represents exponential

growth or exponential decay. Then find the y-intercept.
1 x
7. y 5 0.99 Q 3 R decay; 0.99
8. y 5 20(1.75)x growth; 20
5 x
9. y 5 185 Q 4 R growth; 185
28. An investment of $75,000 increases at a rate of 12.5% per year. What is the
value of the investment after 30 years? $2,568,247.87
2 1 x
10. f (x) 5 3 Q 2 R decay; 2
3
29. A new truck that sells for $29,000 depreciates 12% each year. What is the value
of the truck after 7 years? $11,851.59
1 6 x
12. y 5 5 Q 5 R growth; 1
5
11. f (x) 5 0.25(1.05)x growth; 0.25
13. Suppose you deposit $1500 in a savings account that pays interest at an annual
rate of 6%. No money is added or withdrawn from the account.

a. How much will be in the account after 5 years? about $2007.34
b. How much will be in the account after 20 years? $4810.70
c. How many years will it take for the account to contain $2500? about 9 years
d. How many years will it take for the account to contain $4000? about 17 years
30. The price of a new home is $350,000. The value of the home appreciates 2%
each year. How much will the home be worth in 10 years? $426,648.05
31. The population of an endangered bird is decreasing at a rate of 0.75% per year.
There are currently about 200,000 of these birds.

a. What exponential function would be a good model for the population of
these endangered birds? y 5 200,000(0.9925)x
Write an exponential function to model each situation. Find each amount after
the specified time.
b. How many birds will there be in 100 years? almost 94,207 birds
14. A population of 1,236,000 grows 1.3% per year for 10 years.

y 5 1,236,000(1.013)x ; about 1,406,413
15. A population of 752,000 decreases 1.4% per year for 18 years.
y 5 752,000(0.986)x ; about 583,448
16. A new car that sells for $18,000 depreciates 25% each year for 4 years.
y 5 18,000(0.75)x ; $5695.31
Prentice Hall Gold Algebra 2 Teaching Resources

PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L01.indd Sec1:4

3/23/09 6:26:30 PM
77
3/23/09 6:26:31 PM
ANSWERS
page 5
page 6
Practice
7-1
Form K
Complete the table of values for each function. Then graph the function.
1. y 5 3x
y
3x
2
32
0.11
1
6
4
31
0.33
30
31
32
2
2 O
3. y 5 3(2)x
1
0.5(2)1
0.25
0.5(2)0
0.5
0.5(2)1
0.5(2)2
0.5(2)3
0.5(2)4
16. 62% 1.62
y
6
4
2
2 O
x
4
17. Identify the meaning of the variables in the exponential growth or decay function.
A(t) 5 a(1 1 r)t
a. a 5 the initial amount

b. r 5 the rate of growth or decay
c. t 5 the number of time periods
4. y 5 2(0.5)x
3(2)x
22
3(2)22
0.75
21
3(2)21
1.5
3(2)0
0.5(2)x
x
4
15. 220% 0.8
14. 35% 1.35
Form K
For each annual rate of change, find the corresponding growth or decay factor.
2. y 5 0.5(2)x
7-1
3(2)1
3(2)2
y
6
4
2 O
2(0.5)x
22
2(0.5)22
21
x
12
2(0.5)21
2(0.5)0
2(0.5)1
2(0.5)2
0.5
18. The population of Bainsville is 2000. The population is supposed to grow by 10% each
year for the next 5 years. How many people will live in Bainsville in 5 years? 3221
y
6
4
2
2 O
x
2
19. Writing Describe a situation that could be modeled by the function A(t) 5 200(1.05)x.
Answers may vary. Sample: Someone deposits $200 into a bank account that
earns 5% interest each year.
Without graphing, determine whether the function represents exponential

growth or exponential decay.
5. y 5 3(7)x growth
6. y 5 4(2.5)x growth
8. y 5 0.5(0.2)x decay
9. y 5 10(6)x growth
20. A music store sold 200 guitars in 2007. The store sold 180 guitars in 2008. The number of
guitars that the store sells is decreasing exponentially. If this trend continues, how many
guitars will the store sell in 2012?
7. y 5 5(0.75)x decay
r5
y2 2 y1
y1
A(t) 5 a(1 1 r)t
180 2 200
r5
200
10. y 5 0.6x decay
A(5) 5 200(1 2 0.1)5 N 118 guitars
r 5 20.1
Find the y-intercept of each function.

11. y 5 2(0.75)x (0, 2)
12. y 5 0.75(3)x (0, 0.75)
13. y 5 3x (0, 1)
page 7
7-1
Standardized Test Prep
page 8
7-1
3/23/09 6:26:31 PM
Enrichment
3/23/09 6:26:33 PM
Multiple Choice
Determining Relationships Between Variables
For Exercises 1 and 2, choose the correct letter.
On the basis of data, scientists sometimes hypothesize that a quantity z depends

on two quantities x and y such that
1. Which of the following functions represents exponential decay and has a

y-intercept of 2? D
x
y 5 2 Q 43 R
1
y 5 2(0.95)x
z 5 Cxrys
y 5 14(2)x
2 x
y 5 2Q5 R
where C is a constant and r and s are integers. By doing experiments in which the
values of x and y are varied, they determine the values of integers r and s.
For instance, suppose the momentum M of a moving object seems to be related to
the mass m and velocity v by the equation M 5 Cmrvs . Later, scientists find that
doubling the mass and keeping the velocity constant doubles the momentum, so
rate of 4%. If no other money is added or withdrawn from the account, how
much will be in the account after 10 years? H
$3122.18
$4440.73
$4994.50
$86,776.40
2M 5 C(2m)rvs .
2(Cmrvs) 5 C2rmrvs
Using substitution and simplifying:
2 5 2r
15r
Dividing each side by Cmrvs :
Extended Response
1. Suppose that doubling the velocity while holding the mass constant also
doubles the momentum. Express this relationship in an equation. 2M 5 Cmr(2v)s
3. In 2009 there was an endangered population of 270 cranes in a western state.
2. Solve your equation for s. s 5 1
Due to wildlife efforts, the population is increasing at a rate of 5% per year.

a. What exponential function would be a good model for this population
of cranes? Explain in words or show work for how you determined the
exponential function.
b. If this trend continues, how many cranes will there be in this population in
2020? Show your work.
3. Use the values of r and s to write an expression for momentum in terms of

mass m, velocity v, and the constant C. M 5 Cmv
Use a similar method to solve the following problems.

4. The price P of a diamond is related to both the weight W of the diamond and
[4] a. The general form of an exponential function is y 5 a(b)x . x represents

time in years, y represents the population of cranes, and a is the initial
value of 270 cranes. Because the crane population is increasing by 5%,
b 5 1 1 r 5 1 1 0.05 5 1.05. The exponential function that models
the crane population is y 5 270(1.05)x OR equivalent explanation.
b. y 5 270(1.05)11 N 461.79; almost 462 cranes
[3] appropriate methods and correct function, but with one computational
error in evaluating the function
[2] incorrect function or multiple computational errors in evaluating the
function
[1] correct function and population, without work shown
[0] incorrect answers and no work shown OR no answers given
its brilliance B. If both the weight and brilliance are simultaneously doubled,
the price of the diamond increases by a factor of 32. If the weight is doubled
and, at the same time, the brilliance is halved, the price increases by a factor
of 2. Write a formula for P in terms of W, B, and the constant C. P 5 CW3B2
5. The price of wheat depends upon the weight and the water content. A
particular wheat trader pays according to this pattern: the price P increases
by a factor of 2 when the weight is doubled and the water content is
constant. If the weight is doubled and the water content is halved, the price
is constant. Write a formula for P in terms of weight w, water content h, and
the constant C. P 5 Cwh


3/23/09 6:26:33 PM
78
3/23/09 6:26:35 PM
ANSWERS
page 9
page 10
Reteaching
7-1
7-1
The general form of an exponential function is y 5

amount and b is the growth or decay factor.
Reteaching (continued)
You can use the general form of an exponential function to solve word problems
involving growth or decay.
abx , where a is the initial
To find b, use the formula b 5 1 1 r, where r is the constant rate of growth

or decay. If r is a rate of growth, it will be positive. If r is a rate of decay, it will
be negative. Therefore, if b is greater than 1, the function models growth. If b
is between zero and 1, the function models decay. When you see words like
increase or appreciation, think growth. When you see words like decrease or
depreciation, think decay.
Problem
A motorcycle purchased for $9000 today will be worth 6% less each year. How
much will the motorcycle be worth at the end of 5 years?
Step 1 Find a and b.
For an exponential function, the y-intercept is always equal to the value of a.

Problem
a 5 9000
a is the original amount.
b 5 1 1 (20.06)
b is the growth or decay factor. Since this problem models decay, r will be
negative. Make sure to rewrite the rate, r, as a decimal.
5 0.94
Carls weight at 12 yr is 82 lb. Assume that his weight increases at a rate of 16%
each year. Write an exponential function to model the increase. What is his weight
after 5 years?
Step 2 Write the exponential function.
Step 1 Find a and b.

a 5 82
a is the original amount.
b 5 1 1 0.16
b is the growth or decay factor. Since this problem models growth,

r will be positive. Make sure to rewrite the rate, r, as a decimal.
y 5 abx
Use the formula.
y 5 9000(0.94)x
Substitute.
Step 3 Calculate.
5 1.16
y 5 9000(0.94)5
Substitute 5 for x.
y < 6605.13
Use a calculator.
The motorcycle will be worth about $6605.13 after 5 years.
Step 2 Write the exponential function.

y 5 abx
Use the formula.
y 5 82(1.16)x
Substitute.
Exercises
Write an exponential function to model each situation. Find each amount after
the specified time.
Step 3 Calculate.
y 5 82(1.16)5
Substitute 5 for x.
y < 172.228
Use a calculator.
5. A tree 3 ft tall grows 8% each year. How tall will the tree be at the end of 14 yr?
Round the answer to the nearest hundredth. y 5 3(1.08)x ; 8.81 ft
Carl will weigh about 172 lb in 5 years.
6. The price of a new home is $126,000. The value of the home appreciates 2%
each year. How much will the home be worth in 10 yr?
Exercises
y 5 126,000(1.02)x ; $153,593.29
7. A butterfly population is decreasing at a rate of 0.82% per year. There are
Determine whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential

decay. Then find the y-intercept.
1. y 5 8000(1.15)x growth; 8000
2. y 5 20(0.75)x decay; 20
1 x
3. y 5 15 Q 2 R decay; 15
5 x
4. f (x) 5 6 Q 2 R growth; 6
currently about 100,000 butterflies in the population. How many butterflies

will there be in the population in 250 years?
y 5 100,000(0.9918)250 ; 12,765 butteries
8. A car depreciates 10% each year. If you bought this car today for $5000, how
much will it be worth in 7 years? y 5 5000(0.90)7 ; $2391.48
page 11
page 12
7-2
ELL Support
3/23/09 6:26:36 PM
Properties of Exponential Functions
Concept List
compression
Investment How long would it take to double your principal in an account that
pays 6.5% annual interest compounded continuously?
continuously compounded interest
horizontal translation 3 units to the right
7-2
3/23/09 6:26:36 PM
Think About a Plan
natural base exponential function
parent function
reection in x-axis
stretch
vertical translation 3 units upward
Know
5 P ? ert .
1. The equation for continuously compounded interest is A(t)
Choose the concept from the list above that best represents the item in each box.
1. y 5 3 ? 5x
stretch
P
2. The principal is
.
2. y 5 0.67x
parent function
0.065 .
3. The interest rate is
3. y 5 7x 1 3
vertical translation 3 units upward
4. A(t) 5 P ? ert
continuously compounded interest
Need
4. To solve the problem I need to:
nd the time t when the amount in the account is twice the original principal
5. y 5 27x
reection in x-axis
6. y 5 0.56(7)x
compression
7. y 5 e5
natural base exponential
function
8. y 5 11(x23)
horizontal translation
3 units to the right
Plan
2P
5. If the principal is P, then twice the principal is
.
6. What equation can you use to find the time it takes to double your principal? 2P 5 P ? ert
7. Solve your equation for t.
2P 5 P ? ert
2 5 ert
ln 2 5 ln ert
ln 2 5 rt
In 2
t 5 Inr 2 5 0.065
N 10.7 years
8. Is your solution reasonable? Explain.

Yes; it seems reasonable that it would take almost 11 years to double
the principal
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L02.indd 11

3/23/09 10:35:54 AM
79
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L02.indd 12
3/23/09 10:35:55 AM
ANSWERS
page 13
page 14
Practice
7-2
Graph each function.

2. y 5 5(0.12)x
y
3. y 5 5x
y
4
x
2 O
2 O
2
19. How long would it take to double your principal at an annual interest rate of
7% compounded continuously?
about 9.9 yr
x
20. Error Analysis A student says that the graph of f (x) 5 2x13 1 4 is a shift of
2 O
2
x
4
annual interest rate: 3.75%

time: 2 yr
1 x
6. y 5 25 Q 3 R
18. principal: $20,000 $21,557.68

time: 30 yr
x
2 O
1 x
5. y 5 Q 5 R
4. y 5 20.1(5)x
17. principal: $5000 $39,624.11

y
2 O
3 units up and 4 units to the right of the parent function. Describe and correct
the students error.
4
The student reversed the horizontal and vertical translations of h and k. The
graph shifts the parent function left 3 units and up 4 units.
Graph each function as a transformation of its parent function.

7. y 5 2x11
2
x
2
y 5 12(0.5)0.0156x; about 5.5 mg

x
2 O
11. y 5 2(2)x12
decay function for an 8-mg sample. Find the amount remaining after 100 days.
y 5 8(0.5)0.0154x; about 2.7 mg
23. Suppose you invest $2000 at an annual interest of 5.5% compounded
4 2 O
2 O
13. A cake is 190F when you remove it from the oven. You must let it
cool to 75F before you can frost it. The table at the right shows the
temperature readings for the cake.
a. Given a room temperature of 68F, what is an exponential model
for this data set? y 5 122(0.922)x 1 68
b. How long must the cake cool before you can frost it?
Time (min)
Temp (F)
190
The parent function for each graph below is of the form y 5 abx . Write the
parent function. Then write a function for the translation indicated.
149
24.
about 35 minutes
Use the graph of y 5 ex to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.
10
122
15
104
20
92
25.
y 5 2x; y 5 2x13 1 1
16. e3 1.3956
x
2
2
y 5 24 Q 12 R x ;
4
y 5 24 Q 12 R x22 1 3
x
2
translation: left 3 units, up 1 unit
translation: right 2 units, up 3 units
13
14
3/23/09 10:35:56
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L02.indd
AM
Sec1:14
page 15
Practice
7-2
y
O
15. e22.5 0.0821
14. e2 7.3891
continuously.
a. How much will you have in the account in 10 years? $3466.50
b. How long will it take for the account to reach $5000? about 17 years
4
22. The isotope Sr-85 is used in bone scans. It has a half-life of 64.9 days. Write the exponential
12. y 5 2x 1 1
2 O
2
4
10. y 5 20.1(5) 2x
that time, half the isotope will have decayed. Write the exponential decay
function for a 12-mg sample. Find the amount remaining after 72 h.
O
2
21. The isotope Hg-197 is used in kidney scans. It has a half-life of 64.128 h. After
9. y 5 5 2x
8. y 5 2(2)x11
y
4
2 O
Form G
Find the amount in a continuously compounded account for the given conditions.
1. y 5 2x
2 O
7-2
Form G
7-2
Form K
Form K
Use the graph of y 5 ex to evaluate each expression to four decimal places.
Write the parent function of each function.

2. y 5 7(x 2 3) y 5 7x
1. y 5 5 3x y 5 3x
3/23/09 10:35:58 AM
page 16
11. e3 20.0855
3. y 5 6(x 2 2) 1 9 y 5 6x
13. e24 0.0183
12. e0.5 1.6487
Graph each of the following functions.

4. y 5 4x
5. y 5 0.5 2x
Identify the meaning of the following variables in the formula for continuously
compounded interest.
A(t) 5 P ert
14. P the principal
2
2
Identify each function as a compression, a reflection, or a translation of the

parent function.
6.
7.
x
6 y2
y 2(x1)
2
x
2
translation
16. t time in years
x
4
15. r annual interest rate
2
8.
y 2x
Find the amount in a continuously compounded account for the given conditions.
17. principal: $300
y 2x
18. principal: $650
annual interest rate: 5%

time: 4 yr

time: 20 yr
A(t) 5 P ert
A(4) 5 $300 e(0.05)(4)
A(4) 5 $366.42
A(t) 5 P ert
A(t) 5 $2385.04
x
2
y 0.75(2x)
2
O
2
compression
y 2x
4
reection
Write a function for the indicated transformation.

1
19. Sarah received a paycheck for $1200. She deposited 4 of the money into a bank
9. the function y 5 5(x 2 2) vertically stretched by the factor 3 y 5 3 5(x 2 2)
account. The account has an interest rate of 6% compounded continuously. This is the
first and last deposit that Sarah makes into this account. How much money will be in
the account in 15 years? $737.88
10. the function y 5 7 2x translated up 8 units y 5 7 2x 1 8
Prentice Hall Foundations Algebra 2 Teaching Resources

16


80
3/23/09 10:35:59 AM
3/23/09 10:35:59 AM
ANSWERS
page 18
page 17
7-2
Enrichment
7-2
Gridded Response
A Closer Look at Compounding
Solve each exercise and enter your answer in the grid provided.
The formula for finding the amount of money accumulated in an account is

A 5 P(1 1 nr )nt .
rate of 4% compounded continuously. How many years will it take for the
balance in your savings account to reach $8000? Round your answer up to the
nearest number of years.
The variable P represents the principal, or amount initially invested.

The variable r represents the interest rate as a decimal.
The variable n represents the number of times per year the interest is compounded.
The variable t represents the time, or number of years for which the money is invested.
2. Suppose you make $1500 at your summer job and you decide to invest this
1. $750 is invested at 11% compounded quarterly. How much is in the account

after 10 yr? $2219.9
money in a savings account that pays interest at an annual rate of 5.5%

compounded continuously. How many dollars will be in the account after 5
years? Express the answer to the nearest whole dollar.
2. Write the new formula for P 5 $1, r 5 1.0, and t 5 1 yr. A 5 1 Q 1 1 n1 R n

3. Remember that n is the number of times the interest is compounded. What
happens as n grows? In other words, what is the effect of compounding more

often? Fill in the following table. Round answers to eight decimal places.
3. The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the
material to decay. Phosphorus-32 is used to study a plants use of fertilizer. It

has a half-life of 14.3 days. How many milligrams of phosphorus-32 remain
after 92 days from a 100-mg sample? Express the answer to the nearest whole
milligram.
4. A scientist notes the bacteria count in a petrie dish is 40. Three hours later, she
notes the count has increased to 75. Using an exponential model, how many
hours will it take for the bacteria count to grow from 75 to 120? Express the
answer to the nearest tenth of an hour.
Answers
1.
2.
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
3.
1975
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
4.
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
n
Q1 1 1 R
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
2.00000000
10
2.59374246
100
2.70481383
1,000
2.71692393
10,000
2.71814593
100,000
2.71826824
1,000,000
2.71828047
10,000,000
2.71828169
100,000,000
2.71828181
1,000,000,000
2.71828183
1 n
4. The table suggests that as n increases, the value of Q 1 1 n R gets closer
to
. If the value of n is increased further, the decimal
approximation in the table will get very close to the value of a number known
as e. This number is used in many growth and decay applications. 2.71828183
5. As n grows, you get closer to compounding continuously. This is why the
formula used for compounding continuously is A 5 Pert . Rework Exercise 1

assuming that compounding is continuous. $2253.12
page 19
7-2
page 20
Reteaching
3/23/09 10:35:59 AM
3/23/09 10:36:00 AM
7-2
For problems involving continuously compounded interest, use the following

formula:
There are four types of transformations that can change the graph of an
exponential function.
Stretches
Compressions
Continuously Compounded Interest
The factor a in y 5 abx can stretch the

graph of an exponential function when
The factor a in y 5 abx can compress the

graph of an exponential function when
A(t) 5 P ? ert
uau . 1
0 , uau , 1
A(t) is the amount in account after time t.

P is the principal.
r is the annual interest rate (as a decimal).
t is time (in years).
Problem
Reflections
Translations
The factor a in y 5 abx can reflect the

graph of an exponential function in the
x-axis when
The graph of an exponential function

translates horizontally by h; vertically by k.
Suppose you invest $2000 at an annual interest rate of 5.5% compounded

continuously. How much will you have in the account in 10 years?
y 5 ab(x2h) 1 k
a,0
Problem
How does the graph of y 5 2 Q 13 R
x11
In ten years, you will have $3466.50.

Graph each exponential function.
Step 2 Make a table. Find more values if necessary

to get a good picture of the graph.
22
2a 13 b
21
2a 13 b
22
21
5 2(9)
18
5 2(3)
2a 13 b 5 2(1)
1
2a 13 b 5 2a 13 b
2a 13 b 5 2a 19 b
1 x
1. y 5 Q 5 R
Step 3 Use the values for x

and y from the table to
graph the function.
21
18
15
12
9
6
3. y 5 5x
y
4
2
4 2
y
1 O
2
5
4
1 O
1
2
5
x
4
4 2
3
1 O
O
1
1
4 2
1
y
1 O x
1 2
x
2
4
10. Suppose you invest $7500 at an annual interest of 7% compounded continuously.

a. How much will you have in the account in 10 years? $15,103.14
b. How long will it take for the account to reach $20,000? 15 years
x11
Step 4 For y 5 2 Q 13 R
2 4, h 5 21 and k 5 24. Shift the graph of the parent function
above 1 unit left and 4 units down. The horizontal asymptote shifts down as well, from
y 5 0 to y 5 24.

Step 5 Use a graphing calculator to check your graph.
20

x
2
2
x
2
9. y 5 2(2)x
2
9
1
2 O
2
8. y 5 4x 1 1
O
4 2
1 x
6. y 5 Q 4 R
1 x21
7. y 5 Q 4 R
12
x
2
1 x
5. y 5 2Q 2 R 1 4
3
2 3
1 O
2 O
1 x
4. y 5 2Q 2 R
2
3
5
3
2. y 5 3x 1 1
3 2 1 O
3
A(t) 5 P ? ert
5 2000 ? e(0.055)(10)
5 2000 ? e0.55
< 3466.50
Exercises
represent exponential decay.
y 5 2a 1
b
3
Use the formula.
principle P 5 $2000
interest rate r 5 5.5% 5 0.055
time t 5 10 years
x
2 4 compare to the parent function y 5 2 Q 13 R ?
x
Step 1 Determine the base of the function y 5 2 Q 13 R . Because b , 1, the graph will
What do you know?
3/23/09 10:36:01 AM
81
3/23/09 10:36:03 AM
ANSWERS
page 21
7-3
page 22
ELL Support
7-3
Logarithmic Functions as Inverses
For Exercises 13, draw a line from each word or phrase in Column A to the
matching item in Column B.
Column A
Think About a Plan

Chemistry Find the concentration of hydrogen ions in seawater, if the pH level

of seawater is 8.5.
Column B
Understanding the Problem
1. logarithmic function
A. a logarithm with base 10
2. common logarithm
B. the inverse of an exponential function
3. logarithmic scale
C. uses the logarithm of a quantity instead
1. What is the pH of seawater? 8.5
of the quantity itself

2. How do you represent the concentration of hydrogen ions? H+
For Exercises 49, draw a line from each word or phrase in Column A to the
matching item in Column B.
Column A
Column B
3. What is the problem asking you to determine?
4. parent function
A. y 5 0.75 log4 x
5. stretch
B. y 5 5 log4 x
6. compression
C. y 5 log4 x 2 3
7. reflection in x-axis
D. y 5 log4 x
8. translation 3 units to the right
E. y 5 2log4 x
9. translation 3 units downward
F. y 5 log4 (x 2 3)
the concentration of hydrogen ions in seawater
Planning the Solution

4. Write the formula for the pH of a substance. pH 5 2logfH1g
5. Write an equation relating the pH of seawater to the concentration

of hydrogen ions in seawater. 8.5 5 2logfH1g
Getting an Answer
6. Solve your equation to find the concentration of hydrogen ions in seawater.
8.5 5 2logfH1g
28.5 5 logfH1g
1
1028.5 5 10logfH g
1028.5 5 fH1g
fH1g 5 1028.5 or 3.16 3 1029

page 23
page 24
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L03.indd 21
7-3
3/23/09 9:55:47 AM
Practice
7-3
Form G
Form G
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L03.indd 22
Describe how the graph of each function compares with the graph of the parent
function, y 5 logb x.
Write each equation in logarithmic form.

1. 92 5 81
log9 81 5 2
1
1 3
2. 64 5 Q 4 R
1
log1 Q 64
R53
3. 83 5 512
log8 512 5 3
1 22
4. Q 3 R
59
log1 9 5 22
5. 29 5 512
6. 45 5 1024
7. 54 5 625
8. 1023 5 0.001
log2 512 5 9
24. y 5 log3 x 2 2 translates 2 units down
log4 1024 5 5
log5 625 5 4
3/23/09 9:55:48 AM
25. y 5 log8 (x 2 2) translates 2 units to the right
log10 0.001 5 23
26. y 5 log6 (x 1 1) 2 5 translates 1 unit to the left and 5 units down
Evaluate each logarithm.

9. log2 128 7
10. log4 32
5
2
11. log9 (27)
3
2
27. y 5 log2 (x 2 4) 1 1 translates 4 units to the right and 1 unit up
12. log2 (232) undened
Write each equation in exponential form.

1
13. log1 9 2
15. log7 76 6
14. log 100,000 5
1
16. log3 81 24
In 2004, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 shook Papua, Indonesia. Compare

the intensity level of that earthquake to the intensity level of each earthquake
below.
36. log56 1 5 0 560 5 1
For each pH given, find the concentration of hydrogen ions [H1]. Use the
formula pH 5 2log[H1].
20. magnitude 8.3 in the Kuril Islands, in 2006

The Kuril Islands earthquake was about 20 times as strong as the Papua earthquake.
Graph each logarithmic function.
41. 7.2 6.3 3 1028
42. 7.3 5.0 3 1028
43. 8.2 6.3 3 1029
44. 6.2 6.3 3 1027
45. 5.6 2.5 3 1026
46. 4.6 2.5 3 1025
47. 7.0 1.0 3 1027
48. 2.9 1.3 3 1023
Find the inverse of each function.
22. y 5 log3 x
1
1
33. log8 64 5 22 8 22 5 64
after t hours is given by the formula log2 N 5 t . After how many hours
will there be 32 bacteria? 5 hours
19. magnitude 7.8 in the Fiji Islands, in 2007

The Fiji Islands earthquake was about 6 times as strong as the Papua earthquake.
2
1 O
1
1 2 3 4
2
3
30. log2 32 5 5 25 5 32
32. log5 5 5 1 51 5 5
1
1
37. log12 144 5 22
38. log2 1024 5 210
39. log3 6561 5 8 38 5 6561
1
1
2 210 5 1024
12 22 5 144
40. A single-celled bacterium divides every hour. The number N of bacteria
18. magnitude 5.1 in Greece, in 2008

The Papua earthquake was about 79 times as strong as the Greece earthquake.
29. log7 1 5 0 70 5 1
31. log 10 5 1 101 5 10
34. log9 59,049 5 5 95 5 59,049 35. log17 289 5 2 172 5 289
17. magnitude 6.1 in Costa Rica, in 2009

The Papua earthquake was about 8 times as strong as the Costa Rica earthquake.
21. y 5 log x
28. log4 256 5 4 44 5 256
y
3
2
1 O
x
1
1 2 3 4 5
2
3
23. y 5 log6 x
y
3
2
1 O
1
1 2 3 4 5x
2
3
49. y 5 log2 x y 5 2x
50. y 5 log0.7 x y 5 (0.7)x
51. y 5 log100 x y 5 102x
52. y 5 log8 x y 5 23x
53. y 5 log2 (4x) y 5 2x22
x
54. y 5 log (x 1 4) y 5 10 2 4
Find the domain and range of each function.

55. y 5 log3 x 2 2
domain: x S 0; range:
all real numbers
56. y 5 2 log5 x
all real numbers
57. y 5 log (x 1 1)
all real numbers

24

3/23/09 9:55:48 AM
82
3/23/09 9:55:49 AM
ANSWERS
page 25
page 26
Practice
7-3

1. 32 5 25 log2 32 5 5
7-3
Form K
Form K
11. Error Analysis A student drew the graph below to represent the function
y 5 log4 x. What mistake did the student make when she drew her graph?
3. 625 5 54 log5 625 5 4
2. 2435 35 log3 243 5 5
She did not reect the graph across the line y 5 x.
8
6
4

4. log3 9 5 2 9 5 32
5. log5 125 5 3 125 5 53
6. log8 512 5 3 512 5 83
x
4
2
1
9. log125 25 2 3
8. log8 256 3
log9 27 5 x
12. y 5 log2 x
27 5 9x
13. y 5 log1 x
256 5 8x
log8 256 5 x
33 5 Q 32 R
Graph each logarithmic function.
Evaluate each logarithm.

7. log9 27
2
4
2
33 5 32x
2
2
3 5 2x
x5
3
2
Identify each function as a compression, a stretch, or a translation of the parent

function.
14. y 5 4 log3 x stretch
15. y 5 log2 x 1 10 translation 16. y 5 0.25 log4 x compression
I1
The formula log I 5 M1 2 M2 is used to compare the intensity levels of earthquakes.
2
The variable I is the intensity measured by a seismograph. The variable M is the
measurement on the Richter scale. Use the formula to answer the following problem.
Transform the function y 5 log5 x as indicated below.
10. In 1906, an earthquake of magnitude 8.25 hit San Francisco, California. Indonesia
17. stretch by a factor of 3 and translate 6 units up y 5 3 log5 x 1 6
was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 8.5 in 1938. Compare the intensity of the
two earthquakes. The earthquake in Indonesia was approximately 1.78 times more
intense than the earthquake in San Francisco.
18. compress by a factor of 0.4 and reflect in the x-axis y 5 20.4 log5 x
25
7-3
3/23/09 9:55:51 AM
page 27
page 28
7-3

Enrichment
3/23/09 9:55:51 AM
Multiple Choice
Log Jams
For Exercises 14, choose the correct letter.
The logarithm is a tool originally developed and used to aid in calculations, yet this
viewpoint of logarithms is not the only one of interest. Logarithms are also useful when
thought of as real-valued functions, or as inverse functions of the corresponding exponential
functions. The idea of a logarithm as an inverse function of an exponential function means
that logb x is a question to be answered. For example, you can read the expression log2 8 as
what exponent on base 2 gives 8? The answer is 3, because 23 5 8.
1
1. Which of the following is the logarithmic form of the equation 423 5 64 ? C
1
1
log 23 Q 64
R 54
log4 Q 64
R 5 23
1
log 23 4 5 64
log 1 4 5 23
64
Thinking of a logarithm as an exponent helps to order some logarithms without evaluating

them. For example, the logarithms log7 8, log7 7, and log7 6 are in descending order since the
exponent needed on base 7 that gives 8 would be greater than 1, and 1 is in turn greater than
the exponent needed on base 7 that gives 6.
2. What is the value of log2 8? I
64
16
You can also compose logarithms as you would compose other functions, where their
domain and ranges agree. Thus, you evaluate log4 (log5 25) by evaluating log5 25 5 2, then
evaluating log4 2 5 12.
3. How does the graph of y 5 log5 (x 2 3) compare with the graph of the parent
function, y 5 log5 x? C
translated 3 units to the left
translated 3 units to the right
translated 3 units down
translated 3 units up
Rewrite each equation in exponential form to solve the equation.
4. In 2009, an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 shook the Kermadec Islands off the
coast of New Zealand. Also in 2009, an earthquake of magnitude 5.1 occurred

in the Alaska Peninsula. How many times stronger was the Kermadec
earthquake than the Alaska earthquake? F
39.811
5.77
20.593
0.025
1. Solve for x:
logx 81 5 4 3
2. Solve for x:
logx 2 5 2 !2
3. Which is greater, log2 3 or log3 2? log2 3 is greater

4. Solve for x:
log3 x 5 logx 3
1
3,
1
1
5. Which is greater, 3 of log4 2 or 2 of log 10? 12 log 10 is greater
Short Response
6. Solve for x:
log2 (log2 x) 5 2 16
1
1
7. Which is greater, 3 log2 (log3 8.5) or 2 log3 (log2 8.5)? 12 log3 (log2 8.5) is greater
5. A single-celled bacterium divides every hour. The number N of bacteria after
t hours is given by the formula log2 N 5 t .
8. Which of the following are equal? log 12 and log 1 2 log 2 are equal
log 1
log 12
log 1 2 log 2
log 2
a. After how many hours will there be 64 bacteria?

b. Explain in words or show work for how you determined the number of
hours.
Rewrite in exponential form and solve for x.
[2] a. 6 hours
b. log2 N 5 t can be written in the exponential form 2t 5 N. Substituting
64 for N, the equation becomes 2t 5 64. Rewriting 64 with base 2, the
equation becomes 2t 5 26. Since the bases are equal, t 5 6.
[1] incorrect exponential form OR incorrect explanation
[0] incorrect answers and no explanation OR no answers given
9. log5 1 5 x 0
10. log2 (2x2 2 7) 5 0 22, 2
11. logx 7 5 1 7
12. log2 x2 5 2 62
13. log3 1 5 x 0
14. log17 17 5 x 1
15. logx 34 5 1 81
16. log3 x 5 0 1
17. log3 32 5 x 2
18. log4 (x 1 1) 5 0 0
19. 1 1 log6 (x 2 1) 5 1 2
20. 21 1 log x 5 21 1


3/23/09 9:55:52 AM
83
3/23/09 9:55:53 AM
ANSWERS
page 29
page 30
Reteaching
7-3
7-3
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function.
Exercises
To evaluate logarithmic expressions, use the fact that x 5 logb y is the same as
y 5 bx . Keep in mind that x 5 log y is another way of writing x 5 log10 y.

9. 3 5 log2 8 23 5 8
Problem
What is the logarithmic form of 63 5 216?
The equation is in the form
bx
12. log 7 < 0.845 100.845 N 7
13. log 1000 5 3
14. 22 5 log 0.01 1022 5 0.01
15. log3 81 5 4
Step 1 Determine which equation to use.

5 y.
Step 2 Find x, y, and b.

b 5 6, x 5 3, and y 5 216
Step 3 Because y 5 bx is the same as x 5 logb y, rewrite the equation in logarithmic form
by substituting for x, y, and b.
10. 2 5 log5 25 52 5 25
11. log 0.1 5 21 1021 5 20.1

103
34
5 1000
1
1
16. log49 7 5 2 492 5 7
5 81
2
1
2
17. log8 4 5 23 823 5 14
18. log2 128 5 7 27 5 128
1
19. log5 625 5 24 5 24 5 1
625
20. log6 36 5 2 62 5 36
Problem
What is the value of log4 32?
3 5 log6 216
x 5 log4 32
Write the equation in logarithmic form x 5 logb y.
Exercises
32 5 4x
Rewrite in exponential form y 5 bx .
25 5 (22)x
Rewrite each side of the equation with like bases in order to solve the equation.
25 5 22x
Simplify.
1
1. 423 5 64
1
log4 64
5 23
1
2. 522 5 25
1
log5 25
5 22
1
3. 821 5 8
log8 18 5 21
4. 110 5 1
log111 5 0
5. 61 5 6
log6 6 5 1
1
6. 623 5 216
1
5 23
log6 216
7. 170 5 1
log17 1 5 0
8. 171 5 17
log17 17 5 1
5 5 2x
Set the exponents equal to each other.
x 5 52
Solve for x.
log4 32 5 52
Problem
Exercises
What is the exponential form of 4 5 log5 625?
Evaluate the logarithm.
Step 1 Determine which equation to use.
21. log2 64 6
22. log4 64 3
23. log3 34 4
24. log 10 1
25. log 0.1 21
26. log 1 0
27. log8 2 13
28. log32 2 15
29. log9 3 12
The equation is in the form x 5 logb y.

Step 2 Find x, y, and b.
x 5 4, b 5 5, and y 5 625
Step 3 Because x 5 logb y is the same as y 5 bx , rewrite the equation in exponential
form by substituting for x, y, and b.
625 5 54

30
page 31
ELL Support
7-4
3/23/09 9:55:54 AM
Properties of Logarithms
Product Property
Quotient Property
m
logb n 5 logb m 2 logb n
logb mn 5 n logb m
Example:
Example:
Example:
log4 (4 3) 5 log4 4 1 log4 3
log3 12 5 log3 12 2 log3 5
log5 73 5 3 log5 7
Think About a Plan

Know
Identify the property that is demonstrated by each equation.

7
1. log4 3
7-4
3/23/09 9:55:55 AM
Construction The foreman of a construction team puts up a sound barrier that

reduces the intensity of the noise by 50%. By how many decibels is the noise
I
reduced? Use the formula L 5 10 log I to measure loudness. (Hint: Find the
0
difference between the expression for loudness for intensity I and the expression
for loudness for intensity 0.5I.)
Power Property
logb mn 5 logb m 1 logb n
page 32
I
1. You can represent the intensity of the original noise by
.
5 log4 7 2 log4 3 quotient property
2. log3 65 5 5 log3 6
0.5I
2. You can represent the intensity of the reduced noise by
.
power property
15
3. log7 4 5 log7 15 2 log7 4 quotient property
4. log5 (6 4) 5 log5 6 1 log5 4
Need
4. To solve the problem I need to find:
the difference between the expression for the original noise intensity and the
Identify the values of the symbols in the equations below.
ub 5 log 1 log 6 u 5
15
7. log
5 log 2 log 2
u5
u
8. log u 5 log 6
u5
4
5. log4 125 5 5 log4 12 power property
6. log4 a8 ?
L 5 10log II .
3. The formula for loudness is
product property
expression for the reduced noise intensity
15
Plan
5. What is an expression for the loudness of the original construction noise? 10log II
0
6. What is an expression for the loudness of the reduced construction noise? 10log 0.5I
I
0
Write each expression as a single logarithm.

9. log8 6 2 log8 2 5
log8 6
2
7. Use your expressions to find the difference between the loudness of the original
construction noise and the loudness of the reduced construction noise.

0.5I
I
I
1
10log II 2 10log 0.5I
I 5 10 Q log I 2 log I R 5 10log 0.5I 5 10log 0.5 5 10log 2 N 3
10. log6 5 1 log6 3 5 log6 (5 3)
3 dB
8. The sound barrier reduced the loudness by
.
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L04.indd 31

3/23/09 10:03:05 AM
84
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L04.indd 32
3/23/09 10:03:06 AM
ANSWERS
page 33
page 34
Practice
7-4
7-4
Form G
Form G
Determine if each statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
log 3
1. log5 4 1 log5 3
log5 12
2. log6 25 2 log6 5
log6 5
3. log2 4 1 log2 2 2 log2 8

log2 1 5 0
40. log 12 5 log 4 1 log 3
4. 5 log7 x 2 2 log7 x
log7 x3
5. log4 60 2 log4 4 1 log4 x

log4 15x
6. log 7 2 log 3 1 log 6

log 14
42. log6 12 1 log6 3 5 2

true; log6 12 1 log6 3 5 log6 36 5 2
7. 2 log x 2 3 log y
8. 2 log r 1 3 log s 2 4 log t
9. log3 4x 1 2 log3 5y
Use the properties of logarithms to evaluate each expression.
2
log x3
log3 100xy2
2 3
log r s1
t4
10. 5 log 2 2 2 log 2

log 8
11. 3 log 3x 1 3 log 3x

log 3x
12. 2 log 4 1 log 2 1 log 2

log 64
13. (log 3 2 log 4) 2 log 2
14. 5 log x 1 3 log x2
15. log6 3 2 log6 6
log 38
log 87
1
log
18. 3(log2 x 2 log2 y)

1
x3
log2 y 13
21. log5 y 2 4(log5 r 1 2 log5 t)
20. 3(4 log t2)

log t24
x2 y 3
log5
z2
r4t8
Expand each logarithm. Simplify if possible.

22. log xyz
log x 1 log y 1 log z
25. log 7(3x 2 2)2
log 7 2 2 log (3x 2 2)
log 3
false; log 35 5 log 3 2 log 5 u log 5

1
43. 2 log4 4x 5 log4 2x
false; 12 log4 4x 5 log4 (4x)2 5 log4 2x2 u log4 2x
44. log2 8 2 log2 4 1
45. log2 160 2 log2 5 5
46. log6 27 1 log6 8 3
47. log7 14 2 log7 2 1
48. log4 64 1 2 log4 2 4
1
49. 4 log3 162 2 log3 !2 1
State the property or properties used to rewrite each expression.
17. log3 2x 2 5 log3 y

log3 2x5
19. 2 log x 1 3 log y 2 2 log z
41. log 5 5 log 5
log6 12
log x11
16. log 2 1 log 4 2 log 7
true; log 12 5 log (3 ? 4) 5 log 4 5 log 3
x
23. log2 yz
log2 x 2 log2 y 2 log2 z
24. log 6x3y

log 6 1 3 log x 1 log y
33. log2 15 3.907
34. log6 17 1.581
35. log6 10 1.285
36. log5 6 1.113
37. log8 1 0
38. log9 11 1.091
3
1
53. 3 log2 x 5 log2 " x
Power Prop.
3
2
54. 3 log 7 5 log " 49
Power Prop.
55. log4 20 2 3 log4 x 5 log4
20
x3
Power and Quotient Prop.
56. A sound has an intensity of 5.92 3 1025 W/m2. What is the loudness of the
sound in decibels? Use I0 5 10 212 W/m2. about 377.7 decibels
57. Suppose you decrease the intensity of a sound by 45%. By how many decibels
would the loudness be decreased? about 2.6 decibels
Use the Change of Base Formula to evaluate each expression. Round your answer
to the nearest thousandth.
32. log3 5 1.465
52. log 3x 5 log 3 1 log x

Product Prop.
intensity of a barely audible sound.
30. log4 (3xyz)2 2 log4 3 1

2 log4 x 1 2 log4 y 1 2 log4 z
31. log4 32 2.5
51. 6 log 2 5 log 64

Power Prop.
I
The formula for loudness in decibels (dB) is L 5 10 log , where I is the
I0
intensity of a sound in watts per square meter (W/m2) and I0 is 1012 W/m2, the
2rst 1
5x
log 2 1 12 log r 127. log 4y
26. log
5w 2
1
1
1
1
log 5 1 log x 2 log 4 2 log y
log
s
1
2
2 log t 2 2 log 5 2 2 log w
2x y
28. log5 5x 25 log5 5 2 5 log5 x, 29. log 3 log 2 1 2 log x 1
3k
or 1 2 5 log5 x
log y 2 log 3 2 3 log k
50. log 6 2 log 3 5 log 2

Quotient Prop.
log 9
9
58. Writing Explain why log Q 4 R 2
.
log 4
log 9
log Q 94 R 5 log 9 2 log 4 u log 4
39. The concentration of hydrogen ions in a batch of homemade ketchup is 1024.

What is the pH level of the ketchup? 4

33
page 35
7-4
page 36
3/23/09 10:03:07 AM
Practice
Form K
7-4
Quotient Property
Form K
Change of Base Formula
Product Property
3/23/09 10:03:11 AM
For any positive numbers m, b, and c, with b Z 1and c Z 1,
Power Property
logc m
logb m 5 log b
c
logb mn 5 n logb m
Use the Change of Base Formula to evaluate each expression.

1. log3 9 1 log3 24 log3 216
2. log4
4. log3 85 5 log3 8
5. log4 x 2 log4 y log4 yx
163
3 log4 16
3. log2 7 2 log2 9
14. log32 4
log2 79
15. log9 27 1.5
16. log4 12 about 1.792
log24
2
5 5 5 0.4
log232
17. Error Analysis Your friend used the Change of Base Formula to evaluate the expression
log4 8. Her answer was 23. What error did your friend make? What is the correct answer?
Sample answer: Your friend confused the numerator and the denominator in the
formula. The correct answer is 32 .
6. log 5 1 log 7 log 35
Use the following formula to solve Exercise 18.

Formula for Loudness of a Sound (decibels)
Expand each logarithm. Simplify if possible.

7. log3 27x log3 27 1 log3 x
3
8. log 7 log 3 2 log 7
9. log4
y2z3
L 5 10 log I
2 log4 y 1 3 log4 z
I is the intensity of a sound in watts per square meter (W/m2).

I 0 is the intensity of a sound that can barely be heard.
I 0 5 10212 W/m2
32
10. log5 x
2 log5 3 2 log5 x
11. log3 15xy

12. log 8xz4
3 log 2 1 log x 1 4 log z
1 1 log3 5 1 log3 x 1 log3 y
18. Your classmate went to a rock concert. At the loudest point during the concert, the
sound had an intensity of 2.35 3 1023 W/m2. What was the loudness of this sound in
decibels?
about 93.71 decibels
13. Open-Ended Write three different logarithms. You should be able to expand
each logarithm by one of the properties of logarithms. Answers may vary.
Sample: log5 6x, log 34 , log3 72

36

85
3/23/09 10:03:13 AM
3/23/09 10:03:13 AM
ANSWERS
page 37
page 38
7-4
Multiple Choice
1. Which statement correctly demonstrates the Power Property of Logarithms? D
1
2 log5 9
5 log5 81
1
2 log5 9
5 log5 18
1
2 log5 9
5 log5 92
1
2 log5 9
5 log5 3
1
2 (log4 3
log4 (3x)2 ? G
2 log4 x)
x4 "x3
as an example. Without using a
(3x 1 2)5
512
16
calculator, determine the value for y when x 5 16. 312,500,000 5 9,765,625
1. Consider the relation y 5
2 (log4 3 2 log4 x)
2 (log4 3 1 log4 x)
Scotsman John Napier and Joost Burgi from Switzerland are credited for being the first to
introduce the concept of a logarithm. While the logarithm they described is quite different
than the one we use today, both men used logarithms to simplify mathematical calculations.
Arithmetic operations of addition and subtraction are relatively easy to compute, but
without the modern calculator, multiplication and division of powers and roots can be
time-consuming. Before calculators, logarithms were used to simplify an expression to an
addition or subtraction problem. The logarithm values could be found in extensive tables
and the calculations were more easily completed.
2. Which expression is the correct expansion of
Enrichment
7-4
2 log4 3 1 log4 x
2. While the calculations in Exercise 1 are not impossible, they are certainly
3. Which expression is equivalent to log7 16? C

log7 16
log 10
log 16
log 7
log16 10
log7 10
log 7
log 16
time-consuming and, with roots involved, are inaccurate. If you take the
3
log base 10 of both sides, the equation becomes log y 5 log
x4"x3
(3x 1 2)5
Rewrite the right side of the equation using the log properties.
log y 5
4. Which statement correctly expresses 4 log3 x 1 7 log3 y as a single logarithm? F
log3 x4y7
log3 (x4 1 y7)
log3 (4x 1 7y)
log3 (4x 2 7y)
3
4
log x 1
3
2
log x 2 5 log (3x 1 2)
To evaluate a logarithmic equation like the one above, the values were found in a
table and the arithmetic calculations were completed. To get a sense of how this
was done, assume you have a table of values for logarithms using base a. In this
table you find that loga 2 5 0.301, loga 3 5 0.477, and loga 5 5 0.699.
Short Response
5. The pH of a substance equals 2logfH 1 g, where fH 1 g is the concentration of
3. Use logarithm properties to rewrite loga 30 using the three log values given.
Then evaluate your expression. loga 30 5 loga (2)(3)(5) 5 loga 2 1 loga 3 1 loga 5; 1.477
hydrogen ions. The concentration of hydrogen ions in pure water is 1027 and
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a sodium hydroxide solution is 1014.
a. Without using a calculator, what is the difference of the pH levels of pure
water and the sodium hydroxide solution?
b. Explain in words or show work for how you determined the difference of
the pH levels.
4. Use logarithm properties to rewrite loga 50 and evaluate your expression.

loga 50 5 loga (2)(52) 5 loga 2 1 2 loga 5; 1.699
5. Use logarithm properties to rewrite loga 12.5 and evaluate your expression.
2
loga (12.5) 5 loga Q 52 R 5 2 loga 5 2 loga 2; 1.097
[2] a. 27
b. pH 5 2logfH 1 g, DpH 5 2logfH 1wg 2 (2logfH 1 sg) 5 logfH 1sg 2 logfH1 wg
5 logf10 214g 2 logf10 27g 5 214 log 10 2 (27 log 10) 5 214(1) 1 7(1) 5 27
The pH of pure water is 7 less than the pH of the sodium hydroxide solution.
[1] incorrect equation form OR incorrect explanation
page 39
7-4
page 40
Reteaching
3/23/09 10:03:13 AM
Formula
When you multiply two

powers, you add the exponents.
Example: 26 ? 22 5 2(6 1 2) 5 28
Quotient Property
logb m
5 logb m 1 logb n
n
When you divide two powers,

you subtract the exponents.
Example:
26
5 2(6 2 2) 5 24
22
logb mn 5 nlogb m
When you raise a power

to a power, you multiply
the exponents. Example:
(26)2 5 2(6 ? 2) 5 212
Power Property
log b m
Move the base

to the bottom.
Why?
Product Property
3/23/09 10:03:16 AM
To evaluate logarithms with any base, you can rewrite the logarithm as a quotient
of two logarithms with the same base.
You can write a logarithmic expression containing more than one logarithm as a single
logarithm as long as the bases are equal. You can write a logarithm that contains a number
raised to a power as a logarithm with the power as a coefficient. To understand the following
properties, remember that logarithms are powers.
Name
7-4
logc m
logc b
Move the number

to the numerator.
Problem
What is log4 8 written as a quotient of two logarithms with base 2? Simplify your
answer, if possible.
log4 8 5
log2 8
log2 4
The base is 4 and the number is 8. Move the base to the bottom and
the number to the numerator.
3
2
Evaluate the logarithms in the numerator and the denominator.
Exercises
Write each logarithmic expression as a single logarithm.
Problem
1. log3 13 1 log3 3 log3 39
What is 2 log2 6 2 log2 9 1 13 log2 27 written as a single logarithm?

2 log2 6 2 log2 9 1 13 log2 27 5 log2 62 2 log2 9 1 log2
1
273
Use the Power Property twice.

1
2. 2 log x 1 log 5 log 5x2
3. log4 2 2 log4 6 log4 3
4. 3 log3 3 2 log3 3 log3 9, or 2 5. log5 8 1 log5 x log5 8x
2
x2
6. log 2 2 2 log x log

x3
y5
5 log2 36 2 log2 9 1 log2 3
3
62 5 36, 273 5 !27
53
5 (log2 36 2 log2 9) 1 log2 3
Group two of the logarithms. Use

order of operations.
10. log5 x 1 3 log5 y log5
5 log2 36
9 1 log2 3
Quotient Property
Write each logarithm as a quotient of two common logarithms. Simplify your

answer, if possible. (Hint: Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10.)
5 log2 Q 36
9 ? 3R
Product Property
13. log4 12 log 12
5 log2 12
Simplify.
7. log2 x 1 log2 y log2 xy
log 4
16. log11 205
As a single logarithm, 2 log2 6 2 log2 9 1 13 log2 27 5 log2 12.
log 205
log 11
xy3
8. 3 log7 x 2 5 log7 y log7

11. 3 log2 x 2 log2 y
x3
log2 y
14. log2 1000 log 2

17. log9 32
log 32
log 9
9. 4 log x 1 3 log x log x7

12. log2 16 2 log2 8 log2 2, or 1
15. log5 16
log 16
log 5
18. log100 51 log 51

2

Sec2:40
3/23/09 10:03:17 AM
86
3/23/09 10:03:18 AM
ANSWERS
page 41
page 42
7-5
ELL Support
7-5
Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
Write Cards
x2
Write the equation in

exponential form.
Seismology An earthquake of magnitude 7.6 occurred in 2001 in Gujarat, India.

It was 251 times as strong as the greatest earthquake ever to hit Pennsylvania. What
is the magnitude of the Pennsylvania earthquake? (Hint: Refer to the Richter scale
on page 453.)
There are two sets of cards below that show how to solve the equation
log6 (x 2 1) 1 log6 x 5 1. The set on the left explains the thinking. The set on
the right shows the steps. Write the thinking and the steps in the correct order.
Think Cards
Think About a Plan
Know
2x2650
7.6
1. The magnitude of the Gujarat earthquake is
.
x53
Simplify to a quadratic
equation in standard form.
2. The ratio of the intensity of the Gujarat earthquake to the intensity
log6 [(x 2 1)x] 5 1
251
.
of Pennsylvanias greatest earthquake is
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0
Apply the Product Property

of logarithms.
Need
(x 2 1)x 5 61
Solve for x. Check for

extraneous solutions.
3. To solve the problem I need to find:

the magnitude of the greatest Pennsylvania earthquake
Factor the trinomial.
Plan
4. Let I1 and M1 be the intensity and magnitude of the Gujarat earthquake. Let I2
Think
and M2 be the intensity and magnitude of Pennsylvanias greatest earthquake.

What equation should you use to model this situation?
Write
log I1 5 M1 2 M2
2
First, apply the Product Property of
Step 1
logarithms
log6 f(x 2 1)xg 5 1
I1
5. What does I represent? the ratio of the intensity of the Gujarat earthquake
2
to the intensity of Pennsylvanias greatest earthquake
Step 2
Second,write the equation in

exponential form.
(x 2 1)x 5 61
Then, simplify to a quadratic equation
Step 3
I1
6. What can you substitute for I in your equation? 251
2
in standard form.
7. Solve your equation for the magnitude of Pennsylvanias greatest earthquake.
x2 2 x 2 6 5 0
M2 5 M1 2 log I1 5 7.6 2 log 251 N 5.2

2
Step 4
Next, factor the trinomial.
Finally, solve for x. Check for

extraneous solutions.
Step 5
x53
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L05.indd 42
page 43
Practice
7-5
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L05.indd 41
5.2 .
8. The magnitude of Pennsylvanias greatest earthquake was about
(x 2 3)(x 1 2) 5 0
Form G
3/23/09 6:51:06 PM
7-5
3/23/09 6:51:08 PM
page 44
Form G
Solve each equation.
Solve each equation.

5
1. 82x 5 32 6
1
4. 252n11 5 625 2
2. 7n 5 343 3
3. 92x 5 27 4
1
5. 36 22x11 5 216 24
6. 64x 5 4096 2
7. 52x 5 20 0.93
8. 8n11 5 3 20.47
11. 152n23 5 245 2.52
46. 2 log x 2 log 4 5 2 20
48. 2 log x 2 log 3 5 1 !30
49. log 8 2 log 2x 5 21 40
50. 2 log 3x 2 log 9 5 1 !10 51. 2 log x 2 log 5 5 22 !20

52. log (x 1 21) 1 log x 5 2 4
20
53. The function y 5 1000(1.005)x models the value of $1000 deposited at an
9. 4n22 5 3 2.79
interest rate of 6% per year (0.005 per month) x months after the money is
deposited.
12. 4x 2 5 5 12 2.04
a. Use a graph (on your graphing calculator) to predict how many months it
will be until the account is worth $1100. about 19 months
b. Predict how many years it will be until the account is worth $5000. about 27 years
Solve by graphing. Round to the nearest hundredth.

13. 2n15 5 120 1.91
14. 5n11 5 175 2.21
15. 8x 5 58 1.95
16. 10n 5 3 0.48
17. 103y 5 5 0.23
18. 10k22 5 20 3.30
19. 5x 5 4 0.86
20. 24x 5 8 0.75
21. 3x15 5 15 22.54
54. Suppose the population of a country is currently 8,100,000. Studies show this
countrys population is increasing 2% each year.

a. What exponential function would be a good model for this countrys
population? y 5 8,100,000(1.02)x
b. Using the equation you found in part (a), how many years will it take for the
countrys population to reach 9 million? Round your answer to the nearest
hundredth. 5.32 years
Use a table to solve each equation. Round to the nearest hundredth.

22. 82n 5 3 0.26
23. 122n21 5 64 1.34
24. 12n22 5 8 2.84
25. 10x 5 182 2.26
26. 8n 5 12 1.19
27. 102x 5 9 0.48
28. 5n11 5 3 20.32
29. 10n22 5 0.3 1.48
30. 33n 5 50 1.19
55. Suppose you deposit $2500 in a savings account that pays you 5% interest
per year.
a. How many years will it take for you to double your money? about 14 years
b. How many years will it take for your account to reach $8,000? about 24 years
31. The equation y 5 281(1.01)x is a model for the population of the
United States y, in millions of people, x years after the year 2000. Estimate
when the United States population will reach 400 million people. in the year 2035
Mental Math Solve each equation.
Solve each equation. Check your answers.

32. log x 5 2 100
1
45. log x 2 log 4 5 22 25
47. log 3x 2 log 5 5 1 50

3
Solve each equation. Round answers to the nearest hundredth.
10. 43n 5 5 0.39
44. log x 2 log 4 5 3 4000
33. log 4x 5 21
1
40
34. log 3x 5 2
100
3
35. log 4x 5 2 25
36. 4 log x 5 4 10
37. 8 log x 5 16 100
38. 2 log x 5 2 10
39. log (2x 1 5) 5 3 995

2
40. log (3x 2 2) 5 3 334
41. log (x 2 25) 5 2 125
42. 2 log (2x 1 5) 5 4 95

2
43. 3 log (1 2 2x) 5 6 299

2
1
56. 5x 5 25 22
57. 4x 5 64 3
58. 10x 5 0.0001 24
59. log3 81 5 x 4
1
60. log2 32 5 x 25
61. log 1,000,000 5 x 6
Use the properties of exponential and logarithmic functions to solve each

system. Check your answers.
62. e
22102x 1 y 5 0
(1, 512)
y 5 8x12
32x2y 5 1
1
Q2 , 1R
63. e x1y
4
2850
64. e
log2 (x 2 2y) 5 3
(8, 0)
log2 (x 1 y) 5 log2 8

43
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L05.indd 43
44
3/23/09 6:51:08
PM

87
3/23/09 6:51:10 PM
ANSWERS
page 45
page 46
Practice
7-5
7-5
Form K
2. 23x23 5 64
5 52
23x23 5 26
A53 B 2x
56x
6x
x
3. 813x 5 27
Exponential and Logarithmic Form
x 5 14
x53
5 52
52
5 31
Logarithmic Form
logb x 5 y
11. log (2x 1 4) 5 3
5. 35x 5 375
log 64x 5 log 234

4x log 6 5 log 234
6. 73x 2 24 5 184
x 5 1.0790
log 234
12. log 4z 2 3 5 2
x 5 4 log 6
x < 0.7612
Product Property
Quotient Property
8. 83x 5 154
x N 0.8074
9. 124x 5 4600
x N 0.8485
Power Property
15. log y 2 log 4 5 2
logb mn 5 n logb m
16. log 10 1 log 2x 5 3
x 5 50
log x2 1 log 4 5 3
log 4x2 5 3
4x2 5 103
x2 5 250
x < 15.81
Graphing Calculator Solve by graphing. Round to the nearest ten-thousandth.

Let Y1 5 36x and Y2 5 2000.
x 5 54
z 5 25,000
14. 2 log x 1 log 4 5 3
7. 36x 5 2000
13. log (2x 2 8) 5 2
log 4z 5 5
Use the properties of logarithms to solve each equation.
x 5 0.9143
log 35x 5 log 375
Exponential Form
by 5 x
2x 1 4 5 103
2x 5 996
x 5 498
Solve each equation. Round to the nearest ten-thousandth. Check your answers.
To start, take the logarithm of each side.
4. 64x 5 234
Form K
Convert from Logarithmic Form to Exponential Form to solve each equation.
Solve each equation. To start, rewrite each side with a common base.
1. 1252x 5 25
log 4 5 2
y 5 400
x < 1.1531
17. Error Analysis Your friend used the following steps to solve the equation
log x 1 log 6 5 4. What error did he make? What is the correct answer?
Use the following formula for Exercise 10.
log x 1 log 6 5 4
x
log 6 5 4
T(m) 5 a(1 1 r)m
x
4
6 5 10
x 5 6000
m 5 the number of minutes it takes for 34 of the crowd to leave the stadium
He applied the Quotient Property rather than the Product Property; x 5 5000
3 .
T(m) 5 the number of people in the stadium after m minutes

a 5 the number of people currently in the stadium
r 5 the percent change in the number of people in the stadium
10. There are currently 100,000 people in a stadium watching a soccer game. When the game
ends, about 3% of the crowd will leave the stadium each minute. At this rate, how many
3
minutes will it take for 4 of the crowd to leave the stadium? about 47 minutes
page 47
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L05.indd 45
7-5
3/23/09 6:51:12 PM
7-5
2.5
4
3
log3 81, log81 3 4, 14

log10 1000, log1000 10 3, 13
3
4
2. How are the values of each pair of expressions related?

Answers may vary. Sample: When the base and argument are switched,
the expressions are reciprocals.
3. If log (3x 1 25) 5 2, what is the value of x? A
75
4123
100
3. This reciprocal property states that loga b 5
1.150
1.739
exponential form. ar 5 b, bs 5 a
3.477
5. Which equation represents the solution of 23x11 5 7? D
log 7
x 5 3a log 2 2 1b
log 7
x 5 3 log 2 2 1
1
. To prove this property,
logb a
assume r 5 loga b and s 5 logb a. Rewrite each of these equations in
4. Which best approximates the solution of 162x 5 124? F
0.869
log2 4, log4 2 2, 12
10
2. If 23x12 5 64, what is the value of x? G
25
Enrichment
1. Determine the value of each pair of expressions.
1. If 9x 5 243, what is the value of x? C
8
3
3/23/09 6:51:13 PM
When solving logarithm equations, you primarily use the Product Property,
Quotient Property, and Power Property to simplify the equation. Here is an
interesting, lesser-known property of logarithms to explore.
Multiple Choice
page 48
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L05.indd 46
4. Next, use one equation to substitute an equivalent expression in for a. What is

your new equation? (bs)r 5 b
log 2
x 5 13 a log 7 2 1b
log 7
x 5 13 a log 2 2 1b
5. Use the laws of exponents to simplify. bsr 5 b
Short Response
6. Because the bases are the same, what equation can you write for the
exponents? sr 5 1
6. In 2007, the population of Tallahassee, Florida was 168,979. Some researchers
believe that the population of Tallahassee will increase at a rate of 1% each

year for the 10 years following this.
a. If the researchers are correct, how many years will it take for the population
of Tallahassee to reach 180,000?
b. Explain in words or show your work for how you determined the number of
years found in part (a).
7. What must be true about s and r if the product equals 1? s and r must be reciprocals.
8. Use this new property to solve the equation log5 x 1
1
5 4. 25
logx 5
[2] a. about 7 years

b. Because the population grows at a constant rate each year, an exponential
model of the situation is y 5 168,979(1.01)x . 180,000 5 168,979(1.01)x S
180,000
log1.0652
x
168,979 5 1.01 S log 1.0652 5 x log 1.01 S x 5 log1.01 < 6.348.
[1] incorrect number of years OR incorrect explanation

48
PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L05.indd 48

PED-HSM11A2TR-08-1103-007-L05.indd 47
88
3/23/09 6:51:14 PM
3/23/09 6:51:16 PM

Lasttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lasttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANSWERS

Exploring Exponential Models

1. Is an exponential model reasonable for this situation? Explain.

1. In the function y 5 12(2.3)x , the value 2.3 is the growth factor .

is a line that a graph approaches as x or y increases in

An exponential model is reasonable

Exploring Exponential Models

Population The population of a certain animal species decreases at a rate of 3.5%

Think About a Plan

, as the value of x increases, the value of y

5. For exponential growth , as the value of x increases, the value of y

4. Is the rate of change positive or negative? Explain.

The population is decreasing, so the rate of change is negative

6. In the function y 5 4(0.3)x , the value 0.3 is the

5. The rate of change is 20.035

Identify whether each function represents exponential growth or exponential

7. Graph your function on a graphing calculator. Sketch your

Answers may vary. Sample: Use the TRACE function

Identify the y-intercept for each function.

Prentice Hall Algebra 2 Teaching Resources

Exploring Exponential Models

Exploring Exponential Models

17. 145% 1.45

18. 210% 0.9

19. 240% 0.6

21. 128% 1.28

23. 25% 0.95

24. 13% 1.03

Graph each function.

Without graphing, determine whether the function represents exponential

11. f (x) 5 0.25(1.05)x growth; 0.25

rate of 6%. No money is added or withdrawn from the account.

There are currently about 200,000 of these birds.

14. A population of 1,236,000 grows 1.3% per year for 10 years.

Prentice Hall Algebra 2 Teaching Resources

Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

16. 62% 1.62

A(t) 5 a(1 1 r)t

a. a 5 the initial amount

15. 220% 0.8

14. 35% 1.35

Exploring Exponential Models

Exploring Exponential Models

Without graphing, determine whether the function represents exponential

A(t) 5 a(1 1 r)t

10. y 5 0.6x decay

A(5) 5 200(1 2 0.1)5 N 118 guitars

Find the y-intercept of each function.

12. y 5 0.75(3)x (0, 0.75)

Standardized Test Prep

Exploring Exponential Models

Exploring Exponential Models

Determining Relationships Between Variables

For Exercises 1 and 2, choose the correct letter.

On the basis of data, scientists sometimes hypothesize that a quantity z depends

1. Which of the following functions represents exponential decay and has a

Using substitution and simplifying:

Dividing each side by Cmrvs :

3. In 2009 there was an endangered population of 270 cranes in a western state.

2. Solve your equation for s. s 5 1

Due to wildlife efforts, the population is increasing at a rate of 5% per year.

3. Use the values of r and s to write an expression for momentum in terms of

Use a similar method to solve the following problems.