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SI Leader: Jeslin
Formal Charges
_ F = Z - (B + U), where Z is the group number, B is one electron for
each covalent bond and U is the number of unshared electrons.
Resonance Theory
_Resonance structures are not real representations of the actual
molecule.
_ The actual molecule is a hybrid of all resonance contributors
_ A double-headed arrow is used to equate resonance structures
_ Resonance structures stabilize a molecule or ion, especially
when the
resonance structures are equivalent and is
known as resonance stabilization
_ The more stable an individual resonance contributor is on its own,
the
greater its contribution to the overall hybrid structure
Rules of Configuration
_ The Aufbau Principle states that orbitals are filled so that those of
lowest energy are filled first
Functional Groups
bonds
Acid-Base Reactions
_ A Brnsted-Lowry acid is a substance that can donate a proton
_ A Brnsted-Lowry base is a substance that can accept a proton
_ According to Lewis acid-base theory, acids are electron pair
acceptors while bases are electron pair donors
_ A carbocation is an ion with a positive charge on the carbon atom
while a carbanion is an ion with a negatively charge carbon atom.
_ Carbocations, and all lewis acids, are electrophiles, which means
that they are electron-seeking reagents to achieve a full octet.
_ Carbanions, and all lewis bases, are nucleophiles, which means
they seek a positive center other than a proton, especially that of a
positively charged carbon atom
ARIO!!!!!!
Standard Free-Energy Change, delta G
IUPAC Nomenclature
_ Endings of alkane names end in -ane, and the standard prefixes
apply to how many carbon atoms there are (meth-, eth-, prop-, but-,
pent-, etc.)
_ An alkyl group has one hydrogen removed from an alkane, and the
names have a suffix of yl.
_ An alcohol group has the name ending of ol.
Newman Projections
Chair Conformations (ring flips)
_ R and S system!!
Addition Reactions
Epoxides
Acid Catalyzed
Alcohols
GRIGNARD!