Korean Grammar in Use (Beginner) - 001

ul/
Beginning to
Early Intermediate
1 m""Y
* Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2!

* Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions!
* Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation!
* True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points!
DARAKWON
Preface
How to Use This Book
Unit
3. Particles
N/
68
G N/ -
. 71
N/
Introductio n to the Korean Language

1. Korean Sentence Structure ...........
. .. ...
2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives
3. Connecting Sentences .............
. .. .. .
4. Sentence Types
~ N/. N(O I).N
14
. 15
74
N|
.. 78
N @
16
G N ~ """
17
5. Honorific Expressions ......... .. .. .. .............. 20
.....................
(to exist/be. to have)
Numbers
97
Unit
,,
102
." , " .. """.".".",,,.,,,,,,,,.

"".""." "", .. "",
99
""". 105
. ...
. 107
f! N .""" ." ""."" ..... ..... . " .. " ... " '" 110
37
Time
N( O I) @
.. 31
91
N -
N() (1) .. "
.28
Dates and Days of the Week.
...... " ....... ... .
93
N()
26
89
N
N
83
86
N N.N N
Getting Ready
(to be)
81
"" ......... . . "" ... .. . , .,,
N/
... "." .... " 76
N . N
39
1. Tenses
112
114
116
Present Tense A/)
42
G Present Tense
45
A/V- .... ..... " ............................ 120
49
G V- ..... " .... .. , ...... , ...... ", ...... " ..... , .. 123
Future Tense V-()2
(1), ."
52
A/V-
Progressive Tense V-
(1) " ,,
54
~ A/V-() L /
A/V-/
Past Tense A/V-/
Unit
4. Li sting and Contrast
.... " ..... "". "." " ...... " ... "" 125
(1) .......... " ...........
"".127
Past Perfect Tense A/V-/

56
Unit
2.
Unit
5. Time Expressions
N . v- ...... "" .. "" ... "" .... 130
Negative Expressions
Word Negation
G N. V-()L
60
A/V-/ (A/V- ) . . 62
V-/ (V- )
65
" " "" ............. 133
V- ....... ....... .............................. 136

~ V-o ................................. " ...... 139
N . A/V)2 UH .....: ........ " .... " ..... 142
v-(
..... .............. 145
G N. V-
.. ...... ........ .. ... ..... 148
v-
151
N . V-
v-()L
---
............. 153
157
v-() / .. . , ..... .... 160
. .. . ...... . ..
V-(
166
v-
169
A/V-O /
A/v-O
.
.
207
V-() 2 @
. 210
G V-()2 @
212
--
----
---
V-()
v-()2 ? CD
Unit 13. Intentions and Plans
174
v-()2
.. 179
v-
182
A/V-/
184
219
A/V- @
Unit 8. Expressions of Hope
214
v-(? ................... ...... 217
171
. 176
A/V- Ict( A/V-O |
--
222
......... 225
G V-() @
.. 228
Unit 14. Background Information

and Explanations
A/V-()L/ @
232
v-() (6) .... ... ... ...... ..... . ..... 235
- Unit 15. Purpose and Intention

- v-() /
. 238
--
Unit 9. Reasons and Causes

A/V-/ (6) ....
V-()L /
A/V-(
204
--
163
Unit 7. Demands and Obligations ,

Permission and Prohibition
v-/
- Unit 12. Asking Opinions and

-Making Suggestions
Unit 6. Ability and Possibility

v-() /
Unit 11. Trying New Things and

Experiences
v-(
.. 188
A/V-() @
191
N . A/V-
193
Unit 10. Making Requests and

Assisting
----
v-Ou . v-o ?
198
--
v-Ou . v-/ ? ... 201
------
v-()
.. ... .. 240
243
N/ (. V- ( -
245
v-71 .... .... .......... ....... .. ..... 248
Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions

A/V-(
252
V-(
255
A/V-O
..
257
Unit
17. Conjecture
Unit
24. Irregular Conjugations
A/V- @
260
- (I rregular Con jugation) 326
~ A/V-()2 @
262
E (1ar Cugation)
A/V-() ? @
265
(Irregular Conjugation) 332
~ A/V-()L//()2
267
I (Irregar Cougation)
329
335
(Ir
q
re
guJlar
ar Co
on
n1J
jugat
@
attionm
om
n1) .
3 37
Unit
18. Changes in Parts of Speech

f
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
-()L/-/-() N
G A (1Irg
lar Co
ugation) . 342
272
~ A/V-
275
A-
278
~ A-/
281
19.

i
(1Irr
gul
e
|ar
Co
mlL
njL
jLu
j
Expressions of State
Appendix
V- @
284
Good Things to Know
V-o
287
Answer Key
A-/
290
Grammar Explanations in Korean
~ V-
293
Grammar Index
20.
Confirming Information
A/V-()L/
296
V- /
299
A/V-?
301
21.
Discovery and Surprise
A/V-/
304
~ A/V-
306
22. Additional
Endings
A-()L ? v-?
310
A/V-()L/
312
23. Quotations
Direct Quations
~ Indirect Quotations
316
319
i

Innc
d
1C
1
322
.346
354
360
. 375
1. Korean Sentence Structure

3. Connecting Sentences
4. Sentence Types
5. Honorific Expressions
1. Korean Sentence Structure

Korean sentences consist of either a subject + predicate (verb)" or a subject + object +
predicate (verb)."
subject
.
+ predicate
subject
object
+ predicate
+ predicate
subject
object + predicate
Eric reads a book in the library.
Eric eats an appl e.

Paicles
subject
Car sleeps.
Carol goes.
are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective
words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence , the paicle
01
or is used. After an
ect the particle r is used. And after an adverbial , the particle or is used.
(See also Unit 3. Particles)

subject
adverbial
While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence ,
the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker.
Regaro ess of their order in the sentence , however, the role of each of these
be<use
of the particle attached to it.
pas
can still be identified

bject
subject
Eric
an apple
verb
bject
eats
a book
adverb
subject
in rhe library
Eric
.
+
verb
reads
In addition , when the subject can be c1 early understood from the context , it can be omitted.
A ?
What is Eric doing?
B () .
(He is) eating an apple.
A ?
Where do (you) go?
B .
(1) go to school.

One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated
according to tense ,
p iteness
level , passive and causative forms , and speech styles. Verbs and
adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending , with their base forms comprised of the word stem
plus This form is also called the dictionary form.' Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words
will reveal their base forms , such as (to 9 (to come) , (to eat) , and (to wear).
When conjugated , the word stems of verbs and adjectives d o not change; rather, is replaced with
the appropriate form depending on the speaker s intention .
Verbs
(ggoes)
() +- (present formal ending)
(go/goes) (referring to a superior/elder)

word stem word ending
(ro go)
) +-- (honorific) +
- (present formal ending)
(went)
)+-'- (past tense) + --' (present formal ending)
Introduction to the Korean Language
15
Adjectives
(is good)
() +- (present formal ending)
(was good)
word stem word ending
(to be good)
{ +-'- (past tense)
+ - (present formal ending)
eems be good)
() +-- (guess) +- (formal ending)
3. Connecting Sentences
There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (e.g. ,
(and) , (but) , (so/therefore)) , and the other is by using conjunctive endings
(1.) And
(2)
Conjunctive Adverb Connection
. .
Conjunctive Ending Connection
It s windy. And it's cold
It's windy and cold
But
m
g
m CO
m-.
.nn
. .
Kimchi is spicy. But it tastes good.
.
Kimchi is spicy but tastes good.
( 3 ) Soj Therefore
16
Co njunctive Adverb Connection
. .
It's snowing. Therefore the traffic is bad
It's snowing, so the traffic is bad.
When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb , it is sufficient simply to place the
c unctive
adverb between the t wo sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending , the
ending must be attached to the word stem of t he predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the
two sentences.
(1) + -. +
(2) + -. +
(3) + - +
4. Sentence Types
Korean has four main sentence types: declarative , interrogative, imperative , and propositive.
Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles , which can be divided
main
type
s: fo
orrrm
na
1
po lite in
nlf
rrmm
na
1 po
|te an
d in
used
mos
t
in
in
1to
three
including the military, news reporting , presentations, meetings ,
fo
rma
10rpub
lic
s itua
tio
n
1
s
and lectures. The informal p ite style -/ is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared
p ite
to the formal
style , the informal
p ite
style is softer and less formal , and therefore it is used
mainly among family members , friends , and other close acquaintances. Furthermore , although the
formal
p ite
style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative , interrogative,
imperative , and propositive) , the informal
p ite
style uses the same form for all four types. Thus ,
sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation. For this reason ,
the informal
p ite
style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the informal plain style
-/ , it is mainly used among int imate friends , by superiors toward persons of lower-rank , and
among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style w ith somebody one
does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal
informal
p ite
p ite
and
styles only.
(1.) Declarative Sentence

Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question.
(See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense)
CD
Formal Polite Style

Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem
I go to school.
I eat bread.
@ Informal Polite Style

Declarative informal p ite sentences are made by adding -/ to the word stem.
I 90 to schoo l.
I eat bread.
(2) Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present 1nse)
CD
Formal Polite Style

Interrogive formal polite sentences are made by adding -() ? to the wo stem.
00 you 90 to school?
00 you eat bread?

Interrogative informal pite sentences are made by adding -/? to the word stem.
Because they have the same form as declarative sentences , they are made interrogative by
being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question
mark to the written form).
00 you 90 to school?
00 you eat bread?
(3) Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice.
(See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations , Permission and Prohibition 01 V-()|)
CD
Formal Polite Style

Imperative formal p ite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem.
18
Please write in your notebook.

Please read the book.

Imperative informal pite sentences can be made by adding -/ to the word stem , just
like in the other sentence types described above. However, using -() in place of-/
is considered a more p ite expression , and therefore -() should be used.
Please write in your notebook.
Please read the book.
(4) Propositive Sentences

Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone else s
suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-()
CD
Formal Polite Style

Propositive formal pite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem. -()
can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the
speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to

use this expression toward a superior or elder.
11
Lets meet at 11 0 clock
Let's eat lu

Propositive informal p ite sentences are made by adding -/ just like in the other
sentence types described above
11 .
Let s meet at 11 o'clock.
Let s eat lunch here.
The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb (to go)
(1) go. (1) am goi ng.
? /
Shall (we) go?
Go!
Let s go.
The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context.

19
5. Honorific Expressions
Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common fo r Korean
speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, family
relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy).
(1.)
Honoring the Subject of the Sentence

Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior
member of one s family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject , -()
IS
added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, - is added ,
and for those ending in a consonant, - is added.
09 0)
--
+ -
+
+
--
--
+
+
+
+
-
-
-()
.Il (to read)
(2 )
+
+
+
+
-.-
-.-.-
-.-
+
+
+
+
-
-
-()2
The teacher teaches Korean
My father went to 8n last year.
Honoring the Li stener

Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and
also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final
endings are used to express the degree of respect , and they can be formed from each of the
formal
p ite
informal
p ite
and informal plain styles.
See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types)
20
(formal
(informal
|.
(informal plain s
pite
style)
pite styl
(3) Other Honorifics
CD
The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -() to the verb
stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether.
Base Form
Honorific Form
Base Form
Honorific Form
(to sleep)
(to speak)
(to take)
(to eat)
(to exist)
(to drink)
.
?
(to die)
(to have)
Mother is not home right now.

0 0 you have time tomorrow?
@ Some nouns have honorific counterpas.
Base Form
Honorific Form
Base Form
Honorific Form
01 (age)
(birthday)
(words)
q
c=f
C
(house)
(m eal/ food)
(name)
(person)
i tIj
(wife)
-i=!-'2J
Grandpa, please have some dinner.
How is your wife?
@ Honorific paicles can be used aer nouns indicating people.
/ |
()
My younger sibling gives a present to a friend.
.
Grandpa gives a present to a friend.
I like strawberries
Grandma likes strawberries
@ Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the suffix-.
Base Form
(teacher)
Honorific Form
Base Form
Honorific Form
(professor)
(president)
(doctor)
(pastor)
(director)
.
ur
company president is a generous person.
.
Pastor, thank you for your prayer.
@ Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an act ion by using the
following words.
22
Base Form
Honorific Form
(to speak)
(to give)
Base Form
(to
/
Honorific Form
ask)
(to meet)
Shall we speak with Dad?
Please give this book to Grandpa.
@ The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering h is or her own
status.
I Our
(4)
CD
Words
1 also heard that news
Please stop by our house sometime
, .
Chief, 1have somhing to tell you
Things to Remember when Using Honorifics

In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather
than pronouns such as (you) , (you) , (he/him) , (she/he a nd (t hey/
them).
?
{x)
(x)
. "
(x)
(x)
"Yoko , did you see Jaejun at work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you) , so Yoko (you) need
to give Ja un (him) a call.
tois aaddress
used
mut anyone
title of address
other than
used
onemai
s spouse. Similarly, is a mutual title used only among
close friends.
Dear, did you call me?
What are you going to do today?
~~
@ Special expressions such as ? (W hat is your name?) and

? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone
you don t know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status
than you .
? (O
)Si
irr
?
(x)
? (
Mr. President (of a company) , may I ask
? ( x )
@ In most cases , the word is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the
speaker.
A ?
Carol , how old is your grandfather?
B .
Hew be 75 years d this year,
(0)
(x)
@ The t wo honorific forms of are and .

When the giver is younger than the receiver, then is used , but when the actor is older
than the recipient of the action , is used
I gave a present to Mom
Mom gave a present to me
2L
I gave a present to my little brothesister.
(to be)
(to exist/be , to have)
Numbers
Dates and Days of the Week
Time
(to be)
A 7
7)
(=
.)
Whats this?
B .
(=
Its a chair.
A 7
(= 7)
Is she Korean?
B .
(= .)
Yes, shes Korean.
A 7
(=
7)
What country is this?
B .
(= .)
Its Korea.
Grammar Focus ...... .

01 taches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. 01 is used to express
that the subject and predicate are the same thing. 01 can also be used to specify something.
The formal descriptive form is and its interrogative form is ? The corresponding
informal forms , |/ are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms , with the
nterrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: ?/? When the preceding noun
ends in a vowel, is used , and when the noun ends in a consonant , is used. The negative
tonn of
IS
. (See also Ut 2. Negat ive Expressions 01 Word Negation)
In COversatio .................. .
A
A What is this?
B .
B Its a bag.
A Are you a student?
B .
B Yes. 1m a student.
A Who is that?
B .
A
B That's my friend.
A Where is your hometown?
B .
B Seoul.
Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks using 0 1.
f~
(3)
f ~
(.1)
A ?
B
rf
Gett
existlbe, to have)
(= .)
There's a dog on the chair.
(= . )
Our house is in Sinchon.
(= .)
I have a boyfriend.
Grammar Focus ......... .

1
expresses the existence or location of something and means to be located in/on in English
Although is typically used in the form of NOI/ N(place) t he order of the subject
and place in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: N(place) N OI/ .
The opposite of is . When N| expresses a place , the following location nouns
can be used.
(= ) ( )
G)
@ (= )
on top of the desk
under the d esk
in front of t he desk
behind the desk
beside the desk
left of the desk
right of the desk
in between
X
@
n
the desk
utside
inside the house
@ .
the house
The computer is on the desk.
@ (= ) . The shoes are under the desk.

@
The chair is in front of the desk.
The bookshelf is behind the desk.
The plant and coat hanger are beside the desk.
The p lant is to the left of the desk.
The coat hanger is to the right of the desk
The desk is between the plant and the coat hanger.
The teddy bear is on the desk.
The dog is inside the house.
The cat is outside the house.
2 is also used in the form NOI/ to express possession , meaning to have in English.
The opposite of is .
(See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation)
. .
I have an older sister. I don t have a younger sibling
. .
I have a bicycle. I don t have a car.
Getting Ready
~~

A ?
A Where is the book?
B .
A ?
A Where is the bank?
B .
A ?
A 00 you have any Korean friends?
B .
B Yes, I have Korean friends.
A ?
B .
B Yes, I have one.
It s in my bag.
Its next to the school.
00 you have a computer?
Describe this room. Look at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the
example.
- .
( 1
3) _
~ J
3;
{2} --- .
{4}
{6}
Numbers
Sino-Korean Numbers
0
/
10
01
ACf
I C
E}
11
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
AC}A
tj|
EE}A
tj|
-H
1.000
10.000 100.000 1.000.000
Grammar Focus .......... .

There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers , and the
other is by using nat ive Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as
telephone numbers , bus route numbers , height, weight , address numbers , years , months , minutes ,
seconds , and prices.
~ 1 5Ocm
o. 0 11'>> I
1 ~ iiIS I
N\..~
_"'1 \1) 1
f ..
h~}UfJ
[]
IC~I "
I C=
II
1 = 3
1 = I1
rrn1
1 J.-
Getting Ready
In Korean , large numbers are read based on units of ten thousand () instead of thousands ().
lUS 354 ,790 is interpreted as 35 ,4970 and read as 35 4970 ( ). Similarly,
6 ,354,790 is interpreted as 635 ,4790 and read as 635 4790(- ) .
26354790
2635/4790
@ When a number larger than 1 begins with 1, the initia11

10:
( x)
1.110:
110:
()
is not pronounced.
( x)
11.110
( x)
16, 26 , 36 ... 96 are pronounced [][][l
0 is pronounced as either or . When appearing in telephone numbers, is used .
6508-8254
... [ l.
[]
[]
. 01 0-4783-0274
@ There are two ways to read telephone numbers.

7804-3577
-
[]
[]
* In this case 1 is pronounced [l not [1].
In Conversation
A ?
What floor is the office on?
B 9 . ()
The 9th floor.
A ?
What s your phone number?
B 019-8729-9509 .
Its 019-8729-9509.
A ?
What bus do you take?
B 705 . ()
B I take bus number 705.
( [] )
?C
ll
pu
How much is the book?
B Its 25 ,000 won.
Write the
f l owing
_ ..... ......................
numbers in Korean as shown in the example.
..............................................................................._ ........................................................................................._ .......
A ?
8 2734-3698.
( ).
(1) A
B .010- 738- 3509 .
).
(2) A (kg) ?
B (kg) .
) (kg) .
(3) A (cm) ?
B (cm) .
) (cm) .
(
(4) A
-- ?
B 000.
).
Native Korean Numbers

2
(= ) (=) () (= )
11
20
(=)
10
|j
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
E|;=-
100 I
B-H
Irrn
rrr1
Getting Ready
..:<:
Grammar Focus ........... .

Native Korean numbers are used to express time and units. They are generally used along with unit
nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns
include and . In these cases , the Korean numbers that precede these nouns
are written in slighty different forms: becomes ( ) becomes ( )
becomes ( ) becomes ( ) and becomes . (

) etc.
+
+
+
_. .
Unit Nouns
r:::
-c= rC
j
""
i
[:!
6 1
EE|t::::l L
rl
EE|t::::l
rA
9 1
EEj gC>1
11 1
20
-"" 0
^C
A
-,
A
-,
10
:"
!...
:><:
.:...
-'
l
:><:
-'
-l
t::::l
A ?
A How many family members do you have?
B .
B We are a family of four.
A ?
A How old are your younger siblings?
B .
B My younger brother is 23, and my younger sister is 20.
.
.
A Please give me (111 take/buy) these three apples and

ne
3 .
coke.
B Okay, your total is 5 ,600 won .
Getting Ready
35
Look at the picture and write the appropriate number in Korean in each blank
.
:
(1)
(2)
(3)
----
(4)
(5)
~~
.
.
.
.
Dates and Days of the Week
2010 5 7
2010
eagoIO
a|
~t
5
T/
&
'= 1 - 12
0-<:1
1--I -
IGJ
10
IJ
12
(3
I C/-
15
1&
( 'i!
f'l
21
22
23
2 't
'2.5"
26
2/1
28
29
30
1--1- 7
(What Year?)
20 10: 1998 : 1864:

?
(What Month?)
(What Day?)
11
21
(What Day of the Week?)
Getting Read,

A ?
8 5 5 ( ).
B Its May 5.
A ?
What day of the week is today?
B .
Its Tuesday.
A ?
Whe n did you get married?
8 2001 ( ) .
We got married in 2001
Whats today's date?
Th e Korean worcls for June and October are read and written as and respectively, not
and .
f) When asking what year ; is used , and when asking what month; is used. However, when
asking what day', is used in place of .
?(x)~ ? (
What is today's date?
Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean.
!
:
- 3 __l
..... 1994.3.25. ( :
t~
(1)
6)
2009.6. 6.()
1987. 11.15. () :
2013.10. 10. () :
~Q
~~
Time
Grammar Focus ..... .

In Korean , hours are read using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean
numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the pacle is attached to the end
of the time noun.
Gettmg Reac
Although the literal meanings of and are before noon and aer noon , respect ively, in
Korean is typically used to mean the morning hours while is used to mean the afternoon
hours. Furthermore, time can also be subd ivided into smaller units , including (daybreak) ,
(morning) , (noon , lunchtime) , (evening) , and (night).
A ?
B .
A What time is it now?
(9: 10 A. M.)
It's 9:10 in the morning.
A ?
What time is it now?
B Its ten minutes to two.
(= Its 1:50.)
(= .) (1 :50)
A ?
B .
A What time do you wake up?
(7: 00)
I wake up at 7:00 in the morning
Look at the pictures and write the appropriate time in the blanks
(1)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(3)
1::11
1t:J
Present Tense AjV-()
Present Tense AjV-/

Past Tense AjV-/
Future Tense V-()2 @
Progressive Tense V- @
Past Perfect Tense AjV-/
PresentTense
AJV-()
?
Good evening.
9.
This is the 9 0 clock news.
?
Do you have any questions?
A ?
Whats your opinion of this?
B .
I think its good.
Grammar Focus ......

The present tense of the formal p ite st yle in Korean is made by add ing -() . It is used
mainly in formal o r public situations such as in the military, news broadc ast s , presentations, m eetings ,
and lectures.
-e
i
--l me
--
- -
--
-?
(to come)
42
-?
--+
(Declarativ
- ?
? (Interrogative)
-?
--+
? (Interrogative)
(Declarativ

(to eat)
(to sit)
Ends in Vowel
+-
-?
Ends in Consonant
-?
? (Interrogative)
-?
(Oe arativ
(Oeclarative)
? (lnterrogative)
Base Form
Declarative
Interrogative
| I:ll:l
01
O~
+-
-?
* Irregular form
A ?
A Are you going to school?
B .
A ?
A 00 you eat breakfast?
B .
B Yes , I eat breakfast.
A ?
A 00 you exercise?
B .
Yes ,
I mg ng
to school.
Yes, I exercise.
1. llses
Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks as shown in the example.
A ?
A \?
B .
1 .
()
()
(1)
B
()
(3)
'
()
(4)
A ?
"-"'1111
()
(5)
J!'!
A ?
A
B
Present Tense AN-ot/
A ?
Does it taste good?
B .
Yes, it tastes good
A ?
Where are you going?
B .
l m going to schoo l.
~"

:aa
: ~
\ ;~
.
I love you , Carol.
Grammar Focus ......... ..

1e
informal
p ite
style is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite
style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among fam ily members, friends ,
and other c1 0se acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal
p ite
style are
le same. The declarat ive form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the
nterrogative form is made by ending t he sentence in a rising tone.
is used when the word stem ends in 1- or ..L.
G)- is added when the word stem ends in a consonant.
+ -
~ If the word stem ends in the vowel 1- , one 1- is deleted.
+ 7
@ If the word stem ends in a vowel, the following contract ion can also occur.
+ (+ 1- )
1. Tenses
is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than ~ or
...L.
G) - is added when the word stem ends in a consonan t.
If the word stem ends in the vowel

+
+ -
~ , the of- is deleted.
- I -
@ If the word stem ends in the vowel
H, 1 , or
and the of combine to form .
+ 1 -
@When the word stem ends in the vowel
)
1
and the of combine
to form ~ .
+ 1 -
When the predicate ends in it is changed to . (Originally, was added

to to form b is now shortened to .)
-+ h
-
The verb changes t / wh used when the preceding word

ends in a vowel and used when the word ends in a consonan t.
G) When the noun ends in a vowel : ( + )
- . -
When the noun ends in a consonant : ( + )
- 1 -
-
Base Form
Base Form
- - I r - - - - - -l
l
01
Vowel Ending
Consonant Ending
I
I
----
-t---=-
-

A ?
B .
8 1 md< ng
A ?
A What time do you eat lunch?
B 1 .
8 1 normally eat lunch at one
A ?
A What is Minu's job?
B .
8 Hes a teacher.
What are you doing now?

homework
clock.
<Characteristics of Present Tense Forms>
In Korean , the present tense forms include not only the present tense but a lso the present
progressive tense and a future tense in which it is clear that a future event will occur.
Present Tense Forms
Present-
Progressive - /.
Near Future -
1go to
college
I am studying
I will
now.
go to school tomorrow.
@ le present tense is also used to express general truths and to describe things that occur regularly.
.
The Earth rotates around the sun.
I run every morning.
1. Tenses
Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks as shown in t he example.
(2)
?
()
(4)
?
A
B
()
Look at t he pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example .

.
.. . ... ........
... . ... .............. . ........... .. ....
1A
f~
;q !
A ?
I ;q.
()
()
.... ..........
(2)
.
()
(3)
A ?
B
()
- ~
A
i:;it-
( )
(6)
A ?
B
()
5)
s)
l ii \
()
A
B
Past Tense A/V-/
1981 3 5 .
(The baby) was born on March 5, 1981.
2004 2 .
I graduated from college in February 2004.
2001/. .2 .25
.
We got married last year.
Grammar Focus .....

The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding -/ to their word stems. When
the word stem ends in the vowel ~ or ...L- is added , and when it ends in any other vowel ,
- is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in - is added to form +
which is then shortened to . In the case of the formal pite style, -/ and
are used
Base Form
Base Form
Base Form
* AA
1. Tenses
--,
!I
--
-+
Vowel Ending
Consonant Ending
wwel ding
Consonant Ending
01
-~--
Irregular form
}
A ?
What did you do yesterday?
B .
I studied.
A ?
Did you see a movie on Saturday?
B . .
Yes, I saw a movie. It was interesting
A ?
What did you do over the weekend?
B .
I listened to music
\\'hile the past tense of can be written either as or ) and the past tense of can be
either as or ) the past tense of is written only as not .
ritten
+ - -
( (
+- -
( (
50
( (x)
did Carol do this week? Refer to t he calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fi ll in
-r
2.
-,
12
each blank using -/.
.\fhat
12 7
(1)
(2)
(3)
12 8
(4)
(5)
(6)
12 9
(7)
12 10 : (8)
12 11 : (9)
12 12
. .
(10)
(11)
1. Tenses
2 .
,'11 buy a car two years from now.
.
l 11 90 fishing this weekend.
,'11 visit China during my vacation.
Grammar Focus .....

This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as will
English. It is formed by adding -()2 to the stems of verbs. -
is going to' in
is used when the
verb stem ends in or a vowel , and- is used when the verb stem ends in a consonan t.
Base Form
- 2
Base Form
"' Irregular form
52
In Conversation .....
A ?
A When will you return to your hometown?
B .
8 I 11 return next year.
A ?
A What will you do over the weekend?
B .
8 I 11 ride my bike.
The foliowing calendar is from Wang Jings daily planner. What wili Wang Jing do this week? Choose the
appropriate word from below to 11 in each blank using-()2 .
H|
5 4. 5 5 .
. (1)
(6)
. (5)
. (4)
. (3)
t n
2)
(7)
1. Tenses
::;:_:,
Progressive Tense
V- @
.
Dane is listening to music now.
.
Minu is going home now
.
.
Yesterday, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Wesley was sleeping
at that time.
Grammar Focus .......

This pattern expresses the p rogression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of -ing In
English. It is formed by ad ding - to the stem s of verbs. To express the continuation of an
action that occurred sometime in the past , - is used.
+ -
+ - -
- Ba;m
lf

A .
A Wang Jing , lets go to the market together.
B - .
8 1m sorry, but 1m doing my homework right now.
A ?
A Why didn t you answer the phone a while ago?
B .
8 1 was taking a shower.
A ?
A Where are you living now?
B .
8 1 m living in Seoul
To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form -/ is used.
A ?
What did you do yesterday?
B (x) - ( 1relaxed at home
Look at the pictures and
11
in the blanks as shown in the example
A ?
B "1 .
()
(1) 3cXi~} : ?
(2) (1;
z-
.
.--
3)-r.'\~g~
B
()
(4)
r
()
?
B
()
1. Tenses
:::::
Past Perfect Tense AN-
.
1have been to the U.S.
(1went to , and have already returned from , the U.S.)
.
1(have) lived in China.
(1 dont live in China now.)
.
My father was overweight
(He5 not overweight now.)
Grammar Focus ......

This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue
or something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than w hen the speaker is
describing it. It approximates to did/ had (in the past)' in English. It is formed by adding - t
the stems of verbs and adjectives w ith stems ending in the vowel ~ or
..L.
Otherwise , - is
added. For verbs ending in is added.

ImiiIm!la
. .
(}I Q
QC
O fC4
Il..
+ -
iil ::ri'r.l'i1Ei i
l -
BaseForm
-/
Base Form
-/
^^~OiR
Irregular form
A ?
A You don t smoke?
B .
B I smoked last yea But I don t smoke now.
.
A .
A Theres nobody at the seaside these days
B .
B There were many people (ther in the summer.
A ?
A What did you do over the weekend?
B .
B I went to Lotte World. It was really interesting.
What's the Difference?
-/
~I
Expresses that som ething simply occurred
Expresses a past occurrence that does not
in the past or that an action or situation that
continue to the presen t.
ended in the past has remained that way.
.
(Dane may still be in Korea. We dont knowwhat
happened after he came to Korea. He may be in
some place other than Korea.)
1 .
(Dane has been living in Seoul for one year.
.
(Dane came to Korea and later left; he is not in Korea
now.)
1 .
(Dane previously lived in Seoul for one year, but now
he does not live in Seoul.)
He previously lived in Seoul for one year, but we

don t know where he lives now.)
1. Te'15eS
::::
What was Hayeong like 10 years ago? Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the
example.
,,_
l
()
(10 /)
(1)
()
( 1 0 /)
(2)
~---- -
()
( 1 0 /)
(3)
!/
()
(10 /)
(4)
()
10 /)
Word Negation
A/V-/ (A/V- )
v-ou (V- )
Word Negation
.
She is Korean.
.
She is not Korean
.
I have money.
:
:~
.
I dont have any money.
.
I know Korean.
.
I don t know Korean
Grammar Focus .....

Negative sentences can be mad e either by negat ing the entire sentence or by negating a word. When
m aking a negative sentence by negating a word , is changed to is changed to
and is changed to . Of t hese, is w ritten in the form 0 1/ but w hen used
in the spoken form , 01/ is often o mitted

..
In Conversation ...
...
...
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.....
........
..
..
..
..
..
..
......
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
......
.........
..
.....
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...../1/tracK
<
i
/
~
A ?
A Is Minu a student?
B .
B No , he s not a student. Hes a teacher.
(= .)
A ?
A Do you have some time today?
B .
B No, I don t have any time today. I'm busy
A ?
A Do you know Japanese?
B No , I don t know Japanese
_ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.
A ?
B |. .
AN-ot/ (- ot)
(
(= .)
I dont eat squid.
(= .)
I 1"
Those shoes arent pretty
(= .)
The room is not spacious.
Grammar Focus .....

This pattern is added to verbs and adjectives to negate an action or state. It approximates
not in
English. It is formed by adding to the front of verbs and adjectives or - to the end of
verb and adjective stems.
+
+ -
+ -
+ - -
Because verbs that end in are comprised of Noun + they are negated by adding to the
front of the verb , form ing Noun . Adjectives , on the other hand , are negated by adding
to the front , as in + Adjective'. Note, however, that for the verbs (to like) and
(to dislike) , because they are not verbs in the form of Noun + but rather are indivisible , single
verbs , they are written as / and / .
62
+ -
+ -
+
+ - -
+ -
/ ( (x)
Base Form
-/
I~
-
*
_l_
Irregular form
though and - can be used in declarative and interrogative sentences, they cannot be
Jsed in imperative or propositive sentences.
- (x ), (x)
- (
Please dontg
(x ), (x)
-
Lets not eat.
}
A ?
A 00 you like Korean bulgogi?
B .
B No , 1don t eat meat
A ?
00 you go to the office on Saturdays?
B .
No , on Saturdays, 1dont go to work.
A ?
Is your house far away?
3 . .
B No , its not far away. Its close.
2. Negative Expressions
~~
C:
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.
:
:
:
:
:
:
A ?
:
:
:
:
:
:
B .1
:
:
:
:
:
A ?
(2)
A ?
B
(3)
A ?
B
(4)
A ?
B
v-ot/ (v- )
(= .)
I cant swim.
(= .)
I can t drink today.
(= .)
I cant sing.
Grammar Focus ..... .. .

l is
pattern expresses the subject s lack of ability to do something or the fact that something does not
go according to ones wish or hope due to some external factor. It corresponds to the English cannot
and is formed by adding in front of a verb or - to the end of a verb stem.
See also Unit 6. Ability and Possibility 0 1 V)2 /
+ -
+ -
+ -

(x)
Base Form
-/
"' A
AA
* Irregular form
2. Negative Express100s
.::;
In Converion
A ?
A Do yo u drive?
B .
B No , I can t drive. I never learned how
.
A ?
A Whyarent you eating?
B . .
B My teeth hurt, so I can t eat.
What s the Difference?
o Combines with both verbs and adjectives

. (
I
o Combines with verbs, but not normally
witha ectiv.
(1) don1 go 10 school.
. ( (1) can 1 go 10 sch
. ( The skirt is nol pretty.
(x)
f) Expresses not doing something regardless
Used when one is unable , or it is impossible,

to do something.
of ability or external conditions
1can1 drive.
1don 1 drive
(1know how bul don 1 wanl 10.)
(1 would like 10 be able 10 drive bul can1 due 1

some exlernal circumslance, such as a leg injury.)
Iwon 1 go shopping loday

(1simply don 1 leel like going shopping.)
1can1 go shopping loday.

(1 wanl 10 go shopping bul can 1 due 10 some
exlernal circumslance, such as a lack 01 money
rlime.)
Look at the pictu res and fill in the blanks using as shown in the example.
A -?
(1)
~ B
B .1
7'1 .
2)
A
?
B
.
A ?
(3)
A ?
B
.
N /
N/
N/
N N() N
N()
N |
N() @
N @
N() @
N @
N N
N N N N
N 1/
N/
~- I
.
The weather is nice.
.
A long time ago , there was a princess.
.
Theres Jaejun coming (this way).
~rammar
Focus .....
1 01/ is added
to the end of a subject to designate it as the subject of the sentence. For words
ending a vowel , is added , and for words ending in a consonant ,
01 is added.
Joel eats bread
The fruit is too expensive
01/ also functions to particularly emphasize the preceding suect
A ?
Whs
B .
Junho will prepare the food
going to prepare the food?
(Meaning that Junho , not anybody else , wi ll do it.)
A ?
Who hasn t arrived?
B .
Yoko hasnt arrived
It is used to express new information in a sentence , that is , the introduction of a new topic.
. .
Once upon a time , there lived a man. He had two sons.
.
Minu is coming this way.
01
Kz
1
In Conversation .-
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
..
...
....
..
....
....
....
....
..
.... /tJ
g
!
32)
A ?
A
Wh1ic
B That p
erson (o
ver
thhe) isJason
onn
A ?
A Where does it hu?
B .
A .
A Your tie looks nice.
B .
My stomach hurts.
Thank you.
When i s added to and they combine as follows:

+
+ -
.1 m Richard.
.
(x)
. 1 11 do it
. (x)
? Who will clean up?

?
(x)
3. Particles
':
Some friends have gathered to have a party. What will each of t he

at the pictures and fill in the bla nks using
f lowing
people be doing? Look
0 1 /.
1) A ?
(2) A ?
(3) A ?
B
(4) A
?
.
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using
0 1 /.
(2)
(3)
(4)
N/
? .
Hello.1 m Dane.
. .
My older brother is tal l. My younger brother is short.
. .
Budi is good at sports. Studying , however, is not his forte.

1 /
designates the t opic , or the target of exposition , of a particar sentence or group of
sentences. Thus it means the same as as for r regarding For words ending in a vowel , is
added , and for words ending in a consonant , is added
| m
29
Richard is 29 years old.
Im a lawyer.
Korean
2 / is also used when referring t o something mentioned earlier in a conversation or when talking
about somhi ng already known by both sides in the conversation. In other words , / is used
when expressing old information.
. .
l 11 meet Yoko tomorrow. Yoko came from Japan.
. .
I went to New York last year. New York was really beautiful
} . .
Once upon a ti me, there lived a man. He had two sons.
3. Pamcles
/ is used when comparing or contrasting two things , and , in such cases , it can be attached
not only to subjects but also the objects or other parts of the sentence.
. .
Eric is American. Junho, however, is Korean.
(subject comparison)
. .
I like soccer. However, I don t care for basebal l.
(object contrast)
. .
Snow fell in Seou l. In Pusan , however, snow did not fal l.
(Iocation contrast)
A ?
Do you have apples?
B .
No , (but) we have pears. (alludes to the fact that while there are no apples ,
there are, however, pears)
.
.
A ?
A What do your parents do?
B .
B My father is a company emplree.

And my mother is a teacher.
A ?
A How s Tokyo?
B .
B Tokyo is really crowded.
A ? .
A Hello.1 m Dane.
B ? .
B Hello. I m Caro l. I mAmerican.
-2
1. The f lowing is Tiruen s self-introduction. Read it and fill in the blanks appropriately with /.
?
(3)
(1)
--- .
. (5)
(7)
(4)
(2)
. 3
. (6)
--- .
(8)
--- .
. . (10)
.
(9)
---
Look at t he pictures and fill in the blanks using /.
(1)
(2)
;;R;
(3)
(4)
.
.
.
.
(5) .
3. Partic es
N/
.
Budi watches a movie.
.
Dad reads the newspaper.
.
Yoko listens to music
Grammar Focus .....

The ect pacle / is ad ded to a noun t o express that the noun is the object of t he sentence
For nouns ending in a vowel , is added , and for nouns ending in a consonant , is added. Common
verbs that require this ect partic le include (to eat) , (to drink) , (to like) ,
(to rea (to see) , (to meet) , (to buy) (to teach) , (to learn) , and
(to write). In cloq uial speech , / is sometimes omitted.
7~
l~r.mi1I1111Ml

..
In Conversation ..
..
....
...
.
..
....
....
....
....
....
..
..
..
....
..
..
....
....
....
..
..
..
....
...
....
..
....
..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....
....
....
.
..
....
..
....(fra
36
A ?
B .
8 1like soccer.
A ?
B .
What do you study?
8 1study Korean.
What kind of exercise do you like?
Who will you meet today?
81 11 meet my girlfriend
N+ -N
When / is omitted from verbs like and the form

becomes shortened to a single one-word form: and . However,
for the verbs and because O and - are not nouns, the forms and
are the one-word verb forms.
@ ?
1e
qllestion nOlln can be shortened to which can be further shortened to . Th us, the
question ? can b e shortened to ? which can be further shorten ed to ? lis
form is often used in conversation
- -
? - ? ? - ?
I....ook
at the pictures and fill in the blanks using
/.
(2)
A ?
A ?
B ---- .
A ?
A ?
3)
3. Par...cles
::
N~ N() N
.
1like watermelons and strawberries.
(= .)
1like strawberries and watermelons.
.
Yesterday, 1bought a bag and a hat.
(= . )
Yesterday, 1bought a hat and a bag.
.
1'11 have a hamburger and coke, please.
Grammar Focus .....

1
These particles express the listing of various things or people and correspond t and in English.
is used mainly in writing , presentations , and speeches while () and are used in
everyday conversation. For nouns ending in a vowel , r is used , and for nouns ending in a
consonant , or is used is used regardless of whether a final consonant is present.
//
.
.
.
//
.
.
} .
These particles can also indicate th e t arget w ith wh ich the subject performs an action and
correspond to (together) with' in English. When indicating such a relationship , 0 1 and
nonmally follow the
pacle.
1 plan to see a movie (together) with my friend tomorrow.
1 want
Shall we have lunch (together) with the teacher?
to go on a trip (together) with my family.
..
In Conversation ..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.....
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
......fW?

38
A ?
A Whos in the classroom?
B .
The teacher a nd students (are in the c lass room).
A ?
What kind of food do you like?
B .
B 1 like
naengmyeon and kimbab.
W hen func tioning as particles to list things, () and can be added to the final noun in the list,
but / canno t.
. (
. (
I bought pants and a bag
. (
. (
(x)
buy clothes and a bag
Although / () and can all be used similarly to list things, they cannot be mixed within
the same sentence.
. (x )
. ( I like strawberries , bananas, tangerines. and persimmons .
. (
_ook at the pictures and 1 1 in the blanks using
V or( )
(2)
A ?
A ?
A ?
3)
or .
3.
Prucl es
Nl
.
(= .)
This is Wesley5 book
(= .)
This is Budi 5 teacher.
(= .)
My name is Yoko.
Grammar Focus .....

expresses the possessive relationship of the first noun being the possessor of the second noun. It
corresponds to the possessive of or (Noun)s , in English. When 1 is used in this possessive sense ,
it can be pronounced as either [1] or [1] although [1] is used most often. Furthermore , the paic le
is often omitted in colloquial speech. In the case of pronouns representing people, such as
and rather than being omitted , combines with each to form 1- 1- and
. In a sentence , 1 is placed between the possessor and the possession.
(= )
(= )
/
/
78
In Conversation
A Whose umbrella is this?
B .
B I t sJa un s
A -?
umbrella.
Whats your name?
B .
My name is Lee Minu.
A ?
(Shes) Jason s mother.
Who is this person?
pu
When referring to a group with which one is associated (home , family, comp any, country, or sch ool),
it is common to use the pronouns / in place of . Also, is used in place of and when
referring to one's family members. However, in the case of and are used more often
than (our younger brotherlsister).

(my house)
(my/our hous
(myfamily)
(my company)
(my country)
(my/our fa
(my/our company)
(my/our country)
(myschool)
(my mother)
(my father)
(my older sist
(my husband/wife)
/ (my daughter/son)
(my/our sch)
(my/ourmother)
(my/our father)
(my/our older sister)
(my husband/wi
/ (my/our daughteson)
* (my younger brother/sister)

When showing respect to the listener, the humble from of is used. Examples include
and . However, when referring to one's country, only is used, not .
3. P artJctes
I ':3
-U
AH
(1)
n
/
A ?
B
(
(3)
A ?
B
( . )
A ?
B
(. )
CD
.
My friend is coming to Korea.
.
My little brother goes to school.
.
I go back to my hometown next month.
Grammar Focus .....

i
is used mainly w ith the verbs (to ) (to come) , (to attend/ commute) ,
(to return) , (to arrive) , (to go up) , and (to go down). It
expresses the direction in which a partic ar behavior proceeds. It corresponds to to in English.
|l

is also used with and to express the location of a person or t hing. It corresponds to 'in'
or on in English. (See also Getting Ready 02 (to be))
.
The dog is on the sofa.
.
Right now my mother and little brother/sister are in the house.
3. PE=s
In Converion
A ?
A Where are you going?
B .
8 1m going to the department store.
A ?
A Is Yoko coming to the birthday
B .
8 No, she isn t coming.
A ?
A What will you do this afternoon?
B .
8 1 m going to the bookstore.
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 1.

(1)
A ?
B
(2)
A ?
B .
(3)
A ?
B
~~
A ?
B
pay?
N @
8 .
I wake up at 8:00 in the morning.
3 2 .
I came to Korea on March 2.
.
See you on Saturday

is also added to nouns that indicate time and expresses the time when some action , event , or
srruation occurs. It corresponds to at or n in E ish can also combine with the pales
to form | and .
Year
2009
Month
Day
4 181.
Day ofWeek
Time
Season
3.Pticles
-..::
Of the nouns that indicate time , cannot be added to
(=
(=
1) (the day before yesterday) ,
) (yeste (today) (tomorrow) , (t he day after tomorrow) , or
(when).
. (x)
- . (
I met my friend yesterday.
. (x) - . (
I plan to see a movie tomorrow.
(x)
- ? (
When will you go to Japan?
A ?
A What time do you normally go to sleep?
B 11 .
B I usually go to sleep at 11:00 P.M.
A ?
A When will you go back to your hometown?
B 6 .
B I plan to go back in June of next year.
A ?
A Do you have time on the weekend?
B .
B Yes , I have time on the weekend.
When more than one noun representing time is used in a sentence, then is added to the final noun
only.
10 30 .
10 30 (
Let's meet next Saturday at 10:30 A. M
;::;J!
;~
(x)
(1)
A ?
B
(2)
A ?
B
(3)
A ?
B
4)
A ?
B
_Q_
0 _
3. P~c; es
.:<
N
. .
| m going to
schoo l. I study at schoo l.
. .
1went to the theater. 1saw a movie at the theater.
. .
| m going
to the cafeteria. I 11 eat at the cafeteria.

is added to the end of nouns to express the place at which some action or behavior occurs. It
corresponds to at or 'in in English.
.
.
.
.
86
Il n Conversation ............. .
A ?
A Where do you Iive?
B .
8 1live in Seou l.
A ?
A What did you do yesterday?
B .
8 1met my friend at Myeongdong.
A ?
A What wll you do tomorrow?
B .
8 1 11 study at the library
W hen used before the verb the p articles and can both be used. lere is very little difference
m meamng.
. (
(Describes the state 01 living or existing in Seou l.)
. ( (Emphasizes the act or behavior 01 living in Seou l.)
What 's the Difference?
Indicates the place where a person o r thing is
Indicates the place where an action occurs and
located or moves and is mainly used with verbs
is used with a variety of verbs.
denoting movement, location , or existence.

. (
City Hali is in Seoul

. (0)
The house does not have an air conditioner.

. (x)
. (x)
. (x)
. (x)
. (
1eat in the dining room

. (
(1)
learned the Korean language at school
3. o a::;.des
:::.
(1)
A ?
B
(2)
A ?
(3)
R
]
(4)
A ?
B
88
N | N N N
.
I walked home from school.
?
How long does it take to get from Seoul to Busan?
9 5 .
I work from 9:00 A.M. until 5:00 P. M
lrammar Focus ........ .
1 ese
particles express the physical or temporal range over which an action or event occurs and
correspond to from ... tO ... and from ... until ... in English. When expressing physical locations ,
rmally Noun Noun is used , and when expressing a ge of time , Noun Noun
.s used. Sometimes , however, both expressions can be used with no distinction.
20 .
1 2.
(m)?
7 8 .
(= 7 8 .)
(m)?}
3.P:.o es
ij ij
A ?
A Is it far from here to school?
B .
B Yes , it takes about one hour by bus.
A ?
A Is this library open on Saturdays?
B 10
B Yes, on Saturdays , ts open from 10 A.M. until4 P.M.
4 .
A ?
A How do you get from Myeongdong to Dongdaemun?
B 4 .
B Please take subway line 4.
Look at the pictures and 11 in the blanks using either ~ or ~ .
B 1 .
(2)
?
A
B 10 .
(3)
A ?
B 1
A ?
B
(1 ,:), B- 0.1
N/
.
Ja un
gives a present to Carol.
.
The teacher teaches Korean to the students.
.
My little sister feeds the dog.
Grammar Focus ................... .

/ are added to nouns representing people or otheving creatures and indicates that the
noun is the recipient or target of an action. is more c loquial than . |1/1 are only
used when the pr.eceding noun is a person or other living creature. Otherwise , (for plants , things ,
aces etc.) is used.
/ cannot be used with all verbs. The limited number of verbs they can be used with include
(to giv (to give a present) , (to throw) , (to send) , (to ship/send),
(to attach) , (to write) , (to phone) , (to as (to teach) , (t
speak) , (to sell), (to ) and (to com.

|

3. ra

A ?
B .
8 1 m writing a letter to my friend back home.
A ?
B .
8 1 m going to give them to my girlfriend as a presen t.
?
B . .
Why did you buy flowers?
Teacher, what is the phone number for Namsan

Li brary?
8 1 m sorry, but 1don t know. Please call (directory

assistance at) 114.
114 .
Who a re you writing a letter to?
When giving or doing something for someone equal or lower in social status than th e speaker,
is used. However, when the target of the action is someone of higher social status to w h om the
speaker m ust show respect, the honorific is used in place of |I!1 and is used in place
of (See also Introduction to the Korean Language 5. Honorific Expressions)
.
I gave a present 10 my Grandpa.
- .
I made a call to the boss

.
Itold my father.
Wh en receiving or learning something f rom anoth er person, / or /

is used. can also be omitted , in which case the expression becomes / or
/. When the t hing being received or learned comes from a person of higher social status , the
honorific is used in place of and .
=
I gol a present from my friend on my birthday.

=
I learned Korean from my teacher, Lee Jeonga.

Ilearned Chinese characlers from my grandfalher when I was little
92
ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks using ()/.
,-
(2)
3)
(4)
3. Par..'o
N
.
.
Mukul is Indian. And his friend is also Indian
. .
My father is tal l. And I am tall , too
.
Wang Jing likes apples. And she likes strawberries, to
Grammar Focus .....
:. is used after subject and object nouns to express the listing of subjects and objects or the addition
of a subject or object to one mentioned previously. This meaning corresponds t also or too m
English.
. .
. .
. .
. .
When added to a subject particle , the subject partie is omitted , leaving only .
. . ( x )
- . . (
| m Korean.
g.t
And my friend is also Korean.
s.rr
. . (x)
. . (
1like apples. And (1 l i k strawberries , to
'lhen is added to pacles other than subject or object paicles however, the other particle is not
omitted.
. . (
1have a friend in Japan. And (1 have a friend) in the USA, too.
. . (x)
. . (
1study at home. And (1 study) in the library, too.
. . (x)
. . (
1gave a present to my friend. And (1 gave a present) to my younger sister, too.
. . ( x)
In Conversation .............. .
A ?
A What will you have to eat?
B .
8 1'11 have bibimbap. And 1'11 have doenjang stew, too.
A ?
A What do you study these days?
B .
8 1study Korean. And 1also learn taekwondo.
A ?
A Who came to the birthday party yesterday?
B .
8 Martin came. And Yoko also came.
3.P'tides
::'0
Look at the pictures and fill in the
anks
using .
(1)
A ?
B .
(2)
7 .
%
.~
\1
X.
A ?
B .
~VW -.
.t
(3)
(4)
A ?
.
Today, only Carol came to school.
. .
Dane doesn t eat vegetables. (He) only eats meat.
5 .
Please wait for just five minutes.

expresses the choosing of one thing to the exclusion of other things. It corresponds to only or just
in English. When used after a number, it can also mean minimum . It is used by adding to the end
of the word being chosen or being stated to the exclusion of other things.
.

.
Carol only wears pants.

That restaurant is closed on Mondays only.
I will love only Jennifer for eternity.
Our child just plays games all day long.
The particle can be used either in place of the paicles 01/ / and / or it can be used
together with them. When used together, is added first , followed by or to form
and .
. (
. (
Only Junho was accepted to the university.
. (
= .
Minu reads comic books only, and no other books.
(
3.
However, when used with parties other than 01/ / and / comes after the paicle
to form and for example.
. (
Our daughter studies only at school , and doesn t study at home.
. (x)
I gave a present just to Junho.
. (x )
12 .
(0) Jason studies only until 12 o'clock, and then sleeps.
12. (x)
A ?
A Have all the students arrived?
B .
8 Only Budi hasnt arrived.
The others have all arrived
A ?
A Do you take both sugar and cream in your coffee?
B .
8 Just sugar, please.
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using .
( 1)
A ?
B
;..
(2 ) .>~
-
--
?tJ
I J1)X
I. ~l
__ _,. ..
/ 1_
c'
---
()
A ?
B
()
(3)
A ?
B
( )
.
Theres only one apple left.
.
Theres nothing but milk in the refrigerator.
.
I only received one present.
Grammar Focus ........ .

expresses the only thing or option available , with no possibility of anything else. It corresponds
t only r nothing but in English . The wo rd that comes before has a connotation of being very
small or few in number, and a negative form must follow it.
(= -
..\Jt hough is always followed by a negative form , it cannot be fowed by nor can it be
'ollow ed by imperative or propositive forms.
. (x)
. (x) . (
Please buy only a few tomatoes.
3.P
. 10 . (x) - lO . (
Lets wait just 10 minutes.
(Compare with U nit 3. Particles 12 N 16 N( ) (1))
A ?
A Did you read much of that book?
B .
B Its difficult , so I could only read fi ve pages.
A ?
A Did a lot of people come to the party?
30 .
B I invited 30 people, but only 20 came.
20 .
A ?
A How much time is left?
B 10 .
B There are only 10 minutes remaining.
What the Difference?
le particles and h ave similar meanings, but while can be u sed in both positive and negative
sentences, i s used in n egative sentences only.
(x)
1
. (
. (
Only Jaejun is in the classroom.
n ly
. (
Jaejun is in the classroom
. (x)
. (
1 only
bought fruit at the store
Everyone but Jaejun is in the classroom

(AII the other students are presen t.)
. (0 )
1 only
bought fruit at the store.
1 bought things other than fruit at the store.
(1 bought all the her ingredients.)
_ook at the pictures and fi ll in the blanks using
A ?
B 10
2
A ?
B
3)
A ?
B
A ?
B
3. Particles
10 1
N()
.
Please go to the right from here.
.
(1) go from Seoul to Jeju Island by airplane.
.
(1) cut the paper with scissors.
.
(1) made jam from peanuts.
Grammar Focus
1
() expresses a d irection (toward a place). It means t or 'toward in English. When the

preceding noun ends in a vowel or 2 , is used , and when the noun ends in a consonant, is
used .
.
.
2 ()
Please go to the righ t. You 11 see a bank.

Please go straight forward. There s a post office.
is also used when expressing means of transport , other means , to

|s and ma
ter s used
to make something. This meaning corresponds to by r w ith/using and from in English.
102
I11 go to Busan by train.
I cut the paper with scissors
I make bread from flour.
|.LLIl
A . ?
B
A ?
B
A . ?
Please go to the 1t fror
A How do you get to
Bn from Se?
(Please) go by train. The train is fast
A This candy is good. What s it made of?
This candy is made of ric
Koreans eat rice with a spoon
The Japanese eat rice with chopsticks
A Pardon me. Where is the bank?
When a means of transport is represented by a verb instead of a noun, -/ is added to the verb ,
such as in and .

I go home from sch by foot.
I went from Seoul to Busan by driving a car.
I plan to swim (go by swimming) from Busan to Jeju Island
3. Pa...-.JCIS
What
the Difference?
o What is the difference between and ?

refers to getting in a car and traveling, with the subject either driving the car or riding
as a passenger. However, can only be used when the subject actually drove the car.
Can be used when expressing that Minu traveled by

car.
Can be used when Minu drove the car.
Can be used even when Minu was not the one wh
drove.
Can be used when expressing that Minu traveled by

driving a car.
Can be used when Minu drove the car.
Cannot be used when Minu was not the one wh
drove
What is the difference between -() and - ?

expresses going toward a particular direction, with the focus being on the direction.
on the other hand, focuses on the destination, and thus only the destination is expressed
because no sense of direction is conveyed.
)
-|
-()
Focus on direction.
I Focus on destination.
. (
. (
Eric goes to his home.

Go to the right.
Look at the pictu res a nd fill in the blanks using
. (
. (x)
Eric goes to his home.
().
A ?
B
.
(2)
A ?
B
N()@
.
In the mornings, 1eat bread or rice.
. .
| m thirsty.
Please give me some water or juice.
.
1want to go to Jeju Island or Mt. Seorak during the school vacation
)rammar Focus ............. .
(0 1) m eans that one of the two or more listed nouns will be chosen. When the preceding noun ends
in a vowel , is used , and when t he noun ends in a consonant , 01 is used. In the case of adject ives
and verbs- is added to t he verb stem. (See also Unit 4. Li sting and Contrast 02 V-)
01
When () is added to a subject or object , the subject or object particle is omitted , leaving o nly ()
in place of 01/ r / respectively
. (x) - . (
My mother or father cooks
(x)
. ( (1) eat bread or rice.

3.
ParC S
When () is used together with the particles and can either be used alone
w ith the first word(s) in the list while and are used with the final word , or () can be
used together with and to form . However, the use of (0 1) by
itself is more natural.
. ( = . (
(1) exercise on Saturday or Sunday.
. ( = . (
(1) go to the mountain or sea. / Let5 go to the mountain or sea.
. ( = . (
tyVe) date at the park or a coffee shop.
11 (= -1011(
(1) ask questions to my teacher or Korean friend.
In Conversation
A ?
B .
B 1plan to buy some shoes or a bag.
A .
A 1don t understand this grammar question.
What will you buy?
Please ask instructor Lee or instructor Kim.
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using (O l) q
A ?
B
A ?
(3)
A ?
B
06
N @
.
I waited for my friend for no less than two hours.
.
lyJe) have (as many as) eight children
. .
The apples are tasty. 80 I ate (as many as) ten of them.
Grammar Focus
) indicates that the number or amount of something is much higher or more than expected , or
-;: IS
at a level higher than w hat is generally considered normal. It corresponds to as many as or n
than in English. When added to words ending in a vowel, is added , and when added to words
:rld ing
in a consonant , is added
30 .
:ompare with Unit 3. Particles 13
N )
3.
Part.es

A ?
A Did you drink a lot of alcohol yesterday?
B .
B Yes , 1drank no less than 10 bottles
A ?
A How much time is left before the train arrives?
B 30 .
B There s (still as much as) thirty minutes remaining
A ?
A Does Martin have a lot of cars?
B 5 .
B Yes , hes got as many as five.
What S the Difference?
While the particle indicates that a number or amount is less than expected or doesn t meet
a general standard , () indicates that a number or amount is more than expected or exceeds a
general standard. Depending on the perspective, a certain quantity can be viewed as either sm aller or
larger than expected, and thus and (0 1) can be used to express such views.

(The amount is less than
expected.)
(The amount
is more than expected.)
A .
(T he
number is not viewed as very many.)
B ? .
(T he number is viewed as more than
08
usual.)
80 .
(Dane normally score5 around 70 , 50, to him, 80 is a better than expected score.)
80 -
(Wang Jing normally scores around 90 , so to
her 80 is a worse than expected score.)
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using (Ql) q.
( 1)
A .
B .
.
(1 )
2)
.n
.
Wl
_ .,-
~I
!'I
A ?
..
B .
.
(3)
(3)
A ?
B
. .
(5)
(4)
A .
B ?
A
(10of)
(5)
A .
B .
.
(6)
3. Par..
20 .
About 20 people came to the party.
I arrived at the airport around 1 clock .
3 000 .
These days , tomatoes c5t about 3 ,000 won.
Grammar Focus
is added to nouns denoting numbers , qua ntities , and tim e to indicate approxi mation. It
corresponds t about or around in English.
.
10 000 .
.
5 .
..
In Conversation ..
..
.
..
.
.
64
A ?
A At about what time shall we meet tomorrow?
B 1 ?
12 50 .
How5 around 1 clock?

My class ends at 12:50.
A ?
A Howlongds it take you to get to school from home?
B 30 .
B It takes me about 30 minutes by bus.
A ?
A When did you come to Korea?
B 1 .
B I came about a year ago.
When referring to approximate prices, Noun is used more often than Noun t
A ?
About how much are apples these days?
B 3 2.m
Recently they cost about , 000 won for Ihree
A ?
About how much is Ihe airfare 10 China?
B l.300.000
Um it will probably cosl around 300,000 won.
Look at the pictures and I in the b lanks using .
A ?
B
2)
A ?
B
(3)
A ?
A ?
3. P a:-.:c':5
N N
.
He sings like a professional singer.
.
Hayeong is as kind as an angel.
.
Hes as handsome as a movie actor.

/01 expresses t hat some action or th ing appears the same or v ery similar to the preceding
noun. It corresponds to like or as ... as in English.
il
.
(= .)
. (= .)
. (= .)
. (= .)
. (= .)
A ?
B . .
B Yes , shes as pretty as Miss Korea.
Is Minu s girlfriend pretty?
A ?
What do you think of (my)
B .
He s as fun ny as a comedian.
A ?
Is Seoul crowded?
B .
Yes , its crowded like Tokyo , Japan.
boriend?
/ are often used in Korean to express characteristics metaphorically by comparing them to

animals or other things in nature. lUS you will often encounter the following figures of speech used to
describe people: someone scary is someone cute s someone slow to
act is someone overweight is and someone generous is
.
ook at t he pictures and write the appropriate answer for each item in t he space provided.
,-
6)
/
tl\
/1l
5) .
/
tl\
4)
li
3)
\
/
1l\
2) .
/
l
1)
3. ?a-';o':s
(= .)
Airplanes are faster than trains.
%- H
"'!.
.
( .)
My little sister is bigger than my elder sister.
(=
.)
The department store is more expensive than the market.
Grammar Focus ............. .

indicates that the word preceding it is the standard from which a comparison will be made. It
corresponds t more ... than' or -er than' in English. Though is added to a noun to form N
/ N - the er of the subject and noun with added can be reversed with no
change in meaning. Also , while the adverbs and are generally used together with they can
be omitted.
() .
() h.
() .
.
1 '1 4
111
"ttr!lti c) 11
C:c)I1
A ?
A 00 you like spring or summer?
B .
B I like spring more than summer.
A Oane, are you busy on Saturday or Sunday?
?
B .
B I go to church on Sunday
So lm busier on Sunday.
A Which is warmer, Jeju Island or Seoul?
?
B .
B Jeju Island is warmer.
l ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks using .

(1)
A ?
B
( 5~q)
( 3~q)
(2)
A ?
B
(3)
A ?
B
(3)
(5)
(4)
A ?
3. =
N
.
Wesley goes to church every Sunday
.
The train comes once every hour.
.
Every country has a different flag.
~
Grammar Focus .....
is added to time nouns. expresses the repetition of the same or a similar situation or
behavior over a set period of tim e. It corresponds t every r nce every in English.
. I cut my hair (once) every two months

. The subway train comes nc every five minutes.
can also indicate all , or every one , of something , with no exceptions. In this sense , it
corresponds to every or all in English. is added to the noun being described
. I take a trip every weekend.
.
During lunchtime , all the cafeterias become f I (have no seats available).
1 .
.
.
.
~
In
Convertion
A ?
A Do you have time this Friday evening?
I have
taekwondessons every Fay
80 I don t have any time
A ?
A A re t here a lot of flights?
A ?
A A re there computers in every c lassroom?
The
There's a flight every two days
Yes , all classrooms have them.
phrases and can also be written as / and
I go to work (at the company) daily. = I go to work (at the company) every day.

We have a meeting weekly. = We have a meeting every week

=/ .
The magazine is published mont hly. = The magazine is published every month
= .
I move (change residences) once a year. = I move every year.
f)
In the case of the word is used instead of .

These days , all households use the Internet.
: ~~
A ?
B
()
A .
B .
.
()
(3)
A ?
.
()
A ?
B
(5)
AIV-:
v-
AIV-
AIV-()L/ @
A/V-
Carol is tall and slender.
.
Minu is Korean. and Dane is British.

.
At yesterday5 party. Tiluen sang songs and danced.
Grammar Focus ............ ..

1
- is used to list two or more actions , states. or facts. It corresponds t and in English. - is
added to the stems of verbs and adjectives
.
-
. My older brother is big. And my younger brother is 5
My older brother is big. and my younger brother is smal l.
- is also used to express that the action in the first clause was performed before the action in
the second ause . It corresponds to and (then) in English. Tense is only expressed in the second
clause , not the firs t.
ISee also Unit 5. Time Expressions 03 v- )
. .
Yesterday. I ate dinner. And I did my homework
- . ( .
Yesterday. I ate dinner. and then did my homework.
(x))
Base Form
Base Form
|t:ft:f
l::i].
~.::Ll
The form N Vst
+ - -
N V is used when combining two or more facts about the same subjec t.
}. h.
My older brother is good at swimming. And (hes) also good at basketbal l.
My der brother is good at swimming and also (good at) basketball
. .
1like strawberries. And (1) like bananas, too.
.
1like strawberries and also (1 like) bananas.
A ?
A What will you do tomorrow?
B In the morning , 1 11 meet a friend ,
and in the afternoon , (1 11) go to the library.
A ?
A What did you do yesterday?
B .
B 1 ate pizza and saw a movie
A ?
A What do you think of your g irlfriend?
B .
B (She smart and pretty.
4. List ing ana
C:::c:s
-.
(1)
A ?
B
.
(
(2)
A ?
B
(.)
(3)
A ?
,
( )
(4)
A ?
B
( . )
v-
.
In the morning , I (eith eat bread or drink milk.
.
On the weekend , I plan to listen to music or watch a movie.
.
I take a taxi when I m busy or my bag is too heavy.
Grammar Focus .....

- is added to the stem of a verb or adjective to express a choice between that verb or adjective
d
the one following it. It means the same as or in English. Usually, it is used only once to connect
:- ',' 0
verbs or adjectives , but it can also be used to connect three or more. In the case of adjectives and
erbs, - is added to the verb stem , but in the case of nouns , - is added
See also Unit 3. Particles 15 N ( ) G))
+
Base Form
Base Form
4. Listing and Contrast
A What will you do this weekend?
81 11 go exercise
A
B
1'11 (eith play tennis or go swimming.
1have a sore throat
8 Then (you
shId) drink some ginger tea or eat some
candy
A ?
A What will you do on your wedding anniversary?
B .
0Ne 11) take a tri p or go out to eat.
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -.
(1 )
A . ?
B
()
(2)
A ! . .2 .
B .
!
()
(3)
A .
.
()
(.!)
A .
B
!
()
AIV-"A I
.
Korean is difficult but interesting.
.
My older brother is big , but my younger brother is small.
.
Hayeong eats a lot, but shesslim
Grammar Focus .....

- is used when the information in the second clause of the sentence is opposite or contrary
:0 th at in the firs t. It corresponds to but in English. - is added to the stems of verbs and
adjectives , and in the case of the past tense , -/ is added.

+ - -
+ - -
Base Form
Base Form
Compare with Unit 4. Listing and Contrast 04 NV-() L / (j))
4. sting and co:

A ?
A How is the weather today?
B Its windy but not cold.
A , ?
A How is your apartment , Yoko?
B Its small but clean
A ?
A Can Dane speak Korean well?
B ,
B Yes , (hes) a foreigner, but he can speak Korean well
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -.

(1)
A ?
B
(.)
(2)
A ?
B
()
()
(3)
F 1
'"
A ?
B
A ?
B
( . )
A1V-()L/ICD
.
In the afternoon , there are a lot of cars , but at night, there arent any.
.
1have an older brother, but not an older sister.
.
1cant sing, but 1can dance wel l.
Grammar Focus ................ .

Th is pattern is used when the information in the second clause of the sentence is opposite of , in
ntrast
to , or an unexpected result of what is presented in the first clause. It corresponds to but in
=nglish. When added to an adjective ending in a vowel , -
is added whi le - is added to an
adject ending in a consonant. As for present tense verbs , past tense verbs , and /-
s added.
Base Form
-()Lj
Base Form
-()
4. Li sting and Contrast
~ '? ;
:::
* Irregar form
(Compare w ith Unit 4. Li sting and Contrast 03 A/V-)
A ?
A Why dont you 90 to that market?
B .
A ?
A How5 your job at the company?
B .
B There are many things to do, but the salary is small
The prices are cheap, but its too far away.
Look at the pictures and I in the blanks using -(} L/.

(1)
A ?
B
()
ET
pu
Ah
(2 01 )
(3)
A ?
B
.
()
~'::::5-r
A ?
.
()
N v-
N v-()L
v-
v-o
N
nH , A/V-() 2
v-()
G N v-
v-
N v-
v-()L
N v-
2 .
I came to Korea two years ago.
.
Please take this medicine before meals.
.
I do warm-up exercises before swimming.
Grammar Focus " .

This pattern means before a certain period of time or before some action , and corresponds to
before, ago in English. It is used in the forms Time | Noun and Verb - in a
sentence.
Noun is used mainly with nouns to which can be added to make verbs. For this reason ,
- can be added to t he corresponding verb st em to produce t he same meaning (

). However, for all verbs other than verbs , only - can be used
.::J
Time+
N+
Base Form
v-
(~)
()
()
()
A .
A Lets have lunch together.
B . 1 .
B Sorry. I ate an hour ago.
A In Korea, before getting married ,
the groom w ill secure a home.
B .
B Its the same in my country.
A ?
A Where did you live before coming to Korea?
g .
B I lived in New York.
What 5 the Difference?
W hat's the d ifference between the expressions 1 and 1 ?
1 .
(11 means Ihe person can come any time before i :00, such as 12:50, 12:00, or even 11 :00.)
(11 means Ihe person should come exactly one hour before some previously slated lime. For example, if there is a
meeting scheduled for 3:00, Ihen the person should come at 2:00.)
... . --., ..
5. Time Expressions
What should be done before performing each action shown under ()? Find the most appropriate answer
under ( )
connect both actions with a line , and then complet e each of the sentences that follow using
either or -
()
(1)
(2)
. @
. @
(3)
(4)
. @
(1)
2)
.
.
.
(.!)
132
v-()L
.
My baby will be born in one month.
.
I brush my teeth after dinner.
.
I got a job after college graduation.
(=
.)
I got a job after graduating from col lege.
Grammar Focus .....

r, is pattern means after a certain period of t ime' or after some action and corresponds to after or
ater in English. It is used in the forms 'Time Noun and v-()L in a sent ence.
',
hen attaching to verbs , -
is added when the stem ends in a vowel, - is added
hen the stem ends in a consonant, and when the stem ends in
, is deleted , and -
is
dded to t he remaining part of the stem. -()L can also be used in place of -() L .
Nou |
e1fTlY"!!-:JI.
Time
~I Base Form ~
()
()
B ase Form
V-
V-L
--
Eg1 .:5}
nV1l| 1
5. n me Ex.oressoe::s
* I rreg ar form
..
In Conversation ...
..
.
..
..1QK'
\ 82J
A ?
Wh
enwl
il11
You
ret
tu
rr n toyourhometown?
B 1
In one yea
r from now
w
A' ?
A What is meant by
B Its a Korean housewarming party for
someone who just moved into a new house.
A ?
A Do you have t ime after class?
B . .
B Sorry. I m busy. After class ends , I have
a part-time job at a restauran t.
What s the Difference?
What's the difference between the expressions 1 and 1 I?

. 1 .
Ot means the person can come an}me after 1 :00, such as 1:10, 2:00, or even 3:00.)
1 .
means
"1eeting
the person should come exactly one hour after some previously stated time. For example, if there is a
scheduled for 3:00, then the person should come at 4:00.)
What should be done after performing each action shown under

u nde r ( )
()?
Find the most appropriate answer
connect both actions with a line , and then complet e each of the sentences that follow using
either or )L .
(1)
. @
. @
. @
2)
3)
. @
. (
. (
. (
. (
5. Time
Exo~crs
v-
.
I rest after finishing my work.
.
I sleep after watching TV.
.
I read the newspaper after eating breakfast.

- expresses the fishing of one behavior followed by the beginning of a subsequent behavior
and thus corresponds to do (something) after , upon finishing
and then ' in English. Although in
some cases- can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence , such as in
and the inclusion of - instead of simply - helps clarify

the fact that the first behavior has completely ended.
+
orm
36
gT
-------- -
8ecause - expresses temporal order, it can only be used w ith verbs o Further, when the
subjects of t he first and second clauses are the same in sentences using the motion verbs (to
go) , (to com (to ente (to exit) , (to leave) , (to emerge
[from]) , (to go up) , and (to go d own) , and the verbs (to getlst and up) ,
(to sit) , (to lie down) , and (to meet) -/ is used in place of - and- .
() . (x )
- () . (
1go to school and (1) study.
() () . (x)
-() () . (
Today, (1) rode on the bus and (1) came (here).
ln COlIVersatio
.--------------------------------------------------------------------\ track1
84)
A ?
B Please give them to me after the meeting.
A ?
B T
h
eyw
ill
readth
le qltion
ns tw
t
ICce.
Manager Kim , (by) when shall l give you the documents?
?
t
How
doyouta
ke th
he
li ste
nlngtes
Listen to the questions carefIy and then find the
au
AA
answer.
What does
mean?
Its what you write after you finish reading a book.
5. Time Ex:o')S.-o.~
Look at t he pictures and fill in the blanks uSing either - or
(1)
- .
. (2)
. . (3)
(4). _ __ -. 12 .
. (6)
.
6 9 . .
. (7)
(8)
. 12 .
i-
(9)
v-o~/
.
(The monkey) peeled a banana and ate it.
.
r;Ne) sat in a park for four hours and talked.
() .
I bought a necklace for my girlfriend and gave it to her.
Grammar Focus .....

-/ is a connective ending indicating the temporal relationship between events. Specifically,
expresses the occurrence of the action in the second clause after the action in the first clause has
cc urred.
The two actions are so closely related that the second action cannot occur without the first
action occurring firs t. This expression corresponds t and or (in ord to in English. Moreover,
can often be omitted from -/ leaving just -/ but this is not possible with certain verbs,
'1cluding
(to go) , (to come) , and (to stand). It is formed by adding - to stems
ending in the vowel ~ or ...L. Otherwise , - is added. For verbs ending in is added.
Base Form
-/
Base Form
-0 ~/
5. Time Exo'ElSS'ocs
.:: ~
* Irregar form
In the case of sentences in the past , present , or future tense , the tense is expressed only in the
second verb , not the f irs t.
.
Yesterday, I met a friend to watch a movie.
.
Tomorrow, I will meet a friend to watch a movie
The subjects of both verbs are the sam e.
() . (
Yesterday 1met a friend and (1) watched a movie
. (X)
A ?
A Why do you eat apples without peeling them?
B .
B Apples aren t tasty if you peel and eat them.
A ?
B Yes , but on the way, 1stood for an hour,
Did you come to school by subway today?
and
(s
my legs are sore.
A ?
A Why are you doing that part-time job?
B .
B (1 plan) to make some money and buy a camera.
0 - is a connective ending similar to -/ in that it indicates the temporal relationship
between events. However, while -/ is used when the first and second actions are very c10sely
related , - is used to connect two unrelated actions that happen sequentially.
( )
. ( ) .
(1IYou) wash the fruit and eat it (the fruit).
(1IYou) wash the fruit and then eat (something els.
( 0 1)
. ( ) .
1met a friend and (together we) watched a movie.
1met a friend and then (1by myself or with somebody else)

watched a movie.
f) When used with verbs designating the wearing of c10thes and accessories, - is used in place of
-Of/.
. (x)- . (0) 1put on a coat and study.

. (x)
. (
People are putting up their umbrellas and going

. (x)
. (
The child puts on glasses to read books.
_ook at the pictures a nd choose the appro priate word from below to fi ll in the blan ks using
-of/ .
{n
A ?
B
A ?
B
A .
B
.
5. Ti me 3S -YS
N [ , AIV-()2 [[H
.
I work a pa-time job during vacation.
4 .
This is a picture of me when I was 4 years old
.
Dont look at your neighbors answer sheets when taking the test.
Grammar Focus ......... ..

expresses the time when an action or state occurs or its duration. When flowing a noun , is
used , and w hen following a verb , - 2 is used when the stem ends in a vowel or 2 , and - IS
used w hen the stem ends in a consonan t.
Base Form
1 0
Base Form
v-
''"
V-2
A 1
L *
* Irregular form
In Converim.
A ?
B 20 .
B (1went when) 1was 20 years old.
A ?
A 00 you
How old were you when you went on your fi rst date?
often meet your friends from elementary
school?
B .
B No , 1 don t meet them often.
A .
.
B .
This clothing is made of silk.

Be careful when you wash it
B Okay, 1 will.
is not used together with
or the days of t he week.
. (x) (
Istudy in the morning.
. (x) . (
I exercise in the afternoon.
. (x) ~ . ( 0 ) I(w go to the airport on
Monday.
Whats the Difference?

What's the difference between and
For some nouns, such as and the meaning is the same whether they are written in
the form of N or N However, for some nouns, especially those representing holidays, like
and the fo rm N refers to the spefic day(s) of the holiday while the form N
refers to the approximate time period just before, during, and after the holiday. For example,
refers to Christmas Day, December 25 , and refers to the span of the few days
surrounding Ch ristmas , such as the day before and the day after Christmas.
The period around Christmas, including the day before, Christmas Day, and the day after.
Christmas Day (December 25).
Either or can be used after nouns such as
1.
= 1.
and with 110
difference in meaning .
5. me pre5S1O"5
"!~
Look at t he pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using either
or
)2 .
(1)
B .
(2)
A
B .
(3)
A ?
(4)
A ?
B .
14Ll
v-()
f.
1eat while watching TV.
.
My/our older sister sings while she plays the piano.
. .
Don t use the phone while driving. Its dangerous

-() Indicates that the actions of the first and second verbs occur simultaneously. It means
hi le in English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or
is used , and when it ends in a
nsonant - is used
Base Form
Base Form
71
- - --
---
..--
'"
Irreg ar
form
5. Ti me
Ex-ess5
The subjects of both c lauses are the same. That is , they must be the same person.
. ( x )
( ) ( ) . (
(Hayeong) plays the piano while she (Hayeong) sings.
- . (
While Hayeong sings, Jaejun plays the piano.
When the subjects of the two verbs are different , - is used.
.
While my little brother/sister was cleaning the house, my older sister did the laundry
(See also Unit 5. Time Expressions 09 N v- )
Past and future tense endings are not added to the verb preceding -(). It is always written in
present tense.
. ( x )
. (
Yesterda
Hayeong sang while she played the piano.
A ?
A 00 you like music?
B .
A ?
A Were you very busy yesterday?
B Yes , thats why I ate a sandwich while working.
Yes, thats why I listen to music while I study.
.
A ?
A Why are you tired these days?
B .
B I have a
1L!. 6
pa-time
job while attending school.
Thatswhy I m tired.
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks
using -().
n
(
2)
3)
( . )
.!)
( )
5. Ti me Express:or.s
N v-
.
The subway is under construction
(= .)
The subway is in the course of construction.
.
The president is in a meeting.
(= .)
The president is currently having a meeting
.
(1 m) on the way home.
. .
1intend to move. 80 1 m looking for a new place to live.
Grammar Focus
'","'"
This expression is used with a noun that indicates the content of an action and means that the subject
is in the process of performing the action. It corresponds to in the process/ middle of
currently
dng in English. After a noun , is add ed , and aer a verb - is added to the verb stem .
'~8
Base Form
v-
()
()
H)
--{1lL=-;-
c:
* Irregar form
A ?
A Why is there so much traffic?
B .
B The department store is having a sale.

Thats why theres traffic.
A ? ?
.
B .
5 .
A Hello? Is this t he Korea Trade Company?

| d like to speak with Section Chief Kim
B Section Chief Kim is currently out of

the office. He should be back at 5 P. M.
A ?
A Do you have a drivers license?
B .
B Recently, Ive been learning how to drive.
| 11 take a driving test next week.
- and - are used in similar ways. However, while - has no restrictions r egard i n g
w hat subjects it can be used with , - cannot be used with subj ects representing nat ural
phenomena
. ( x) - . (
It S rammg
(x) -
It s snowlng
( x)
. (
. ( The wind is blowing.
5. Time Exore5SK)
"
Look at the pictures and con nect each to its appropriate phrase with a line.
(1)
(5)
(2)
(6)
(7)
(3)
(4)
(8)
...-
.t..
v-
.
I was so tired I went to sleep as soon as I got home
The fire truck arrived as soon as the fire started
.
The students left the classroom right after class was over.
Grammar Focus .................. .

- indicates that somet hing occurs immediately following the end of some event or action. It is
added to the verb and m eans as soon as or right after' in English.

+ -
+ -
Base Form
Base Form
.A. Il~
-i
5. Tl me Exp-E"s
-~
Th e subjects of the first and second clauses of the sentence can be either the same or different.
( 7}) (7 .
As soon as I arrived home, I slept.
--.
As soon as the mother leaves , the baby stas crylng.
Tense is not expressed in the verb of the f irst clause , b ut it is in t he second.
-. ( x) }. (
As soon as I got home , I slept.
. (x)- . (
As soon as I get home , I mg ng to sleep.
A ?
When 11 you marry Jeonga?
B We 11 get married as soon as we graduate from

college.
A ?
A Why are you in a bad mood today?
A .
I bought an umbrella yesterday.

But I lost it as soon as I bought it.
A I m so
f1.
I want to lie down and go to sleep
--
B Its not good for your health if you lie down right after
eating
What did the
f lowing
people do? Connect each picture on the left with a picture on the right with a line ,
and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using -
(1)
.@
.@
.@
2)
(3)
1)
2)
3)
4)
.
.
.
.
5. Time Exp.-ess3
N v-
4 .
Yesterday, I studied for four hours
.
Bears hibernate during winter.
.
I did my homework while my friends were eating lunch.
Grammar Focus ....

This pattern expresses the length of time starting when a certain action or behavior begins and lasting
until it ends. It corresponds t during r w hile in English. After nouns , is added , and after verbs
- is added
+ -
+ -
-->
Base Form
v-
10
E1l
lL-: E:~~

<=
c>L..:
------ - - - - - -
r:;c:ar
form
--
When used in the form v- the subjects of the first and second clauses can be either the
same or different.
( () .
While I lived in Korea, I made a lot of good friends.
.
While I played with my friends , my
lie
brother/sister was studying hard at schoo l.
In Conversation
A
A How long will you be in Korea?
B 3 .
B I should be here for three years.
A ?
A What will you do during the vacation?
B .
B I plan to visit my relatives home.
A 2 .
A The plane will depart in two hours
In that case, lets do some shopping at the dutyfree shop while we wait for our fligh t.
.
How are-() and- different?

-() is used when one person performs two or more actions simultaneollsly. However, - ()
can be used even when the su ects of the first and second clauses are not the sam e; that is, it can b e
used to indicate that while the su ect of the first clause is performing some action, the su ect ofthe
second clause is also performing an action.
The subjects of the first and second clauses
I The su ects of the first and second clauses can
must be the same.
[ be differen t.
Hayeong listened to music while (sh read a book.
While Hayeong listened to music, Jaejun read a

book.
10:00-10:30
10:00- 10:30
5. Time Expressions
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either
or-
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
'* - ........
.- .
-.
v-()L
2 .
Its been two years since 1came to Korea.
.
Its been one month since 1stopped smoking.
5 .
Its been five hours since you started playing computer games
Grammar Focus ........... ..

)L indicates how much time has passed since some situation or action occurred and thus
::;orresponds
-{) L
t since in English. It can be expressed in various ways , including -()L
~ and -()L
~ . When the verb stem ends in a vowel or -L
is used , and when it ends in a consonant , - is used.
Base Form
-L
Base Form
:;:
Irregular form
5. nme Exo>:-'-$

A ?
A When did you start studying Korean?
B 6
B Its been six months since I began studying Korean
A ?
A How long have you been dating your boyfriend?
B 3
B Weve been dating for three years
Read the f lowing passage and complete the sentences that follow using -() L .
{m
:>
2004
2ob5 5 2ob5 8 111
2605 9.
'"
----
; 1
- 1L -/
lirf
iii
e -
2008 3111
tlH
spl
-----
(1)
(2)
(3)
9.
5 .
4.
4.
(5)
2.
(6)
1 5 .
4 .
2009 4111
2009 9.
V-()2 /
< V-()2
v-()2 /
.
0Ne) can see this movie.
.
0Ne) can t see that movie.
.
(1) can speak Korean.
.
(1) cant speak Afrikaans.
.
1can read Chinese characters.
.
1can t read Chinese characters.
Grammar Focus ............ .

This pattern expresses ability or possibility. When someone or something is able to do something , or
when something is possible, -() 2 is used , and when someone or something is not able
to do something , or when someth ing is not possible , -()2 is used. In English it means
can. When a verb stem ends in a vowel or
,-
/ is used , and when a verb stem
ends in a consonant , - / is used .
+ -2
_, /
Base Form
- 2 /
Base FJR-7-
/
------
+ - /
--------
I /
/
---
ega rform
A
B .
.
A What sports can you play?

B I can p lay soccer. And I also know
(how to do) taekwondo. But I can't swim
.
A
, ?
B .
A Yoko , can you meet me this evening?
B I'm s I can t meet you. I have other plans
A ?
A Can you understand Korean 1V dramas?
B .
B Yes , I can understand 1V d ramas somewhat.
Butlcan t understand the news.
A ddin g the part icle - to -() / t o form-() / makes the p h rase m o re

emphatic in m eaning than -()2 / al o n e.

The ddeokbokki is spic so I can teat it.
. The ddeokbokki is so spicy that 1(really) can t eat t.

.
Theres a lot 01 traffic, so 1wont be able to make it.
Theres so much traffic that 1really can't make it no matter what.
6. Ability and
P OSSI b<
;ty
r.::
Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to f in the blanks using -()2
/.
..._......
.........".. ..............
............ .......... ...........,
...............
(1)
A .
B
(2)
A
B
(3)
A ?
B .
(4)
A
B .
- /
v-()2
.
I know how to make strawberry jam
.
I know how to send pictures by mobile phone.
.
I know how to cook a tasty doenjang stew.

li s
pattern expresses whether one knows how , or has the ability, to do something. When the
erb stem ends in a vowel or
,-
/ is used , and when the verb stem ends in a
:onsonant, - / is used. It corresponds t know how to/ doesn t know how to In
=nglish.
-+
+ -2
+ - /
Base Form
- 2 /
Base Form
-/
Irregular form
6. Ability arcPoss
A Carol , do you know how to play
the computer game Starcraft?
?
B . ?
B No , I dont. How do you play it?
A What kinds of foods do you know how to make?
A ?
B I know how to make Korean japchae and spaghetti.
-IE /
IE /
Expresses whether one knows how or has the
Used not only to express the abili ty to do
ability to do something.
something but also whether a situation permits
something to be done.

I don t know how to make strawberry jam.
(1) I don t know how to make strawberry jam.

(2) I know how to make strawberry jam , but lor some
reason (such as a lack 01 strawberries,) I cant
make it right now
Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to f ill in the blanks using -()2
/ .
A ?
B
A
B
3)
A ?
B .
6
V-()
V-
AIV-O~/ /
e AIV-/
AIV-{)
AIV- ( AIV-/ )
v-()
.
Please sit here.
15 .
Please see (Iook at) page 15 in the book.
.
Please go straight up this road.
Grammar Focus ........ .

-() is used when ptely asking the listener to do something when making a request :
when giving directions or orders. It corresponds to please (d in English. In such situations , -0 can also be used , but -()
IS
more p ite than -/. When the verb stem ends -
a vowel -| is added , and when it ends in a consonant , - is added. Some verbs h '=
special forms though. The formal p ite style uses -().
-|
Base Form
-()
Base Form
Special Fo rr-
Base Form
.-
Irregular form
. :See also Introduction to the Korean Language 5. Honorific Expressions)
.nen -() is used in the imperative sense to give an order, it can only be used with v erbs and
-ot
01 or adjectives
(x)
. ( Please become a doctor.
(x) - . (
( Adjective
Be happy.
changed to its verb form)
e also Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech 04 A-O)
- owever, there are a number of adjectives ending in used idiomaticaily that can be used with
-.
. .
Grandpa, please be healthy. Li ve a long , long time.
. .
Minu , congratulations on your marriage. 1 wish you happiness.
Conver.
A .
A 1want to lose some weigh t.
3 .
Then you should eat a lot of vegetables.

And get lots of exercise.
.
A .
A Please write down your name and phone number here.
3 .
A !
A Everyone , please be quiet!
Now, Director, please begin (speaking)
.
3 .
Okay.
Thank you , Manager Kim.
7. Demands and Obligations , Permission and Pro- 0-::r
How should you respond? Look at the pictures and find the most appropriate response from the choices
glven.
(1)
. @
. @.
(2)
(3)
. @ .
(4)
-g
. @ .
v-
.
Please don t drink alcohol.
.
Please don t use the phone
.
Please don t sleep during class.
Grammar Focus .................. .

- is used w hen requesting , persuading , indicating , or ordering the listener not to d
someth ing. This is the negative form of -() and it corresponds to please d o not (d tn
=nglish. It is used by adding -
to verb stems. The formal p ite form is - .
+ - --
+ -
Base Form
Base Form
- can only be used w ith verbs and not 0 I r adjectives.
. ( x )
. ( x ) . (
Please don tfeel sad
. ( x ) . ( Please don t feel hurt.

( Adj ectiv e
changed to its verb form)
see also Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech 04 A-/)

7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition
<:.::'
'tracJ"
In Conversation ............ .
A ?
A Shall 1take the bus?
B .
Theres a lot of traffic. so dont take the bus.

(Please) take the subway.
A ? ?
A Hows this movie? Is it interesting?
B . .
B (Please) don t see this movie. Its boring.
A .
A (Please) don t listen to music too loudly.

Its bad for your ears.
B .
B Okay.
The following friends each have a problem. Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using - .
(1 )
__
.....
" TI
..
.... ~
_. -
--
0.11
A . .
B
()
(2)
A .
()
A .
B
. ( )
(4)
A .
B
70
( )
A/V-o~/ IC.~/
. .
I have an exam tomorrow. So I must study
.
Its my girlfriend's birthday, so I have to buy her a present.
.
You have to pay before you eat.

-/ / expresses an obligation or necessity to do something or the necessity of a
ceain condition. It corresponds t must r have (to) in English. If the stem ends in the vowel
r or
..L, then - / is used , and for all other vowel endings , - |/ is used . As for
verbs ending in the form changes t / The past tense form is -/
- F. _
Stem Ending in Vowel Other

.-han
or ...L.
+ /
/
(}1
| l
111
-
--
Base Form
-//
Base Form
-//
* AA
/{
* Irregular form
7. Oemands and Obligations, Permission and
prot
ln Conversation
.---------------------------------------------------------------------Fra
.:1 0
A ?
A Shall we 5ee a movie this weekend?
B .
B Sorry, but it5 my mother's birthday, and I have t

visit home
A .
A I m planning to go to Jeju 151and in the sum mer.
B ?
B Did you re5erve a plane ticket? A lot 01 people will

be going there , 50 you have to reserve your ticket in
advance
A ?
A Why didn t you come to the party yesterday?
B I had a lot of things to do , s o I had to s tay at the

office and work.
-/ / h as two negative fo r m s , on e m ean in g it is n ot necessary to do something, -

and the oth er expressing th e pr ohibition of so m e beh avior, -()
- (don't n eed to, don't have tO)
(See also Un it 7. Demands and Obligatio n s , Per mission and Proh ibitio n 06 A /V- )
A | ?
00 you go to the office tomorrow?
B No, tomorrow is a hiday so I don t have to go to work

A ? (Oo y take the bus to the park?
B . . .
he
park) is nearby. 80 I don t need to take the bus. I can walk
) (sh o uldnt , b e n ot allowed to)
See also Unit 7. Deman ds and Obligatio n s , Per m issio n and Prohibitio n 05 A/V-() )
. You re not allowed to take photogra phs inside the museum
@
-~
You should not smoke indoors.
} k at the pictures and fill in the b lanks u si ng -0 .
A ?
B .
(
2)
A .
B
()
A ?
B .
()
A l .
B
(12 )
A ?
B
( )
7. Demands and Obligations, Penmission anC
Prc;-L~:X
AIV-o
?
May I take a picture?
?
May I sit here?
?
May I use that pen?
Grammar Focus .....

-/ expresses permission or approval for a behavior. It corresponds to may r be
allowed to in English. If the stem ends in the vowel ~ or
..L,
then - is used , and for all
ther vowel endings , - is used. As for verbs ending in the form changes t .
In place of-/ / and-/ can also be used.
Base Form
-/
Base Form
-/
g1
* Irreg lar fm
-:7
n Conversation . /tr.k
110/
A ?
A May I call you at night?
Sure. Please call anytime
A ?
A 00 you mind if I open the window?
B .
B Not at al l. You may open it
A ?
A May I turn on the radio?
B . .
B The child is asleep. Please don t turn it on
_ook at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using-/ .
A .
B .
2)
B .
(3)
B . .
4)
B .
7. Oemands and Obligations , Permission and Prohibition
AIV-()
.
Smoking indoors is not allowed.
11-0
/ ~L_
/'
-(
. lt o ~A
_ .
. -
~ O.
Using the phone while driving is not allowed.
,..
.
You may not cross the street now.
Grammar Focus .....

-() e
xpresse
s the pro
1
oh
ib
bi
ition 0r li
iir
m1
can represent social conventions or common sense dictating that a behavior or state is prohibited or
not tolerated. It corresponds to may not or not allowed to in English. When the stem ends in a vowel
r - is used , and when the stem ends in a consonant , - is used.
Base Form
Base Form
"::
*IJSar
form
In Conversation ........ .
A ?
A May I speak in English during class?
B During class , you may not speak in English.

Please speak in Korean.
. .
A
A In Korea , you're not supposed to blow your nose

when eating.
B ? .
B Oh , realiy? I didnt know that.
A .
A You re not aliowed to talk in the library
B .
B Okay, I m sorry.
-() can be u sed in the double negative form , that is , - to em phasize that a
particul ar behavior must b e performed.

. 8 . (= .)
August is vacation season, so (you) must buy plane tickets in advance. (Plane tickets have to be bought in advance.)
. (= . )
8ecause the illness is serious, surgery must be performed. 0Ne have to perform surgery.)
. ( )
8ecause (1) have an important test next week, 1must study. (1 have to study.)
7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and ProhJbr:.<<:
Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using ) .
(1)
A ?
B
(2)
A ?
B
(3)
A
B .
(4)
A ?
B
"'I:--;'~
. .
AN- ( AN-O~/ )
Preschool students don t have to pay the bus fare.
.
Because its a weekday, we don t have to buy tickets in advance.
.
On Fridays , we don t have to wear suits.
Grammar Focus .....

- expresses that a paCar st ate of affairs or behavior is not necessary and is
the negative form of -/ / wh ich expresses the obligation to perm a paicar

behavior. It corresponds t does not have to in English. It is made by add ing - or
-/ to the verb stem.

See als
-/
conjugation in Unit 16. Condit ions and Suppositions 03 AIV-/)

+ -
+ -
(=
(= )
Base Form
-/
71
7. Demands and Obligations , Permission and Pro:-.::;::c.;-
* Irregar form
A ?
A Must I go to the dinner today?
B .
B If you re busy, you don t have to go.
A !
A I ve got to go on a diet!
B .
B You re already slender.
You don't need to diet
Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks using either - or -/
A ?
B
A ?
B
A ?
A ?
B
v-
AIV-/
v-
. .
I can t speak Korean wel l. I want to speak Korean wel l.
2 . .
I havent seen my family for two years. I want to see my family
.
I want to eat strawberries.

- expresses the wish or hope of the speaker and correspond s to want to in English. -
is added to verb stems. If the subject is in t he first or second person , then - is used , but
when t he subject is in t he t hird person, t hen - is used .
(See also Check It Out!)
+ - -
+ - -
Base Form
Base Form
....
In Conversation ..'.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
......
...
..
..
..
..
.....
..
..
..
..
..
..
....aCK
.1 16
A ?
B .
8 1m sleepy. I want to drink some coffee
A ?
8 1d like some nice looking gloves
W
h1at doyou w
an
1t to dr
rin
n1
What do you want for Christmas?
When the subject is in the third person, - is used.

(See also Unit 18. Changes in Parts ofSpeech 04 A-/)
(x) ( 0 ) Eric wants to buy a car.
f)
Although- cannot be added direc t1y to adjectives, if-/ is first added to an adjective ,
making it a verb, then - can be used.

(See also Unit 19. Expressions of State 03 A-/)
(x) ( 0 ) I want to become slim
- can be combined with the particles -/ and-Ol/.
( 0 ) I want to see my fami ly

( 0 ) I want to see my family.
The
f lowing
exe rcise concerns pe ople who have come to Korea . Look at the picture and fill in the
blanks with t he a ppropriat e sentences using - .

(1)
( )
(2)
( )
(3)
()
(4)
(.)
(5)
()
8.
Express o"s ::' """=
AIV-/
.
1wish 1had a car.
.
1wish 1had a lot of money.
.
1hope it snows on Christmas.
~rammar
Focus ........ .
-/ expresses a person's wish or hope about something that has yet to be realized.
It can also be used when expressing a desire for a situation to become the opposite of what it
currently is. This expression corresponds to hope/want in English. When the verb stem ends in ~ or
..L, then- is used; while - is used for all other verb stem endings. As
for verbs ending in the form changes to -
In addition to -/ / can also be used , but -/
indicates a stronger degree of hope or desire.
iliiI:m; lut r.w~
t~
c>1 (") [J:I
n (") [J:I Z:;
( n
- -
Z:
'lIi1:rIIIIi
Base Form
-/
* Irregu lar form
A ?
A At what age do you want to get married ?
B 30 .
B I d like to get married before I m 30.
A ?
A Are you still busy these days?
B .
B Yes , I m still busy.
I w ish I could have some time off.
A ?
A What will you do this vacation?
B .
B I plan to go skiing with my friends.
I wish vacation would come soo ner.
-() can be u sed in the same sen se as -/ but because -/
supposes the realization of an as yet unrealized state, it more strongly emphasizes the verb .
he speaker is simply wishing 10 have a 101 01 money.)
he speaker is supposing a silualion in which he has a 10 1 01 money, which is in conlrasl 10 t>:s

currenl silualion 01 having no money; , thus Ihe wish is emphasized.)
8. Expressions 0;
Look at the pictures and fi ll in the blanks using -/ .
1
( 1)
A ?
( )
(2)
A ?
()
(3)
.l.. ~ |
f! ~S!|
A ?
(
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in t he example.
(1)
(2)
.
()
86
(3)
A/V-Q @
A/V-() @
N A/V-
AN-ot/@
.
Nice to meet you.
.
I was in such a good mood that I danced
.
| m sorry
for arriving late.

-/ is used to express t hat t he informat ion in the first clause is the reason for or the cause of
the succeeding clause. It corresponds
because (of), on account of , and so .. that... in English.
If t he stem ends in t he vowel ~ or ...L, then - is used. Otherwise , - is used. As for verbs
ending in the form c hanges to and in th e case of 01 is used , except in
conversation , when is used.
188
Base Form
-ou
Base Form
-/
01
(01 )
s ~~
Irregular form
-/ cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences
. (x)
- . (
These shoes are big , so please show me a different pa
? (x)
-
? (
1have to meet someone else today, so shall we meet tomorrow?
. (x)
. (
1like this one , so lets buy it.
:See also Unit 9 . Reasons and Causes 02 AN() (j))
Tense markers such as -/-and-- cannot come before -/.
. (x)
. (
My stomach hurts on account of eating so much food.
. (x)
(
1want to wear these clothes because they re pretty
(Compare with Unit 5. Time Expressions 04 V-/)
9. Reasons and Causes
:: ::!
In Conversation . rack
\120;
A ?
A 00 you have time on Saturday?
B This week, I m busy and dont have time
A ?
A Why don t you wear these clothes?
B .
B Those clothes are so small that I can't wear them.
A ?
A 00 you take the bus when you go home?
B No , because theres a lot of traffic when

I get off work, I take the subway.
Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -/.
.:
(1)
A -?
B
(2)
A ?
(3)
A ?
B
(4 )
A ?
B
90
M .. ...
A1V-()G)
.
The road5 are 11 of traffic , 50 let5 take the 5ubway.
.
It5 cold , 50 plea5e Cl05e the window.
.
I took a 5hower, 50 now I feel good
Grammar Focus .....

-() expresses the reason or cause for something and corresponds to s or because in
English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or - is used , and when the verb stem ends in a
consonant , - is used .
Base Form
-LI
Base Form
01
01
---
* Irregular form
9. Reasons cC..:s

A , ?
Chi is there a meeting this week?
B This week I m busy, so lets have it next week
A ?
B Gir
r|
Wh present shodlg my g irlfriend?
What'5 the Difference?
o Cannot be used in imperative or propositive

sentences
111)
o Can be used with imperative or propositive

sentences, i.e. , -()-() ? and
-()
. (x)
? (x)
Theres no time, so go quickly

? ( 0)
My legs are sore. so shall we take a taxi?
Tense markers such as -/- and

-- cannot be used.
} (x)
Tense markers such as -/-and

--
can be used.
. (
1can speak Korean well because 1lived in Korea.
o Used mainly to express a general reason.
o Used when stating a subj ective reason o r

providing a basis for a particular reason.
Further, it is used mainly when the other
party also knows about the topic under
discussion.
A ? Why were you late?
A ? Why were you late?
B .
There was a lot of traffic. so 1 was late
o Can be used with common words of
92
o Cannot be used with common words of
g reeting, such as
greeting , such as
and
and .
. ( Nice to meet you.
Because (as you know) there was a 101 of traffic
(x)
Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -().
(1)
(3)
A ?
A ?
(5)
(4)
A ?
(2)
Circle the correct answers .
(1) ( / ) .
(2)( / ) ?
(3) ( / ) .
(4)
( / ) .
(5) 1 ( / .
9. Reasons and CaJses
N A/V-
.
The road is slippery because 01 the snow.
.
| m tired
because 01 the children.
.
I can t speak Korean well because I m a 10reigner.

and - exp ress t he reason for or cause of the sit uation described in the second
clause and correspond to because in English. - is used when expressing a clear reason
and is a more Iiterary exp ression than -/ and -() After nouns , is add ed , and
after verbs and adjectives , - is added to t he stem.
Noun
Base Form
AIV-
il::>
-71
cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences.
. ( x )
. (
The weather i5 cOld , 50 plea5e wear warm clothe5
. (x)
-->
. (
Our friend5 are waiting , 50 let5 go quickly
? (x)
? (
The weather i5 nice , 50 5hall we go to the mountain5?
In Conversation ....... ........ .

?
A Why were you late?
3 .
B There wa5 a lot of traffic due to the rain.
A ?
A Can you meet me on Saturday?
B Saturday i5 my friend s birthday,

501 won t be able to meet yOU.
.
?
A Will you take a trip during the vacation?
B No, 1want to , but beCaU5e 1have

a part-time job, 1 can t gO.
What '5 the Difference?

I can t eat because 01 (something related to) the
baby. (Ior example, not going to

The baby can t eat because he/she is (still) a baby
slee
You have to study hard because you are a student.
The teacher got angry because 01 (something) the

students did. (Ior example. tell a lie)
9. Reasons lO
C:;es
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either or
- .
(1)
A ?
B
()
(2)
A . ?
B
(
(3)
A . ?
B .
.
()
(4)
A ? ?
.
()
196
v-ou v-/ ?
G v-/ v-/ ?
v-o~/ V-o ?
.
Please close the door.
."'-'''!
-
~O(
?
Would you please take our picture?
.
Please show her to a seat
Grammar Focus .....

This pattern expresses a request to someone to perform an action and corresponds to please/would
you in English. -/ ? is a more polite expression that shows more consideration for
the listener than -/ . When the recipient of the action is someone higher in status than
the speaker or someone to be respected , -/ is used. When the verb stem ends in ~
r ..L - /? is used. Otherwise- /? is used. For verbs

that end in the form changes to - /?
+ -
Base Form
-/
-/ ?
98
Irregular form
In Conversation ......... .. .
A ?
A Excuse me. Could you please help me out?
B ?
B Sure. How may I help you?
A .
A Wang Dan , please teach me this grammar.
B . .
B Sorry. I don t understand it either.
A .
A I have to send an email to a company in t he U.S.
?
B .
Would you p lease translate this into English?

B Yes , I sure wil l.
-/ is used when the speaker or the subj ect o f t h e sentence performs an action that
assists the listener or another person. Wh en the assistance has al ready been completed, -/ or
-/ is used.
My big brother helps me a lot with my homework
Please wait for just a moment.
My older sister peeled some fruit for me.
1haven t given a present to my friend yet.
10. Making Requests a:"<:: :..sss-'_.....
What are the people in the following pictures requesting? Look at the pictures and choose the
appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using either -/
B .
(2)
A
B .
(3)
A
B .
2CiJ
B .
(1)
A
or -/
v-o~/ v-o~/ ?
?
I have two umbrellas , so shall I lend you one?
.
Let me help you with that.
?
Teacher, shall I help you out?
Grammar Focus ....... .

This pattern is used when attempt ing to help someone and corresponds t Shalll , Allow me , or |
will in English. When t he person receiving t he help is of higher status than the speaker, -/
r -/ ? is used. When the verb stem ends in ~ or ..1- - /? is

used. Otherwi se - /? is used. For verbs that end in the form changes to -
/?
m:m1Iil .(l:o~
UrnIB
+ -
+ -
Base Form
-/
-/?
10. Making Requests "IC
.;sss::;
- -
* 1eg ular
form
In Conversation
A .
A Ma am , please clear off this table.
B .
B Okay, 1'11 clear it right away.
A ?
A Would you mind turning on the air conditioner?
B .
B Sure, 1'11 turn it on.
Whats the Difference?
ar
-()
li9
A simple com mand or request to the Iistener
A request to the listener to do an action for the
to do an action for the listener's sake.
sake of the speaker.
These clothes do not look good Minu. Please change

them with something else
These clothes do not look good on me. Please

change them with something else
(For the sake of you, Minu.)
(For my sake.)
? .
Does your foot hurt? Please sit down here

(For the sake of the listener.)
(1) can t see the screen. Please sit down

(For my sake.)
Look at t he picture s and choose the appropriate word f rom below to fill in each blank using e ither -/0 or -/ ?
(1)
A ?
B .
(2)
A
B .
202
v-/
V-()L /
v-o~/
?
Have you tried Korean ribs?
.
Please try it on.
.
I want to visit Jeju Island.
Grammar Focus .....

-/ expresses trying out or experiencing an action , and corresponds to try in English.
When the verb stem ends in ~ or ...1... - is used. Otherwise- is used. For verbs that
end in the form changes to - .
In general , when used with the present tense , it expresses trying something , and when used with the
past tense , it expresses having the experience of doing something
. . Kimchi tastes good. Please try some kimch i. (try)

.
Ive had kimch i. It tastes good. (experience)
20
Base Form
-/
-/
* Irreg ar form
A ?
A May I try on these shoes?
B .
A ?
A 00 you have any Korean friends?
B .
B No , I don t. I would like to (have the chance to)
Yes , please try them on.
make Korean friends.
A ?
A Have you tried drinking Korean rice wine?
B .
B No , I haven t tried it yet. What does it taste like?
When-/ is used to express the experiencing of something, it is not used together with the verb
.
.(x) - . (0) I ve seen a Korean movie.
11. Trying New Things and
Ex"enc
Look at the picture and make recommendations to a friend to go to the places in Korea shown on
the map.
I ~
(1)
(2)
(3)
The following is a dialogue. Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using -/
.
: ?
:
(1)
. (2)
: .
:
:
:
. .
: (4)
206
(3)
v-()L /
.
| ve
seen an Indian movie
.
|ve
never been late to work.
?
Have you ever been to Italy?

-()L / expresses having or not having a particular experience in the past and
corresponds to have done/had in English. When the suect has had an experience , -() L
is used , and when the subject has not had an experience , -()L is used. If the
verb stem ends in a vowel, - L / is added , and if the verb stem ends in a consonant ,
/ is added. Although the form -()L / can also be used to

express the same meaning, -()L / is used more 0en.
Base Form
- L
Base Form
* Irregular form
11. Trying New Things and
Elur
-()L is common ly combined with -/ to form-/ w hic h

means to have the experience of having tried something
I have been (successIy tried to 9 to the U.S.
Ive never tried (had the experience) Korean food.
A .
A Yesterday, I met a celebrity in Myeongdong.
Wow, I ve never met a celebrity.
A ?
A Can you bargain well at the market?
B .
No , I ve never been able to bargain.
-()L is not used when describing things that are often repeated or are everyday occurrences.
(x) . (x)
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -()L /.
A ?
B
A ?
B
(3)
l
20
A ?
B -

Korean Grammar in Use (Beginner) - 001

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Korean Grammar in Use (Beginner) - 001

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* Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2!

How to Use This Book

Introductio n to the Korean Language

2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives

3. Connecting Sentences .............

~ N/. N(O I).N

5. Honorific Expressions ......... .. .. .. .............. 20

(to exist/be. to have)

." , " .. """.".".",,,.,,,,,,,,.

N() (1) .. "

Dates and Days of the Week.

...... " ....... ... .

"" ......... . . "" ... .. . , .,,

... "." .... " 76

Present Tense A/)

A/V- .... ..... " ............................ 120

Future Tense V-()2

Past Tense A/V-/

4. Li sting and Contrast

Past Perfect Tense A/V-/

" " "" ............. 133

V- ....... ....... .............................. 136

..... .............. 145

.. ...... ........ .. ... ..... 148

v-() / .. . , ..... .... 160

Unit 13. Intentions and Plans

Unit 8. Expressions of Hope

v-(? ................... ...... 217

A/V- Ict( A/V-O |

Unit 14. Background Information

v-() (6) .... ... ... ...... ..... . ..... 235

- Unit 15. Purpose and Intention

Unit 9. Reasons and Causes

Unit 7. Demands and Obligations ,

- Unit 12. Asking Opinions and

Unit 6. Ability and Possibility

Unit 11. Trying New Things and

Unit 10. Making Requests and

v-Ou . v-/ ? ... 201

v-71 .... .... .......... ....... .. ..... 248

Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions

24. Irregular Conjugations

- (I rregular Con jugation) 326

(Irregular Conjugation) 332

18. Changes in Parts of Speech

Good Things to Know

Grammar Explanations in Korean

Discovery and Surprise

1. Korean Sentence Structure

1. Korean Sentence Structure

Eric reads a book in the library.

Eric eats an appl e.

(See also Unit 3. Particles)

of the particle attached to it.

can still be identified

What is Eric doing?

(He is) eating an apple.

Where do (you) go?

2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives

() +- (present formal ending)

(go/goes) (referring to a superior/elder)

- (present formal ending)