Materials and Design 31 (2010) 14031409

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials and Design

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matdes

Study on the friction and wear behavior of basalt fabric composites lled
with graphite and nano-SiO2
Qi-hua Wang a, Xin-rui Zhang a,b,*, Xian-qiang Pei a
a
b

State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 17 June 2009
Accepted 27 August 2009
Available online 31 August 2009
Keywords:
Fabric composite
Friction and wear
SEM

a b s t r a c t
To improve the friction and wear behavior of basalt fabric reinforced phenolic composites, single graphite
or nano-SiO2 and both of them were incorporated. The tribological properties of the resulting composites
under different sliding conditions were investigated systematically on a model ring-on-block test rig. The
friction and wear mechanisms of the composites were studied through analyzing the worn surfaces and
transfer lms by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results showed that graphite (Gr)
was more benecial than nano-SiO2 in improving the tribological properties of basalt fabric composites
(BFC) when they were singly incorporated. It is well worth noting that the friction and wear behavior of
the lled composites was improved further when nano-SiO2 and graphite were added together, indicating that there was a synergistic effect between them. Tribological tests under different sliding conditions
revealed that the BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites seemed to be more suitable for tribological applications under
higher sliding speed and load.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Polymers and polymermatrix composites have been found
great potentials in industry as a class of important tribo-engineering materials [14]. Polymer composites containing different llers
and/or reinforcements are frequently used for these purposes.
Among the ingredients currently available for friction materials,
the polymermatrix and lled bers play a crucial role in determining the friction and wear performance of the materials [5,6].
Compared with short bers, fabrics have much higher structural
ordering and tightness, and have been found to be more preferential in improving the mechanical strength of polymer composites
in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Due to the excellent
performance of fabric reinforced polymer composites, such as low
density, high strength, high modulus, excellent chemical stability
and anti-wear ability, they have been considered as an advanced
bearing liner material for tribological applications in many hightech industries, such as aero-space, aviation, automobile, and so
forth [7,8]. Moreover, used as reinforcement, basalt ber has some
advantages over glass ber, carbon ber and asbestos ber, such as
absence of a carcinogenic effect, environmental cleanness, exibility, good temperature resistance and heating insulation property

* Corresponding author. Address: State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication,

Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou
730000, China. Tel.: +86 931 4968180; fax: +86 931 8277088.
E-mail address: xruiz@163.com (X.-r. Zhang).
0261-3069/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.041

[9]. Nowadays, 2D basalt fabric composites (BFC) have emerged

as one class of promising textile fabric constitutions, which show
great potentials in structural component applications. However,
most of the present studies focused on the processes, mechanical
and physical properties of basalt bers. There has been few works
dealing with the tribological properties of basalt fabric reinforced
polymer composites systematically.
As is known, the friction and wear performance of fabric reinforced composites is a complex phenomenon, which depends on
the type of fabrics and matrices, volume fraction of the bers,
the bermatrix interfacial adhesion, the orientation of warp and
weft bers with respect to sliding direction, weaves of the fabrics,
etc. [10]. It has been found that the incorporation of traditional
lubricants, such as polytetrauoroethylene (PTFE) and graphite
akes, can improve the friction-reduction and anti-wear abilities
of ber reinforced polymer composites [11,12], which was ascribed
to the formation of a strongly adhered and tenacious lubricating
transfer lms on the counterpart surfaces [13]. In addition to traditional lubricants, nanoparticles have been found to be promising in
improving the tribological properties of polymer composites [14
16]. The commonly used nanollers in plastics are carbon nanomaterials [1719], layered clayey minerals [20] and nanoparticles of
metals or their organic and inorganic compounds [21,22]. It is expected that it is still an open question to study the inuence of
nanoparticles on the tribological properties of lled polymers,
especially in the case of nanoparticles used in combination with
traditional tribollers. Su et al. found that the interfacial reinforc-

1404

Q.-h. Wang et al. / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 14031409

ing action of the nanoparticles accounted for the improvement of

tribological properties, as well as mechanical strengths, of fabric
composites [21,22]. However, the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and conventional llers on the tribological behavior of fabric
composites have been scarcely investigated. The effects of the
combined ingredients on friction and wear performance can be divided into main effects and interaction effects [23,24]. Sun et al.
found that the tribological properties of neat polyester fabric composite were improved when nano-Al2O3 and PTFE were added [25].
With this perspective in mind, graphite (Gr) powder and nanoSiO2 were selected to reinforce basalt fabric composites in the
presence of phenolic adhesive resin. The purpose of this study is
to investigate the synergistic effects of the two llers on the tribological behavior of basalt fabric composites. The wear mechanisms
were also comparatively discussed, based on scanning electron
microscopy examination. It is believed that this work is conductive
to the understanding of the effects of conventional ller and inorganic nanoparticle on the tribological properties of fabric
composites.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
The basalt fabrics (BF) used in this study were purchased from
Weihai Guangwei Group Co. Ltd., China. The properties of the basalt fabric are shown in Table 1. The adhesive resin (204 phenolic
resin) was provided by Shanghai Xing-guang Chemical Plant, China. Graphite powder (<1.5 lm) was provided by Shanghai Colloid
Chemical Plant, China. nano-SiO2 (<50 nm) was supplied by Zhoushan Nanomaterials Co., China.
2.2. Preparation of basalt fabric composites
The commercial BF were dipped in acetone for 24 h, then
cleaned ultrasonically with acetone for 0.5 h, nally, they were
dried before used. The mass fractions of nano-SiO2 and graphite
were 5% and 15% respectively, relative to the phenolic matrix.
The solid lubricants or/and nano-SiO2 were uniformly mixed with
a phenolic resin at proper mass fractions with the assistance of
magnetic stirring and ultrasonic stirring. The composites were prepared by a dip-coating and molding process. To get the prepregs,
the cleaned basalt fabric was rstly immersed into the phenolic resin solution containing the solid lubricants or/and nano-SiO2 and
dipped ultrasonically for 10 min, then the fabric was placed into
an oven (40 C) to evaporate the solvent. The above process was repeated several times until the phenolic resin solution was used up.
The resulting prepregs were cut into long pieces of
50 mm  30 mm and put into an mould with plies orientations of
[0/0], after which the prepregs were compressed and heated to
180 C in the mould with intermittent deation. The pressure
was held at 15 MPa for 240 min to allow full compression sintering. At the end of each run of compression sintering, the resulting
specimens were cooled with the stove in air, and then cut into preset sizes for friction and wear tests.

2.3. Friction and wear tests

The friction and wear tests were conducted on an M-2000 model friction and wear tester. A schematic diagram of the block-onring type friction and wear tester used in this study is shown in
Fig. 1. The specimens for wear tests were machined with a geometry of 30 mm  3 mm  7 mm. The stainless GCr15 steel rings
with a hardened and smoothly polished surface served as counterparts. The chemical composition of the GCr15 steel was given in
Table 2. Sliding was performed under ambient conditions over a
period of 120 min at a sliding velocities of 0.431 m/s and
0.862 m/s, normal load ranging from 200 to 500 N. The ambient
temperature was roughly 25 C and the relative humidity about
50 10%. Before each test, the surfaces of the block specimens
and counterpart rings were polished to a roughness (Ra) of about
0.3 lm and cleaned with acetone-dipped cotton. The basalt fabric
layers in the composite were parallel to the contact surface and
sliding direction. During the friction process, the block specimen
was static and the steel ring slid against the block unidirectionally.
The friction force was measured using a torque shaft equipped
with strain gauges mounted on a vertical arm that carried the
block, which was used to calculate the friction coefcient (l) by
taking into account the normal load applied. The width of the wear
tracks was measured with a reading microscope to an accuracy of
0.01 mm. Then the specic wear rate (x) of the specimen was calculated from Eq. (1) as follows:

s3
2
 
2
B 4 pr 2
b
b
b
x

r 2  5 mm3 =N m
arcsin
L  P 180
2r
2r
2

where B is the width of the specimen (mm), r is the semi diameter

of the stainless steel ring (mm), and b is the width of the wear trace
(mm), L is the sliding distance in meter, P is the load in Newton. In
this study, three replicated wear results were averaged and taken as
the wear results.
2.4. Characterization
The fracture surface and the morphologies of the worn surfaces
of the basalt fabric composites and the transfer lms formed on the

Fig. 1. The contact schematic for the friction couple.

Table 1
The properties of the basalt fabric.
Basalt fabric

Plain

Type
End per inch (lament/10 mm)
Pick per inch (lament/10 mm)
Density (g/m2)
Thickness (mm)

264 Tex
4.9
4.9
492
0.27

Table 2
Chemical composition of the GCr15 steel ring.
Chemical composition (mass fraction, %)
C

Mn

Si

Cr

0.951.05

0.250.45

0.150.35

<0.025

<0.025

1.401.65

Q.-h. Wang et al. / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 14031409

counterpart steel rings were analyzed on a JSM-5600LV scanning

electron microscope (SEM). In order to increase the resolution for
the SEM observation, the tested composite specimens were plated
with gold coating to render them electrically conductive.

3. Results and discussion

The friction coefcient and wear rate of the pure and lled basalt fabric composites sliding against GCr15 stainless rings are
comparatively shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen that the friction coefcient and wear rate of the lled basalt fabric composites decreased compared with that of the unlled one. Both the friction
coefcient and wear rate of the composite are in the following order: BFC/Gr/SiO2 < BFC/Gr < BFC/SiO2 < Pure BFC. It is clear that
graphite was more benecial than nano-SiO2 in decreasing the friction coefcient and increasing the wear resistance of the composites when they were incorporated singly. Besides, it is well worth
noting that the further addition of nano-SiO2 to BFC/Gr composites
can enhance the frictionreduction and anti-wear properties of the
basalt fabric composites to a greater extent, which may be ascribed
to the positive contribution of nano-SiO2 to the development of a
thin and uniform transfer lm and the formation of better adhered
transfer lm on the counterpart steel ring during sliding. Compared with pure basalt fabric composites, the friction coefcient
of BFC/SiO2, BFC/Gr, BFC/Gr/SiO2 decreased by 27.5%, 48.8% and
58.5% respectively, and the corresponding wear rate decreased by

1405

7.7, 98.6 and 98.8%. Based on the above results, conclusions can
be made that the simultaneous addition of graphite and nanoSiO2 effectively improved the friction-reduction and anti-wear
abilities of BFC composites owing to the synergistic effects between them.
Variations of the friction and wear behavior of the lled and unlled basalt fabric composites with load are shown in Fig. 3. As is
seen obviously, the combination of graphite and nano-SiO2 was
the most effective in modifying the friction and wear behavior of
the BF composites under all the tested loads, although the tribological properties of the different composites varied with the loads in
different manner. The friction coefcient of the unlled basalt fabric composites increased with increasing load up to 300 N. With
the increase in load, more basalt bers dropped out from the phenolic matrix during the friction process, which led to a severe abrasive wear and resulted in a higher friction coefcient. When the
load was beyond this range, the friction coefcient decreased owing to the micro-melting and mechanical deterioration caused by
friction heat under a higher load. The wear rate of the unlled basalt fabric composites increased from 300 to 500 N. With the increase in load, the adhesion between the ber and matrix
deteriorated resulting from the increased ash temperature, which
rendered the pulverized basalt bers pulled out or peeled off easily
and the wear resistance of the composites decreased. It also can be
seen that the friction coefcient and wear rate of the nano-SiO2
lled basalt fabric composites rst decreased and then increased
when the load was larger than 400 N. In the case of graphite lled

Fig. 2. Variation of friction coefcient and wear rate with different basalt fabric composites: (a) friction coefcient and (b) wear rate.

Fig. 3. Effects of load on the friction coefcient and wear rate of different basalt fabric composites: (a) friction coefcient and (b) wear rate.

1406

Q.-h. Wang et al. / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 14031409

Table 3
Effects of sliding speed on the friction coefcient and wear rate of BFC/Gr/SiO2.

x/106

Sliding conditions
(m/s)

200 N

0.431
0.862

0.17
0.08

1.6
0.55

400 N

0.431
0.862

0.08
0.05

0.8
0.5

(mm3/N m)

Fig. 4. Variation of friction coefcient of different basalt fabric composites with

sliding time.

basalt fabric composite, its friction coefcient and wear rate decreased remarkably with the increase of load. When nano-SiO2
and graphite were added simultaneously, the friction coefcient
and wear rate of the composites were further decreased and varied
with the load at the same manner of BFC/Gr composites. With the
increase of applied load, adhesive wear took a dominant place,
which was generally less dangerous for polymer composite sliding
surface. The transfer lms on the counterpart surface may be of
higher quality at higher load compared to that formed at lower
load. With the formation of higher quality transfer lms, the plowing and scufng will be abated, and the tribological behavior was
improved. Besides, the forming rate of transfer lms may be enhanced at higher load, which can shorten the running-in period
and is favorable for improving the tribological properties of polymer composites [26]. With further increase of applied load, the
newly formed wear debris would come into being a more integrated but thinner layer on the worn surface, which played an
important role in improving the tribological properties.
Based on the above experimental results, the BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites were chosen to study the effects of sliding speed on the tribological properties of BFC composites further. Table 3 presents
the friction coefcient and wear rate of the BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites
under low speed (0.431 m/s) and high speed (0.862 m/s). It is
clearly seen that the composites registered lower friction coefcient and wear rate under high sliding speed than low speed. At
high sliding speed, there was not enough time to produce more
adhesive points owing to the decreased surface contact time. As
a result, the friction force component from adhesion can be greatly
reduced and the transfer lm can easily form and difcult to rup-

Fig. 5. SEM fracture micrograph of different basalt fabric composites: (a) pure BFC; (b) BFC/SiO2; (c) BFC/Gr and (d) BFC/Gr/SiO2.

Q.-h. Wang et al. / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 14031409

ture. Moreover, the reduction in friction coefcient and wear rate

can be contributed to the surface softening caused by frictional
heat. It is assumed that, under a small load, the interfacial temperature is a crucial factor determining the tribological characteristics
of polymer composites [27].
Fig. 4 presents the friction coefcient of various basalt fabric
composites as a function of sliding time at 0.431 m/s and 400 N.
For all fabric composites, the friction coefcient started with a running-in period and followed by a steady-state period. The registered friction coefcient at the running-in period was much

1407

higher than that of the steady-state period. After the formation

and peeling-off of the transfer lms formed on the counterparts
came to a balance, the friction coefcient became stable [28]. The
friction coefcient curves of the pure BFC and BFC/SiO2 were more
uctuant than those of BFC/Gr and BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites indicating the highly inhomogeneous and unstable characteristics of
these fabric composites. The periodic plowing and rolling action
of the debris may also be responsible for this behavior.
Fig. 5 shows the fractured surface morphologies of different basalt fabric composites. It can be seen that pronounced ber pulling-

Fig. 6. SEM morphologies of the worn surface and transfer lm of the basalt fabric composites: (a) pure BFC; (b) BFC/SiO2; (c) BFC/Gr; (d) BFC/Gr/SiO2; (e) transfer lm of (a);
(f) transfer lm of (b); (g) transfer lm of (c) and (h) transfer lm of (d).

1408

Q.-h. Wang et al. / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 14031409

Fig. 7. SEM morphologies of the worn surface and transfer lm of BFC/Gr/SiO2

under different sliding conditions: (a) 200 N and 0.862 m/s; (b) 600 N and 0.431 m/
s; (c) transfer lm of (a) and (d) transfer lm of (b).

out was evident and the debonding between the ber and matrix
also existed in the fractured surface of pure BFC (Fig. 5a), which
indicated that the interface bonding between basalt bers and phenolic matrix was poor. In the case of BFC/SiO2 composites, the fractured surface was characterized by brittle fracture and little ber
pulling-out can be seen, which indicated that the addition of
nano-SiO2 improved the adhesion between the ber and matrix
(Fig. 5b). For BFC/Gr composites, the addition of graphite toughened the phenolic matrix to some extent compared with pure
BFC, but there was still some phenomenon of ber pulling out in
the fractured surface (Fig. 5c). In the case of BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites, rough fractured surface with little ber pulling-out was seen,
in which the gaps between the brittlely fractured bers were lled
with phenolic matrix (Fig. 5d). This can be explained by the synergistic effect of nanoparticles and solid lubricants. The addition of
nano-SiO2 not only enhanced the interaction between the phenolic
matrix, but also enhanced the interaction between graphite and
phenolic matrix. It is clear that the bermatrix bonding was
strengthened when graphite and SiO2 were incorporated together,
which denitely played an important role in improving the tribological properties of the fabric composites.
Fig. 6 shows the SEM morphologies of the worn surface and
transfer lms of the basalt fabric composites sliding against the
GCr15 steel at a sliding speed of 0.431 m/s under 200 N. It is seen
that a few basalt bers were pulled out and cut from the pure basalt fabric composites, which resulted in a slight abrasive wear
(Fig. 6a). In this case, a large amount of transferred wear debris
were observed on the counterpart surface and the transfer lm
was discontinuous (Fig. 6e), which corresponded to a high friction
coefcient and wear rate for pure BFC. In contrast, the worn surface of the lled basalt fabric composites appeared to be completely different. For BFC/SiO2 composites, the worn surface was
relatively rough, although the ber pulling-out was slightly abated (Fig. 6b). Meanwhile, the transfer lm on the corresponding
counterpart surface was thick but not uniform (Fig. 6f), which
indicated that abrasive wear took a dominant place. So, the single
incorporation of nano-SiO2 contributed to improve the wear resistance of the fabric composites to a relatively low extent. Differently from the above, the worn surfaces of BFC/Gr and BFC/Gr/
SiO2 composites were smoother with less ber damage seen
(Fig. 6c and d). Meanwhile, the corresponding transfer lms became thinner and comparatively more homogeneous (Fig. 6g
and h). In particular, the worn surface of BFC/Gr/SiO2 was the
smoothest and little signs of basalt bers damage were seen
(Fig. 6d), which conformed to its best wear-resistance. Under a
xed load of 200 N, when the sliding speed increased to
0.862 m/s, there appeared more integrated wear debris oriented
along the sliding direction on the worn surface of BFC/Gr/SiO2
owing to the effect of thermal softening caused by frictional heat
(Fig. 7a). In the case of BFC/Gr/SiO2 sliding at 600 N and 0.431 m/
s, an integrated wear debris layer appeared on the worn surface
(Fig. 7b). When the applied load was increased, some big particle-shaped or aky debris in the worn surface would be crushed
or sheared into smaller particles or thinner akes and acted as
lubricants. At the same time, the newly formed debris would
come into being a more integrated layer on the worn surface
and reduced the direct contact between the fabric composite
and the counterpart [29]. As can be seen in this study, the transfer lms of BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites sliding under high sliding
speed and load (Fig. 7c and d) were relatively thinner, continuous
and more coherent. With the formation of the relative uniform
and coherent transfer lm, subsequent sliding occurred between
the surface of BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites and the transfer lms. Consequently, a lower friction coefcient and wear rate was reached.

Q.-h. Wang et al. / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 14031409

4. Conclusions

1. As llers for tribological applications, there is synergistic effect

between nano-SiO2 and graphite. When incorporated into
basalt fabric reinforced phenolic resin composites together,
the friction and wear behavior of the composites was greatly
improved compared with those lled with single nano-SiO2 or
graphite.
2. The friction and wear behavior of basalt fabric composites were
closely related with the sliding condition, such as sliding speed
and applied load. It is indicated that BFC/Gr/SiO2 composites
showed better friction and wear behavior under higher sliding
speed and load.

Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the support provided by National
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50805139), the
Innovative Group Foundation from NSFC (Grant No. 50721062),
and important direction project for the knowledge innovative engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KGCX3-SYW205).
References
[1] Van De Velde F, De Baets P. The friction and wear behaviour of polyamide 6
sliding against steel at low velocity under very high contact pressures. Wear
1997;209:10614.
[2] Zsidai L, De Baets P, Samyn P, Kalacska G, Van Peteghem AP, Van Parys F. The
tribological behaviour of engineering plastics during sliding friction
investigated with small-scale specimens. Wear 2002;253:67388.
[3] Jia JH, Zhou HD, Gao SQ, Chen JM. A comparative investigation of the friction
and wear behavior of polyimide composites under dry sliding and waterlubricated condition. Mater Sci Eng A 2003;356:4853.
[4] Zhang ZZ, Xue QJ, Liu WM, Shen WC. Effects of lubricating-oil additives on the
friction and wear properties of polymers and their composites sliding against
steel under oil-lubricated conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2000;76:12407.
[5] Xian G, Zhang Z. Sliding wear of polyetherimide matrix composites: I. Inuence
of short carbon bre reinforcement. Wear 2005;258:77682.
[6] Palabiyik M, Bahadur S. Tribological studies of polyamide 6 and high-density
polyethylene blends lled with PTFE and copper oxide and reinforced with
short glass bers. Wear 2002;253:36976.
[7] Tercan M, Asi O, Aktas A. An experimental investigation of the bearing strength
of weft-knitted 1  1 rib glass ber composites. Compos Struct
2007;78:3926.

1409

[8] Lua J. Thermalmechanical cell model for unbalanced plain weave woven
fabric composites. Composites Part A 2007;38:101937.
[9] Kuryaeva RG, Kirkinskii VA. Inuence of high pressure on the refractive index
and density of tholeiite basalt glass. Phys Chem Miner 1997;25:4854.
[10] Bijwe J, Rattan R, Fahim M. Abrasive wear performance of carbon fabric
reinforced polyetherimide composites: inuence of content and orientation of
fabric. Tribol Int 2007;40:84454.
[11] Tanaka K. Effects of various llers on the friction and wear of PTFE-based
composites. In: Friedrich K, editor. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1986. p. 13774.
[12] Cenna AA, Dastoor P, Beehag A, Page NW. Effects of graphite particle addition
upon the abrasive wear of polymer surfaces. J Mater Sci 2001;36:891900.
[13] Yoo JH, Eiss NS. Tribological behavior of blends of polyether ether ketone and
polyether imide. Wear 1993;162164:41825.
[14] Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Liu H, Zeng HM, Wetzel B, Friedrich K. Microstructure and
tribological behavior of polymeric nanocomposites. Ind Lubr Tribol
2001;53:727.
[15] Rong MZ, Zhang MQ, Zheng YX, Zeng HM, Friedrich K. Improvement of tensile
properties of nano-SiO2/PP composites in relation to percolation mechanism.
Polymer 2001;42:33014.
[16] Zhang H, Zhang Z, Friedrich K, Eger C. Property improvements of in situ epoxy
nanocomposites with reduced interparticle distance at high nanosilica
content. Acta Mater 2006;54:183342.
[17] Sokolov VI, Stankevich IV. The fullerenes new allotropic forms of carbon:
molecular and electronic structure, and chemical properties. Russ Chem Rev
1993;62:41935.
[18] Nie B, Rotello V. Attachment of fullerenes to materials: the importance of
backbone-fullerene interactions. J Phys Chem Solids 1997;58:18979.
[19] Ginzburg BM, Shibaev LA, Kireenko OF, Shepelevskii AA, Yu E, Ugolkov VL.
Thermal degradation of fullerene-containing polymer systems and formation
of tribopolymer lms. Polym Sci 2005;A47:16074.
[20] Ke
YC,
Stroeve
P.
Polymer-layered
silicate
and
silica
nanocomposites. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005.
[21] Su FH, Zhang ZZ, Wang K, Liu WM. Friction and wear properties of carbon
fabric composites lled with nano-Al2O3 and nano-Si3N4. Composites Part A
2006;37:13517.
[22] Su FH, Zhang ZZ, Liu WM. Mechanical and tribological properties of carbon
fabric composites lled with several nano-particulates. Wear 2006;260:8618.
[23] Cafaggi S, Leardi R, Parodi G, Caviglipli G, Bignardi G. An example of application
of a mixture design with constraints to a pharmaceutical formulation.
Chemom Intell Lab Syst 2003;65:13947.
[24] Tryland T, Hopperstad OS, Langseth M. Design of experiments to identify
material properties. Mater Des 2000;21:47792.
[25] Sun LH, Yang ZG, Li XH. Tensile and tribological properties of PTFE and
nanoparticles modied epoxy-based polyester fabric composites. Mater Sci
Eng A 2008;497:48794.
[26] Wang Q, Xu J, Shen W, Liu W. An investigation of the friction and wear
properties of nanometer Si3N4 lled PEEK. Wear 1996;196:826.
[27] Zhang G, Zhang C, Nardin P. Effects of sliding velocity and applied load on the
tribological mechanism of amorphous poly-etheretherketone (PEEK). Tribol
Int 2008;41:7986.
[28] Bahadur S, Polineni VK. Tribological studies of glass fabric-reinforced
polyamide composites lled with CuO and PTFE. Wear 1996;200:95104.
[29] Friedrich K, Flock J, Varadi K, Neder Z. Experimental and numerical evaluation
of the mechanical properties of compacted wear debris layers formed between
composite and steel surfaces in sliding contact. Wear 2001;251:120212.