Guided Imagery Article

9/20/2015
GuidedimageryWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Guidedimagery
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Seealso:Creativevisualization
GuidedImageryisaMindbodyinterventionbywhichatrainedpractitionerorteacherhelpsaparticipant
orpatienttoevokeandgeneratementalimages[1]thatsimulateorrecreatethesensoryperception[2]of
sights,[3][4]sounds,[5]tastes,[6]smells,[7]movements,[8]andimagesassociatedwithtouch,suchastexture,
temperature,andpressure,[9]aswellasimaginativeormentalcontentthattheparticipantorpatient
experiencesasdefyingconventionalsensorycategories,[10]andthatmayprecipitatestrongemotionsor
feelings.[11][12][13]intheabsenceofthestimulitowhichcorrelatingsensoryreceptorsarereceptive.[14][15]
Thepractitionerorteachermayfacilitatethisprocessinpersontoanindividualoragroup.Alternatively,
theparticipantorpatientmayfollowguidanceprovidedbyasoundrecording,video,oraudiovisualmedia
comprisingspokeninstructionthatmaybeaccompaniedbymusicorsound.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Contents
1MentalImageryinEverydayLife
1.1TwoWaysofGeneratingMentalImagery
1.2InvoluntaryMentalImagery
1.3VoluntaryMentalImagery
1.4GuidedImageryTechnique
2ClinicalInvestigationandScientificResearch
3MentalImageryandIllHealth
4ExampleConditionsAggravatedbyMentalImagery
4.1PosttraumaticStressDisorder
4.2SocialAnxiety
4.3Depression
4.4BipolarDisorder
5ThePrinciplesofGuidedImagery
6StagesofGuidedImagery
6.1ImageGeneration
6.2ImageMaintenance
6.3ImageInspection
6.4ImageTransformation
6.5OutcomeofImageGeneration,Maintenance,Inspection,andTransformation
7GuidedImageryandtheRequisiteforAbsorption
8GuidedImageryasaMindBodyIntervention
9EvidenceandExplanation
9.1CognitivePsychology
9.2Psychoneuroimmunology
10References
MentalImageryinEverydayLife
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_imagery
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TwoWaysofGeneratingMentalImagery
Therearetwofundamentalwaysbywhichmentalimageryisgenerated:voluntaryandinvoluntary.
Theinvoluntaryandspontaneousgenerationofmentalimagesisintegraltoordinarysensoryperception,
andcognition,andoccurswithoutvolitionalintent.Meanwhile,manydifferentaspectsofeveryday
problemsolving,scientificreasoning,andcreativeactivityinvolvethevolitionalanddeliberategeneration
ofmentalimages.[23][24][25][26][27]
InvoluntaryMentalImagery
Inthefirstinstance,thegenerationofmentalimageryiscreateddirectlyfrompresentsensorystimulation
andperceptualinformation,suchaswhensomeoneseesanobject,createsmentalimagesofit,and
maintainsthisimageryastheylookawayorclosetheireyesorwhensomeonehearsanoiseandmaintains
anauditoryimageofit,afterthesoundceasesorisnolongerperceptible.
VoluntaryMentalImagery
Inthesecondinstance,mentalimagerymayresembleprevioussensoryperceptionandexperience,recalled
frommemoryortheimagesmaybeentirelynovelandtheproductoffantasy.[28][29]
GuidedImageryTechnique
ThetermGuidedImagerydenotesthetechniqueusedinthesecondinstance,bywhichimagesarerecalled
fromlongtermorshorttermmemory,orcreatedfromfantasy,oracombinationofboth,inresponseto
guidance,instruction,orsupervision.GuidedImageryisthereforetheassistedsimulationorrecreationof
perceptualexperienceacrosssensorymodalities.[30][31]
ClinicalInvestigationandScientificResearch
Mentalimagerycanresultfrombothvoluntaryandinvoluntaryprocesses,andalthoughitcomprises
simulationorrecreationofperceptualexperienceacrossallsensorymodalities,[32][33]includingolfactory
imagery,[34]gustatoryimagery,[35]hapticimagery,[36]andmotorimagery[37][38][39]nonetheless,visualand
auditorymentalimagesarereportedasbeingthemostfrequentlyexperiencedbypeopleordinarilyaswell
asincontrolledexperiments,[40][41]withvisualimageryremainingthemostextensivelyresearchedand
documentedinscientificliterature.[42][43][44]
Inexperimentalandcognitivepsychology,researchershaveconcentratedprimarilyonvoluntaryand
deliberatelygeneratedimagery,whichtheparticipantorpatientcreates,inspects,andtransforms,suchasby
evokingimageryofanintimidatingsocialevent,andtransformingtheimagesintothoseindicativeofa
pleasantandselfaffirmingexperience.
Meanwhile,inpsychopathology,clinicianshavetypicallyfocusedoninvoluntaryimagerywhich'comesto
mind'unbidden,suchasinadepressedperson'sexperienceofintrusiveunwelcomenegativeimages
indicativeofsadness,hopelessness,andmorbidity[45][46][47]orimagesthatrecapitulatepreviousdistressing
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eventsthatcharacterizeposttraumaticstressdisorder.[48][49]Inclinicalpracticeandpsychopathology,
involuntarymentalimagesareconsideredintrusivewhentheyoccurunwantedandunbidden,'hijacking
attentiontosomeextent.[50][51]
Themaintenanceof,or'holdinginmind'imagery,whethervoluntaryorinvoluntary,placesconsiderable
demandsuponcognitiveattentionalresources,includingworkingmemory,redirectingthemawayfroma
specificcognitivetaskorgeneralpurposeconcentrationandtowardtheimagery.
Inclinicalpractice,thisprocesscanbepositivelyexploitedtherapeuticallybytrainingtheparticipantor
patienttofocusattentiononasignificantlydemandingtask,whichsuccessfullycompetesforanddirects
attentionawayfromtheunbiddenintrusiveimagery,decreasingitsintensity,vividness,andduration,and
consequentlyalleviatingdistressorpain.[52][53]
MentalImageryandIllHealth
Mentalimagery,especiallyvisualandauditoryimagery,canexacerbateandaggravateanumberofmental
andphysicalconditions.[54]
Thisisbecause,accordingtotheprinciplesofpsychophysiologyandpsychoneuroimmunology,thewayan
individualperceiveshisorhermentalandphysicalconditioninturnaffectsbiologicalprocesses,including
susceptibilitytoillness,infection,ordiseaseandthatperceptionisderivedsignificantlyfrommental
imagery.Thatistosaythatinsomecases,theseverityofanindividual'smentalandphysicaldisability,
disorder,orillnessispartiallydeterminedbyhisorherimages,includingtheircontent,vividnessor
intensity,clarity,andfrequencywithwhichtheyareexperiencedasintrusiveandunbidden.[55][56][57]
Anindividualcanaggravatethesymptomsandintensifythepainordistressprecipitatedbymany
conditionsthroughgenerating,ofteninvoluntarily,mentalimagerythatemphasizesitsseverity.
Forexample,mentalimageryhasbeenshowntoplayakeyroleincontributingto,exacerbating,or
intensifyingtheexperienceandsymptomsofposttraumaticstressdisorder(PTSD),[58][59][60]compulsive
cravings,[61]eatingdisorders[62]suchasanorexianervosa[63]andbulimianervosa,[64]spastichemiplegia,[65]
incapacitationfollowingastrokeorcerebrovascularaccident,[66][67]restrictedcognitivefunctionandmotor
controlduetomultiplesclerosis,[68]socialanxietyorphobia,[69][70][71][72]bipolardisorder,[73]
schizophrenia,[74]attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder,[75]anddepression.[76][77]
ExampleConditionsAggravatedbyMentalImagery
Theaforementionedchallengesanddifficultiesaresomeofthoseforwhichthereisevidencetoshowthat
anindividualcanaggravatethesymptomsandintensifythepainordistressprecipitatedbythecondition
throughgeneratingmentalimagerythatemphasizesitsseverity.
Thefollowingelaboratesthewayinwhichsuchmentalimagerycontributestooraggravatesfourspecific
conditions:
1. Posttraumaticstressdisorder
2. Socialanxiety
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3. Depression
4. BipolarDisorder
PosttraumaticStressDisorder
Posttraumaticstressdisorderoftenproceedsfromexperiencingorwitnessingatraumaticeventinvolving
death,seriousinjury,orsignificantthreattoothersoroneself[78]anddisturbingintrusiveimages,often
describedbythepatientas'flashbacks',areacommonsymptomofthisconditionacrossdemographicsof
age,gender,andthenatureoftheprecipitatingtraumaticevent.[79][80][81]Thisunbiddenmentalimageryis
oftenhighlyvivid,andprovokesmemoriesoftheoriginaltrauma,accompaniedbyheightenedemotionsor
feelingsandthesubjectiveexperienceofdangerandthreattosafetyinthepresent'hereandnow'.[82][83][84]
SocialAnxiety
Individualswithsocialanxietyhaveahigherthannormaltendencytofearsituationsthatinvolvepublic
attention,suchasspeakingtoanaudienceorbeinginterviewed,meetingpeoplewithwhomtheyare
unfamiliar,andattendingeventsofanunpredictablenature.[85]
AswithPosttraumaticstressdisorder,vividmentalimageryisacommonexperienceforthosewithsocial
anxiety,andoftencomprisesimagesthatreviveandreplayapreviouslyexperiencedstressful,intimidating
orharrowingeventthatprecipitatednegativefeelings,suchasembarrassment,shame,or
awkwardness.[86][87]Thereby,mentalimagerycontributestothemaintenanceandpersistenceofsocial
anxiety,asitdoeswithPosttraumatictressdisorder.[88][89]
Inparticular,thementalimagerycommonlydescribedbythosesufferingfromsocialanxietyoften
compriseswhatcognitivepsychologistsdescribeasan'observerperspective'.Thisconsistsofanimageof
themselves,asthoughfromanobservingperson'sperspective,inwhichthosesufferingfromsocialanxiety
perceivethemselvesnegatively,asiffromthatobservingperson'spointofview.[90][91]
Suchimageryisalsocommonamongthosesufferingfromothertypesofanxiety,whooftenhavedepleted
abilitytogenerateneutral,positive,orpleasantimagery.[92][93][94][95][96][97]
Depression
Thecapacitytoevokepleasantandpositivelyaffirmingimagery,eithervoluntarilyorinvoluntarily,maybe
acriticalrequisiteforprecipitatingandsustainingpositivemoodsorfeelingsandoptimismandthisability
isoftenimpairedinthosesufferingfromdepression.[98]Depressionconsistsofemotionaldistressand
cognitiveimpairmentthatmayincludefeelingsofhopelessness,pervasivesadness,pessimism,lackof
motivation,socialwithdrawal,difficultyinconcentratingonmentalorphysicaltasks,anddisrupted
sleep.[99]Whilstdepressionisfrequentlyassociatedwithnegativeruminationofverbalthoughtpatterns
manifestedasunspokeninnerspeech,[100]ninetypercentofdepressedpatientsreportingdistressing
intrusivementalimagerythatoftensimulatesandrecollectpreviousnegativeexperiences,[101][102]and
whichthedepressedpersonofteninterpretsinawaythatintensifiesfeelingsofdespairand
hopelessness.[103][104]
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Inaddition,peoplesufferingfromdepressionhavedifficultyinevokingprospectiveimageryindicativeofa
positivefuture.[105][106][107][108][109][110][111]
Theprospectivementalimageryexperiencedbydepressedpersonswhenattheirmostdespairing
commonlyincludesvividandgraphicimagesrelatedtosuicide,whichsomepsychologistsandpsychiatrists
refertoas'flashforwards'.[112][113]
BipolarDisorder
Bipolardisorderischaracterizedbymanicepisodesinterspersedwithperiodsofdepression[114]90%of
patientsexperiencecomorbidanxietydisorderatsomestage[115]andthereisasignificantprevalenceof
suicideamongstsufferers.[116][117]
Prospectivementalimageryindicativeofhyperactivityormaniaandhopelessnesscontributestothemanic
anddepressiveepisodesrespectivelyinbipolardisorder.[118][119][120][121][122][123][124]
ThePrinciplesofGuidedImagery
ThetherapeuticuseofGuidedImagery,aspartofamultimodaltreatmentplanincorporatingothersuitable
methods,suchasguidedmeditation,receptivemusictherapy,andrelaxationtechniques,aswellasphysical
medicineandrehabilitation,andpsychotherapy,aimstoeducatethepatientinalteringtheirmentalimagery,
replacingimagesthatcompoundpain,recollectandreconstructdistressingevents,intensifyfeelingsof
hopelessness,orreaffirmdebilitation,withthosethatemphasizephysicalcomfort,functionalcapacity,
mentalequanimity,andoptimism.
WhethertheGuidedImageryisprovidedinpersonbyafacilitator,ordeliveredviamedia,theverbal
instructionconsistsofwords,oftenprescripted,intendedtodirecttheparticipant'sattentiontoimagined
visual,auditory,tactile,gustatoryorolfactorysensationsthatprecipitateapositivepsychologicand
physiologicresponsethatincorporatesincreasedmentalandphysicalrelaxationanddecreasedmentaland
physicalstress.
GuidedImageryisoneofthemeansbywhichtherapists,teachers,orpractitionersseektoachievethis
outcome,andinvolvesencouragingpatientsorparticipantstoimaginealternativeperspectives,thoughts,
andbehaviors,mentallyrehearsingstrategiesthattheymaysubsequentlyactualize,therebydeveloping
increasedcopingskillsandability.[125]
StagesofGuidedImagery
Accordingtothecomputationaltheoryofimagery,[126][127][128]whichisderivedfromexperimental
psychology,GuidedImagerycomprisesfourphases:[129][130][131][132][133][134][135]
1. Imagegeneration
2. Imagemaintenance
3. Imageinspection
4. Imagetransformation
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ImageGeneration
ImageGenerationinvolvesgeneratingmentalimagery,eitherdirectlyfromsensorydataandperceptual
experience,orfrommemory,orfromfantasy.[136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146]
ImageMaintenance
Imagemaintenanceinvolvesthevolitionalsustainingormaintainingofimagery,withoutwhich,amental
imageissubjecttorapiddecaywithanaveragedurationofonly250ms.[147]Thisisbecausevolitionally
createdmentalimagesusuallyfaderapidlyoncegeneratedinordertoavoiddisruptingorconfusingthe
processofordinarysensoryperception.[148][149][150]
ThenaturalbriefdurationofmentalimagerymeansthattheactivemaintenancestageofGuidedImagery,
whichisnecessaryforthesubsequentstagesofinspectionandtransformation,requirescognitive
concentrationofattentionbytheparticipant.Thisconcentrativeattentionalabilitycanbeimprovedwiththe
practiceofmentalexercises,includingthosederivedfromguidedmeditationandsupervisedmeditative
praxis.[151][152][153]Evenwithsuchpractice,somepeoplecanstruggletomaintainamentalimage'clearly
inmind'formorethanafewseconds[154][155][156]notonlyforimagerycreatedthroughfantasy[157]butalso
formentalimagesgeneratedfrombothlongtermmemory[158]andshorttermmemory.[159]
Inaddition,whilethemajorityoftheresearchliteraturehastendedtofocusonthemaintenanceofvisual
mentalimages,imageryinothersensorymodalitiesalsonecessitatesavolitionalmaintenanceprocessin
orderforfurtherinspectionortransformationtobepossible.[160]
Therequisiteforpracticeinsustainingattentionalcontrol,suchthatattentionremainsfocusedon
maintaininggeneratedimagery,isoneofthereasonsthatguidedmeditation,whichsupportssuch
concentration,isoftenintegratedintotheprovisionofGuidedImageryaspartoftheintervention.Guided
meditationassistsparticipantsinextendingthedurationforwhichgeneratedmentalimagesaremaintained,
providingtimetoinspecttheimagery,andproceedtothefinaltransformationstageofGuided
Imagery.[161][162]
ImageInspection
Oncegeneratedandmaintained,amentalimagecanbeinspectedtoprovidethebasisforinterpretation,and
transformation.[163]Forvisualimagery,inspectionofteninvolvesascanningprocess,bywhichthe
participantdirectsattentionacrossandaroundanimage,simulatingshiftsinperceptual
perspective.[164][165][166][167][168][169]
Inspectionprocessescanbeappliedbothtoimagerycreatedspontaneously,andtoimagerygeneratedin
responsetoscriptedorimpromptuverbaldescriptionsprovidedbytheGuidedImagery
facilitator.[170][171][172]
ImageTransformation
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Finally,withtheassistanceofverbalinstructionfromtheGuidedImagerypractitionerorteacher,the
participanttransforms,modifies,oraltersthecontentofgeneratedmentalimagery,insuchawayasto
substituteimagesthatprovokenegativefeelings,areindicativeofsuffering,orthatreaffirmdisabilityor
debilitationforthosethatelicitpositiveemotion,andaresuggestiveofresourcefulness,abilitytocope,and
anincreaseddegreeofmentalandphysicalcapacity.[173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184]
Thisprocesssharesprincipleswiththosethatinformtheclinicalpsychologytechniquesofimagery
restructuringorimageryrescriptingasusedincognitivebehavioraltherapy.[185][186][187]
Whilethemajorityofresearchfindingsonimagetransformationrelatetovisualmentalimagery,thereis
evidencetosupporttransformationsinothersensorymodalitiessuchasauditoryimagery.[188]andhaptic
imagery.[189]
OutcomeofImageGeneration,Maintenance,Inspection,andTransformation
Throughthistechnique,apatientisassistedinreducingthetendencytoevokeimagesindicativeofthe
distressing,painful,ordebilitativenatureofacondition,andlearnsinsteadtoevokementalimageryoftheir
identity,body,andcircumstancesthatemphasizesthecapacityforautonomyandselfdetermination,
positiveproactiveactivity,andtheabilitytocope,whilstmanagingtheircondition.
Asaresult,symptomsbecomelessincapacitating,painistosomedegreedecreased,whilecopingskills
increase.[190][191][192][193]
GuidedImageryandtheRequisiteforAbsorption
Inorderfortheforegoingprocesstotakeplaceeffectively,suchthatallfourstagesofGuidedImageryare
completedwiththerapeuticbeneficialeffect,thepatientorparticipantmustbecapableoforsusceptibleto
absorption,whichisanopennesstoabsorbingandselfalteringexperiences'.[194][195]Thisisafurther
reasonwhyguidedmeditationorsomeformofmeditativepraxis,relaxationtechniques,andmeditation
musicorreceptivemusictherapyareoftencombinedwithorformanintegralpartoftheoperationaland
practicaluseoftheGuidedImageryintervention.For,allthosetechniquescanincreasetheparticipant'sor
patient'scapacityfororsusceptibilitytoabsorption,therebyincreasingthepotentialefficacyofGuided
Imagery.[196][197]
GuidedImageryasaMindBodyIntervention
Mainarticle:Mindbodyinterventions
TheUnitedStatesNationalCenterforComplementaryandIntegrativeHealth(NCCIH),whichisamong
twentysevenorganizationsthatmakeuptheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),classifiesGuided
Imagery,andguidedmeditation,asMindbodyintervention,oneoffivedomainsofmedicalandhealth
caresystems,practices,andproductsthatarenotpresentlyconsideredpartofconventionalmedicine.[198]
TheNCCIHdefinesMindbodyinterventionsasthosepracticesthat'employavarietyoftechniques
designedtofacilitatethemind'scapacitytoaffectbodilyfunctionandsymptoms',andincludeGuided
Imagery,guidedmeditationandformsofmeditativepraxis,hypnosisandhypnotherapy,prayer,aswellas
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arttherapy,musictherapy,anddancetherapy.[199]
AllMindbodyinterventions,includingtheaforementioned,focusontheinteractionbetweenthebrain,
body,andbehaviorandarepracticedwithintentiontousethemindtoalterphysicalfunctionandpromote
overallhealthandwellbeing.[200][201]
TherearedocumentedbenefitsofMindbodyinterventionsderivedfromscientificresearchfirstlyintotheir
useincontributingtothetreatmentarangeofconditionsincludingheadaches,coronaryarterydiseaseand
chronicpainsecondlyinamelioratingthesymptomsofchemotherapyinducednausea,vomiting,and
localisedphysicalpaininpatientswithcancerthirdlyinincreasingtheperceivedcapacitytocopewith
significantproblemsandchallengesandfourthlyinimprovingthereportedoverallqualityoflife.In
addition,thereisevidencesupportingthebrainandcentralnervoussystem'sinfluenceontheimmune
systemandthecapacityforMindbodyinterventionstoenhanceimmunefunctionoutcomes,including
defenseagainstandrecoveryfrominfectionanddisease.[202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209]
Inaddition,GuidedImageryisreportedtohaveassistedchildandadultpatientsinpreparingforsurgical
procedures,andcontributedtoexpedientpostoperativerecovery.[210][211][212]GuidedImageryhasalso
demonstratedefficacyinreducingpostoperativediscomfortaswellaschronicpainrelatedtocancer,
arthritis,andphysicalinjury.[213][214][215][216][217][218]Furthermore,thenonclinicalusesforwhichthe
efficacyofGuidedImageryhasbeenshownincludemanagingthestressofpublicperformanceamong
musicians,enhancingathleticandcompetitivesportsability,andtrainingmedicalstudentsinsurgical
skills.[219][220][221][222]
EvidenceandExplanation
EvidenceandexplanationsfortheeffectivenessandlimitationsofCreativeVisualizationcomefromtwo
discreetsources:CognitivePsychologyandPsychoneuroimmunology.
CognitivePsychology
GuidedImageryisemployedasanadjunctivetechniquetopsychologicaltherapiesinthetreatmentof
manyconditions,includingthoseidentifiedintheprevioussections,andplaysasignificantroleinthe
applicationofcognitiveapproachestopsychotherapy,including,CognitiveBehavioralTherapy,Rathional
EmotiveBehaviorTherapy,SchemaFocussedTherapy,andMindfulnessBasedCognitiveTherapy.[223]
Thesetherapiesderivefromordrawsubstantiallyuponamodelofmentalfunctioninginitiallyestablished
byAaronT.Beck,apsychiatristandpsychoanalystwhopositedthatthesubjectivewayinwhichpeople
perceivethemselvesandinterpretexperiencesinfluencestheiremotional,behavioral,andphysiological
reactionstocircumstances.Headditionallydiscoveredthatbyassistingpatientsincorrectingtheir
misperceptionsandmisinterpretations,andaidingtheminmodifyingunhelpfulandselfdeprecatingways
ofthinkingaboutthemselvesandtheirpredicament,hispatientshadmoreproductivereactionstoevents,
anddevelopedamorepositiveselfconcept,selfimage,orperceptionofthemselves.[224][225][226][227][228]
[229][230][231]
ThisuseofGuidedImageryisbasedonthefollowingpremise.Everyoneparticipatesinboththevoluntary
andinvoluntaryspontaneousgenerationofvisual,auditoryandothermentalimages,whichisanecessary
partofthewayinwhichapersonsolvesproblems,recollectsthepast,predictsandplansthefuture,and
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formulatestheirselfperception,selfimage,orthewaythey'view'andperceivethemselves.[232][233][234]
However,thisselfimagecanbealteredandselfregulatedwiththeaidofMindbodyinterventions
includingGuidedImagery,bywhichanindividualchangesthewayheorshevisualizes,imagines,and
perceivesthemselvesgenerally,andtheirphysicalcondition,bodyimage,andmentalstate
specifically.[235][236][237][238][239][240]
Psychoneuroimmunology
Mainarticle:Psychoneuroimmunology
Theterm'psychoneuroimmunology'wascoinedbytheAmericanpsychologistRobertAderin1981to
describethestudyofinteractionsbetweenpsychological,neurological,andimmunesystems.[241]
Threeyearslater,JeanAchterbergpublishedabookcalledImageryinHealingthatsoughttorelateand
correlatecontemporaneousevidencefromthethenemergingscientificstudyofthewaymentalprocesses
influencephysicalandphysiologicalfunction,withparticularemphasisonmentalimagery,tothefolklore
sheextrapolatedfromasetofdiverseancientandgeographicallyindigenouspracticespreviouslydescribed
as'shamanism'bythehistorianofreligionandprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,MirceaEliadeanda
numberofanthropologistsandethnologists.[242][243]
Today,thirtyyearslater,thescienceofpsychoneuroimmunology,whilststillinitsinfancy,isabletooffer
insightsintotheinfluenceofthemindoverthebodymorecomprehensivelyandatamolecularlevel.[244]
Despiteitscomplexityatsuchalevel,thefundamentalhypothesisofpsychoneuroimmunologyisconcisely
thatthewaypeoplethinkandhowtheyfeeldirectlyinfluencestheelectrochemistryofthebrainandcentral
nervoussystem,whichinturnhasasignificantinfluenceontheimmunesystemanditscapacitytodefend
thebodyagainstdiseaseinfection,andillhealth.Meanwhile,theimmunesystemaffectsbrainchemistry
anditselectricalactivity,whichinturnhasaconsiderableimpactonthewaywethinkandfeel.[245]
Becauseofthisinterplay,aperson'snegativethoughts,feelings,andperceptions,suchaspessimistic
predictionsaboutthefuture,regretfulruminationsuponthepast,lowselfesteem,anddepletedbeliefin
selfdeterminationandacapacitytocopecanunderminetheefficiencyoftheimmunesystem,increasing
vulnerabilitytoillhealth.Simultaneously,thebiochemicalindicatorsofillhealthmonitoredbytheimmune
systemfeedsbacktothebrainviathenervoussystem,whichexacerbatesthoughtsandfeelingsofa
negativenature.Thatistosay,wefeelandthinkofourselvesasunwell,whichcontributestophysical
conditionsofillhealth,whichinturncauseustofeelandthinkofourselvesasunwell.[246]
However,theinterplaybetweencognitiveandemotional,neurological,andimmunologicalprocessesalso
providesforthepossibilityofpositivelyinfluencingthebodyandenhancingphysicalhealthbychanging
thewaywethinkandfeel.Forexample,peoplewhoareabletodeconstructthecognitivedistortionsthat
precipitateperpetualpessimismandhopelessnessandfurtherdevelopthecapacitytoperceivethemselves
ashavingasignificantdegreeofselfdeterminationandcapacitytocopearemorelikelytoavoidand
recoverfromillhealthmorequicklythanthosewhoremainengagedinnegativethoughtsandfeelings.[247]
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Thissimplificationofacomplexinteractionofinterrelatedsystemsandthecapacityofthemindto
influencethebodydoesnotaccountforthesignificantinfluencethatotherfactorshaveonmentaland
physicalwellbeing,includingexercise,diet,andsocialinteraction.
Nonetheless,inhelpingpeopletomakesuchchangestotheirhabitualthoughtprocessesandpervasive
feelings,Mindbodyinterventions,includingCreativeVisualization,whenprovidedaspartofa
multimodalandinterdisciplinarytreatmentprogramofothermethods,suchascognitivebehavioraltherapy,
havebeenshowntocontributesignificantlytotreatmentofandrecoveryfromarangeofconditions.In
addition,thereisevidencesupportingthebrainandcentralnervoussystem'sinfluenceontheimmune
systemandthecapacityforMindbodyinterventionstoenhanceimmunefunctionoutcomes,including
defenseagainstandrecoveryfrominfectionanddisease.[248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255]
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