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Abstract
Numerical relay nowadays are equipped with
various features, every relay have different
algorithm to react and not always meet the user
need, therefore every new numerical relay should
be tested under various test before installed in the
system. PLN Indonesia performed dynamic testing
to measure the relay performance and it is one of
procedure to accept new type of relay that will be
installed in PLN system. These test aims are to
know the relay behavior and relay algorithm during
various fault or disturbance in order to minimize
relay mal operation when placing them in service.
PLN developed dynamic test modeling with various
type of disturbance using a Real Time Digital
Simulator (RTDS) or offline dynamic test as
disturbance recorders occurred at Transformer. It
is noted that the tests are intended to measure the
operating characteristic of current differential
functions for internal faults (sensitivity) and internal
winding
fault,
external
faults
(stability
characteristic), and the harmonic/inrush restraint
characteristic of the transformer protection relay.
The fault scenarios are:
Internal fault on the primary voltage side of the
transformer
Internal fault on the secondary voltage side of
the transformer
External fault on the secondary voltage side of
the transformer
Internal winding fault on the tertier voltage
winding of the transformer
Internal winding fault on the secondary voltage
winding of the transformer
Internal winding fault on the high voltage
winding of the transformer
Internal fault on the neutral primary voltage side
of the transformer
Internal fault on the secondary primary voltage
side of the transformer
PLN also developed various modeling condition
such as CT saturation condition, evolving faults,
security relay due to internal winding fault (turn-toturn faults and turn-to-ground fault) and
transformer energize condition.
Introduction
Java-Bali grid system has several voltage levels.
On extra high voltage systems and high voltage
system using 500 kV, 150 kV and 70 kV and for
Vector
Groups
Neutral
system on
HV side
Neutral
system on
LV side
500/150
kV
150/70
kV
150/20
kV
(YNynd)
Solid
Solid
(YNyn0)
Solid
(YNyn0)
Solid
70/20 kV
(Yyn0)
Floating
40 ohm, 62
ohm
12 , 40 ,
500 ,
solid
12 , 40 ,
500 ,
Transformer Protection
Considerations
Before installing transformer protection, we should
pay attention on the technical and non-technical
aspect as follows:
Disturbances Characteristics possibilities in
transformer
It is a must to recognize the possibilities that cause
transformers interference from inside or outside
(minimization of damage) there are:
over load
Degradation of performance due to age
transformer
Short circuit in the transformer bay, such as
lightning arrester, Current Transformer, Circuit
Breaker, Disconnecting Switch, cable and
termination.
Short-circuit current due to disruption in the
secondary side of the transformer or external
fault.
Transformer windings damage.
Bushing Insulation failure.
Fault at On Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
Role in the system
500 kV System is a backbone for Java Bali system.
So do the transformer. Because of the role, in 500
kV system needs to be equipped with redundancy
main protections.
Presentation 07.2
Economic Aspects
Transformer with large capacity in high voltages
shall have complete protection systems.
Protection
Function
7
8
9
10
HVs Winding
Temperature relay
LVs Winding
Temperature relay
Oil Temperature
relay
Bucholz relay
Sudden Pressure
relay
Jansen relay
(OLTC)
Differential relay
REF HV relay
REF LV relay
OCR/GFR HV relay
11
OCR/GFR LV relay
12
GFR TV (if
grounded)
NVDR TV (if
floating)
GFR/SBEF (NGR
ptotection)
2
3
4
5
6
13
14
Transformer
500/1
150/70
150/20 kV &
50 kV
kV
70/20 kV
30
< 30
60 MVA
MVA
MVA
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
2 unit
2 unit
2 unit
3
phase
3
phase
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
3
phase
3
phase
-
1 unit
1 unit
1 unit
3
phase
3
phase
-
1 unit
2
phase
2
phase
-
1 unit
1 unit *
1 unit*
1 unit*
Presentation 07.3
No
Not Accepted
Yes
Accepted
for PLN System
Testing Equipment
PLN performed dynamic test for transformer
differential relay since 2008 using open loop
testing using simulation transient program (EMTP)
and secondary relay test. The test equipment as
shown in Figure 3 consists of:
One OMICRON CMC secondary test set
One OMICRON CMA Current Amplifier
Two sets computer for power system modeling
and relay software
CB Replica
Data Parameter
The following are data parameter used for the
power system model in RSCAD software or EMTP
software:
Data Parameter
Value
Presentation 07.4
Data Parameter
Value
Test Description
Back Source
Impedance
from 500kV:
Zs1
0.00034389+j0.00536115
pu
Zs0
0.00067856+j
0.00538299
pu
Back Source
Impedance
from 150kV:
Zs1
0.00172923+ j
0.01493412
pu
Zs0
0.00435567+ j
0.02517236
pu
Rating
500
MV
A
Frequency
50
Hz
Connectio
n
Primary
Secondary
Transformer
Data
Circuit
Breakers
150kV
Maximum
load
Current
Transformers
Shunt
Reactor
CT
saturation
Detail
Remark
Location
0
POW
Fault
Duration
10 cycles
n = 8+24+8 = 40 cases
Dependability
Index (DI)
Fault Type
AN, BN, CN
Fault Level
Max and
Minimum
Fault
Location
F4, F5
% of its turn
40%, 50%
10 cycles
Fault
Duration
Tertiery
n = 8 cases
Leakage
Reactance
0.10
Resistanc
e when
open
Resistanc
e when
closed
0.005
0.00
5
340.01 + j 173.5
MV
A
ZLmx
HV side &
Neutral
HV Side
Internal
Winding
Fault (Turn
To Ground)
Internal
Winding
Fault (Turn
To Turn)
Fault Level
Max and
Minimum
Fault Type
A, B, C
Fault
Location
F4, F5
% of its turn
- % of its
turn to
0-5%, 5 15%,
20-35%,
Fault
Duration
10 cycles
n = 8 cases
Fault Level
Max and
Minimum
Fault Type
Fault
Location
F3
POW
LV Side
Neutral LV
Side
TV Side
2000:1
Type
3 phase reactor
Fault
Duration
Capacity
105
MV
Ar
N = 8+8+16 = 32 cases
Ratio
1000 : 1
Fault Type
Knee point
voltage
AN to ABN, BC to
ABC, CA to CAN
2.3
Fault
Location
POW
90 , 270 ,360
Evolve
Duration
0.25 2 cycles
Internal
secondary
lead
resistance
(Rl)
Resistanc
e lead for
saturation
condition
External
Fault
Evolving
Faults
4.1
50
Evolving
Faults
Security
Index (SI)
Fault Level
Max and
Minimum
Dependability
Index (DI)
and Security
Index (SI)
n = 10+9+9 = 28 cases
A, B
nd
Fault scenario
Fault Type
Transformer
Energisation
Without 2
harmonic enable,
nd
with 2 harmonic
enable
Fault
Location
F1
Fault
Duration
10 cycles
n = 14 cases
Test Description
Internal
Fault
Detail
Fault Type
ABC,AB,BC,CA,
AN,BN,CN
Fault
F1, F2
Remark
Fault Level
Max and
Minimum
Through
fault stability
and internal
and external
Fault Type
AN,BC,ABC
Fault
F1, F3
Fault Level
Max and
Minimum
Presentation 07.5
Test Description
fault
Detail
Remark
Location
POW
0 , 90
Dependability
Index (DI)
and Security
Index (SI)
n= 4 +10=14
Test Result
Literature
Acceptance Criteria
The requirements to pass the dynamic test are:
The operating time of the relay must be less
than 20 ms (for 500 kV system) and 30 ms (for
150 kV system) during internal fault Rf =0.01
(3phase, phase-to-phase, 1phase-to-ground) or
test cases no. 101-136
The dependability index at least 99.5 %
The security index at least 99.5 %
Conclusion
Dynamic tests for new numerical relay
implemented could help PLN on studying relay
behaviour and algorithm through various fault
condition and test can be performed at the values
of which are at the same level as actual power
system. It is suitable for relay acceptance test
because it helps utility on choosing which relay
are suitable for the system. That will also be a
great help to apply more elaborate relay settings
through these tests and to understand more of the
detailed relay characteristics.
[1]
[2]
CIGRE-SC-WG
04:
Evaluation
of
Characteristics and Performance of Power
System Protection Relays and Protective
Systems, 1996
[3]